US HISTORYUS HISTORY

Economic and Social ChangeEconomic and Social ChangeMid-1800sMid-1800s

ECONOMIC CHANGEECONOMIC CHANGE

WestWest: more settlement, growth of farming : more settlement, growth of farming (corn, wheat), land exploitation(corn, wheat), land exploitation

NorthNorth: industrialization: industrialization SouthSouth: greater reliance on farming : greater reliance on farming

(cotton) and slavery (cotton) and slavery becausebecause of of industrializationindustrialization

Center of America Center of America moving westmoving west

In 1790, only NYC In 1790, only NYC and Philadelphia had and Philadelphia had over 20,000 peopleover 20,000 people

By 1860, there were By 1860, there were 43 substantial cities43 substantial cities

Life on the farming frontierLife on the farming frontier

Loneliness, hardship, Loneliness, hardship, disease, deathdisease, death

Rugged individualismRugged individualism Tobacco exhausts land; go Tobacco exhausts land; go

WESTWEST John Deere—steel plowJohn Deere—steel plow Cyrus McCormick—Cyrus McCormick—

mechanical reapermechanical reaper Beaver, buffalo, sea otters Beaver, buffalo, sea otters

depleteddepleted Destruction vs. preservationDestruction vs. preservation

Industrialization of AmericaIndustrialization of America

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution started in Englandstarted in England

At first, people in US At first, people in US moved west rather moved west rather than industrializethan industrialize

War of 1812 and War of 1812 and embargo on imports embargo on imports aided American aided American industryindustry

New inventionsNew inventions

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater: : textile mills and textile mills and spinning jennyspinning jenny

Howe/SingerHowe/Singer: sewing : sewing machinemachine

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney: cotton : cotton gin (which makes gin (which makes slavery grow), slavery grow), interchangeable parts interchangeable parts (which allows for (which allows for assembly line in assembly line in factories)factories)

Lives of workersLives of workers

--Child labor--Child labor

--Young women working at Lowell, --Young women working at Lowell, MA, in mills (until marriage)MA, in mills (until marriage)

--boring, repetitive work--boring, repetitive work

--craftsmanship is gone--craftsmanship is gone

--workers are more easily --workers are more easily replacedreplaced

--dangerous working conditions --dangerous working conditions around fast-moving machinesaround fast-moving machines

--people divided into rich, middle --people divided into rich, middle class, poorclass, poor

--immigration supplements work --immigration supplements work forceforce

Mid-1800sMid-1800s

Major wave of immigrants who could work in Major wave of immigrants who could work in factories and farm in the Westfactories and farm in the West

Irish immigrants– 1 ½ millionIrish immigrants– 1 ½ million

Come because of Come because of potato faminepotato famine

Catholic religion and Catholic religion and beer (for which they beer (for which they are often persecuted)are often persecuted)

Settle in cities, often Settle in cities, often in povertyin poverty

Take lowest jobs Take lowest jobs (canal and RR (canal and RR building)building)

How Irish get aheadHow Irish get ahead

Often vote DemocraticOften vote Democratic

Political machinesPolitical machines

Jobs in police force or in Jobs in police force or in politicspolitics

German immigrants—German immigrants—almost as manyalmost as many

Come for political reasonsCome for political reasons

Often settle out west (farms, or in cities like Milwaukee), Often settle out west (farms, or in cities like Milwaukee), more skilledmore skilled

Also bring beerAlso bring beer

Introduce Conestoga wagon, Christmas tree, kindergartenIntroduce Conestoga wagon, Christmas tree, kindergarten

Nativism: hatred of immigrantsNativism: hatred of immigrants

General conditions in large citiesGeneral conditions in large cities

Large # of immigrants Large # of immigrants swell city sizesswell city sizes

SlumsSlums

Bad lightingBad lighting

Dirty water/diseaseDirty water/disease

RatsRats

Garbage issuesGarbage issues

Market revolution leads to growthParts of country are connected

Innovations in transportation

Toll roads

National Road:

Cumberland Road Canals Railroads Pullman

RR cars

Robert Fulton: steamboat (Clermont)

Samuel Morse: telegraph

Changes in society help lead to various reform movements