U.S. HistorySpring Semester

FINAL EXAM

Key Terms

• Neutrality: decision not to take sides in a war

• Faction: party or group that is split because of differences

• National Debt: total amount of money that a government owes

Key Terms

• Suffrage: right to vote• Frigate: ship that sails fast and has

many guns

Key Terms• Spoils System: practice

of rewarding supporters with government jobs

• “To the victor belong the spoils.” Means that a new President can reward his supporters with jobs

• “Spoils” are earned benefits

Key Terms• Kitchen cabinet:

group of unofficial presidential advisers

• Cabinet: group of department leaders who serve the President

Key Terms• Nullification: act of canceling a law• Majority: number equal to more than 1/2• Caucus: private meeting during which

powerful party members pick candidates

Key Terms• Nominating

Convention: meeting of delegates from all states to choose a party’s candidates

• Mudslinging: use of insults to attack an opponent’s reputation

Political Rallies

New politics in the 1840s led to both parties competing for votes by holding rallies

Key Terms• Depression:

period of declining business profits and lost jobs

• National Debt: total amount of money that a government owes

Key Terms• Amnesty Act: restored

the vote to most white southerners. Amnesty: government pardon

• Poll Tax: fee paid to vote

• Right to Strike: victory won by organized factory workers

Key Terms• Siege: attack in

which enemy forces surround and try to capture a city or fort

• Refuge: place where one is safe from persecution

• Rendezvous: place where people meet

Key People

• Nativist: group that wanted laws to limit immigration

• Artisan: skilled worker

• Trade Union: organization of workers

Key Terms and People

• Freedman: former slave

• Black Code: law severely limiting rights of freedmen

• Segregation: legal separation of races

Key Terms and People• Carpetbagger: term

for northerner who went to the South after the Civil War

• Scalawag: term for a white southern Republican

• Sharecropper: person who rented and farmed a piece of land

Lewis and Clark

Their expedition mapped the Louisiana Purchase and increased knowledge about plant and animal life in the West

John Adams

President John Adams was a Federalist, elected in 1796 by Pro-British voters in the North

Thomas Jefferson

• He cut the federal budget to reduce the size and power of government.

• He also believed the violence of the French Revolution was justified.

Andrew Jackson

He accused Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams of making a “corrupt bargain” when Clay persuaded House members to vote for Adams.

John Quincy Adams

The supporters of John Quincy Adams were the Whigs.

American System Fails

Henry Clay’s American System failed because Congress would not fund new roads, bridges and canals.

Andrew Jackson

A new political party, the Democrats, attracted Andrew Jackson supporters.

Andrew Jackson

President Jackson believed the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional because he thought that states should charter banks.

Oregon Territory

The U.S. and Britain settled their dispute over Oregon by agreeing to divide the land.

Whiskey Rebellion

The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest against taxes called by backcountry farmers.

Whiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebellion resulted in people realizing that the new government would not tolerate violent protests.

Judicial Review

• Judicial Review: The Supreme Court rules that a new law violates the Constitution.

• Marbury v. Madison: established judicial review

• Judiciary Act: called for 1 chief Justice and 5 Associate Justices on the Supreme Court

Latin America

• Spanish colonies had to win independence through revolution.

• Creole: someone born in Latin America to Spanish parents

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe announced the Monroe Doctrine to protect Latin American republics from European attack.

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution depended on the development of the factory system

Industrial Revolution: Key Terms

• Capitalist: invests to make a profit

• Lowell girl: worked in mills; returned home to marry

Canal System

Steamboats allowed farmers to ship goods more quickly and cheaply.

Canal System

Canal investors worried that the railroad competition would cause them to lose money.

American Painters

Before 1800, the central influence on American painters was the European painting tradition.

War of 1812

• War Hawk: Member of Congress in favor of going to war

• Henry Clay agreed with Grundy that war would have its advantages.

War of 1812: Key Terms

• Nonintercourse Act: allowed trade with all EXCEPT Britain and France

• Pinckney Treaty: Allowed shipment of goods on the Mississippi

War of 1812 Key Terms• Neutrality

Proclamation: declared that the U.S. would not support either side in the war in Europe

• Jay’s Treaty: called for Britain to pay damages for seized American ships

Naval Escort Protects Trade

Barbary pirates were hurt by a law requiring Yankee traders to be escorted through the Mediterranean Sea by Navy ships.

War of 1812 Battles

• Battle of Tippecanoe: celebrated as a major victory for settlers

• Battle of Lake Erie: resulted in victory despite poor preparation

• Battle of New Orleans: fought after the War of 1812 ended

War of 1812: Key Terms

• Treaty of Greenville: allowed Americans’ land claims in part of present-day Ohio

• Treaty of Ghent: Allowed restoration of pre-War of 1812 conditions

TEXAS

Texans defeated Santa Anna and won independence at San Jacinto.

TEXAS

Texas was admitted to the Union when Congress passed a joint resolution accepting the annexation treaty.

Popular Sovereignty

EX: In 1849, California voters approved a state constitution banning slavery

Conflict Between States

Southern states were dependent on the North because southern planters borrowed money from northern banks to buy farm tools.

Conflict Between States

• Fugitive: runaway person

• Martyr: sacrifices life for beliefs

• Border Ruffian: proslavery person who battled antislavery forces

Conflict Between States

When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, several southern states seceded in protest.

Civil War

The Civil War began when Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina.

Civil War

• Both the North and the South experienced inflation during the war

• Both had their economy disrupted

Civil War

African Americans contributed to the war effort on the Union side. They fought in major battles.

Civil War

• Combat was deadly, but infection and disease were greater threats.

Civil War Battles• Except for Gettysburg,

most of the fighting was in the South

• Battle of Shiloh: bloodiest battle of war

• Battle of Fredericksburg: worst Union defeat

• Battle of Chancellorsville: Gen. Jackson’s last battle

Women in the Civil War

• Civil War nurses helped change employment for women by opening up new employment opportunities for them.

• Sally Tompkins served as a Confederate nurse

Abraham Lincoln

• U.S. President during the Civil War

• Was forgiving in his goals for a peaceful reconciliation of the country

Reconstruction

During Reconstruction, corruption among state officials angered white southerners.

Reconstruction• States limited the rights

of free African Americans; they were not permitted to go to school

• Southern Conservatives resisted Reconstruction by resorting to violence against African Americans.

Reform

Temperance groups viewed alcohol abuse as the most serious social problem of the 1800s.

Reform

Temperance movement led to eight states passing “Maine Laws.”

Reform

Thomas Galludet led reform for people with disabilities

Good Luck on Your Final!