U.S. History to Reconstruction Unit 8 – Nation Building and Nationalism.
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Transcript of U.S. History to Reconstruction Unit 8 – Nation Building and Nationalism.
U.S. History to Reconstruction
Unit 8 – Nation Building and Nationalism
Expansion and Migration American perspective shifted from Europe to
West after 1815 Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
Demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain U.S. recognized Canada as British British agreed not to invade U.S.
Anglo-American Convention of 1818 Set the boundary between U.S. and Canada at the
49th parallel Joint occupation of Oregon
Rest of the continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians
Expansion and Migration U.S. was successful in taking Spanish land in
Florida Secretary of State John Quincy Adams’ goal was
reduction of Spanish holdings West Florida annexed between 1810–1812
First Seminole War (1817-1818) Andrew Jackson occupied east Florida
Weakened Spain accepted Adams-Onis Treaty U.S. got all Florida U.S.-Spanish boundary expanded all the way to the
Pacific U.S. paid $5 million in Spanish debts to Americans
Military expeditions created impression that Plains were “great American desert” unfit for settlement
North America (1819)
Native Americans Under Pressure “Five Civilized Tribes” (60,000 strong)
controlled much of South Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and
Seminole Adopted many ways of American population
Despite adapting, Native Americans seen as obstacles to settlement Whites were not interested in incorporating
natives into U.S. society Different Native American groups reacted
differently to white encroachment
Native Americans Under Pressure Cherokee largest of “Five Civilized Tribes”
John Ross led move to accommodate the tribe into American society
Became market economy farmers and plantation owners
Seminole smallest of “Five Civilized Tribes” Seminole Nation was made up of a combination of
Florida natives with Creeks and escaped slaves Adapted slavery but was designed as more
payment of tribute than ownership of humans Blacks played a key role in opposing Indian
Removal in Florida
Native Americans Under Pressure Second Seminole War (1835-1842)
An example of Seminole resistance against removal to the Creek reservation
War described as “a negro and not an Indian war” Government used a number of tactics to get
natives off their lands Federal government used deception, threats, and
bribery to get Native Americans to cede land State governments claimed jurisdiction over lands
given to Native Americans by treaty
Native Americans Under Pressure Black Hawk War (1831–1832)
Dispute was based on a treaty from 1804 where the Sauk and Fox leaders ceded all of their lands east of the Mississippi without tribal consent
Confederation of Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Indians under the leadership of Chief Black Hawk who refused to leave
Last stand of Native Americans north of Ohio River and east of Mississippi River
Were forcibly removed by federal troops By 1830s, Indian Removal to the west was the
dominant view Main argument even when tribes agreed to assimilate Went against Jefferson’s original ideal of native
assimilation
Chief Black Hawk (1767-1838)
Settlement to the Mississippi With the removal of the native populations
west of the Mississippi, white settlers migrated en masse west of the Appalachians In 1810, only 1/7th of the U.S. population lived
west of the Appalachians By 1840, that number increased to over 1/3rd
Land speculation was a popular investment Lasted until the financial panic of 1819 Price dropped on land from $2.00 an acre to $1.25
but must be paid in cash This meant only wealthy speculators could buy
good land
Settlement to the Mississippi Squatters began settling lands not yet surveyed
Set up claims associations to prevent having their farms bought out from under them
Sought the formal right of preemption which gave them the right of first purchase
In 1841, Congress approved permanent right of preemption
Speculators sold land parcels to settlers on credit
New settlers engaged in commercial farming Had to pay off debt Allowed them to buy consumer goods they did not
produce
Settlement to the Mississippi Many families moved out west from eastern
seaboard Wanted to escape overpopulation, rising land
prices, worn-out soil Settlers brought existing culture with them
Life was difficult at the beginning Had to build their lives from scratch Collective efforts amongst groups of families
helped aid in their setup and survival Myth: self-reliant family farms Reality: cooperation and community efforts
Settlement to the Mississippi Many families moved frequently in West
Abraham Lincoln’s family moved three times between 1816–1830
Many were quick to sell improved land at a profit and move to another area
Result was less attachment to land than other rural populations
Easterners saw West as untamed James Fennimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales
whose main character, Natty Bumppo preferred living in the wilderness compared to the strains of civilization
Advances in Communication
Revolution in Transportation There were a number of factors that prevented
true national unity Country had primitive modes of travel Limited forms of communication Small central government
Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways
After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need to improve the country’s transportation network National leaders like Madison and Calhoun called
for “internal improvements” Actual federal role less than anticipated in those
calls for internal improvements
Revolution in Transportation By the 1820s, improvements in transportation and
communication had begun to knit the nation together
There was a flurry of turnpike construction in northeastern states Turnpikes were privately-owned toll roads chartered by
states Though travel rarely reached 25 miles a day, by 1830
that amount doubled Congress in 1806 authorized construction of a
National Road Started in Cumberland, Maryland, and built west By 1818 it had reached Wheeling, reducing travel time
from 8 days to 3 Eventually extended to Vandalia, Illinois
Revolution in Transportation Roads useful for travelers, but too expensive for
transportation of bulk goods Water most efficient for bulk cargo transportation
By the early years of the century, the first steamboats appeared along the Atlantic coast and in the rivers
Steamboats revolutionized water transport within a few years
Network of rivers encouraged economic development Flatboats transported downriver in early times Steamboats transported upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduced costs
Revolution in Transportation Rise of the steamboat
Catered to passengers with luxury hotel atmosphere Numerous steamboat accidents stimulated Ante-Bellum
Congressional effort to establish safety regulations This was also the period of massive canal building
They were needed to link West with coast Erie Canal (1825)
New York Governor Dewitt Clinton got state funding Canal linked New York City to Great Lakes at Buffalo,
through Albany Cut east-west transportation costs dramatically Stimulated commercial growth of New York City
Revolution in Transportation Other states followed until 1840s
At this point they were no longer profitable but still remained useful
Also affected by the depression of the late 1830s and early 1840s
Steamboats and canals played a vital role in the development of a market economy Cut shipping expenses for western farmers and
eastern manufacturers Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping
costs and stimulated commercial agriculture Between 1790 and 1830, there were also
significant breakthroughs occurred in print communication
Revolution in Communication By 1820, ratio of newspapers to people was
higher than in Britain By 1830, there were more than 1000 newspapers,
about 1/3 were dailies Demand for newspapers was fed by
Rising literacy rate A demand for information generated by expanding
market economy Democratic belief in the importance of an informed
citizenry and the growing importance of newspapers to party politics
American postal system expanded to 8500 post offices in 1820 The price of sending a letter declined by half
Steamboat Enterprise (c. 1814)
Beginning of Commercial Agriculture The new transportation system allowed for the
development of a new economic system Cheap, widely-available land and marketing
revolution spurred profitable commercial farming Lower transportation costs meant greater income
for the farmer Led to the development of an exchange network
that would help farmers move from diversified farming to staple crops
Sales to distant markets involved farmers in a complex system of credit It also allowed them to sell to distant markets
without being personally involved
Beginning of Commercial Agriculture Market stimulated specialization North produced wheat as its main cash crop
Central point was New York and Pennsylvania In New England, sheep raising became the main
staple South still focused on labor intensive crops
Rice in South Carolina Sugar in Louisiana Tobacco in the Upper South Cotton in the Lower South
Rise in the demand for cotton helped make it the “king” crop in the south
Beginning of Commercial Agriculture Number of reasons why cotton was so
successful: Increased cotton demand from New England
textile factories Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793
making it cheaper and more marketable Availability of new, fertile land in old Southwest
(Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana) Slavery permitted large-scale operation Benefitted from the expansive transportation
system of navigable rivers
Eli Whitney (1765-1825)
Commerce and Banking Development of market economy had an
impact on commerce and farming Old style of commerce had the farmer sold crop
directly to customers New style had the farmer selling to a local
merchant who in turn to final market in major cities
System required farmers and local merchants to have credit Intermediaries would charge interest and fees Still cheaper than farmers doing their own
marketing
Commerce and Banking Use of credit stimulated banking
Large scale commerce required a lot of money However, the federal government did not issue
paper money in the early to mid-19th century and only small amounts of specie
Instead, private banks issued bank notes that were backed by specie
The post-war era became known as the “Era of Good Feeling” Credit was given out freely People were able to enjoy purchasing power
First Bank of the U.S.’s charter was not renewed in 1811 State banks took up the slack
Commerce and Banking Between 1815-1817, number of state banks
increased from 88 to 208 This led to a devaluation of bank notes as more and
more were being produced From 1811-1815, amount of specie available to
banks had decreased by 9.4% At the same time, paper bank notes increased by
87.2% In 1816, the Second Bank of the United States
Was designed to prevent a massive inflation However, they made matters much worse Bank loaned $41 million worth of gold promises and
$23 million in paper bank notes It was based on just $2.5 million worth of gold
Commerce and Banking Panic of 1819
Mainly due to the banks overextending credit Other contributors included over-speculation in
real estate and war debt Led to a recession from 1819 to 1821 In Philadelphia, unemployment got as high as 75%
with over 1,800 people imprisoned due to debt Americans began to question the entire
banking and credit system
“Ghost of a Dollar” (1813)
Early Industrialism Before 1815, manufacturing was done on a
small scale in households or small factories Putting-out System is where merchants delivered
raw materials to families who would make goods Merchants would then pay the families and
distribute the goods Done for simple goods such as shoes and hats Did not disrupt agricultural life patterns
After 1815, increased demand stimulated mass production People wanted access to more goods at cheaper
prices
Early Industrialism Factory system first developed in the textile
industry Used the technology developed in England such as
the power loom and spinning machines Allowed cloth to be made in a single factory Francis Cabot Lowell stole the designs to the power
loom and brought it back to the U.S. in 1813 Lowell set up the Boston Manufacturing
Company This was so successful that other mills were created
throughout eastern Massachusetts over the next decade
Early Industrialism Factories grew mainly in New England
Previously, New England urban economy rested on overseas trade
However, New England politicians made a shift from supporting export-favorable low tariffs to high protective tariffs
While highly successful, factories also made for poor working conditions During the late 1830s and 1840s, workers were
required to work long hours at little pay Led to the rise of labor organizations to help
improve working conditions and pay
Early Industrialism Other industries adopted factory model by
1840s and 1850s Included new methods of producing iron which led
to the rise of the iron industry in Pennsylvania West developed other forms of industrialization
Mainly focused on farm products such as gristmills and tanneries
Also a large demand for distilleries to produce whiskey
U.S. not yet an industrial country In 1840, 63.4% of the population was still
employed in agriculture while 8.8% worked in factories
It was evolving into a national market economy
Boston Manufacturing Company (c. 1816)
Post-War Politics Jeffersonian Republicans monopolized the
presidency and dominated Congress between 1800 and 1820 Federalist party languished By late 1820s, Jeffersonian-Federalist system was in
disarray and new political alignments began to appear
Following the War of 1812, the Federalists were plagued by accusations of disloyalty and tainted by their aristocratic image They continued to believe that political leadership
should be restricted to “the wise and the good,” causing the party to gradually collapse
Post-War Politics “Era of Good Feelings” (1816–1824)
Politics a one-party system as the Federalists lost popularity
Interest groups no longer took differences into the political arena
No public accountability or a need for popular approval
Public interest in politics declined Common theme of public policy in this period:
“awakening nationalism” Federalists died as national party after 1812
Republicans adopted some of their ideas
Post-War Politics Henry Clay’s American System (1816)
Designed to promote economic development by making the country as self-sufficient as possible
Called for an average of 25% tariffs to protect industries that sprang up during the embargo and war periods
Created the Second Bank of the U.S. Also wanted more federal aid for internal improvements
Aid for internal improvements controversial Sectional conflict over who benefited Madison, Monroe saw constitutional conflicts Believed that an amendment would be needed to grant
federal money for building of roads and canals
Election of 1816 Presidential election was between two
candidates: James Monroe from the Democrat-Republican party Rufus King from the Federalist party
Was a controversy over the votes from Indiana Indiana had only been admitted as a state on
December 11 Electoral votes had taken place on December 4 In the end, Indiana votes were counted
Monroe won with 68.2% of popular votes and 183 electoral votes King only received 30.9% and 34 electoral votes
Results of the 1816 Election
Monroe as President Madison picked fellow Virginian James Monroe
as his successor in 1816 Third Virginian to occupy the White House Monroe would go on to serve two full terms
His main effort was to maintain national harmony Key for the “era of good feelings” Was willing to accommodate or conciliate most of
the sectional and economic interests Wanted to focus more on the power of America in
the world field
Monroe as President Took no action in Panic of 1819
He believed the president was above such matters Provided no leadership in the controversy over
Missouri Left the matter instead in the hands of Congress
Election of 1820 illustrated that the American people were willing to accept Monroe’s view of leadership Monroe did not do any campaigning He ran essentially unopposed John Quincy Adams did receive one electoral vote from
William Plumer, a New Hampshire elector Some say he did it so that Washington would be the only
unanimous president Others say that he was pushing his friend Adams as a future
candidate
Results for the 1820 Election
The Missouri Compromise Despite the rampant nationalism following the
War of 1812, political unity in the nation was fragile
Most divisive was the issue of slavery in the vast, new territory west of the Mississippi River Concerned over the larger northern population,
Southerners insisted slavery had to expand In 1817, Missouri applied for statehood
As it already had 2,000-3,000 slaves, it was expected to enter as a slave state
This was only the second state to receive statehood from the Louisiana Purchase
Could affect the future of the territories west of the Mississippi
The Missouri Compromise Missouri’s status would aggravate sectional
differences Northerners believed South was over-represented in
House of Representatives This was despite their own decisive majority With the 3/5ths rule in place, they could give the
south more weight in the House South believed it was maintaining balance of
power The northern populations were increasing much
more rapidly than the south Also, it would maintain a balance between slave
states and free states in the Senate
The Missouri Compromise Tallmadge Amendment (February 1819)
Introduced by James Tallmadge of New York Called for gradual elimination of slavery in
Missouri it if was admitted Passes House but fails in the Senate
At the same time, Maine was applying for statehood Wanted to separate itself from Massachusetts This would provide the balancing act that
Congress would want
The Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise (February 1820)
Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state Maine was admitted as a free state This would maintain a balance in the Senate A line was drawn west from 36º 30’ to the Rocky
Mountains with only lands south of the line open to slavery
Missouri was also forced to reassure Congress that a clause in its constitution prohibiting free blacks would not be used to abridge the rights of U.S. citizens
This controversy exposed deep rift between North and South Jefferson called it “a fire bell in the night”
Missouri Compromise (1820-1821)
Nationalism and the Supreme Court The Supreme Court was making a large
contribution to nationalism and the power of the federal government in the post-war era
John Marshall, Chief Justice (1801–1835) Federalist who dominated the Court Did not tolerate dissent and wanted unanimous
decisions Main contributions were clarifying the role of the Court
in the government Believed that liberty and property rights were above
attainment of political, social, and economic equality Also believed that the happiness of the American
people would be based on economic growth and the creation of new wealth
Nationalism and the Supreme Court To Marshall, the role of court was to enable
economic growth This was done by protecting individuals and
businesses from interference by state legislatures Court should also provide federal government
more power to encourage economic growth Over his tenure, he:
Limited the power of the state legislatures Strengthened the power of the federal
government Affirmed the court’s supremacy over the states
Nationalism and the Supreme Court Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)
After the Revolution, Virginia passed a law to confiscate Loyalists’ properties (Virginia Act of 1779)
Argument was over the legality of state laws In this case, land was the Northern Neck Proprietary
and had been held as part of a land grant by Lord Thomas Fairfax of Cameron and was transferred to his nephew, David Hunter, upon his death
Defendants argued that the Jay Treaty allowed the land to remain in the hands of the Fairfaxes
Virginia courts stated that they were sovereign in these affairs
Court decision stated that the Supreme Court trumped state courts in matters of federal law
Nationalism and the Supreme Court Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Argument over whether the state of New Hampshire could change Dartmouth from a private university to a public one
Daniel Webster argued that the college’s original charter (1769) was still valid
Court opinion stated that charters granted by states are eternal contracts
This broad ruling would have an impact on businesses being incorporated by the state government
Basically weakens the ability of states to regulate business
This would allow for the development of the modern corporation with only limited public responsibility
Nationalism and the Supreme Court McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Argument over whether or not the state of Maryland could tax the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States
Specifically whether or not the state could tax banks not chartered in that state
Court opinion stated tax was unconstitutional Stated that the bank was legitimate in that Congress
had “implied powers” to create such an entity Also stated that states cannot tax or regulate federal
agencies Basically, the state may not interfere with
constitutional entities created by the Federal government
Nationalism and the Supreme Court Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Argument over whether or not a state can grant a steamboat monopoly
Thomas Gibbons owned a steamboat company that had been licensed by Congress
New York state gave a grant to Aaron Ogden, virtually giving him a monopoly on steamboat
Court opinion stated that federal regulation of interstate commerce trumps state regulation
Gave Congress more power to regulate interstate commerce
Nationalism and the Supreme Court Summary of Marshall’s Court actions
Broadened powers of federal government at the expense of states
Encouraged growth of a national economy Exemplified main nationalist trend of the
period Federal government should promote growth of
prosperous, nationwide capitalist economy
John Marshall Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court
(1801-1835)
The Monroe Doctrine Starting in 1808, a number of Latin American
began seeking independence U.S. sympathized with Latin American revolts as they
were following the U.S. lead At they same time, they were concerned about racially
mixed populations and history of colonial oppression After initial reluctance, President Monroe proposed
formal recognition of Latin American republics Recognized them after the Adams-Onis Treaty was
approved “Grand Alliance” of Europe saw Latin American
revolts as democratic challenges to authoritarianism
The Monroe Doctrine In November 1822, major European powers talked
of helping Spain regain its American empire Grand Alliance pushed Spain to re-claim colonies
This alarmed both the United States and Britain Britain wanted independent Latin American countries
with open markets Britain asked U.S. to cooperate to oppose Grand
Alliance schemes for Latin America Monroe decided to ignore a British offer of a joint
declaration He had been persuaded by John Quincy Adams in that
the U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence
The Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine (1823)
North America was closed to new European colonization
The political systems of the Americas were separate from those of Europe
The United States would consider as dangerous to its peace and safety any attempts to extend Europe’s political influence to the Western Hemisphere
The United States would refrain from interference in established colonies in the New World or meddling in European affairs
Largely dismissed by Europeans Signified America’s new sense of independence
and self-confidence