The Cold War1945-1991

A state of war that does not involve bloodshed.

United Nations Security Council• United States• Great Britain• France• USSR• China

• Problems ? ? ? ?

Soviet’s Solution

Powerful nations control areas of strategic interest to them – power – slice up the pie

Yalta Conference - 1945

Topics at Yalta Conference

• Forming the U.N.• Postwar control of Poland• German war reparations• Postwar Germany

Caption: The Meeting Will Now Come To

Order

What do you think the

message is?

Former Soviet Union and Satellites

Satellite Nation – a nation controlled by the USSR

The Iron CurtainChurchill’s analogy of the

split between communist and non-communist nations.

“Trouble” in China

• Clash between two leaders

–Chiang Kai-shek (supported by U.S.)–Mao Zedong (Communist – supported

by Soviet Union **** and the people of China)

Chiang Kai-shek

Mao Zedong

Domino TheoryIf one nation falls – another will

follow

Harry TrumanDid not like Stalin

Did not trust StalinHated Communism

CONTAINMENT!!

Harry S. Truman #33 (D)• “S” is his full middle name!• He was notorious for his explosive temper and

“salty” language• Was religious, walked 2 miles a day, liked to

play poker, played piano• Wife – Bess (she hated Washington DC),

daughter Margaret• Philosophy –

– If you can’t take the heat, get out of the kitchen– The buck stops here

Policy of ContainmentStop the spread of Communism

Truman Doctrine“It must be the policy of the United States to support free

peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed

minorities or by outside pressures.”

Truman DoctrineWhat does it really mean? The U.S. will do whatever is

necessary to help another nation fight against Communist

takeover.

The Marshall PlanA plan to rebuild Europe

after WWII• Humanitarian aid• Money – build up• Trade

George Marshall

WWII General – Sec of Defense and Sec of

State

Nobel Peace Prize Winner!!!

Hamburg 1945Hamburg 1950

National Security Act• Dept. of Defense

• National Security Council

• Central Intelligence Agency

Germany

• France, England, US – merge occupied zones – – Federal Republic of Germany (New West

Germany)• Stalin angry – blockade around Berlin – no

goods in or out• Truman responds – massive airlift – 24/7 –

almost 11 months for 2 million W.Berliners

Berlin Airlift

Young German girl presenting flowers to an airlift pilot on behalf of West Berlin citizens, 13 August 1948

Blockade Ends

Airlift Wins

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1949

12 nations to start - more will join as time goes by

Military alliance of E. European Soviet Bloc

countries intended to organize against

perceived threat from NATO

1949• 10/1/49 China becomes Communist• USSR has “The Bomb”

– Chiang is out – Mao is in

• U.S. quadruples its defense budget - - - - - -

• Trouble on the horizon

Sino-Soviet Pact

Korean Conflict1950-1953

General Douglas MacArthur

“Old soldiers never die . . . They just fade away.”

General Douglas MacArthur

Election of 1952 –

“I Like Ike!!”

Dwight Eisenhower

#34 – Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)• Famous WWII General (Normandy)• Wife – Mamie – his son married Richard

Nixon’s daughter• Nickname – “Ike” campaign slogan was “I like

Ike”• Sent troops to Little Rock – supported

integration• From Abilene, Kansas – had 6 brothers (they

opposed war)

After Korea - Vietnam• Before WWII – Vietnam/French colony• During WWII – occupied by Japan• Ho Chi Minh – ally of U.S. – fought Japanese (and

French)• After war – France wanted the colony back – Ho

Chi Minh wanted his country• United States supported the French• War between French and Vietminh

Vietnam

• French Indochina vs Ho Chi Minh

• Battle of Dien Bien Phu• 55 days• Result – Geneva

Accords – Divide at 17th parallel

Asserts right of U.S. to use force against any nation or group of nations in Middle East region who requests assistance against armed

aggression from any communist controlled country.

Eisenhower Doctrine

What does that mean??

U.S. will meet aggression with aggression!!

Including Nuclear weapons (if necessary)

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower/DullesMassive retaliation plan –

build up of military and arms

“More bang for your buck”

Israel

Zionism

• Belief that one day God will allow Jews to return to Palestine

• Diaspora – Jews who have been exiled or displaced

• May 1948 – new state of Israel created – U.S. is first to recognize Israel - still tension today

Yasser Arafat

Mahmoud Abbas

NOV 2004

Palestine Liberation

ArielSharon

Prime Ministerof

Israel

Mohammad Mossadegh

Leader of Iran – replaced (with help from the CIA)

Shah of Iran

Abdel Nasser

Leader of Egypt – wanted the Suez Canal back (French controlled) – U.N. negotiated the peace

Mediterranean Sea

Egypt

Gulf of Suez

Suez Canal

Suez Canal

Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser

Guatemala - 1954

U.S. Sends in the CIA to topple a potential Communist takeover

(United Fruit Company owned 42% of the land)

Diplomatic, Economic, and Propaganda campaigns

Guatemala

Fulgencio Batista

Fidel CastroTakes over in 1959

Nikita Khrushchev

leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies in 1953

U-2 Incident

• Soviet Union shoots down a U.S. plane (U-2) – states it is spying

• U.S. denies (outraged) – says it was a weather plane

• Soviet’s reveal they have the plane and the pilot – Gary Powers

• U.S. is caught in a lie - - - it is a spy plane• Tension builds

But . . . What’s been happening on the homefront between 1945 and

1960 . . . ?????