8/158/17 Britishpaying3xtaxesofcolonists ThesunneversetsonGreatBritainRudyardKipling Roanokeexpedition

o 15851590BayoftheChesapeakeo firstcolonistso namedafterJamesI,ledbyRaleigho failed

VirginiaCompanyo CreatedbyHouseofStewart(JamesI)o TransactionwealthbetweenEnglandandthecolonieso SoldstockstoBritishtofundexpeditionso Sought:fur(blackbear,beaver),lumber,pitch,tar(madefrompitch)o ResourcesforboathullstradewithSpain

Jamestowno Dec20,1606o 100settlers,4boys,3shipso AllGentryupperclass,refusedtoworko Beganlookingforslaves,layingseedforslavetradeo May23,1607endofJamestowno NativeAmericansPowhatan

Conquerinvaders Takewomenandchildren,killmen

o CaptainJohnSmith(ColdstreamGuards) fighter,diplomat bridgedgapw/NativeAmericansmarriedPocahontas 1609wenthome(gunpowderexplosion) Martiallaw(loserights,militaryincharge)

o 16091610winter 500settlers5060

VirginiaCompanyo 16188yearsreforms(attractcapitalandrevenuemoreimmigrants)o Headrightsystem

Existingcolonists100acres Immigrants50acres Landownerpaysforimmigrant50acres LandproductsellbacktoEnglandprofitforVirginiaCompany

o VirginiaReforms Nomoremartiallaw 22Plots(Burgesses)2farmers/plantersperplotgeneralassemblyinJamestown HouseofBurgesses(alsojudicialcourt)

Aug1619firstmet Composedofwealthiestlandowners(ruleagainstpoorfarmers) Housesuccessful,judicialfails

1700sreformsbring130000to150000newimmigrants Immigrantshadnowealth/skill(learnonown)

6:1mentofendoffNativeAmericans IndianConfederacy

o OpechancanoughofPamunkeyo 16221/5settlerskilled

StewartfamilysendslargestmilitaryincursioninAmericao 1624settlersstilldying

VirginiaCompanydissolveddirectcontrol Maryland

o Newsettlemento FundedbyCalvertfamily(Catholic)

Take10milacresforthemselves CreatePlantersCouncilunconditionalcontrol

o AnglicanChurchofEngland CreatedbyHenryVIII

o Calvertsstartgrowingstapleproducts(tobacco,rye,rice,barley,corn)o Beyondcontrolofcrowneconomicbattle

8/19 JamesI

o Believedhewasordainedbygodtobemonarcho Parliamentwastellinghimwhattodoo Dies1625

CharlesIo 1629dissolvesParliament,takesonresponsibilities

Raisingmoney,defendingthecrowno Scotlandtakesadvantageinvadeso 1642reinstatesParliament

Handpickedelites MajorityareAnglican(Puritan)

o PuritansseeCharlesasweakandmustberemoved Raisearmy1649Charlesbeheaded

OliverCromwello 16491660militarydictatorshipmartiallaw(endswithCromwellsdeath)o CharlesIIisconvincedbyparliamenttotakethethrone

Rich/Pooro Peopleinthecoloniesarelivinglongero Indenturedservants(freeafterworkingoffdebt)introducingcompetitiontoeliteso Surpluslowerprices(badforelite)o Response

elitistcoast(BayofChesapeake),poorfarmersliveinland

eliteschargemoneytopassthroughcontroltraffic,infrastructure,tradeo poormovefurtherinlandIndianso GovernorWilliamBerkeley(Virginia)

MonopolizedtradewithIndians Responsibilitytoprotectallincludingthepoor Builtfortswithlargeplantationsappeasebothrichandpoor

o 1676NathanielBacon(rich)arrivesBaconsRebellion WantstoworkwithelitesandsetuptradewithIndianseliterefuse TurnstopooruseswealthtoraisearmyagainstStewartfamilyandBerkeley MarchesonJamestownwinsauthorityfromBurgesses(takenhostage)totradewithIndians DeclaredenemytocrownbyBerkeley WipesoutIndianstothewestforland Sept1676burnsJamestown Oct1676dies

o 1689CoodesRebellion JohnCoodememberofPlantersUnion(Calverts) WantsbettertreatmentformiddleclassfromCalverts(Catholic) 1689raisesarmywithProtestants

ArrestsCalvertholdingsmanagers SendstoEnglandtostandtrialinAnglicancourts

CalvertsloseallholdingscrowncontrolsMarylandharmonyo Richmoreworkersproducemoreo Poorcantproduceenoughtosurvive

Slavetradewillbalancethisdisparity8/228/24

Slaveryo NotatraditionforEnglisho Servants/indenturedservantslossofprofito Slaveswerecostly(noestablishedslavetriangle)o 17655%slaves(England)o FirstslaveswerefromCarribean

SpokeEnglish,Christianproducveo 1680decliningmortalityratesmeantmoreslaves,lesswhiteservants

Profitabilityincreasingo ChildrenofslavesbelongedtoRoyalAfricaCompanyuntil1680o RoyalAfricaCompany(charteredin1660)

MonopolyoverEnglishslavetrade Restrictednumberofslavesandnumberofships

o 1698RAClosesmonopolyandtradeincreasesfrom45000to20000slaves/yearo NorthAmericanotsolelyresponsibleforgrowthofslavetrade(plantationsintheCaribbeanandSouthAmerica)o Mid15thtoearly19thcentury

21millionslavesdepartAfrica 13millionarriveinAmerica

o 174040%slavesinChesapeakecolonieso Africanslaves

NoEnglish,opentoconversion Nofreedomsystem

o WilliamWilberforce AmemberofParliamentresponsibleforendingslaveryinBritaininearly1800s

CodificationofEnglishSlaveLawo Blackslavesarepropertyo Whitecantreatblacksasbadlyastheywantedo Elevatedthestatusofpoorwhiteso Createdunitybetweenrich/poor

VirginiaAssemblypasseslawshelpingthepooro Lowertaxesonlandholdingsmoremoney,moreopportunityo Increasedsuffrageforwhitemenvoicegrievances

WhitecanexpandlandholdingsbecauseBaconsRebellionwipedoutIndians Poorwhites

o Longerlivesgreaterdomesticlivesmorefamilialcontact GentryofChesapeake

o Nuclearfamilystayincontactlonger Familyholdingssavedasfamilystaystogether

o SonsofLondonmerchants,marriedintoeliteo ControlledtheDomesticMarketsoldgoodstolowerclasses

manufacturedgoods,legalassistance,medicalassistance,slaves,loans,tobacco Whytobacco?Didntwanttoconsumeowngoods

o Openballotvotingsystemnotanonymouso Militia16,male,white

Gentryinchargeworeuniformsprovidedbythecrowno HierarchyinChurchgentry,middleclass,lowerclasso Courtsgentryjudges

NorthCarolinaColonyo IdeaofWilliamBerkeleyricho SirJohnColleton

BoardofdirectorsoftheRoyalAfricaCompany,BoardofForeignPlanters StaunchsupporterofCharlesIexileinCaribbeanaerCharlesremoved ReturnedafterCharlesIItookthethrone

o 1660charterfromCharlesIIforNorthCarolinacolony NamedafterCharlesII AlbemarleSoundnorivers

o 1701colonialstatuso FailsduetolackofriversinAlbemarlesoundo BerkeleyandColletonlosepoliticalstatus

SouthCarolinao SirAnthonyAshleyCooperwantedmoremoneyandpowero EarlofShaftsburyswayinHouseofStewarto 1669200EnglishBarbatonsfirstsettleSCsuccesso 1680fullchartero AshleyandCooperRiverswentthroughCharlestono Largelandgrants,religioustoleranceo Representativegovernmentanswerstothepeopleandreportsthecrown

Richlistenedtothepeopletheyrepresentedo FundamentalConstitution

Gentrycollectedmoretaxesandgavelesstothecrown

Eachdistrictdistrictgovernor(universalpower)andrepresentativegovernment Startchargingquitrentspocketsofgovernors 16771711twomajorrebellionsendFundamentalConstitution

o Crowntakescontrolputsonegovernorincharge Georgia(notforprofit)

o GeneralJamesOglethorpe BestfrienddiedinFleetDebtorsPrisonofsmallpox Lookstobringbetterlivestodebtors Becamedebtorhimself

o SettlershadtobeProtestant 50acres,tools,ayearsworthofsuppliesforfree

o Laterchangedtoreligioustolerance Payownwaylargertractsofland

o InfluxofJewishpopulation AshkenaziGermanJews SephardiOrthodoxJewsfromPortugalandSpain VerywealthyfoundSavannah

o OglethorpewantsSavannah,Georgiatobeautopia Liquorfree,slavefree

o Norepresentativegovernment(novoice)GeorgianstogoSouthCarolinaforvoice Trytobringbackslavesandliquor

o Onyear20of21yearlease,Oglethorpeallowsslaveryandliquorbecausecrownwouldhaveendedupallowingitanyways

1603ElizabethIdieso Toleratedanyreligion

JamesIo persecutedanyfaithnotAnglicano directlytaxedsubjectswithoutthepermissionofParliament

Puritanso Believedinpredestination(theyareinthegoodgracesofGod)o Notalloweddrunkenness,gambling,breakingtheSabbath,goingtothetheater,extravagance,publicprofanityo Nov1620MayflowerPlymouth(headedforVirginia)

HadtheylandedinVirginia,wouldnothaveworkedallthingstheywereagainstareallowedinVirginiao WilliamBradfordarriveswith87othersstarvation,malnutrition,mutinyo Spring1621halfdiefromcoldwintero SquantoandSamoset

Englishspeaking(capturedbyfishermenbeforeandescaped) Showedthesettlershowtogrownativecorn

o WampanoagandPilgrimpeacetreatyo 1621Mayflowercompactrepresentativegovernment

Annualelectionadultmalesonlyo NolandgrantforPlymouth(JamesIdoesnotknowabout)

8/29 NewEngland

o Closeandtightknit,richheritageandtheologyo Closetownslegacyofclosenessbetweentownspeopleandfamily,umbrellaofreligion

o Noagriculturehunting,gathering,fishingo Multiplegenerationsworktogether(notseenelsewhereinthecolonies)importanceofdomeschouseholdo Villages

Familywithmostland(crowngiven)isincharge Security,governmentalability

RhodeIslando NarrangansettBayghettoforhereticso Colonyoffreethinkerso RogerWilliams

Separatist WantedbaycoloniestohavecompletebreakfromAnglicanChurch(heresyandtreason) WasabouttobedeportedwestgoestolivewithIndians 1636escapedtoProvidence,foundedRhodeIsland

o AnneHutchinson(movedtoNewEnglandin1634) SupportsWilliams(womenwerenotsupposedtospeakout) SpreadtheteachingsofWilliams(withafemalespintoit) 1638expelled,headstoRhodeIsland

o Antinomianismmorallawnouseorobligation,faithalonenecessaryforsalvation(MartinLuther) WilliamsandHutchinson Followinggodslawsdidnotspeaktotheinwardstateofthesoul

Algonquinso CaucasiansbelievedtheyweremorallyandreligiouslysuperiortoNativeAmericans

Superstitiousandsavagery(hypocrisyonthepartoftheCaucasians)o Puritansdidnotspreadfaith,butFrenchwereconvertingIndianso AlgonquinshadlotsincommonwiththePuritans

Huntinginwinter,gatheringandfishinginspringandsummer Eatwhattheycouldcultivate Allpoliticalauthoritywaslocal

o CommunityleaderSagamoreorSachem Responsibleforeconomicstabilityofthetribe,justiceandlegalauthority,anddiplomacy

NewAmsterdamo DutchWestIndiaCompanyestablishedNewAmsterdamlookingtotradefurso ManhattanIsland(HudsonRiver)ideallocationo About9000peopleDutch,Belgians,French,English,Portuguese,Swiss,Swedish,Finlandizes,Africanso NextsettlementFortOrange(moderndayAlbany)outposttradewithIndians

180milesnortho EnglishdidnotgivepermissiontoDutchmissingoutonfurtrade

CharlesIIgrantsDukeofYorkJamesachartertotakeover JamesarriveswithanarmadaandtheDutchleavewithoutabattle ThecharterextendsfromMaineinthenorthtoMarthasVineyardinthesouthtotheFrenchholdingsin

thewest8/31

TheSevenYearsWar(17541763)o Noformaldeclarationofwaruntil1756

o Britain/PrussiaversusFranch/Spain/Austriao NorthAmerica,WestAfrica,Europe,Indiao Spainjoinedin1762andwasthebiggestlosero BritainandFrancecompetedforNativeAmericansupport

BenjaminFranklin BritishStateDepartment MinistertoFrance WenttoFortOrangetonegotiateNativeAmericantrustandsupport

o GeorgeWashington SentbyBritishtogainasmuchmilitarycontrolaspossible

o FortDuquesne Allegheny,Monongahela,andOhioRivers Tradingpost,security,bigprofit

o 1744PennsylvaniaresidentsmovewestthreatenFrencho CelerondeBienville

OrderedtotakealllandintheAppalachianandlowerOhioRiverValleys FrenchbuildfortinMarietta,Ohio

o VirginiaLieutenantgovernorRobertDinwiddiesendsGeneralEdwardBraddock(withWashington)totakeFortDuquesne

BraddockdiesfromwoundsburiedinmiddleoftrailbyColonelWashington(savageIndians)o EnglishshiftfocusheadnorthtoNovaScotia(largeAcadianagriculturalcommunity)

Drovethe6000Acadiansoutandtooktheirlando 1756warisdeclaredo JohnCampbell(EarlofLondon)commandinggeneralofallforcesinNorthAmerica

Petitionsformoremoneyandtroopsnotpossible BritainwasfightinginNorthAmerica,WestAfrica,Europe,andIndia(warforland)

o LouisJosephdeMontcalmGozonFrenchcommanderofallforcesinNorthAmerica GoalmoveBritishasfarbackaspossible FrenchadvancesouthfromMontrealtowardsthecoast ThreatenthesecurityofNewYorkandtheNewEnglandcolonies

o FrancewaswinningthewarinEuropeandIndiao BritainiswinninginAfricabecauseofthemassivetroopconcentrationfromtheslavetradeo BenjaminFranklin

NegotiatingwithIroquois(north)andCreek,Choctaw,andCherokee(southernnations) FournationssaidtheywouldstayneutralbutjoinedupwiththeFrench

o 1758turningPointWilliamPitttheElderbecomesprimeminister IknowthatIcansavethecountryandthatnooneelsecan. Raisestaxes,increasestroopnumbers RemovesJohnCampbell PullsalltroopsoutofEuropeleavesittothePrussians

o BrigadierGeneralJohnForbescapturesFortDuquesnereplacedbyFortPitt Frenchretreatnorth,ForbesfollowsandtakesSt.LawrenceRiver

o July1758firstmajorvictoryinCanada LieutenantcolonelJohnBradstreet FortFrontenac(Kingston,Ontario)taken Strangletradeandeconomicsuccess

o IroquoisjoinEnglishandstoptradewithFrencho 1759BattleofthePlainsofAbraham

BrigadierGeneralJamesWolfeorderedtotakeQuebec WolfeandLouisJosephdeMontcalmGozon(French)bothdie NavalandlandbattlefoughtonaplateauBritishhighground(guerilla)

Heavycasualties1400French,600Britisho 1760FrenchsurrenderMontreal

EndofFrancesgreatestlandholdingso 1763TreatyofParis

BritainalllandeastoftheMississippiRiver,SpanishFlorida SpainNewOrleansandlandwestoftheMississippiRiver FrenchleftNorthAmerica

9/2 AnonymouseconomistAmericanswouldnotbethoughtpresumptuousiftheyconsideredthemselvesonequalfooting

withBritaino ColonistsareinferiortoBritishcitizens

AftertheSevenYearsWar,troopsareleftincolonies,andhightaxesremainedo SquelchIndianuprisings

Britishbelievedthecolonistsdidntdoenough(onesidedbenefit)o Colonistshadsentmoneyandtroopstosupportthewar

1755JosiahTucker(Englisheconomist)todrivetheFrenchalloutofNorthAmericawouldbethemostfatalstepwecouldtake

PontiacsRebelliono Neolin

ProphetoftheLenniLenapeSocietywhichsoughttopreservethesacredheritageofNativeAmericans Munseestonecountry Unamilivedowntheriver(Hudson) Unalichtigolivebytheocean

GetsattentionofChiefPontiacofOttawatribeo ChiefPontiacandNeolinraiseanarmyandtakeadvantageofBritainsweaknessafterthewaro Inlessthanfourmonths,theytakeallmajorportsandfortswestofPittsburg

FortMichilimackinac,FortPresqueIsle,andFortSanduskyo Britishdividearmy

NorthColonelHenryBouquet GreatLakesColonelJohnBradstreet

o 1766rebellionends Treatyallpropertyreturned,Pontiacpardoned

Proclamationof1763o BritishdefeatedIndiantradingpartner(French)o Soughttradeandwantedtopreventrebelliono NoBritishsettlementswestofthecrestoftheAppalachianso RemainedineffectafterPontiacsRebellion

Taxationo GeorgeGrenvilleFirstEarloftheTreasury

MemberofParliamentresponsiblefortaxes Believedinturnofprofitnotenoughprofitcameoutofthecolonies

o Customshouses Customsinspectorshadsalariestheamountoftaxestheycollectedeveryyear

o 1733MolassesAct 6pencepergallontariffonimportsofmolassesfromnonBritishcolonies

MademolassesfromDutchandFrenchplantationsintheCaribbeanmoreexpensive Molassesareusedtomakerum

o 1764SugarAct Molassestariffreducedto3pencepergallon AllshipsgoingintoorcomingoutofNorthAmericamustregistertheircargo(includingpassengers)with

thecrown ViolatorsmuststandtrialinNorthAmericanAdmiraltyCourts(thenavalofficersareappointedbythe

crown)9/79/14

JohnAdamsfilmo BostontroopshadbeenstationedinAmericafor2yearstomaintainorder,followingnewtaxmeasuresonpaper,

tea,paint,andglass.o TheBostonMassacreonMarch5,1770

DescribedbyAdamsTheSlaughterinKingStreet 5dead,6wounded

o JonathonSewelllastBritishattorneygeneralofMassachusettso AftertherepealoftheStampAct,theTownshendActtaxedvariousimportedgoodsaswellasinstitutinganew

systemofcustomsofficers.o PaulRevereSonofLibertyo JohnDickinsonfromPennsylvania,Quaker,Toryo BattleofBunkerHill400Massachusettscitizens,1000soldiers,100officerdeado OliveBranchPetition

TokingGeorgeIII Suppressrebellionandbringtraitorstojustice

o HessianshiredGermansoldierso Quiz

AdamswasnotasuccessfullawyerupongraduationfromHarvard VoteforAmericanindependencethroughDunlapBroadsidesonJuly2,1776 LifeandcareerofJohnAdamsbeginning1770 AdamsfamilydoctorGeneralWarrendiedatBunkerHill CapturedBritishgunsIndependenceandLiberty(HenryKnoxatFortTiconderoga) OliveBranchPetition

9/219/26 TheAmericanRevolution

o Britishtrainedinconventionalwarfareopenfields,nochasingifenemyretreatso Americanusedguerillawarfareo Hessianswereransackingcountrysidebattleforheartsandmindsnotworking

Torysupportgoesdowno HoweBrothersledBritishtroopsinAmerica

PrimarytargetNewYork Seaside(closetoarmada) LargenumbersofTories

GeneralWilliamHoweallfieldtroopsinNorthAmerica LordGeorgeGermainadjutant

SirGuyCarletoninchargeofCanadiantroopsforBritish

GoalnorthupHudson,cutofftradewithcoast,joinupwithtroopsinCanadasandwichGeorgeWashington

WashingtonheadstoNewJerseynearthecoastwheretherewereshipstoevacuate WilliamHowewastoocautiousfearedbeingloweredinrankifhelostmen LordAdmiralRichardHoweallnavyinNorthAmerica

SoughtreconciliationstillthoughtofrebelsasBritishcitizens Reluctanttousenavalpower OverestimatesTories

Britishcouldhaveendedthewarquickly,butdidnothavetherightpeopleincommand July1776largestexpeditionaryforceof18thcenturylandsatStatenIsland

36000troops,8000Hessians ColonialsareduginonBrooklynHeights23000troops

Aug22,1776NewYorkfalls,colonialsretreat WashingtonretreatswestoftheDelawareRivertoNewJersey

Howepursuesbutdoesnotengage Dec7pursueofWashingtonendsinTrentonbecausetheBritishdontfightinthewinter

IfHowehadcontinued,hecouldhavewipedoutWashington BattleofTrenton

HessiansfeastandgetdrunkChristmasEve Dec24,177610pmloadedupcannons,horses,troops,andsuppliesinboatsvolunteeredby

colonistsandcrossedtheDelawareRiver Trentonwas7milesfromtheriver Plannedtoarrive7am,butarrived11am ColonelJohannRallkilled Wholeprocesstooklessthan24hours

o Howebrothersdidnotretaliateuntilsummer1777 WilliamHowefocusesonPhiladelphiaheart Sept1777defeatsWashingtonatBrandywineCreek Oct1777defeatsWashingtonatGermantown ThesebattlesboughttimefortheContinentalCongresstopackupandleave Oct1777PhiladelphiaislosttotheBritish

o 17781778WashingtonretreatstoValleyForge,aridge7milesoutsidePhiladelphia Coldandbrutalwinter Couldhaveeasilybeenwipedout 1/10peopledied2500 HessiansstillransackingIoftenfeelafraidtogotobedElizabethDrinker

o Saratoga,NewYork MajorAmericanvictory JohnBurgoyne(GentlemanJohn)commanderoftroopsaroundQuebec

Brings9500mensoutheast(+2000womenandchildren) Lotsoffood,wagonsofchinaandfurniture BenedictArnoldcreatesatrapatFreemansFarm,andHoratioGatesatBemisHeights BurgoyneresignsOctober17,1777(surrender)

o ArticlesofConfederation RepresentativeRichardHenryLeefromVirginia Taxeswereneededtopayoffthewardebt Surveyorsweresentoutfordetermininglandtaxes ProvedtotheFrenchthattheAmericanswereseriousaboutindependence

o Feb6,1778thetreatywithFranceturnsthisintoaglobalwar BenjaminFranklin,JohnJay,JohnAdams

o HenryClintonreplacesHoweasCommanderinChiefofNorthAmerica Experiencedandfollowedorders OrderedtoabandonPhiladelphiamovesthearmytoNewYork Goalcontrolfortsandstranglecommunication

o FriedrichWilhelmvonSteuben Prussiansoldieroffortune TrainedtheAmericantroopsinconventionalwarfare Withincreasedprideandmorale,13500troopswerelookingforafight

o CharlesLee CommanderrecentlytradedasPOW(capturedin1777for9months) Didntknowhowtocommandgavevague,disjointedorders

o June28,1778LeefindsClintonsarmyatMonmouthCourthouse Leeiscrushedandretreats

o June29,1778Washingtonarrives,removesLeefromcommand,andwinso BattleofWhitePlains(NewYork)wastheendofBritishoccupancyinthenorth

WashingtontakeshistroopstoWhitePlainsandsetsupheadquarterso Britishturntosouth

AmericanindependenceiswoninNorthCarolinaandGeorgia,wheretherevenueis BritainwantedtowintheheartsandmindsoftheSouth TheybelievedthatplantownerswantedtokeepslavesinsteadoffighttheBritish(miscalculation)

o Britishseektohaveslavesrevolt Dec1779ClintonsailsforCharlestonHarboroutofNewYork Bringsarmadaand3500troops30milessouthoftherebelsinanattempttoflankthem

PeninsulabetweenAshleyandCooperisswamplosetroopsduetomalariaanddysentery May12,1780takestheharborwith2600troops Clintoncantstay(ascommanderofallforces)andputsLordCharlesCornwallisinchargeofthesouth Clintonincreasesto8300troopstostoptheFrenchfromassistingrebels FlashbackCornwallis(Britishtroopsinsouth)isinabadplacerebelsandloyalists

Summerandfall1775thesouthwasgettingwordfromthenorthaboutBritishatrocitieso SouthCarolinaCivilWar

LoyalistsweredislodgedinthenameofAmericanfreedomupsetatcrown Britisharenotwinningheartsandmindsofloyalists Allofsocietyend,everyoneelse,robbery,poverty,hardshipAnonymous Cornwalliswasbrutal,doingeverythingpossibletoendtherebellion

o FrancisMarion(TheSwampFox) Ledabandofguerillas(whitesandblacks) Slavescouldgainfreedombyfightingwithhim Primaryfocusstopcommunication(couriers)

o ThomasSumter(Thegamecock) GroupcalledOverMountainMengobigorgohome Aftercommunicationsweredown,largeforcesattacked Oct1780BattleofKingsMountainoneofthelargestvictoriesinthewar

Greatlyincreasedmoraleo Rebelsarelosingconventionalwarinsouth

HoratioGatesisremovedo NathanielGreene(bigAmericangeneral)takesoverBlueCoats

HiresBrigadierGeneralDanielMorganasadjutant vonSteubenstudentfromVirginia

Dividesarmy,attacksonseparatefrontstotrapCornwalliso CornwallisdividesKingsarmy

LieutenantColonelBanastreTarletongoessouth

o Morgansarmymuchbiggerthanbefore 1780TarletonsurroundedandsurrendersatCowpens,SC

o CornwallishasarrivedinChesapeakeBayareaseekingsuppliesandloyalists Stillbelieveshecanwin

o Spring1781CornwallismeetswithBenedictArnoldo ConnecticutWashingtonmeetswithFrenchcommandercomtedeRochambeau

FrenchnavyarrivesCornwallis/Arnoldhavetofightonlando Washingtonplansland/seaassault

Washingtonattacksfromnorth,Greenefromsoutho Sept1781WestYorktown

7800French,5300professionalContinentals,3600militia CornwallisandArnoldaretrapped Ifyoucannotrelievemeverysoon,youmustexpecttoheartheworstCornwallistoClinton

o October19,1781Cornwallissurrenderso October26,1781Britishnavyarriveso Sept3,1783TreatyofParis

JohnAdams,JohnJay,BenjaminFranklin BritishleavesNorthAmerica BritishmustrecognizetheUSasaseparate,individualcountry

9/28 NewRepublicangovernment

o Governorscoulddissolvethelegislatureandappointstateofficials(patronage)o SamuelAdamseverylegislatureofeverycolonyoughttobesovereignanduncontrollable

Legislaturesshouldhaveuncontrollablepower OpposeDeclarationofIndependencelackchecksandbalances

o Statesdeveloppolicies Annualelections(candidatesmustlivewithindistrictsservedforatleast30days) WrittenstateConstitutions Jefferson(humble)wantstogobackandworkonstateconstitutions

ArticlesofConfederationo bringstatestogethero ExtendsSecondContinentalCongresso GivesSCCpowertodeclarewar,treaties,diplomatso RegulationofIndianaffairso abilitytoraisemilitaryandnavy,assigntroopsfromstateso powerofpurseremainswiththestateso statesexecuteandenforcelaws(SCCcantcarryoutlaws)

Westernlandso RevertedbacktoRoyalCharterstodeclarestateboundarieso StatesclaimedtheirchartersstretchedtotheMississippio Largestatescanselllandforprofit,smallstatescanto 1784Jeffersonwantstocreate10newstatesinthewest,runbyfreeresidents(whiteorblack)o Townships36plots,640acres,$1anacre

Norepresentativegovernment,landspeculatorswillnotpurchasefailso NorthwestOrdinanceof1787creationofstates

Eachstatehasgovernor,secretary,anda3judgepanel

5000freementerritory,onerepresentativetoCongress(cantvote) 60000residentsapplyforstatehood

Insurrection#1o MississippiRiverhighwayfortradeo SpanishcontrollinglowerpartWesternsettlermistreatedandUSgovernmentfailedtorespondo 1785ResidentsthreateningsecessiontobecomeSpanishsubjects

USdoesnothaveanarmytoputdowninsurrectiono JohnJaysentwesttonegotiatewithSpanishrepresentativeDonDiegodeGardoqui

AgreementSpanishget25yearleaseforMississippiRiver,favorednationstatus Didnotappease

10/510/7 Insurrection#2ShaysRebellion

o Autumn1786Spring1787o Americalackedshipsandtradeagreementsunabletogetproductstoglobalmarketso AgriculturewasnumberoneindustryinUSo PoorfarmersinwestMassachusettswereunabletopaydebtsandmortgages

1768wagesandpricesfallentorockbottomo FarmersgotoMassachusettsAssemblyredressgrievances

Lowerhouse(commonpeople)approveoflowermortgageandinterestrates NotapprovedinUpperhouse(elites&estateownerswhorepresentdebtorsandbankersineast

Massachusetts) Debtorsandbankersthreatentocutoffsupport,soUpperhousekillsthebill

o CaptainDanielShays Mediumsizefarmer Raisesanarmyof2000 HeadstoSpringfield(seatofgovernmentinMassachusetts)toseizefederalweaponsarsenaltreason Wantstoabolishtheupperhouse

o Nofederalresponse(nocentralmilitary)o 1787statemilitiaendstherebelliono TheJayGardoquiTreatyandShaysRebellionpromptthecreationoftheConstitution

TheConstitutiono Spring178755delegates(notRhodeIsland)meetinPennsylvaniaStateHouse

Largefarmers,lawyers,merchants Windowswereclosedallsummerforsecrecy

o AssemblyofdemigodsThomasJeffersono GeorgeWashingtonchairstheconvention

presidingdeityJohnAdamso JamesMadisonfatheroftheConstitution

Wasahypochondriac,tooklotsofailments Nottakenseriously SoughttocreateTrueAmericanRepublic

o VirginiaPlan(JamesMadison)2weeksdebate 3branchesofgovernment GaveCongresspowertovetostatelaws(judicialbranchhasthispowertoday) Bicamerallegislaturelowerbypopulation,upperappointedbystatelegislature

MadisonwasrespectedbecausehewasfromVirginiao NewJerseyPlan4daysdebate

WilliamPattersonlawyerfromNewJersey Powertotaxstatesandregulatetrade Unicameralonevoteperstate

o Southhasarisingpopulation(opportunitytomakemoney)o Northhasmorestateso BenjaminFranklinarrivesGreatCompromise

Equalrepresentationinupperhouse Representationbypopulationinlowerhouse Chiefexecutivechosenbyelectoralcollege Amendments

2/3lowerand2/3upperhouseinfavorstatesratify Sept17,1787ratified393

Federalists/Antifederalistso Antifederalistswantedtoavoidanewaristocracy(chiefexecutivemighthavekinglikepower)o 17871788FederalistPapers85monographswrittenbyJamesMadison,AlexanderHamilton,andJohnJay

DavidHumeadvocatedastrongcentralgovernmento Thissocietybecomesbrokenintoagreatervarietyofinterests,ofpursuits,ofpassionswhichcheckeachother

(checksandbalances) MadisonadmitstherearenoguaranteedindividualrightspromisesBillofRightsifAntifederalistsratify GeorgeWashington

o onlypresidentwithunanimousvoteo AsksCongresstoappoint4cabinetmemberstostartwith

SecretaryofStateThomasJefferson SecretaryofWarHenryKnox SecretaryoftheTreasuryAlexanderHamilton AttorneyGeneralEdmundRandolph

JudiciaryActof1789o EstablishestheSupremeCourt1chiefjusticeand5associateso JohnJayisthefirstchiefwonderfulthinkero 13districts,3circuitcourtsestablished

BillofRightso 200amendmentsreducedto12forratificationo NorthCarolinaandRhodeIslandareAntifederalisthotbedso Dec15,1791BillofRightsratified

1. Speech,religion,press,assembly,redress(petition)ofgrievances2. Militiatokeepandbeararms3. Noquartering4. Nosearchwithoutwarrant5. Nodoublejeopardy,trialbyjuryguaranteed6. Righttospeedytrial7. Nocivilsuitsinfederalcourtsystem8. Noexcessivebail

9. Rightsnotinthisdocumentarenotnecessarilynonexistent10. Powernotgrantedtonationalgovernmentaregiventothestates

10/10 ThepresidenthastogiveanannualreporttoCongressStateoftheUnionAddress FinancialProblems

o HamiltonproposesfinancialplanbasedonEnglishsystem Trickledowneconomicsbenefitstowealthywillbenefitpoorbyimprovingeconomyasawhole Associationalismfederalgovernmentworkswithprivatebusinesses

Encouragesmanufacturing Providedlineofcreditandrevenue Chokesoffpurecapitalism

o Governmentneedstoraiserevenueandcredit 52millionnationaldebt 25millionstatedebt

o Franklinnegotiates2millionfromDutch o Hamiltonproposes25%excisetaxonwhiskeyapprovedbyMadisonandJefferson,butmechanismtocollect

taxesneededo Hamilton,Madison,andJeffersongetCongresstopassResidenceActof1790

In10years,thefederalcapitalwillmovetoVirginia(MadisonandJeffersonsidea) Thenationalgovernmentwouldtakeonstatedebts(AssumptionBill)

o HamiltoncreatesFirstBankoftheUnitedStates CreatedwithoutCongressionalapproval(inherentpower)9thamendment Setsdangerousprecedent Washingtonapprovesbecausehetrustshiscabinet MandatedgamblingJefferson Firstday$25/sharestocks$350/share

Antifederalistsdontlikethis MiamiConfederacy

o Congresssayswilltreatyforlandiftheywantito AmericawantsthelandoftheMiamiConfederacy(upperOhio)

SaytoWashingtonComeandgetito WashingtonsendsMadAnthonyWayneo 1794BattleofFallenTimbers

WayneoverwhelmstheIndianswith2000militiao TreatyofGreenville

Indianslose2/3ofland Setsaprecedent

WhiskeyRebelliono WesternPennsylvaniarefusetopayWhiskeytaxo Uniontown,PAGeneralNevilleshomeburneddowno MarchonPhiladelphiacapitalo Shalltherebegovernment,ornogovernment?Hamiltono Washingtontakes13000troopstowestPennsylvaniaandtherebellionendso AlbertGallatingetsthetaxrateloweredo HamiltonseestheerrorinhisWhiskeytax

FrenchRevolutiono Washingtonsaystostayneutralo Jeffersonwantstosupportresigns

JohnAdamso 1796electionJohnAdamspresident,ThomasJeffersonvicepresidento FirstpresidenttooccupyWhiteHouseo Iamsquarelyout,andyouaremostsquarelyinWashingtono AdamswasfirstUSambassadortoBritaindualunderstandingo WantstobalancerelationsbetweenUS,Britain,andFranceo 1794JohnJayallBritishgarrisonsinAmericaremovedfavorednationstatus

TicksoffFrencho 17941797Francesendsprivateersonhighseastodisrupttrade

USneedstosendenvoytoendJohnMarshallo XYZAffair3FrenchenvoysandJohnMarshall

Hottinguer,Bellamy,Hauteval $250000bribetogetstarted $10millionloantoFrance(FrancewasinwarwithBritainandcivilwar) Briberefused

o WashingtontriestocommandAdamsthroughHamilton AntifederalistsareworriedthatHamiltonwillinfluenceJohnAdamsintobringingGeorgeWashington

backintopowerasageneral Militarydespotismrulebymilitarystrongman

o Jeffersonresignsvicepresidencyo AdamsreplacescabinetafterXYZaffairo Federalists(Hamilton)wantafootholdrepudiate1778TreatyofAlliancewithFrance

Armmerchantshipsstrongnavy Nostandingarmy

o JohnQuincyAdamssenttoFrancetobolsterMarshall Reachagreementwherebothsidesaresatisfied

AlienandSeditionActso HaitianRevolution

179113yearslaverevolutioninFrenchHaitiagainstsugarbaronsledbyToussaintLouverture 25000FrenchrefugeesinUSwrite,publish,andspeakout

o 1798FederalistspassAlienandSeditionActs(repealed1801) Anyalienspeakingoutagainstgovernmentwasremoved Seditionanycitizenwritingorspeakingagainstfederalgovernmentwasimprisoned DangerousprecedentsetbyAdamscostshimreelection Erodestheconstitutionfederaljudiciaryhasnovoice AdamswantedtosatisfytheFederalistsandbuildanavy

10/17 ThomasJefferson

o TakesofficeMarch1801o RemovesAlienandSeditionActso Antifederalistgovernmentwasanecessaryevil,rulebypeoplethroughgovernmento Federaliststrongnationalgovernment

o AntifederalistsDemocraticRepublicParty(moderndayDemocrat) Hiselectionstartedtwopartysystem

o VirginiaaristocracylargestslaveholderinAmericao Simpleman,notoutspokeno Enlightenmentfaithinpowerofhumanreasoning

Helpsocietydeciphertheuniverse Basicrightslife,liberty,pursuitofhappiness

o Fanoftheyeomanfarmerbackboneofeconomy Governmentisproductofagriculturalsocietyvirtuousandproductive ThegovernmentwouldremainvirtuousaslongastheAmericanpeoplearechieflyagricultural.

o Rightofenfranchisementlandholderandfarmerso Didntlikebeholdenment(favorsinexchangeforvote)

Votersshouldbelandownersonlyforgoodrepresentation Plutocracygovernmentinhandsoffew

o Believedthosewhospokeoutagainstgovernmentshouldbepunishedo InordertoappeaseFederalistsembracedsomeaspectsofHamiltonsplan

KeepstheNationalBank(expires1811)o Fiscallyresponsiblecutsspending

IfcountrycontinuesfollowingEnglishsystemrevolution SecretaryofTreasuryAlbertGallatin Reducessizeofgovernmenttopayoffnationaldebt AbolishesWhiskeyTaxtoreigninlargegovernment(inspectors/taxcollectors) Cutsmilitaryspendingreducesarmyto3000men(relyonstatemilitia) Reducesnationaldebt77(Hamilton)87(Washington/Adams)57

o Increasesnavy,butdecreasessizeofshipso GallatinstayedafterJeffersonleftoffice,allowingJeffersonsidealstostayinplaceo LikesHamiltonsassociationalismworkingalongsiderichandindustry

JudiciaryActof1801o NotuncommonforoutgoingadministrationtodothingsCongressdoesnothavetoapproveo Washingtonstrippedcleantheresidencyo AdamsappointedanewstaunchlyFederalistjudiciary

1801JudiciaryActlargerfederalruledjudiciary 6newcircuitcourts,16newjustices(Federalists) 1802Partylinevote,AntifederalistsrepealJudiciaryAct

TheJudiciaryo Marburyv.Madison

SecretaryofStateMadison WilliamMarburyappointedjusticeofthepeaceofWashingtonDCasAdamsleftofficecommission

nevergotdelivered JeffersontellsMadisontodestroystackofappointmentpapers MarburygoestoSupremecourtseekingwritofmandamustoenforceruleofAdams SupremeCourtandChiefJusticeMarshallMarburycanttellthemwhattodo

Unconstitutionalundersection13ofJudiciaryActof1789 EstablishedimportanceofSupremeCourtintheUS

o FletcherV.Peckruledstatelawunconstitutional(Georgia)o Martinv.HuntersLessee1816(MarshallCourt)

VirginiaSupremeCourtunder4thand9thamendment,notunderauthorityofSupremeCourto Cohensv.Virginiadecisionsbystatecourtsmustalignwiththefederalcourt

10/1910/21 LouisianaPurchase

o 1802BritainandFrancewereatwarFrancewasindebto JamesMadisonandRobertLivingstonapproachrequestingtobuyNewOrleanso $8millionfromMississippitothecoast(830000squaremiles)o Senate247ratifyo JeffersonlookstoGallatintofundexplorationofLouisianaPurchaseo 1803CorpsofDiscoveryLewisandClarkExpedition

StartatMonongahelaRiver,Pennsylvaniabestboats(Gallatinshome) GotoPittsburgandpickupwhattheythinktheyllneed OhioMississippiSt.Louisnorthwest Surveyedland(floraandfauna),sentbackcodedmessages Encounteredblackgnats,grizzlybears,andpricklypearcacti TooktwoyearstogettoPacific MultilingualmemberstocommunicatewithIndians

Sacagawea,Cameahwait(Chiefofnorthwesttribe) Lewis(French)GeorgeDrouillardNativeAmericanSacagaweaCameahwait

1806backtoSt.Louis Louisdiedafterwards(suicide)inKentucky

o ModernequivalentArmyCorpsofEngineers(longestservingbranchofarmy) TheSecondGreatAwakening

o BelievedlosingrelationwithGodFrontierArea(AppalachiantoMississippi)o MajorgroupsCongregationalists,Presbyterians,Baptists,andMethodistso Methodistbestorganizedandfirsttoheadwesto Campmeetingsruralareas(tentrevivals)

1801LargestinCaveRidge,Kentucky100000people(typical70009000) NativeAmericansdestructionoftheirculture

o Landhadtobeacquiredthroughtreatyo WilliamHenryHarrisongovernorofIndianaterritory

WasfinewithkillingasmanyNativeAmericansasnecessaryo NativeAmericanAwakening(precedentbyJefferson)

GreatWhiteFatherJefferson LalawethikaTheProphet

Embraceculture,shouldputfaithinsaviorsnottheGreatWhiteFather ImitatestheWhiteEyeandholdscampmeetingsatShawneevillages LeaderofShawneeTecumseh(OhioValley) Wentintoatrance,wokeupashisfuneralwasbeingpreparedreborn Wentintoafterlife,renamedTenskwatawa(opendoor) Comesbackwithmessagegiveupalcohol Expandsintostopbuyingwhitegoodsandreturntobasicwaysupsetsmerchantswho

becomeangrywithHarrisono LenniLenape(Miamis)hassoldoflandholdingstoUnitedStates

TreatyofFortWayne3millionacresfromMiamiso Tecumsehmilitaryandpoliticalleader

1809stepsupandsayslosingtoomuchlandthatisrightfullytheirs Majortribes

NorthernWyandot,SackandFox,Chippewa,Winnebago,Potawatomi SouthernChoctaw,Chickasaw

Hadhardtimebringinginsoutherntribesbecausesouthernandnortherntribeswereinvadingeachothero 1811Harrisonincreasesthefederalarmyandengages6tribesattheBattleofTippecanoe

StrikeswhileTecumsehisinthesouthrallyingsupport TheProphetwasleadingthe6tribesmilitarynotamilitaryleader NativeAmericanscedemoreland

o 1811TecumsehapproachesBritain Alongwithimpressment,neutralrights,USCanadaborder,openandfreetrade,Tecumsehcontributesto

theoutbreakoftheWarof1812 HartfordConvention

o 18121814unpatriotictobuyBritishgoods DemoralizesuppersocietyofMassachusetts,Connecticut,andRhodeIsland(Federalist)

o Mid1814HartfordConventionmainlyFederalists MassachusettsandRhodeIslandthreatensecessiontoopentradewithBritain

o Dec1814TreatyofGhentendsWarof1812(JohnQuincyAdams) Didnotsettleanyissuesceasefire

EraofGoodFeelingso Withtheceasefirecomesanupsurgeinnationalismo Federalistpartyisdisbandedo Electionof1816landslidevictoryforAntifederalistsinlegislativeandexecutivebranches

Madisonleaves,JamesMonroedefeatsRufusKingo Electionof1820Antifederalistsareunopposed(noFederalistpartyleft)

FederalistsruinedbyHartfordConventiono JamesMonroe

Lastoftheactiverevolutionarypresidents Adoptstheconceptofgovernmentservingthepeople,nottheparty

Seekstoabolishtwopartysystem JohnQuincyAdamsSecretaryofState

Soliddiplomacyinwhitehouseandintheworld ContinentalRepublicSpaindoesnotlike

o SpanishneverrecognizedLouisianaPurchase 18101813UnitedStatesannexesSpanishFloridaclaimingitwaspartofLouisianaPurchase SpanishdistrustbutnotwillingtocomeafteracountrythatsdefeatedBritaintwice Feb1819AdamsOnisTreaty(TranscontinentalTreaty)firmlyestablishedborders

USgetsallofFloridaandterritoryinthenorthwest RecognitionofLouisianaPurchase lostTexas

o Dec2,1823TheAmericancontinentsarehenceforthnottobeconsideredassubjectsforfuturecolonizationbyanyEuropeanpowers.JamesMonroeinhisannualaddresstoCongress

TheMonroeDoctrinewrittenbyAdams StopsallEuropeanincursionintotheUS BasisfordefenseofLatinAmericasetsaprecedenttosubverttheConstitution

AmericanWarinCuba,PearlHarbor,Iraq/Afganistan MixofOldWorldandNewWorldpolitics

10/2410/26

AgricultureandIndustryo Agricultureiskeytoeconomicgrowthmarketeconomyo Transportationnetworksconnectyeomanfarmerstothenetwork

Surpluscanbesoldatdistantmarketso Productionofgrainisincreasing(morestablecashcrop)

Requiredlongerhoursinthefieldo Tobacconumberonecropbuttakesmorenutrientso Marketeconomylongerhours,moreemployees,croprotation,fertilizationanimalmanures

Largerfamilies(freelabor)populationshiftso Bartersystem(old)marketeconomycashcreditriseofbankingsystemo Brokerswouldcomeintoagriculturalcommunitiesoffertotransportsurplusforcommission

Unregulatedlookedforselfgaino EastcoaststopsimportingandlookstoSouthandWest

Selfsufficiencysafetyandsecurity NotableCourtCases

o 1812SecondNationalBankisreinstatedbyCongresso 1819McCulloughv.MarylandtaxonallbanksinMaryland(includingNationalBank)

TaxcollectorsgotoWilliamJamesMcCullough(headcashier) McCulloughsuesstateofMarylandforlackofseparationofpowers MarshallcourtvotesunanimouslyinfavorofMcCullough Statescanttaxfederalbanks

o Gibbonsv.Ogdeninterstatecommerce NewYorkAaronOgdenhasmonopolyfromstatetorunsteamshipsonNY/NJHudsonRiver GibbonshasfederallicensetorunsteamshipsonHudson GibbonssuesNewYorkMarshallgivespowerofinterstatecommercetoCongress

18151850o EnglanddoesnotAmericatobesuccessfulo "AnAmericanwantstoperformwithinayearwhatothersdowithinamuchalongerperiod"

FrancisLieberGermanpoliticalscientisto AlexisdToquevilleAmericansarefastesteatersintheworld(OnAmerica)o Fastersteamboats

RidingsteamboatliketakinglifeintoownhandsCharlesDickenso Railroaddevelopedin1814ricketyandunsafe

Firstcommercialrailroadin1827o Populationdoublingevery22years

17904million185023million 1840birthratepeaks

o Ruralareasexperiencingmostgrowth Citieshavelowerbirthrates

o 17901830300000immigrantsyearly 1830s600000immigrantsyearly(endofNapoleonicWars)

o Oldformmanufacturingcity/factorymanufacturing Oldformskilledlaborersandapprentices Manufacturingmachinestendedbyunskilledorsomeskilledlaborers

o Cheapertransportationdevelopmentofcities Morefactoriesandurbanworkers Capitalandcreditaremorereadilyavailable

o 17901860USPatentofficeissuestwiceasmanypatentsasEnglandandtherestofEuropeo IllegalforEnglishtosellideastoAmerican

18011802SamuelSlaterbringsfirsttextilemilltoUS Massachusetts1810FrancisCabotLowellinstitutesfirstAmericanpowerloom(waterfall)

o 1813BostonManufacturingCompanytakesLowellsinvention BuildstwoinWaltham,MAandChelmsford,MA Chelmsford(headquarters)isrenamedLowellinhishonor

o Lowellmodelmanufacturingcity DontwanttoduplicatedirtyanddisgustingBritishfactorytowns Daughtersoffarmersratherthanchildlabor

Wanttohelpfamilyskilledcitylaborers Boardinghouses

Matrononeachfloor Librariesandlecturestoengagewomeninpolitics FirstwomensmagazineLowellOfferings

o DistributedtoallcommunityaroundLowell Strictrulesnotardiness,noalcohol,nogambling,nocandy,10pmbedtime

o 7amto7pm(30minutemeal),6dayweeks Tediousandrepetitive $2.403.20aweek

o Majorityofpaywassupposedtobesentbackhomeo 1830sLaborProblems

Imusthavesomethingofmyownbeforemanyyearshavepassed.SallyRice(workeratLowell) Increasedproductivitylongerhoursandworkloads Unsafeandunhealthyworkingenvironments(suchasoperatingtwoloomsatonce) Machinesspedup,wagescut

Leadstolabor(proletariat)unrestandorganizationstrikes Companiesfiredlaborleaders,butanewcropofleaderswouldjustemerge

Problemworkerswereblacklisted Unorganizedworkerswerehiredandforcedtosigncontractssayingtheywouldntstrike

Workershadnoprideinfinishedproducts(noartisans),noworkingatwilllatenessanddrunkenness NewWorldworkerfactory,OldWorldworkerfarmer

o LaborMovement/Organization 1834NationalTradeUnionestablished

Individualcoregroupscometogetherfactory,railroad,unskilled/skilledartisans,laborers Protestlowwages,longhours,unsafeconditions,notrewardedforlongvalueoflabor Takecomplaintstotheidlerichadvocatesclassconflict Advocatesprogressivebetterschoolsanderadicationofdebtorsjail(cantpaydebtwhileinjail)

o Schoolsforkidsteachpatriotism 18341837movementleadstotheGreatPanicof1837luckytohavejob

NTUsworkgrindstoahalt10/28

TonyBlairo 19972007primeministerofGreatBritaino 19832007representativeinHouseofCommonsofSedgefieldconstituency(CountyDurham,northeastEngland)o LedLabourpartytothreeconsecutivewinsin1997,2001,and2005o PersonalLife

1953borninEdinburgh,Scotland

SecondsonofLeoandHazelBlair Leowasabarristerlawyer

MovestoAustraliaLeotaughtatUniversityofAdelaidejurisprudence MovesbacktoDurhamLeotaughtatUniversityofDurhamjurisprudence OlderbrotherSirWilliamBlair,youngersisterSarah AttendsDurhamChoristerSchool(preparatoryschool),goesontoFettesCollege

Arrestedforburglary(droppedbecausehisfatherwasbarrister) Climbedladderintohisroomaftercurfew

AttendsOxford(St.JohnsCollegelawschool) LeadsingerandguitarplayerinrockbandUglyRumours MostexpensivepossessioniTunesaccount BandmatePeterThompsonpassespoliticalideologytoBlair(Labourparty,left,liberal) WhileBlairisatOxford,Hazeldiesofcancer

o Blairbeginstochampionhealthcarepolicies Graduatesin1976

BecomespupilbarristeratLincolnInn(London)oneoffourcircuitcourts Nethermerev.Gardinerfirstcase

GardinerworkedforNethermereinatrouserfactory Disputeoverholidaypay Blairsideswithemployersandlosesfirstcase

1980meetswifeCherieBooth DaughterofwellknownactorTonyBooth(directdescendantofJohnWilkesBooth) Fourchildren

o PoliticalCareer BlairiselectedasMPalongwith207otherLabourpartymembersnomajority July6,1983firstspeechasMP 1987worldwidestockmarketcrash

Economicdownturnsusuallyresultinpartyrealignments MargaretThatcherresigns BlairsaysLondonmarkettradersaremorallydubiousandincompetent

o GivesBlairattention 1988LabourpartyleaderNeilKinnock(Minorityleader)

1988namesBlairShadowCabinetSecretaryofStateofEnergy 1989BlairbecomesShadowCabinetMinisterforEmployment

1992nationalelection BlairseekstomodernizetheLabourpartyandattractmorevoters Manysuggestionsrejectedendmonarchy,createminimumwagelaw ModernizationeffortsloseLabourtheelection

1994KinnockreplacedbyJohnSmith BlairbecomesShadowHomeSecretary(assistantleadership)

1995Smithdiesofmassiveheartattack Blairbecomespartyleader

Blair/Majordebates Labourmovesbacktocorevalues

Nationalindustry(associationalism),unionprivileges,welfarestate 1997electionreorganizationofthepartyleadingintotheelection

o Crimedecreasingpolicies,lowertaxes,increasedpowertoregionalgovernments,tradepolicies

o Crimereducedbyover35% Changesclause4oftheLabourpartyplatform

o Redistributionofwealththroughownershipofindustrysocialism 1996Partyconferences

o Blairpromiseseducation(3things) 1997landslidevictoryforLabour(firsttimein18years)

Blairbecomessecondyoungestprimeministerever(43yearsold)o 1783WilliamPittwasyoungest

OnlyLabourPMtowinthreetimesagainstTory NegotiatespeaceinnorthernIreland 36000newteacher,100000personnel SupportedNATOinKosovo SupportedWaronTerrorerodessupport June24,2007resigns

GordonBrowntakesover 2009LabourlosestoDavidCameron

LeaderofQuartetNations(EU,US,UN,Russia) Palestinianstatehood Representsmiddleeastpeaceprocess

TonyBlairFaithFoundationservicethroughfaith RepresentsChristianity,Buddhism,andIslam Focusesonunderstandingtheworld,whiletryingtomaketheworldabetterplace

11/2 Panicof1819

o 18151818excessivecottonproductionwassettingeconomyupforfailureo 1818cottonpricestopoutat32.5centsperpoundo Creditextendedonlandpurchases(associationalism)

Higherinterestrates Biggermortgages

o 1819bottomfallsoutofcottonmarket(57centsperpound) Landvaluesdrop5075%overnight CascadeeffectoverAmericanagriculturalindustry Worldwidecontractioninpopulationgrowth EndofEraofGoodFeelings

o 1829marketrebound MissouriCrisis

o Afterthepanic,nationalismisdeadandindividualsarevaluedoverthenation Leadstojealousy,sectionalization,factions,east/westandnorth/southconflicts

o Divisionformsbetweenslavestatesandnonslavestates 1818Missourihad10000slaves Missourifilesforterritorialstatusasaslavestate 1808slaveimportationisbanned NofederallawsexistedregardingslaveryintheLouisianaPurchase 22states/territories11slave11nonslave House105slavefree,85slaveholding

o MainewantstobreakfromMassachusettsandbeafreestate Missouriwantstojoinasaslavestatetobalance

o JamesTallmadge(NewYork)northernerswillagreeifMissouriabolishesslaveryafter10yearsofstatehood PassesonpartylinevoteinHouse,tieinSenate(2222)

o 1820HenryClay(Kentucky)talksmoralityofslaveryforfirsttime MissouriCompromiseMissouriadmittedasslavestate,Maineasfreestate Noslaveryabove3630lineorinLouisianaPurchase

o 1821AgeographicallinecoincidingwithamarkedprincipalmoralandpoliticalonceconceivedandhelduptoangrypassionsofmanwillneverbeobliteratedandeverynewirritationwillmarkitdeeperanddeeperThomasJefferson

Electionof1824o JohnC.Calhoun(dropsout)o AndrewJackson(Tennessee)99votes(38%)o JohnQuincyAdams(Massachusetts)84votes(32%)winso WilliamCrawford(SecretaryoftheTreasury,SenatorfromGeorgia)41votes(16%)o HenryClay37votes(14%)o TheCorruptBargain(AndrewJackson)

Clayknowshecantwin,butdoesntwantJacksontowin,hasmeetingwithAdams AsSpeakeroftheHouse,ClayswaysvotesinfavorofAdams Inreturn,ClaybecomesSecretaryofStateunderAdams(steppingstonetopresidency) Adamsisnotreelectedin1829

11/4 TwopartysystematthetimeDemocrats(Jackson)andNationalRepublicans(HenryClayandAdams) JohnQuincyAdams

o gooddiplomat,badpresident(oneterm)o StymiedbyCongressfilledwithenemieso DidnotbuildpartyClaywantedAdamstobuildhispartyo Advocatedthearts(18241828artsprogram)

AndrewJacksono 1828Jacksonelectiononeoftheeasiestonrecord(landslide)o Background

Grewupinpoverty,littleeducation FirstpresidentbornWestofAppalachians Lackedintelligencedidntbelieveworldwasround BecomeslawyerinwestTennessee InNashvillelargelandownerandslaveholder SuccessfulgeneralofWarof1812BattleofNewOrleans(herotoSouth)

o Presidency Spoilssystemsupportinelectionjobingovernment Micromanagerbelievedcabinetshouldbecompletelyloyaltohimanddohiswill MarketeconomyJacksonknowslandisimportant,setseyesonsoutheastIndianland

Cottonandwheatdemandrises Inheritsgoodsystemoftariffsandquotashigherinnorth,lowerineastandwesttobalanceandmove

countryforward Protectsandgrowscreditandbankingsystem 1820eastofMississippinearlyamillionacresofland(goodforcotton)

Ownedby125000NativeAmericans FiveCivilizedTribesChoctaw,Cherokee,Creek,Chickasaw,andSeminole Untappedgold

1824JamesMonroelookedforloopholes,pressuretoremoveIndians AdamshadanappreciationofNativeAmericansandtooknoaction

IndianRemovalo Worcesterv.Georgia(Marshall)

GeorgiapasseslawthatnullifiestheCherokeeConstitution Cherokeefilesuitinfederalcourtsystem CourtsideswithWorcesterIndianshavefullauthorityovertheirlands StatesdonothaverighttoextentlawsovertoCherokees

o JacksonaboutMarshalloldmanonthebench,Marshallhashadhissay BelievedSupremeCourtwastheretoservehimignoresruling TellsstategovernmentstorampuppressureagainsttheNativeAmericans

o 1830IndianRemovalActispassedbyJacksonseffortso Indianswerevoluntarilyremoved(atthepointofagun)toOklahoma

Choctaw,Chickasaw,andCreekleave SeminoleputupafightunderOsceola Cherokeerefusetoleave

ChiefJohnRosswaskidnapped,Cherokeemusttreatytogethimback AbsenteeleaderssigntreatymustleaveGeorgiaby1838

o 1838Cherokeearestillthere VanBurensendsGeneralWinfieldScottwith75000troops 15000CherokeemovewestTrailofTears(1/4dieontheway) WinfieldScottlatercitesashisworstmistake

o 1842removalcomplete11/7

NullificationCrisiso Asacottonstate,SouthCarolinawashithardbythePanicof1819o SouthCarolinaCrisis

1824Congresspassesnewcottonexporttariffusingimpliedpowers(InterstateCommerce) SouthCarolinadoesnotlike,saysunconstitutional SouthCarolinaclaimsthefederalgovernmentwilleventuallyuseimpliedpowertoabolishslavery

o DenmarkVeseyformerSCslavewantstobringabolitiontoSouth Ralliesslavesaroundtooverthrowgovernment PreachesChristianandRepublicanideals ArgumentslaveryviolatesbasictenantofChristianity WantstocontrolCharlestonHarbor Slavesdidntcooperatefails(thwartedbystatemilitia)

o SCGovernmentpoolsresources,organizesagainstVesey,andtakehismenintocustody(hangedorexiled)o VeseyincidentbringsSouthCarolinatodistrustthefederalgovernment

SouthCarolinapasslawstoreinforceandcodifyslaveryhardertobefreedbymasters SCsayscodificationofslaveryisimpliedpowerlikefederalimpliedpowertoplacetariff

o 1828Congressneedsrevenue,increasestariffTariffofAbomination(bySouthCarolina)o SouthCarolinaExpositionandProtestthetariffisillegalandSouthCarolinadoesnothavetofollowit

Firstmovementsofnullificationo TheoryofNullification

JohnC.CalhounwroteSCnullification 1820sYalegraduate,Federalist,lawyer,brilliantpoliticalthinker Jacksonsvicepresident

Calhoundisagreedwiththeadministrationtension Early1820snationalistlate1820sbecomesstatesrightsadvocate

Minorityruleshouldtrumpmajorityriseupandsaymajorityiswrong Statesweresovereign,federalgovernmentcantpasslawsstatesdontwantfollow Whenanoppressive/illegal/wrongrule/law/tariffispassed,apopularconventionshouldbeheld

Delegateshavetherighttonullifythelawifitisdeemedunjust IflawisnotspecificallyintheConstitution,statescannullifyit CongresscanamendtheConstitutioniflawisnullified Ifstatedisagreeswithamendment,ithastherighttosecede

1830sSenatorRobertHaynesbringsthistheorytoCongress PrimaryrivalDanielWebster(SenatorfromMassachusetts)

o theUnionisnotacompactofsovereignstateso thepeoplesconstitution,thepeoplesgovernment,madeforthepeople,madebythe

people,andanswerabletothepeopleo 1832anothertariffisadopted,addingfueltonullification

SouthCarolinacallsnullificationconvention Feb1,1833alltariffsprohibitedandnull Dec1832Jacksonsproclamationonnullification

Stateshavenorighttosecedeandcannotnullifylaws ForcesBillreiteratesJacksonspowertouseforceifnecessary Jacksonistryingtoreversetariffof1832inCongressatthesametime

o Compromiseof1833 CalhounandClayworktoreversetariffifSouthCarolinastopsnullification Tariffwillbereducedovera3yearperiod

MartinvanBureno Democrato Inheritseconomicdepressiono Failedpresidencyo Panicof1837bottomfallsoutofcottonmarketagain

Wagesfell3050%o 1839marketstartingtorecover,backontrackby1842

WilliamHenryHarrisono Whigpartytakesovero Electionof1840Whigencourageswomentostandupandbepoliticallyengaged

Womenencouragedtowritearticles,organizeandspeakatrallies,publishjournaltoeducatevoters Quitesuccessful

o Harrisonwinsbyalandslide20860 Romanticism

o DirectoppositiontoEnlightenmento Enlightenmentreasonatcenterofhumanachievemento Romanticismemotionandheartoverreasoningtofindtrutho Transcendentalistmovement1830s(Bostonarea)

EmersonandGeorgeRipleyUnitarianclergymen ClubMargaretFuller,BronsonAlcott,OrestesBrownson Feelingoverreason,transcendenlightenedthought,riseabovereasonandthenaturalworld Atbirth,thereisSparkofDivinity,sowithineveryoneisabilitytobegodlike

Jacksonwasromanticandtranscendentalist,didntcometoembracemovement AgeofReform

o JacksonianthoughtandTranscendentalismsymbioticrelationship Advocatedoptimism,individualism,egalitarianspirit

o SpiritofReformationwecangoabovereasoning,usefeelingstobepartofAmericao 1837TheAmericanScholar(declarationofliteraryindependenceJackson)

Wedonothavetolivelikefathersandgrandfathers,wewillfallbehindo AgeofReformdonthavetobelikerestoftheworldo UtopianCommunityreformbyexample

Begantospringupeverywhere Emphasizedspiritualunitywithingroup,individualismlessened

Shakerso AnnLee(MotherAnn)startedtheShakerMovement(English)

DaughterofEnglishblacksmith Visitedbyalmightyvisions SeesdualnatureofGod ThroughmeGodwillspeak

o 1774FemininenatureofGodtellsAnntogotoAmericao 20newcommunities

Womengivenunusualequality Propertywascommunalowned Decisionsbasedonhierarchyofchurch Womeninhousehold,meninfields

11/11 VeteransDay

o MajorUSWarsVietnam,Korea,WWI,WWII Vietnam(19581972)memorialbuilt1977 Korea(19511953)memorialbuiltearly90s WorldWarII(19411945)memorialbuilt2000s WorldWarInonationalmemorial(DistrictofColumbiamemorial)

o 2003Congresspassesbillsayingnomorememorialsaretobebuiltonnationalmallo WorldWarIendedJune26,1919

TreatyofVersailleUSdoesnotapproveuntil1926 TermswereveryharshtoGermany

o ArmisticeDay Ceasefire11thhourof11thdayof11thmonth,1918 TwoweeksleadingupredpoppiesareworninEuropeandCanada

o InFlandersFields Lt.ColonelJohnMcCrayCanadianMilitaryMedicalCorps1915

Dies1918ofpneumonia BattleofFlandersFields(Belgium)lotofbloodspilled Springcoveredinredpoppies

o ThePoppyLadyMoinaMichael ConvincedVeteransofForeignWarstosellfriendshippoppies WroteWeShallKeeptheFaith oh,youwhosleepinFlandersField,sleep

o PresidentWilsonstrokeafterTreatyofVersaille WifeEdithcallingshots Endofwarnotrecognizeduntil1926 Proclamationof1926VeteransDay

o 1938officiallynamedArmisticeDayo 1956EisenhowerrenamesVeteransDay

HarveyHigleyadministratorofVeteranAffairso 1968UniformHolidayBillincreasecommercialactivity

Mondaynationalholidays Washingtonsbirthday,ColumbusDay,MemorialDay,VeteransDay VeteransDaylosessignificance

o October25,1971firstVeteransDayo GeraldFordexecutiveordermovesVeteransDaytoNov11o FlandersFieldtodayMuesArgonne

AmericannationalcemeteryadministeredbyUSBattleMonumentCommission 91stand37thdivisionsfoughtGermansandpushedthembackpasttheRhine 51startillery

11/14 JohnHumphreyNoyes

o SecularShakero CreatesgrandcommunitiesatOneida,NYandPutney,VTo Womenremovedfromkitchenslaveryonlyhadtomakebreakfasto Complexmarriagesanctionedsexualrelationswithasmanypeopleasyouwanto 1851over200membersbetweentwocommunities

Mormonismo LDSLatterDaySaintso AmericanbornreligionPalmyra,NYo 1827JosephSmithvisitedbyangelMoloch

DeliveredgoldentabletsoutliningMormonbooks TellshimtofindthelosttribeofIsrael

WilliamLloydGarrisono Fatherofabolitionismo Authorandpublishero Verydevoutreligiousmothero Familybeliefgoodqualityjobsuccess

ApprenticedunderBostonprinterso 1829goessouthtoBaltimoreandmeetsBenjaminLundy

TeamupandcreateanabolitionistnewspaperTheGeniusofUniversalEmancipation Marylandwasaslavestate LundyadvocatedcolonizationofslavesbacktoAfrica

Slaveshatedideaproslavery,antiBlacko 1830GarrisonandLundyarrestedforlibel(printingfalseinformation)

Convictedandreleasedshortly(6monthjailterm)o 1831GarrisonheadsnorthtoBoston

PublishesTheLiberatorintendedtoendslavery FirstpublicationIWILLBEHEARD

Spreadsinnorthandtricklestosouth Gradualemancipationandimmediacy(startrightaway)

o LincolnviewedGarrisonaswiseo 1832GarrisonjoinswithLouisTappanandTheodoreWell

CreatenationalmovementAmericanAntislaverySociety 200000cardcarryingmembersof27million StartsineastUS(Boston) Meetsresistanceinindustrialcities(slavesforrawmaterials)

Businesspeopleandfactoryworkers Althoughslavefree,northwasinherentlyracist Costofcottonwouldrise

2030yearoldswithmiddleclassupbringing(rural) ActingunderSecondGreatAwakening

UnChristiantoenslavepartofsocietyo SouththosesupportedGarrisonwereforcedtoleaveo 1835pushbackagainstAASS

RiotGarrisontakenhostageandparadedwitharope(rescued) ElijahLovejoydiesamartyrafterhisprintingpressesweredestroyedIllinois

o 1839Garrisonwantstotalsocietalreformrebuildfromgroundupwithoutslaveryo July4,1838burnsacopyofConstitution

acovenantwithdeath,anagreementwithhell SlaverywasjustifiedinConstitutionproslavery

11/16 ManifestDestiny

o Shoretoshoreo MakewayfortheAmericanbuffalo,hehasnotyetgotloudenoughNewYorkwritero FirstsuggestedbyJohnL.OSullivaninhisnewspaper

Puritanideologycityonahill(UnitedStates)o 1844Texas,California,southernOregon,andRockiesalreadypartofUnion

1.5millionsquaremilesoflandbetweenRockyMountainsandCaliforniao NorthUnitedStatesworldpower

WantworldtoembracewaysofWhiteAngloSaxonProtestantso Southracism,wantedtotakeslaveso PerpetuatedManifestDestinycause

JamesL.PolkMexicanWaro Settheprecedentforwarwithoutdeclarationo Texasadmittedasastate,boundaryset(RioGrandeRiver)o MexicodoesnotrecognizeTexasasUSstatesetsNuecesRiverasnorthborder(150milesnorth)o MexicobreaksrelationswithUSPolkbeginstoantagonizeMexico

SendsGeneralZacharyTaylortoborderpreemptiveo AmericanenvoyJohnSlidell(Louisiana)senttonegotiate

NewMexico$5million AllrightstoCaliforniaandrecognitionofborder$25million MexicotellsSlidelltoleave

o Apr25,1845MexicanscrossintoTexas 6monthwar 13000Americansdied

o May9,1845PolkcallsjointsessionofCongressforwar Twoweeksdifference(violateConstitution)

o TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo RioGrandeisestablishedassouthernborder NewMexicoandCaliforniaceded$12.5million

o SlaverySpreadsthroughTexas,NewMexico,andCalifornia11/28122

Electionof1848o LewisCassDemocraticpresidentialnomineeo ZacharyTaylorWhigs(MexicanWarGeneral)nopublicpolicy,nopoliticalinterest,basedonwarpopularityalone

PopularityofTaylorgetshimelected ZacharyTaylorSectionalCrisis

o Taylorisstrongabolitionist 30statesrepresented(balance15per) TaylorwanttoturnCaliforniaandMexicanterritoriesintononslaveareasimbalance Northcantheneasilygetridofslavery

o CaliforniaGoldRushautomaticallyadmitasastate TaylorsendsrepresentativesintoCaliforniaandMexicanterritory Assistindevelopingconstitutionsandlaws TurnintofreestatesorterritoriesCalifornia,NewMexico,Utah

o HenryClaystillsenatorfromKentucky(73yearsold) Goingtoprotectslavery(staunchslaverysupporter) Claysworkwillultimatelyfail

o Mississippiagitators Callsforconventionofslavesstates(Southern) ConventionheldinNashville(asclosenorthaspossible)

MakeplansforstoppingZacharyTaylorandhismovewestofnonslavery SouthernstatesproclaimifTaylorcontinues,thesouthernstateswillsecede

FugitiveSlavelawof1793o Usuallynamedasmaincauseofcivilwar(statesrightsandslavery)o Slavesthatescapedplantationswouldbereturnedifcapturedo Slavesarentgoingtobereturnedbynorthernerso SoutharelookingatsouthernrightsofFugitiveSlaveslaw

OughttobeenforcedthroughoutUnitedStatesfullforceoffederallaw Canttrustnorth

o NorthcouldhavetakenthischancetopoundintoAmericansslaveryisimmoral Instead,NorthhaveissuewithslaveryinWashingtonDC Missedopportunitybytheabolitionists

ClaysCompromiseof1850o Althoughstaunchslaverysupporter,hewasaunionistcouldnotabideabreako Proposal

AdmitCaliforniaasfreestate PopularsovereigntypeopleofCaliforniadontsupportslaves

Mexicancessioncomeinasterritories(NewMexicoandUtah)

Organizedintotwoindividualterritorieswhichwilleventuallybecomestates Clayknewwaveofabolitionists,Housedominatedbyabolitionists Slaverywillbedeterminedbypopularsovereignty

DCwillabolishslavery CongresswillabolishtheIntercontinentalslavetrade FugitiveSlavelawof1793willbereinforced

TakenseriouslybyallstatesinUnionbecauseitisfederallawo OmnibusbillencompasseseverypointthatClaywantstogetvotedon

TakesalongtimetogetthroughCongressSenatedebated6monthso SenatorDanielWebsterofMassachusetts

BelievedMissouriCompromisedifficulttoenforce IwishtospeaktodaynotasaMassachusettsman,notasanorthernman,butasanAmerican.Ispeak

todayforthepreservationoftheUnion.Hearmeformycause. Wasntgoingtospeakoutagainstomnibusbill

KnewintentionsofClayIntendedtoensurecountrywasgoingtolast Democracy,republic,unionremainintact

o OneofWebstersstaunchestalliesJohnC.Calhoun Calhounwasneardeathwhenomnibusbillwasbeingdebated Couldntspeakwrotewordsandhadthemread thecordsofunionarebeingsnappedonebyone Ifomnibusbillisnotpassedwewillseeanendtowhatwehavecomeandhavediedfor Wantedequalrightsforthesouth SouthslaveswantFugitiveSlaveLawenforced(equalrightsforsouth)

Propertyisescapingus Primefarmhandsdifficulttohavelost Necessaryforgoodproduction

Anendtotheagitationofslavery Preservetheunion

o Omnibusbillistoobigtopassfails NotgoingtopassinSenatebecausebalancedstalemate Somenorthernsympathizecantpasssuchabigbillandfaceconstituencies

o StephenA.DouglassIllinois Reintroducesomnibusbillsasindividualbills July1850ZacharyTaylordiesofarsenicpoisoning(membersofhisstaff) MillardFillmorebecomespresident

o NorthlooksatDouglasssbills Californiaadmittedasfreestate SlaveryabolishedinDC

o Southlegislators GetUtahandNewMexicoorganized

Allowpopularsovereigntytodetermineslaveornonslave Scrap1793FugitiveSlaveLaw Harsher1850FugitiveSlaveLaw September17,1850lastpointvotedon

o ClayCompromisesuccessforbothsides Unionispreserved

TheBreako Southrelyoncottonmarket

Sendtomarketsinnorth

Cottonproducersinsoutharelosing20%profitinhavingtodealwithmarketsinnorth Moneylostontransportation

Cantpayforgoodfarmhands(premium) Nomorefreeslaves

Profitabilityisdecreasing Taxesonproductsmovingnorth,holdingfees,brokeragefees

CoastalSouthCarolinalacksabankingsystem Bankingisallinnorth

CantselltoEnglandbecauseslavegrown Havetogothroughnorthlaunder

o SouthernbusinessleaderssecedefromtheUnion Dobetterifdonthavetogothroughnorthernmarkets

o Southdoesnthavepoliticalwillandeconomicability Cantestablishownbankingetc

o 18521853politicalrealignmentofAmerica 1853FranklinPierceelected1853

Youngestmantobeelectedpresident48yearsold DeemedbyDemocratsasyoungAmericanmovement Willnotdiscussslaveryasanissue WilldiscusshowAmericacaninfluencerestoftheworldthroughDemocraticprinciples

Howhegetselected FranklinPierce

o WantstodevelopresourcesforAmerica ShowtheworldthatyoungAmericanmovementisthewaytogo

o Developsinfrastructure(IntercontinentalRailroad)toconnecteastandwest GadsdenPurchase45000squaremilesdesertsouthwestAmerica Allowscompletionoftranscontinentalrailroadsystem SetsAmericaupforManifestDestiny

Kansas/NebraskaActo Setsdangerousprecedento Repeals1820MissouriCompromiseo Kansas(aboveline)popularsovereignty(Douglass)

Slavestate(Missouri)totheeasto 1854,1855Kansasdecidestobeaslavestate

60%ofvoterswerentfromKansas(Missouri) Wanttospreadslaverywest

o Kansaslandofopportunity Massmigration Popularsovereigntyisamaincourseforremovingslavery

MigratefromnorthandsouthtohavevoicesheardtherushtoKansaso BloodyKansasuprisingafterfraudulentvoteo AbolitionistswritetheirownConstitutionsforKansas

Twogovernments Republicansontherise

o Slaveryhasgottogo(economicimpactratherthanmorality)o Republicanpartyiscityonhillo Republicanmembers

AntiWhigsupporters,moderateDemocratsalarminglyhighrate

o PositionsRepublicanstohavemorevoiceinissueofslaveryo SomeonesaysRepublicanpartywontlast(stillaroundtoday)

JamesBuchanan1856electiono JamesBuchanan(Pennsylvania)Democratic174votes

NovoiceinKansas/NebraskaAct(outofcountry) Supportsslaverywinsallofsouth

o MillardFillmoreAmericanParty114votes(northandnortheast) LostbecausehedidntgetBuchanansPennsylvania Middleroadsomeantislaveryrhetoric(preservation) Asformerpresident,hasnamerecognition

o JohnC.Fremont(California)Republican(thewest) Lookeduponfordevelopmentofthewest Callsslaveryarelicofbarbarismslaverydegradeslaborandwilldrivefreelaborfromtheterritories Iftheycouldstopslaverypreservenorthernheritage(opportunityandeconomicindependencefor

whiteAmericans) Doesnotwinasinglesouthernstate

o Wefinallyseerootsofmoralityofslavery HarrietBeecherStoweUncleTomsCabin

o HadFillmorewonCivilWar Fillmorewasantislave,AmericanPartywasnot

o BuchananinauguratedMarch4,1857 TheDredScottDecision

o March6,1857SupremeCourthandsdownmostbackwardsdecision(RogerB.Tawny)o DredScott

Slave,intelligentman FinalownerElizaIreneEmerson(armyfamily) EmersonsmovedaroundalotIllinois,Wisconsinterritory,Missouri Freestate,freeterritory,slavestate

o DredScottshouldhavebeenreleasedfromslaverybecausehepassedthroughfreestate/territoryo Scottv.Emerson

ShotdowninMissouristatecourts 72decisionEmerson

o TawnyfromMarylandformerslaveholder MajorityopinionScottwasinMissouriatthetimeheinstitutedthiscourtcase AfricansheldinslaverycouldnotbeandhadneverbeencitizensoftheUnitedStates AtthetimetheConstitutionwasadopted,theywereregardedasbeingsofaninferiororder,sofar

inferiorthattheyhadnorightswhichthewhitemanwasboundtorespecto SupremeCourtsaystheMissouriCompromiseisunconstitutional

SlaverycouldnotbebannedinanyAmericanterritoryo Northernersfearwhatifpopularsovereigntybecomesunconstitutional?

DredScottdecisionlightsfire JohnBrown

o InaKansasChurchIPromisebeforeGodthatIwillendslavery.o Productofutopiancommunitieslookingforwaytoendslaveryo Oct1857HarpersFerry,Virginia(20milesfromDC)

Takesarmyofslavesmakeslavesrevolt Slaveryissodemoralizingthatslavesdontreallywantfreedom

o Federalweaponsarsenalmannedwithabout10people Oct16,1857JohnBrown,2sons,and28followerstakeweaponsarsenal ProblemnoslaveswithinHarpersFerryarea Buchanandispatchesagarrisonof75000mentoretakethearsenal

GeneralRobertE.LeewithadjutantMajorStonewallJacksono JohnBrownretreatstofirehouse

Sonsandmanyfollowersdie Brownshotthrougharmandbacksurvives StateCourtofVirginiatrieshimfortreason

o Summer1859waiteduntilBrownfullyhealedsohecoulddefendhimself Believedwhathedidwasright HadIsointerferedonthebehalfoftherich,thepowerful,thesocalledgreat,itwouldhavebeenalright. GuiltyhungDec2,1859

ElectionofNov1860o AbrahamLincoln(Illinois)Republican(setondestroyingslavery)180electoralvotes(40%popularvote)o JohnC.BreckinridgeSouthernDemocrats72(18%)o JohnBellConstitutionalParty39(13%)Constitutionupholdsslaveryo StephenA.DouglassNorthernDemocrats12(29%)o ThreeDemocraticpartieshadtheybeenabletonominateoneDemocrat,couldhavebeatLincoln

PluralityofAmericansvotedforsomeoneelseo JamesBuchananbadpoliticiandoesntstandreelection

SouthCarolinasecedeso Dec20,1860conventionvotetosecedefromtheUniono Feb7,1861allsecessionisdone(Texas)

CrittendenPlano BorderstatesVirginia,Kentucky,Maryland,Missouri

didnotsecedefaithinKentuckysenatorCrittenden Believedunionmustbepreserved

o Theunamendableamendment Ifdidnotpasscivilwar

o Extend3630linestretchallthewaytoCalifornia Noslaveryinnorthernslaves,guaranteeofslaveryinsouth

o Southernleaderstheargumentisexhaustedo LincolnwecantsurrendertowhowehavejustbeatrejectCrittendenPlanaswell

AbrahamLincolno March6,1861inaugurated

Southernstateshavenorighttosecede InauguraladdressDoesnotintenttointerferewithslaverywhereitexists

Doesnotwanttoendunionintentstomollify theUnionisperpetual

o MajorRobertAndersongarrisoncommanderatFortSumter,SC Ifnotresupplied,in6weekstheywillbeout

o 3daysafterLincolnpicksColonelRobertE.Lee(Virginia)tocommandallunionforces Cannotaccept,cannotfightagainstownstateofVirginia Ifyoudonottake,Iwillburythedeadfromthiswarinyourfrontyard.

LeeshomebecomesmilitarygraveyardArlingtonNationalCemetery FortSumter

o AbilityofunionnavytostopCharlestonfromreceivinggoods,services,andproductso mainportinthesoutho LincolnsendslettertoSouthCarolinagovernor

AllowustoresupplytroopsatFortSumtersendonlyfood,nothingelse GovernorsendslettertonewpresidentJeffersonDavis(Tennessee) DavistherearenoUniongarrisonsinSC,therearenofederaltroopsfromyourcountryinmycountry TellstroopstotakeSumter

o April12,18614:30am(CivilWarbegins) ConfederatetroopsunderGeneralPGTBeauregardbeginassaultonFortSumter 2:30pmAndersonsurrenders(33hours) Nocasualtiesduringthebattle(onedeaththedayafter)

Unionrespondso Lincolncallsfor75000volunteerstojoinUnionarmygetsgoodresponseo Unioncanthavefastvictory

QualitycommandinggeneralsofUnioncomefromsouthernstates Lee,Hood,Jackson,Stuart,Longstreet,Beauregard,Armistead,Pickett

Militarytraininginstitutionsallinsouth WestVirginia

o June1861WestVirginiasecedesfromVirginiaandjoinstheUniono Felttheyhadnovoiceo Statehoodin1863bypresidentialproclamationLincoln

Battlesin1861o May1819AquiaCreek

NavalbattleonlyUnionhasnavy BlockadeofChesapeakeBayinVirginiabyUnionforces Norealwinner(Union)

o June3PhilippiRaces(Virginia) UnionPrivateT.BaileyBrownisfirstcasualtyofthewar Unionvictory

o June10BethelChurch(Virginia) Confederatevictory

o June17Boonville(Missouri) Unionvictory FirstmajorwesterncampaignfewConfederatesinthewest

o July2HokesRun(Virginia)alsoknownasFallingWaters Union

o July5Carthage(Missouri) MajorbattleConfederatevictory

o July11CheatMountain(Virginia) Union

o July18BattleofBullRun/Manassas(Virginia) FirstmajorConfederatevictory 40milesfromDC

GreatconfederatebattlemindsallcometogetheratManassas VirginiansledbyThomasJonathanStonewallJackson ArmyofnorthVirginiahavetakenfighttounion DonttreadonmewellfightbackConfederate

o Aug10WilsonsCreek/OakHills(Virginia) Confederate

CivilWarcontinuedo May1863Chancellorsville(central/northernVirginia)

Wildernesscampaign StonewallJacksonshotbyowntroopsthrougharmandback

GeneralJacksonmayhavelosthisleftarm,butIhavelostmyrighto GeneralLeeafterfindingoutthatJacksonhadhadhisarmamputated

Contractspneumoniao AntietamCreek(Maryland)

Bloodiestday23000lostinonedayo Gettysburgturningpoint

GeneralGeorgeMeade ArmyofthePotomac(Union)

12/512/9 Gettysburg

o Day1July1,1863Confederatewin EquivalenttoEnglishCivilWarsCavalierandRoundheads NewunioncommanderisGeneralGeorgeMeade8thcommander ConfederatecommanderGeneralRobertE.Lee

ConfederateColonelWalterH.TayloraidedecamptoGeneralLee ConfederateGeneralJamesLongstreet

Lees2ndincommandwise ConfederateGeneralHenryHeth

OneofLeescorecommanders AttackedBufordscavalrybeforeLeesreinforcementcame(againstorders) Elementofsurpriselost HadConfederatesattackedinfullvictory

ConfederateGeneralA.P.HillcommanderofHillscorps Hethcommandsadivision ArrivesatCashtown8milestothewest

UnionGeneralJohnBuford LookingfromtopofLutheranCemetery,Gettysburg Leadscavalryofficers(amazingsnipers) ToldtoholdonuntilJohnReynoldscanrelieveyou

UnionGeneralJohnReynolds Arriveswithouthistroops KilledbyConfederatesharpshooter

ConfederateGeneralJ.E.B.Stuartnowheretobefound Cavalryeyesandearsofthearmy Leedoesntknowwhattoexpect

ConfederateGeneralRichardEwellfailstotakeheightsvictoryisnolongercertain CemeteryRidgeandSeminaryRidgearecrucialstrategiclocations

Gettysburgisinavalley ConfederatesstationedonSeminaryRidge UnionstationedonCemeteryRidge JohnHenryrunawayslave

TheembodimentofslaveryandwhattheUnionwasfightingagainsto Day2

UnionColonelJoshuaMorrisChamberlain20thMaine BrotherThomasChamberlaincaptainin20thMaine TaughtrhetoricatBodenCollegeinMaine

ConfederateMajorGeneralJohnBellHood LedAlabamians PleastotakeBigRoundTop AttacksDevilsDenrockyanddeadly Capturesandusesasshootingnest

ChamberlainheldleftmostflankLittleRoundTop OnlythingstandingbetweenrebelsandWashingtonDC 20thMainejoinedby2ndMaine Shotbutbulletblockedbysword 60roundspermanlowammunitionafterthreewaves OrdersarightwheelbayonetchargeonfourthwavethemanthatsavedtheUnionarmy Tidesturned

CaptainEllisSpearoneofChamberlainscommanders Tookleftwing

ConfederateGeneralWilliamBarksdale Mortallywoundedanddies

CaptainHawkinscaptured SargentBustershotinarmpittwice

o Day3 BritishColonelArthurC.FremantleColdstreamGuards

FollowingLeesarmy ConfederatesaretryingtogetBritishtohelp

SonsofVirginia ArmisteadsuncledefendedFortMcHenry JamesDearingfirstinhisclassatWestPoint PrivateRobertTylerJonesgrandfatherwaspresident ColonelWilliamAylettgreatgrandfatherwasPatrickHenry

o Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath PositionofUnionarmyinshapeoffishhook

SpanglersSpringtotheright CulpsHillupahead

ConfederateGeneralGeorgePickettfromVirginiaflamboyant LastinhisclassatWestPoint

ConfederateGeneralLoArmistead ServedinPickettsdivision

UnionGeneralWinfieldScottHancock ReplacedReynoldsafterhewaskilled

ArmisteadandHancockarethebestoffriendsnearbrothers ServedtogetherinCalifornia Carriedgoldcoinsmadeforeachother

RebelsmustattacktheUnioncenter

Leefeelsmustattackbecauseofmoraleo Longstreetthinksisbadidea

AttackSeminaryRidgeacrossopenground MarchtotheCopseofTreesWitnessTreesacrossamileandtenthofopenground Alsohavetocrossfences

ColonelAlexanderartillery Inchargeofsilencingcannononsmallrockyhill Sendsmessagelaterhurryuportheartillerycanthelpyou

Porter28yearsold Inchargeofclearinggunsofflowcenterridge

JohnstonPettigrewreputablescholaratUniversityofNC Wroteabook

Longstreetisinchargeoftheattack GeneralTrimblecommandingPendersDivisiononleft

o Pettigrewsbrigadeinsupport GeneralPickettsdivisiononright

PickettsdivisioncenterofassaultPickettsCharge Divisioncompletelywipedout Generals7dead,6wounded Leadstodepressionforrestoflife

KemperandGarnett,supportedbyArmisteadintheback Garnettisshotandfallsoffhishorse Kemperisseriouslywounded

Armisteadseesthisandputshatonsword OnlygeneraltobreaktheUnionlinebutgetsshot SendshisregretstoGeneralHancockThomasChamberlain Hancockhasalsobeenshot

20thMainesenttoUnioncenterafterbeingrelievedgetbombardedo Aftermath

July13,1863dry,humid,hot July4massivestorm

Menonbattlefielddiedfromexposure HeldupGeorgeMeadefromcounterattack

o Failureofunioncommandingofficero Couldhaveendedwar

Longstreetseverelywounded J.E.B.StuartmortallywoundedattheBattleofYellowTavern Harrisonsurvives Hancocksurvives Leeservesuntilendofwardies1870

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