U.S. History

Goal 2

Expansion & Reform

1801-1850

Goal 2 Vocabulary Eli Whitney Cotton gin Henry Clay American System Erie Canal Interchangeable parts Industrial Revolution Nationalism Adams-Onis Treaty Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise Spoils system Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears Temperance Movement Seneca Falls Convention Strike

Tariff of Abominations Whig Party John C. Calhoun Charles Grandison Finney Second Great Awakening Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau Civil disobedience Utopian community Abolition William Lloyd Garrison Emancipation Fredrick Douglas Nat Turner Antebellum

STARTER 2/8/10

Examine the map, “The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821” on page 223. Answer the questions below:

1. How many free states/territories were in the Union, as of 1820?

2. How many slave states/territories were in the Union, as of 1820?

3. In which two territories was slavery permitted?4. Why would Thomas Jefferson have feared for the

Union’s future after the passage of the Missouri Compromise?... In other words, what possible problems can YOU foresee in the Missouri Compromise? (Will this compromise last? Why or why not?)

Goal 2 Preview Questions

1. What was John Q. Adam’s focus as Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe? (220-221)

2. Why would settlers go west? (222)3. Trace the process a territory would

take to become a state. (222)4. Explain why Missouri’s request for

admission to the Union created conflict in 1819. (222)

5. Describe how the issue of Missouri’s statehood was resolved. (222-23)

Goal 2 Preview Questions

6. What were the two basic attitudes toward Native Americans since 1600? (226)

7. What was Pres. Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans? (226)

8. How did the Cherokee fight the Indian Removal Act? (228)

9. What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester v. Georgia? (228)

10. Describe the Trail of Tears. (229)11. Describe Americans’ feelings regarding

westward expansion during the 1840s. (280-81)

Goal 2 Preview Questions

12. Name four reasons people moved west in the 1840s. (281)

13. What were the results of the Black Hawk War? (281)

14. What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty? How successful or unsuccessful was it? (282)

15. Why did Mormons move west? (284-85)16. Why did Mexico invite U.S. settlers to

live there? (289)17. What led to the tensions in Texas in

the 1830s? (290

Goal 2 Preview Questions

18. Identify events in the Texas Revolution that occurred on the dates below (290-292):

Late 1833-Late 1835-March 1836-April 1836-Sept. 1836-1838-1845-

Starter 2/9/10

Color and label the Westward Expansion Map.

Use the map in your book, pages A20-A21 for help.

Only label the stages indicated on your worksheet (1-9)

Goal 2 Preview Questions continued…

19. Why was there such a delay in Houston’s request for Texas to be annexed to the U.S. and the state’s actual admittance to the Union? (292)

20. What were Pres. James K. Polk’s aspirations after the Texas Revolution? (293-94)

21. What were the territorial gains for the U.S. as a result of the War with Mexico? (297)

22. How did the California gold rush bring diversity to the west? (299)

Why did people move and settle out west?

Escape religious persecution (like the Mormons)

Find new markets for commerce Claim land for farming, ranching, and

mining Seek new employment opportunities Escape debt and financial problems

Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise was a line created- new states admitted South of the line would be slave states and new states North of the line would be free states

It maintained a balance of power in Congress between the free states and slave states

Indian Removal & Treaties

Native Americans were removed from the east to Indian Territory with the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830

The removal of the Cherokee was known as the Trail of Tears

Fighting between Native Americans in the west (Central Plains) and the U.S. government led to the Fort Laramie Treaty, which was violated by the U.S. government

Manifest Destiny

Americans came to believe that it was their destiny, ordained by God, to expand its territory to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexico

This was called “Manifest Destiny” President James K. Polk wanted to

obtain territory in Mexico

Texas Independence Mexico invited American farmers to settle in

its northern territory to help its economy Mexico and American settlers clashed over

cultural differences, especially regarding slavery

After fighting between Austin and Houston against Santa Anna (Mexico’s dictator), Texas declared its independence

Texas was eventually annexed to the United States, following conflicts within Congress over its status as a slave state

Texas annexation to the Union led to the War with Mexico

War with Mexico

Following the War with Mexico, the United States gained a great deal of territory though the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

California Gold Rush

When gold was discovered in California in 1849, thousands of people moved west

Gold prospectors were known as “forty-niners”

The population exploded and California became culturally diverse

Classwork Assignment 2/9/10

Chapter 7 Section 1 Main Idea Questions A-E (Red Books)

The questions are in the middle of the book in yellow!

STARTER 2/10/10

Examine the map on page 227, entitled “Effects of the Indian Removal Act, 1830s-1840s” and answer these questions:

1. Name the five major tribes removed as a result of the Indian Removal Act.

2. Where were most of the tribes moved?3. What do you think were some of the long-

term effects of this removal of Native Americans?

1. What was John Q. Adam’s focus as Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe?

To establish a foreign policy based on nationalism

The Adams-Onis Treaty was signed gave America Florida from Spain & the Oregon Territory

Nationalism

A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

2. Why would settlers go west?

a. To escape debtsb. To escape the lawc. In search of economic gaind. Plenty of cheap and fertile

lande. Change occupations

3. Trace the process a territory would take to become a state.

1st: Territory’s population would reach 60,000

2nd: Petition the government (Union) for admission as a state

3rd: Draft a state constitution4th: Elect representatives5th: Congress approved the state to

become part of the United States

4. Explain why Missouri’s request for admission to the Union created conflict in 1819.

The number of slave states and free states was not equal

Southerners were afraid they would have less power in Congress

Southerners were threatened that Northerners were trying to end slavery

Northerners thought the South was trying to expand slavery into the new territories

5. Describe how the issue of Missouri’s statehood was resolved

Henry Clay (“The Great Compromiser”) came up with the Missouri Compromise

It maintained a balance between the free states and slave states

In addition, a line was created- states admitted South of the line would be slave states and states North of the line would be free states

The Missouri Compromise

6. What were the two basic attitudes toward Native Americans since 1600?

Displace Native Americans and take away their lands

Convert them to Christians, turn them into farmers, and absorb them into white culture

7. What was Pres. Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans?

President Jackson believed Native Americans should be moved from their lands to areas in the west

He had Congress approve the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which moved eastern tribes to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma)

8. How did the Cherokee fight the Indian Removal Act?

The Cherokee won recognition as a distinct political community in the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia

What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester v. Georgia?

Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s decision

“John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”

10. Describe the Trail of Tears.

It was an 800 mile trip made by steamboat, railroad, and on foot

Many people died in the winter

The Cherokee were stripped of their possessions

¼ of the tribe died

Indian Removal to “Indian Territory”

11. Describe Americans’ feelings regarding westward expansion during the 1840s.

Americans believed that they were destined and ordained by God to move west

The phrase “Manifest Destiny” expressed the belief that the United States should expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican Territory

MANIFEST DESTINY

Starter 2/11/10

Read “Daily Life 1820-1850: Working at Mid-Century” and examine the “Data File” on pages 266-267.

Write a one paragraph diary entry (with at date/year) explaining what your day was like as either a cotton plantation slave, mill worker, or a farmer

12. Name four reasons people moved west in the 1840s.

Escape financial problems Abundant land for ownership Mining Seeking new markets

What were the results of the Black Hawk War?

More tribes were removed from their lands in the east to Indian Territory

14. What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty? How successful or unsuccessful was it?

• The Fort Laramie Treaty was established to create peace among tribes in the west and the U.S. government and its citizens

The Fort Laramie Treaty was violated by the U.S. government

Eventually, Native Americans were put on reservations and lost total control over their lands

15. Why did Mormons move west?

The Mormons moved west to escape religious persecution

Why did Mexico invite U.S. settlers to live there?

Mexico needed to improve its economy so it offered land grants to American farmers

What let to the tensions in Texas in the 1830s?

Cultural differences between the Mexicans and U.S. settlers, especially over the issue of slavery

Slavery had been abolished in Mexico is 1824

Identify events in the Texas Revolution that occurred on the dates below

Late 1833- Austin petitions the Mexican government for self-government in TexasAustin is then imprisoned by Santa Anna

Late 1835- Texas attacks Mexico;Santa Anna destroys the Alamo

March 1836- Santa Anna kills 300 Texans at Goliad

April 1836- Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna at San Jacinto

Sept. 1836- Republic of Texas established

1838- Houston invites the United States to annex Texas1845- Texas becomes the 28th state

19. Why was there such a delay in Houston’s request for Texas to be annexed to the U.S. and the state’s actual admittance to the Union?

The delay occurred due to the debate over slavery

Texas had slaves The North feared the balance of power

between slave states and free states would be unequal again

The North also feared there would be a war with Mexico if Texas was annexed (or added) to the United States

20. What were Pres. James K. Polk’s aspirations after the Texas Revolution?

Polk wanted to bring Texas, New Mexico, and California into the Union

21. What were the territorial gains for the U.S. as a result of the War with Mexico?

The United States paid $15 million for California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Then $10 million was paid for territory south of the Gila River (Gadsden Purchase)

22. How did the California gold rush bring diversity to the west?

Chinese were the largest group to come from overseas

Free blacks came looking for opportunities Mexicans were the fastest-growing

population Slaves were part of the population until

slavery was outlawed in California in 1849

SectionalismPlacing the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole

Two Distinct Economies Develop

SECTIONALISM

NORTH

•Became industrial with the invention of interchangeable parts

•Small, self-sufficient family farms

•Little to no need for slavery

SOUTH

•Large plantations

•Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) made slavery entrenched in southern life

•More cotton was produced with the invention of the cotton gin, therefore more slaves were needed

American System(Henry Clay)NATIONALISMPURPOSE: Unite the nation economically1. Develop transportation systems & internal

improvements (roads, canals, and railroad) Specific examples: National Road, Erie Canal2. Establish a protective tariff (tax on imports) This INCREASED the cost of foreign goods-

domestic products were cheaper so more were sold These taxes would help pay for internal

improvements3. Resurrect the national bank (Second Bank of the

U.S.) Created a national currency, making it easier

for people in different regions to do business with each other

Monroe Doctrine

NATIONALISM The Monroe Doctrine warned all

outside powers not to interfere with the affairs in the Western Hemisphere; At the same time the United States would not involve itself in European affairs

Don’t create new colonies Don’t overthrow newly independent

republics in the hemisphere

Tariff of 1816-1832SECTIONALISM John C. Calhoun (Jackson’s Vice President from

South Carolina) called the tariff a “Tariff of Abominations”

According to Calhoun, the tariff forced the South to buy the more expensive Northern manufactured goods

He felt the North was getting rich at the expense of the South

South Carolina tried to nullify the tariff Henry Clay stepped in a brokered a compromise,

lowering the tariff over a 10 year period

Jackson Challenges the Bank of the U.S.

NATIONALISM

Jackson believed that the Bank of the U.S. benefited the rich rather than the citizen

Instead, Jackson deposited money into state banks, rather than the Bank of the U.S. -“pet banks”

These banks were loyal to the Democratic Party, thus called “pet banks”

Eventually the BUS went out of business

Sectional Attitudes about War with Mexico

SECTIONALISMSouth

Saw it as an opportunity to extend slavery and increase Southern power in CongressNorth

Opposed the war and saw it as a plot to expand slavery

This would create Southern dominance

Wilmot Proviso Debate

SECTIONALISM The Proviso would ban slavery in all

territories acquired in the War with Mexico The North supported the proviso because it

banned slavery in new territories The North thought slavery was unfair

competition to wage earners The South opposed the proviso The proviso never passed, but caused more

sectional tension between the North and the South

Compromise of 1850

NATIONALISMCreated by Henry Clay to solve the controversy

between free states and slave statesThe terms of the Compromise of 1850:1. North got California admitted to the Union

as a free state2. South got a strict fugitive slave law3. Popular sovereignty (allowing residents of

the new territories to vote for or against slavery) would determine the status of states in the future

Gibbons v. Ogden

Congress regulates interstate commerce The federal government has the power

to regulate everything that crosses state lines

Ex: steamboats, air traffic, TV & radio waves

Reform Movements of the 1830-1850s 2.2 Describe how the growth of nationalism

and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language.

2.5 Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness.

2.6 Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements and issues.

American Cultural PrideA clear “American” culture was emerging in the 1830s

American art and literature was developing and becoming recognized

Hudson River SchoolThe Hudson River School

was an art schoolThe artists created

paintings which celebrated the American landscape

The paintings revealed the truth in human emotion

Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, head chief, Blood Tribein the National Museum of American Art, Washington D.C.

By George Catlin

Asher DurandKindred Spirits, 1849The New York Public Library, New York City

A Lake in the Sierra Nevada by Albert Bierstadt

Frederic Church Niagara1857Oil on canvas42 1/2 x 90 1/2 in. (108 x 229.9 cm)The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism is a form of American literature

Emphasized:• Simple living

• Celebrating nature

• Optimism

• Freedom

• Self-reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Emerson was a transcendentalist New England writer

Wrote about simple living, nature, and personal emotion and imagination

Henry David Thoreau Lived in solitude at

Walden Pond in Massachusetts, writing the book Walden

Urged the concept of civil disobedience, protesting by refusing to obey the law(IMPORTANT: Ghandi & Martin Luther King adopt this view in their protests in the 21st century)

Ideal Communities Created The optimism of the

transcendentalist movement led to the development of ideal communities

Two include:

•Utopian Communities

•Shaker Communities

Utopian Communities Groups tried to form Utopian

Communities, or perfect places to live- “utopias”

They lived together with common goals such as self-sufficiency

Best known communities included New Harmony and Brook Farm

Most of these communities failed

Shaker Communities Shakers were a religious community of

New England They believed that men & women were

equal, no fighting for any reason, and they shared their goods with each other

They are well known for the style of furniture they created

Shakers vowed to never marry, therefore they could not keep their community alive

ReformTo improve or change what

is wrong, corrupt,

unsatisfactory

Reforming Prisons & Asylums The movement to

reform prisons and asylums was led by Dorothea Dix

She helped set up mental hospitals, emphasizing rehabilitation and treatment rather than punishment

Reforming Education The movement to

reform education was led by Horace Mann

He helped pass compulsory school laws (laws requiring school attendance), helped raise taxes for schools & teacher training programs.

Second Great Awakening A religious movement

that swept the country Appealed to common

people Promoted the ideas of

individualism and responsibility

Revivals were started (open to blacks and whites)

LEADER: Charles Finney (preacher)

Religion & the Slavery Debate

African Americans interpreted Christian messages as a promise of freedom for their people

The Second Great Awakening brought people of all races together to worship together

The North voiced it’s religious opposition to slavery, especially as it became more industrial

Proslavery advocates used the Bible to defend slavery (citing passages about obedience)

The abolition movement (movement to outlaw slavery) was fueled by religious leaders such as Charles Finney

Nat Turner, a Virginian slave and preacher, interpreted an eclipse as a divine sign and lead a slave rebellion

William Lloyd Garrison A white

abolitionist and editor of the abolition newspaper, The Liberator.

He called for the immediate emancipation of slaves (freeing without payment to slaveholders)

Fredrick Douglass Born into slavery,

but was taught by his master’s wife to read and write

Escaped slavery Became a famous

abolition speaker Started a

newspaper called The North Star

Defending Slavery

Some used the Bible to defend slavery citing passages that encourage servants to obey their masters

They believed that slavery benefited blacks by making them part of a prosperous, Christian civilization

Women’s Rights Movement

The Women’s Rights Movement of the 1830s was led by two female abolitions, Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott

They were inspired by the abolition movement to make changes for women

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Lucretia Mott

Women’s Rights Reformers wanted more educational

opportunities and healthcare In 1848, a women’s rights

convention was held called the Seneca Falls Convention.

There, the women issued a Declaration of Sentiments, outlining the rights that women were entitled to.

Sojourner Truth An abolitionist

who spoke out for women’s rights

Temperance Movement The temperance movement was

the movement to prohibit the drinking of alcohol

This was a movement led mostly by women and churches

Labor Reform Workers began to demand

higher wages & shorter workdays

Trade unions were established, groups of workers within the same trade that organized strikes