US Foreign Policy After the Cold War (2)
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Transcript of US Foreign Policy After the Cold War (2)
US foreign policy after the Cold war
Outline
Bush (41) foreign policy
Clinton foreign policy
Bush (43) foreign policy
Obama foreign policy
US national strategy under George H. W. Bush- “The New world order”
George H. W. Bush & New World Order
“We can see a new world coming into view…, a world order
in which the principles of justice and fair play protect the
weak against the strong, … a world in which freedom and
respect for human rights find a home among all nations… it
is the role of the United States to marshal its moral and
material resources to promote a democratic peace. It is
our responsibility to lead…”
("Toward A New World Order", Sep 11th 1990)
The Panama War
In December 1989, Bush sent 24,000 troops to invade
Panama and overthrow Noriega during “Operation Just
Cause”
Reasons:
Prevent threats of drug trafficking to American society
Stabilize Panamanian government
The First Persian Gulf War
Aug. 2th 1990 Iraq invaded and annexed
Kuwait as a response to overproduction of oil in
Kuwait
US ordered the deployment of massive military
forces in Kuwait, supported by a coalition of
other nations
US launched “Operation Desert Shield”
removed Iraq troops
U.S. Motivations
Strengthen the international cooperation and increase US’s prestige
Protect its oil supplies and then take control of oil resources in the
Gulf
Protect human rights, especially Americans abroad
Assure security and stability of the Persian Gulf
Consolidate his “New world order”: a new era – free from the threat
of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the
quest for peace
Somali Civil War
US military participation: Unified Task Force (NITAF) from Dec. 1992 to May 1993 and UNOSOM (initiated by UN)
Operation Restore Hope: create a secure environment for humanitarian efforts
Reasons:
“CNN Effect”: political pressure on the Bush administration to respond aggressively to end the massive starvation
Oil interests for U.S companies
US foreign policy under Clinton administration
US national policies under Clinton administration
“Our strategic goal is to bring the nations of the world closer together
around fundamental principles democracy and law, open markets and a
commitment to peace”
Bill Clinton, 1999
1. Promoting democracy Assistance to the democratization of Russia and other Newly Independent States (NIS)
2. Promoting open market - Formation of North American Free
Trade Agreement and World Trade Organization
- Bilateral approaches toward specific partner like Japan, Europe, China, Big Emerging Markets
- Lifting trade embargo to Vietnam in 1994
3. Promoting International Values Military intervention for the purpose of upholding key values like human rights.- Somalia (1993) - Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) - Haiti (1994-1995)- Northern Ireland war 1998- Kosovo (1999)
4. Promoting security and stability - Non-proliferation efforts in North Korea- Counterterrorism in the Middle East (Bin
Laden/ Al Qaeda force in Afghanistan, Hezbollah forces in Lebanon)
US Foreign Policy under Bush (43) Administration
• “Peace is Earned Through Strength”– Increased Military
Budget • Global War on Terror• Bush Doctrine– Authored by Cheney &
Paul Wolfowitz– Actions that will protect
the security and democracy of Americans are justified
China
New President-Hu JintaoApril 1-US Spy Plane collides w/Chinese fighterEmergency Landing on Hainan IslandHeld for 12 Days, US paid $34, 567.89Plane returned 2 months later
In over 100 boxes!
September 11th Attacks
• 8:45am-American Airlines 11 from Boston hits WTC (North)
• 9:08am-United 175 from Boston hits WTC (South)
• 9:43am-American 77 from Dulles hits Pentagon
• 10:10am-United 93 from Newark crash lands into Somerset, PA
After 9/11
2,999 people died, 24 are still missing- 246 on the 4 Planes, 2603 in NYC, 125 at Pentagon
All Civilian International air traffic was banned from landing for 3 days
“Terrorism can shake the foundations of our tallest buildings but it can’t shake the resolve of the American people.
Approval Rating hit 86%, highest ever
Operation Enduring Freedom
• October 7- US invasion of Afghanistan– Destruction of Terrorist training camps– Capture of Al-Qaeda Leaders (bin Laden)
• Nov. 21-Battle of Tora Bora-remove Taliban from Kabul
• President Hamid Karzai• Operation Mountain Thrust (2006)-renew attacks
against the Taliban
Axis of Evil
IranIraqNorth KoreaCubaLibyaSyria
Pre-War Iraq
UN Resolution 1441-No tolerance or defiance of international law (WMD)
Reasons for War-WMD and ties to 9/11 CIA was continuing to investigate “allegations of
yellow-cake uranium sales in Niger”; Thomas Wilson and Valerie Plame (CIA)
No real connection was ever found… Hans Blix was never aware of any indications of a
nuclear program that could attack the US
Operation Iraqi Freedom
• Invasion began on March 20, 2003
• Led by General Tommy Franks• Baghdad falls on April 9• Successes– Operations over May 1, 2003– Uday & Qusay killed, Saddam
Executed (Dec. 30, 2006)– Iraq becomes a democracy in
2004– Current leader-Prime
Minister Nouri Al-Maliki
Images of the War
1991 vs. 2003???
• Troops-680,000 invasion• 540,000 US• 148 US Dead (36
Friendly Fire)• 30 Supporting Nations– 52,000 Saudi Arabia– 43,000 United Kingdom– 33,600 Egypt
• Cost $61 Billion ($7 Billion to US)
• 6 Weeks of Combat
• Troops-300,000 invasion
• 3915 US Soldiers Dead
• 17 Supporting Nations South Korea 933– Romania 397– El Salvador 280
• Cost $400 Billion to US
• 3 Months of Active Combat
North Korea
Kim Jong –IlWalked away from 1994 Agreement
$4 Billion, Oil, Light-water reactors
Oct. 6, 2006-Detonated Nuclear Device (Underground)
May 7, 2007-Agreed to shut down reactors for release of frozen bank funds
US, China, North Korean DealSeptember 2, 2007-Agreed to
dismantle nuclear program by the end of 2007.
The Roadmap to Peace
Bush’s Desire for a Palestinian State by 2005Denounced Arafat (Died in 2003)Israel PM-Ehud OlmertPalestinian President-Mahmoud AbbasIsrael must halt West Bank activityPalestinian must halt and dismantle all terrorist
activities
Libya
Colonel Muhammar Quadhafi
Agreed in 2003 to disarm all of their WMD
Allowed weapons inspectors in (UN)
In 2006, agreed to full diplomatic ties with the US (off Axis of Evil…)
Iran
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
US calls for a stop to production of all nuclear weapons
In 2003, Iran stopped making a bomb Continued enrichment of
uranium Continued long range
missile system
OBAMA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Barack Hussein Obama IIBorn on August 4, 1961
in Honolulu, HawaiiStudied at Occidental
College then transferred to Columbia University
1988-Harvard Law School
1990- Was first African-American editor of the ‘Harvard Law Review’
After graduation worked as a civil rights lawyer
1992-2004- Teacher at the University of Chicago Law School
1996-Illinois State senator2004-U.S. Senator2009-44th President of the U.S.
Obama’s unusual family history embodied the American Dream
His mother, Ann Dunham was white, his father, Obama Sr. was from Kenya• Had a multiethnic upbringing• Represented a new hope; the end of America’s racial issues
In his campaign he emphasized hope and change
Foreign policy
5 foreign policy goals: - ending the war in Iraq - finishing the fight against Al-Queda and
Taliban - securing nuclear weapons from rogue
states - achieving energy security - rebuilding the alliances
Obama Doctrine
2 ideas:- America’s role in the world has been
aggressive and arrogant in promoting
democracy - Multilateral institutions restrain
U.S.A power• Emphasis on negotiation and collaboration• Re-building broken relationships and building
new alliances• Repairing the U.S. image
Obama told that his election as the first black president could change geopolitical dynamics.
He tries to do that by marketing his background.
Cooperative realism: realist assessment of the threat posed by non traditional sources and the limits of US power to tackle those threats single-handedly
Middle East
Retreated the American troops from IraqContinued the war in AfghanistanUSA does not want to establish long term
military presence in either country. Prevent violent extremismEngaged in discussion with Iran on the
nuclear weapons
The Israel-Palestine conflict: -Obama promotes a two-state solution: the
two are radically different and cannot be reconciled
-opposes the Israeli expansion• This makes look the US has an ‘even-handed
policy’• In 2011 Obama intervened in the conflict in
Libya
Russia
‘Reset button’-improving relations with RussiaThe policy has 3 goals: -the heightened urgency of resolving the Iranian nuclear question -the need for additional transport routes into
Afghanistan to support a larger US military presence
-a return to a more multilateral approach to ensuring nuclear security and strengthening the non-proliferation regime
Working with Russia to reduce nuclear weapons
2011-New START TreatyArms control treaty- nuclear missile
launchers will be reduced by half
North Korea
After Obama’s inauguration in 2009 North Korea threatened to test nuclear weapons
Obama administration showed restraint and didn’t act
US does not allow investment, trade or aid flow to North Korea
Climate change
Reducing the emissions and developing low carbon technologies
Countries that contribute to atmospheric emissions must undertake actions in order to cut greenhouse gas emissions
Copenhagen Accord-between US and BASIC Countries ( China, South Africa, India, Brasil)
Questions
What was foreign strategy of Bush (41) administration? And his policy toward Vietnam?
What was foreign strategy of Clinton administration? And his policy toward Vietnam?
What was foreign strategy of Bush (43) administration?
What was foreign strategy of Obama administration?
What is your view on the possibility that China will surpass the US to be number one super power?