US US Enters Enters WWIIWWII

Election of 1940Election of 1940

First President to Serve more

than 2 terms! Breaks the

tradition set by

Washington

The Arsenal of DemocracyThe Arsenal of DemocracyDec 29, 1940 FDR fireside Dec 29, 1940 FDR fireside

• ““If Great Britain goes down, the Axis powers will control If Great Britain goes down, the Axis powers will control the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and the the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and the high seas--and they will be in a position to bring enormous high seas--and they will be in a position to bring enormous military and naval resources against this hemisphere. It is military and naval resources against this hemisphere. It is no exaggeration to say that all of us in the Americas would no exaggeration to say that all of us in the Americas would be living at the point of a gun-a gun loaded with explosive be living at the point of a gun-a gun loaded with explosive bullets, economic as well as military.”bullets, economic as well as military.”

• ““In a military sense Great Britain and the British Empire In a military sense Great Britain and the British Empire are today the spearhead of resistance to world conquest. are today the spearhead of resistance to world conquest. They are putting up a fight which will live forever in the They are putting up a fight which will live forever in the story of human gallantry.”story of human gallantry.”

Jan 6, 1941 Roosevelt gives the Jan 6, 1941 Roosevelt gives the

Four Freedoms SpeechFour Freedoms Speech

Germany Invades the USSRGermany Invades the USSR• June 1941June 1941• breaks Nazi-Soviet breaks Nazi-Soviet

PactPact• Operation Operation

BarbarossaBarbarossa• US gives USSR US gives USSR

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease• USSR joins AlliesUSSR joins Allies

Churchill’s ReactionChurchill’s Reaction• Calling Hitler a "bloodthirsty Calling Hitler a "bloodthirsty

guttersnipe", he said his own guttersnipe", he said his own outspoken opposition to communism outspoken opposition to communism had "faded away" in the light of had "faded away" in the light of today's events, and pledged Britain's today's events, and pledged Britain's help for the Soviet Union in any way help for the Soviet Union in any way possible. possible.

• "The Russian danger is... our danger," "The Russian danger is... our danger," he said, "and the danger of the United he said, "and the danger of the United States, just as the cause of any Russian States, just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free peoples in cause of free men and free peoples in every quarter of the globe." every quarter of the globe."

Submarine WarfareSubmarine Warfare• Begins Sept. 1941Begins Sept. 1941• German U-boat sinks German U-boat sinks

American Destroyer American Destroyer GreerGreer

• Roosevelt orders Roosevelt orders “Shoot on sight”“Shoot on sight”

• 2 more sunk2 more sunk• US arms merchant US arms merchant

vesselsvessels

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter• US and GBUS and GB• announcement of announcement of

common principles common principles for better futurefor better future

• actually preparation actually preparation for US entryfor US entry

August 1941August 1941

US v. JapanUS v. Japan• US disapproves of US disapproves of

aggressionaggression

• places embargo on places embargo on supplies such as oilsupplies such as oil

• Hideki Tojo takes Hideki Tojo takes overover

• Need supplies! Need supplies!

• Decision for war to Decision for war to avoid US interferenceavoid US interference

Japanese Attack Japanese Attack on Pearl Harboron Pearl Harbor

Sunday Dec. 7, 1941Sunday Dec. 7, 1941

Japanese PlanJapanese Plan• If the War lasts more than a If the War lasts more than a

yearyear-”I have no expectation of -”I have no expectation of success”success”

• The attack must be a The attack must be a surprise!surprise!

• Planned for months beforePlanned for months before• Japanese Strike ForceJapanese Strike Force

- 6 carriers- 6 carriers- 2 Battleships- 2 Battleships- 3 Cruisers- 3 Cruisers- 9 Destroyers- 9 Destroyers- 8 Oilers- fore refueling- 8 Oilers- fore refueling- Submarines w/ midget subs to slip in before - Submarines w/ midget subs to slip in before attackattack

Admiral Isoroku YamamotoAdmiral Isoroku Yamamotocommander of the Imperial commander of the Imperial

Japanese NavyJapanese Navy

Countdown to attackCountdown to attack• Saturday, December 6 - Saturday, December 6 -

Washington D.C. - U.S. President Washington D.C. - U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt makes a final Franklin Roosevelt makes a final appeal to the Emperor of Japan appeal to the Emperor of Japan for peace. There is no reply. Late for peace. There is no reply. Late this same day, the U.S. code-this same day, the U.S. code-breaking service begins breaking service begins intercepting a 14-part Japanese intercepting a 14-part Japanese message and deciphers the first message and deciphers the first 13 parts, passing them on to the 13 parts, passing them on to the President and Secretary of State. President and Secretary of State. The Americans believe a The Americans believe a Japanese attack is imminent, Japanese attack is imminent, most likely somewhere in most likely somewhere in Southeast Asia.Southeast Asia.

• Sunday, December 7 - Sunday, December 7 - Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

• 9:00am - Message decoded diplomatic relations with 9:00am - Message decoded diplomatic relations with the U.S. are to be broken offthe U.S. are to be broken off

• 10:00am message decoded instructing Japanese 10:00am message decoded instructing Japanese embassy to deliver the message to the Americans at 1 embassy to deliver the message to the Americans at 1

p.m. p.m. • Time corresponds with early morning time in Pearl Time corresponds with early morning time in Pearl

HarborHarbor

Countdown to attackCountdown to attack

• The U.S. War The U.S. War Department then sends Department then sends out an alert but uses a out an alert but uses a commercial telegraph commercial telegraph because radio contact because radio contact with Hawaii is with Hawaii is temporarily broken. temporarily broken. Delays prevent the alert Delays prevent the alert from arriving at from arriving at headquarters in Oahu headquarters in Oahu until noontime (Hawaii until noontime (Hawaii time) four hours after time) four hours after the attack has already the attack has already begun.begun.

The Kanji inscription is an exhortation to pilots

to do their duty.

• At 6 a.m., the first attack At 6 a.m., the first attack wave of 183 Japanese wave of 183 Japanese planes takes off from the planes takes off from the carriers located 230 miles carriers located 230 miles north of Oahu and heads north of Oahu and heads for the U.S. Pacific Fleet at for the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.Pearl Harbor.

• At 7:15 a.m., a second At 7:15 a.m., a second attack wave of 167 planes attack wave of 167 planes takes off from the Japanese takes off from the Japanese carriers and heads for Pearl carriers and heads for Pearl Harbor.Harbor.

The US ship Ward sinks a Japanese

Submarine off the coast at 6:40 am

Pearl Harbor - At 7:02 a.m.Pearl Harbor - At 7:02 a.m.

• Two Army operators at Oahu's northern Two Army operators at Oahu's northern shore radar station detect the Japanese air shore radar station detect the Japanese air attack approaching and contact a junior attack approaching and contact a junior

officer who disregards their reports, officer who disregards their reports, thinking they are American B-17 planes thinking they are American B-17 planes which are expected in from the U.S. west which are expected in from the U.S. west

coast.coast.

Tora, Tora, Tora !Tora, Tora, Tora !

To = AttackRa= Surprise

Attack Begins 7:53 a.m.

First WaveFirst Wave• 183 planes: 40 torpedo bombers, and 49 high altitude bombers183 planes: 40 torpedo bombers, and 49 high altitude bombers• USS California- hitUSS California- hit• USS Oklahoma- hitUSS Oklahoma- hit• USS W. Virginia- hit and captain is killedUSS W. Virginia- hit and captain is killed• USS Tennessee- hitUSS Tennessee- hit• USS Arizona- hit and goes down in less than 9 minutes: 1,177 USS Arizona- hit and goes down in less than 9 minutes: 1,177

men lose their livesmen lose their lives• USS Nevada- hit, tries to leave harbor, hit again, runs USS Nevada- hit, tries to leave harbor, hit again, runs

agroundaground• USS Utah- on other side of the island hit against orders, it is USS Utah- on other side of the island hit against orders, it is

only used as a training shiponly used as a training ship• USS Pennsylvania- in dry dock is hitUSS Pennsylvania- in dry dock is hit

The USS The USS ArizonaArizona

Second WaveSecond Wave• 167 Japanese planes167 Japanese planes

• 8:55 am8:55 am

• target cruisers and destroyerstarget cruisers and destroyers

• oil tanks and ship repair facilities are oil tanks and ship repair facilities are ignored!ignored!

• By 10:00am the attack is overBy 10:00am the attack is over

Airfields TargetedAirfields Targeted• Hickam and WheelerHickam and Wheeler• planes parked wing tip planes parked wing tip

to wing tip are easy to wing tip are easy targets!targets!

• Hickam- 550lb bomb hits a 3200 Hickam- 550lb bomb hits a 3200 man barrack exploding in the man barrack exploding in the dining hall killing 35 men at dining hall killing 35 men at breakfastbreakfast

• Wheeler- Lt. Kenneth Taylor and Wheeler- Lt. Kenneth Taylor and George Welch drive to a small George Welch drive to a small field 10 miles away and take off. field 10 miles away and take off. They are credited for shooting They are credited for shooting down 6 Japanese planesdown 6 Japanese planes

American LossesAmerican Losses

• USUS

- 2403 dead- 2403 dead

- 1000+ wounded- 1000+ wounded

- 18 ships sunk or damaged- 18 ships sunk or damaged

- only ¼ aircraft are airworthy- only ¼ aircraft are airworthy

US Declare WAR!US Declare WAR!• ““Yesterday, December 7, 1941Yesterday, December 7, 1941

—a date which will live in —a date which will live in infamy—the United States of infamy—the United States of American was suddenly and American was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”Japan.”

• December 8, Congress Declares December 8, Congress Declares War against JapanWar against Japan

• Dec. 11, Germany declares war Dec. 11, Germany declares war on USon US

"I'm afraid we "I'm afraid we have have

awakened a awakened a sleeping giant sleeping giant and filled it and filled it with terrible with terrible

resolve.”resolve.”YamamotoYamamoto

In the EndIn the End• of 400 aircraft only ¼ were airworthyof 400 aircraft only ¼ were airworthy

• much of the fleet, including 3 aircraft carriers, had not been at much of the fleet, including 3 aircraft carriers, had not been at Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

• USS AZ, Utah, and Oklahoma permanently damagedUSS AZ, Utah, and Oklahoma permanently damaged

• all other ships returned to sea, some within weeksall other ships returned to sea, some within weeks

• In the next 44 monthsIn the next 44 months

- US Navy sank every one of the Japanese aircraft carriers, - US Navy sank every one of the Japanese aircraft carriers, battleships, and cruisers of the Japanese strike battleships, and cruisers of the Japanese strike

forceforce

- Nagasaki, the city where the special torpedoes were - Nagasaki, the city where the special torpedoes were made, was destroyed by an atom bomb made, was destroyed by an atom bomb

- when Japan signed surrender on September 2, 1945 the - when Japan signed surrender on September 2, 1945 the West Virginia was there in Tokyo Bay West Virginia was there in Tokyo Bay

Did the US Know?Did the US Know?• January 24, 1940: Navy Secretary Frank KnoxJanuary 24, 1940: Navy Secretary Frank Knox

- “Hostilities would be initiated by a surprise - “Hostilities would be initiated by a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor”attack on Pearl Harbor”

• April 1941: Commander of Army and Navy air April 1941: Commander of Army and Navy air force defending Pearl Harborforce defending Pearl Harbor

- Japan “can probably employ a maximum of six - Japan “can probably employ a maximum of six carriers which would probably approach inside of carriers which would probably approach inside of 300 miles. A dawn attack might be a complete 300 miles. A dawn attack might be a complete surprise.”surprise.”

• Pacific Fleet Commander KimmelPacific Fleet Commander Kimmel

- “Declaration of war might be preceded by a - “Declaration of war might be preceded by a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.”surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.”

• December 5, 1941 the FBI in HawaiiDecember 5, 1941 the FBI in Hawaii

- Warned Pearl that the Japanese consulate was - Warned Pearl that the Japanese consulate was burning it’s confidential papersburning it’s confidential papers

• December 5, 1941 Navy Secretary Frank KnoxDecember 5, 1941 Navy Secretary Frank Knox

- “Well we have very secret information that - “Well we have very secret information that musn’t go outside of this room that the Japanese musn’t go outside of this room that the Japanese fleet is out. They’re out of the harbor. They’re out fleet is out. They’re out of the harbor. They’re out at sea… every indication is that they are going at sea… every indication is that they are going south, Mr. President, that’s the obvious direction.”south, Mr. President, that’s the obvious direction.”

OTHER OTHER BATTLESBATTLES

OFOFWORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II

LONDON BLITZKRIEGLONDON BLITZKRIEG

In June 1940, Germany unleashed its Luftwaffe (Air force) on In June 1940, Germany unleashed its Luftwaffe (Air force) on Britain. The London “Blitzkrieg” was a nightly air raid for 57 Britain. The London “Blitzkrieg” was a nightly air raid for 57

nights in a row. The city would take refuge in underground nights in a row. The city would take refuge in underground bunkers as the bombs could be heard falling through the air bunkers as the bombs could be heard falling through the air

and the explosions afterwards. By October, Germany gave up and the explosions afterwards. By October, Germany gave up its hopes of overtaking Britain.its hopes of overtaking Britain.

BATTLE OF MIDWAYBATTLE OF MIDWAYBATTLE OF MIDWAYBATTLE OF MIDWAY

The Americans sent their entire carrier force, including the recently The Americans sent their entire carrier force, including the recently damaged "Yorktown," to intercept the Japanese force. The damaged "Yorktown," to intercept the Japanese force. The Americans succeeded in sinking four Japanese carriers, losing only Americans succeeded in sinking four Japanese carriers, losing only the "Yorktown." This was the turning point in the Pacific War. the "Yorktown." This was the turning point in the Pacific War.

June 1941June 1941The Japanese planned to The Japanese planned to attack the Island of attack the Island of Midway, expanding their Midway, expanding their hold on the Central hold on the Central Pacific. American Pacific. American intelligence intercepted intelligence intercepted Japanese plans and knew Japanese plans and knew of the impending of the impending Japanese attack. Japanese attack.

D-DAYD-DAYOn June 6th, 1944, 45 On June 6th, 1944, 45 Allied divisions with almost Allied divisions with almost 3 million men, led by 3 million men, led by General Eisenhower, began General Eisenhower, began landing on Normandy landing on Normandy Beach, in France. Within Beach, in France. Within three weeks, Allied troops three weeks, Allied troops had captured all of the had captured all of the Normandy peninsula and Normandy peninsula and port of Cherbourg. By the port of Cherbourg. By the end of August, Paris was end of August, Paris was liberated, and Allied forces liberated, and Allied forces continued toward continued toward Germany. Germany.

On Over 5,000 Allied soldiers died on D-Day, On Over 5,000 Allied soldiers died on D-Day, however almost 500,000 died regaining France.however almost 500,000 died regaining France.

BATTLE OF THE BULGEBATTLE OF THE BULGEDec. 16Dec. 16thth 1944, the German 1944, the German forces made a surprise forces made a surprise attack against US forces in attack against US forces in Belgium. The Germans Belgium. The Germans made rapid progress, but made rapid progress, but were unable to capture the were unable to capture the city of Bastogne, where city of Bastogne, where Ameircan forces were Ameircan forces were encircled. The US and the encircled. The US and the British were able to British were able to counterattack, and the counterattack, and the Germans were forced to Germans were forced to withdraw, but not before withdraw, but not before US forces lost 35,000 men.US forces lost 35,000 men.

IWO JIMAIWO JIMAUS forces landed on Iwo Jima, US forces landed on Iwo Jima, Feb 16, 1945, 750 miles south Feb 16, 1945, 750 miles south of Tokyo. The landings were of Tokyo. The landings were heavily opposed by the heavily opposed by the Japanese, who fought to the Japanese, who fought to the death. Nevertheless, the US death. Nevertheless, the US Marines overwhelmed the Marines overwhelmed the defenders in numbers defenders in numbers bringing 110,000 soldiers and bringing 110,000 soldiers and 880 ships. Casualties: US- 880 ships. Casualties: US- 6,000 dead, 18,000 wounded; 6,000 dead, 18,000 wounded; Japan – 20,000 dead, 1,000 Japan – 20,000 dead, 1,000 captured. captured.

BATTLE OF BERLINBATTLE OF BERLIN

The final battle of the The final battle of the Eastern front began on Eastern front began on April 16April 16thth, 1945, as , 1945, as Soviet troops attempted Soviet troops attempted to capture Berlin. to capture Berlin. German troops fought German troops fought to the last man, but the to the last man, but the Soviet victory was Soviet victory was inevitable. inevitable.

LIBERATION OF AUSHWITZLIBERATION OF AUSHWITZSoviet forces liberated the Soviet forces liberated the largest German largest German concentration/death camp concentration/death camp Auschwitz. The Germans Auschwitz. The Germans had killed 2,500,000 at had killed 2,500,000 at Auschwitz, the great Auschwitz, the great majority of which were majority of which were Jews. By April, the full Jews. By April, the full horror of the Holocaust horror of the Holocaust had become clear when US had become clear when US forces liberated the forces liberated the concentration camps of concentration camps of Bergen Belson and Dachau. Bergen Belson and Dachau.

GERMAN SURRENDERGERMAN SURRENDEROn May 8th, German On May 8th, German forces officially forces officially surrendered. Signing surrendered. Signing for the Germans was for the Germans was Chief of Staff General Chief of Staff General Jodl. The surrender Jodl. The surrender ceremony took place at ceremony took place at Eisenhower's Eisenhower's headquarters at Reims. headquarters at Reims.

HIROSHIMAHIROSHIMAOn August 6On August 6thth, 1945 the , 1945 the US Air Force dropped an US Air Force dropped an Atomic bomb on the Atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Japanese city of Hiroshima. The city was Hiroshima. The city was destroyed and over destroyed and over 70,000 were killed 70,000 were killed immediately from the immediately from the effects of the blast. Three effects of the blast. Three days later a second bomb days later a second bomb destroyed Nagasaki. destroyed Nagasaki.

JAPANESE SURRENDERJAPANESE SURRENDER

On September 2nd, the On September 2nd, the Japanese formally Japanese formally surrendered aboard the surrendered aboard the Battleship Missouri in Battleship Missouri in Tokyo Harbor. Two Tokyo Harbor. Two attacks by atomic attacks by atomic bombs finally bombs finally convinced the Japanese convinced the Japanese government that government that further resistance was further resistance was useless.useless.

MAJOR BATTLE TIMELINEMAJOR BATTLE TIMELINE19401940

• June - LUFTWAFFE – German “Blitzkrieg” Battle of London – June - LUFTWAFFE – German “Blitzkrieg” Battle of London – 57 straight nights of bombing57 straight nights of bombing

1941 1941

• Dec 7 – PEARL HARBOR – Japanese attack of US Pacific Fleet in Dec 7 – PEARL HARBOR – Japanese attack of US Pacific Fleet in HawaiiHawaii

19421942

•Apr 18 – “Doolittle Raid” – bombing of Tokyo by US Air CorpsApr 18 – “Doolittle Raid” – bombing of Tokyo by US Air Corps

•Jun 4 – Battle of MIDWAY – Turning point of Pacific war, US Jun 4 – Battle of MIDWAY – Turning point of Pacific war, US wins first sea battle with Japanwins first sea battle with Japan

19431943

•Jan 31 – German troops surrender at STALINGRAD, RussiaJan 31 – German troops surrender at STALINGRAD, Russia

19441944

• Jun 6 – D-DAY – 3 million soldiers storm Normandy, France and Jun 6 – D-DAY – 3 million soldiers storm Normandy, France and overtake Germansovertake Germans

BATTLE TIMELINEBATTLE TIMELINE19441944

• Dec 16 – Battle of THE BULGE – US looses 35,000 soldiers Dec 16 – Battle of THE BULGE – US looses 35,000 soldiers defending Belgium citydefending Belgium city

19451945

• Feb 19 – IWO JIMA – US Marines overtake Island just 750 Feb 19 – IWO JIMA – US Marines overtake Island just 750 miles from Tokyomiles from Tokyo

• Apr 16 – Battle of BERLIN – Soviets capture Berlin as Apr 16 – Battle of BERLIN – Soviets capture Berlin as Nazi’s fight to the deathNazi’s fight to the death

• Aug 5 – Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan: 70,000 Aug 5 – Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan: 70,000 people diepeople die

• Aug 8 – Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan: 30,000 Aug 8 – Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan: 30,000 people diepeople die

Questions?Questions?