1 Major WWII U.S. Military Strategies, Actions & Leaders 1941 - 1945.
U.S. Domestic Policies (1945-1980) Unit VIIB AP U.S. History.
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Transcript of U.S. Domestic Policies (1945-1980) Unit VIIB AP U.S. History.
U.S. Domestic PoliciesU.S. Domestic Policies(1945-1980)(1945-1980)
Unit VIIBUnit VIIB
AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History
Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question
Compare and contrast the administrations of Compare and contrast the administrations of Democratic presidents and Republican Democratic presidents and Republican presidents regarding political and presidents regarding political and economical policies.economical policies.
Truman’s PresidencyTruman’s Presidency
Republican Majority in Congress in 1946Republican Majority in Congress in 1946 Postwar turmoil (strikes, inflation) and Postwar turmoil (strikes, inflation) and
rejuvenated conservatism led to rejuvenated conservatism led to Republican victoriesRepublican victories
Eliminated price controls leading to rapid Eliminated price controls leading to rapid inflation and strikesinflation and strikes
Truman ordered troops to settle strikesTruman ordered troops to settle strikes Taft-Hartley Act (1947) - unionsTaft-Hartley Act (1947) - unions
Prohibited closed shops, political Prohibited closed shops, political contributions, sympathy strikescontributions, sympathy strikes
Twenty-Second Amendment (1951)Twenty-Second Amendment (1951) Term limitsTerm limits
Employment Act of 1946Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic AdvisersCouncil of Economic Advisers
Civil RightsCivil Rights Committee on Civil Rights (1946)Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Desegregated the federal government Desegregated the federal government
and military (1948)and military (1948)
Election of 1948Election of 1948 Democrats SplitDemocrats Split
Truman’s civil rights and Truman’s civil rights and foreign policy upset foreign policy upset DemocratsDemocrats
Liberal Democrats and Henry Liberal Democrats and Henry WallaceWallace
States’ Rights Party States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) and Strom (Dixiecrats) and Strom ThurmondThurmond
Republican ConfidenceRepublican Confidence Thomas Dewey ran a cautious Thomas Dewey ran a cautious
campaign while Truman campaign while Truman aggressively campaignedaggressively campaigned
Truman VictoryTruman Victory Despite the press and experts Despite the press and experts
predicting a sound Republican predicting a sound Republican victory, Truman won the victory, Truman won the electionelection
Truman’s Fair DealTruman’s Fair Deal
A continuation of New Deal-style social welfare A continuation of New Deal-style social welfare programsprograms
Policies:Policies: Expansion of Social SecurityExpansion of Social Security Increased minimum wage 40 cents to 75 centsIncreased minimum wage 40 cents to 75 cents Housing Act of 1949Housing Act of 1949
Urban projects and public housingUrban projects and public housing Protections and relief programs in labor, agriculture, Protections and relief programs in labor, agriculture,
health, education, infrastructurehealth, education, infrastructure Failures:Failures:
National healthcare insuranceNational healthcare insurance Limited civil rights legislationLimited civil rights legislation
2222ndnd Amendment Amendment
In response to FDR’s four consecutive In response to FDR’s four consecutive termsterms
Republican Congress proposed to avoid a Republican Congress proposed to avoid a repeat of FDR’s dominancerepeat of FDR’s dominance
Presidential term limits to twoPresidential term limits to two Ratified 1951Ratified 1951
Election of 1952Election of 1952
““I like Ike!” - Dwight D. Eisenhower on the I like Ike!” - Dwight D. Eisenhower on the Republican ticketRepublican ticket Richard Nixon as VPRichard Nixon as VP
Checkers speechCheckers speech
Adlai Stevenson for DemocratsAdlai Stevenson for Democrats Eisenhower won by landslideEisenhower won by landslide
Eisenhower’s RepublicanismEisenhower’s Republicanism Modern Republicanism/Dynamic ConservatismModern Republicanism/Dynamic Conservatism
Cut federal spending and deficit spendingCut federal spending and deficit spending Federal support for businessFederal support for business Reduce federal powers and influence to states/localsReduce federal powers and influence to states/locals
More Money Toward Defense and Cutbacks for Social ProgramsMore Money Toward Defense and Cutbacks for Social Programs Surpluses in some yearsSurpluses in some years Per-capita increases and low inflationPer-capita increases and low inflation
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953)Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953) Soil-bank programSoil-bank program
Farmers retire land for up to 10 years for federal paymentsFarmers retire land for up to 10 years for federal payments Interstate Highway SystemInterstate Highway System
Connected major citiesConnected major cities Significantly developed transportation and urban sectorsSignificantly developed transportation and urban sectors
The American Dream – 1950s ProsperityThe American Dream – 1950s Prosperity
Defense Spending and InvestmentDefense Spending and Investment Why?Why?
Production and innovation during WWIIProduction and innovation during WWII Fear and defense against CommunismFear and defense against Communism
How?How? Department of Defense (DOD) became the nation’s top Department of Defense (DOD) became the nation’s top
consumerconsumer More and more companies and contractors worked with DODMore and more companies and contractors worked with DOD
Recessions?Recessions? Throw more money toward DOD rather than social programsThrow more money toward DOD rather than social programs
Automation in IndustriesAutomation in Industries Innovation and Research and DevelopmentInnovation and Research and Development Threatened blue-collars and white-collars prosperedThreatened blue-collars and white-collars prospered
Middle-Class ExpansionMiddle-Class Expansion White-collar jobs increased given focus on education White-collar jobs increased given focus on education
and defense spendingand defense spending
Election of 1956Election of 1956
Despite Eisenhower’s popularity and success, the Democratic Party won Congressional majorities in 1954 midterm elections. They would sustain those majorities until the 1982 midterms.
2323rdrd Amendment Amendment
District of Columbia receives right to vote District of Columbia receives right to vote and electoral college votesand electoral college votes
Ratified 1961Ratified 1961
Election of 1960Election of 1960
Republicans nominate NixonRepublicans nominate Nixon Democrats nominated John F. KennedyDemocrats nominated John F. Kennedy
Massachusetts and a CatholicMassachusetts and a Catholic Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas as VPLyndon B. Johnson from Texas as VP
Television and DebatesTelevision and Debates Kennedy = born for the limelightKennedy = born for the limelight Nixon = tense and uncomfortableNixon = tense and uncomfortable
Close CallClose Call Kennedy won by just over 100,000 votesKennedy won by just over 100,000 votes
Election of 1960Election of 1960
Nixon looked very Nixon looked very uncomfortable and uncomfortable and was visibly sweating.was visibly sweating.
Kennedy had a knack Kennedy had a knack for the camera.for the camera.
Kennedy’s PoliciesKennedy’s Policies
“Ask not what your country can“Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.”do for your country.”
Fiscal ConservativeFiscal Conservative New FrontierNew Frontier
Expansion of social welfareExpansion of social welfare Stimulus plans for slumping Stimulus plans for slumping
economyeconomy Clean Air Act (1963)Clean Air Act (1963) Strong support for civil Strong support for civil
rights legislation with rights legislation with Attorney General Robert Attorney General Robert KennedyKennedy
““We choose to go to the We choose to go to the Moon…”Moon…”
Kennedy’s AssassinationKennedy’s Assassination
Dallas, Texas on November 22, Dallas, Texas on November 22, 19631963
Warren CommissionWarren Commission Investigations and hearings ruled Investigations and hearings ruled
Lee Harvey Oswald as lone Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassinassassin
Conspiracy theories led to doubt Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal governmentof federal government
Lyndon B. Johnson assumes officeLyndon B. Johnson assumes office
JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas
LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One
Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby
Johnson’s Great SocietyJohnson’s Great SocietyCreative FederalismCreative Federalism
War on PovertyWar on Poverty Office of Economic OpportunityOffice of Economic Opportunity Food StampsFood Stamps Community ActionCommunity Action
Department of Housing and Urban Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)Development (HUD)
Significant increases in educational Significant increases in educational funding in all levelsfunding in all levels Elementary and Secondary Education Elementary and Secondary Education
ActAct Health CareHealth Care
Medicare - health services for Medicare - health services for elderlyelderly
Medicaid - health services for Medicaid - health services for low-income familieslow-income families
Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation Urban mass transit actsUrban mass transit acts National Traffic and Motor National Traffic and Motor
Vehicle Safety ActVehicle Safety Act Safety belts, redesigns for Safety belts, redesigns for
protection, drunk driversprotection, drunk drivers
Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental Protection Wilderness Act, Endangered Wilderness Act, Endangered
Species ActSpecies Act Cultural PromotionCultural Promotion
National Historic PreservationNational Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Arts
AND the HumanitiesAND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and Public broadcasting (PBS) and
public radio (NPR)public radio (NPR) Civil Rights Legislation - ALSO SEE Civil Rights Legislation - ALSO SEE
CIVIL RIGHTS ERA SECTIONCIVIL RIGHTS ERA SECTION Elimination of immigration quota Elimination of immigration quota
lawslaws $10 Billion Tax Cuts$10 Billion Tax Cuts
Consumer spending rose 45%Consumer spending rose 45% Federal government earning Federal government earning
revenuerevenue Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection
Fair Packaging and Labeling Fair Packaging and Labeling ActAct
2424thth Amendment Amendment
In response to Jim Crow laws and massive In response to Jim Crow laws and massive civil rights movement.civil rights movement.
Prohibited all governments from enacting Prohibited all governments from enacting poll taxes.poll taxes.
Ratified in 1964.Ratified in 1964.
Election of 1964Election of 1964 Republicans and Barry GoldwaterRepublicans and Barry Goldwater
Strong conservative RepublicanStrong conservative Republican Attacked Johnson’s welfare state programsAttacked Johnson’s welfare state programs
Johnson’s CampaignJohnson’s Campaign Daisy AdDaisy Ad
2525thth Amendment Amendment
In response to cases such as William Henry In response to cases such as William Henry Harrison, Abraham Lincoln, and recently Harrison, Abraham Lincoln, and recently JFKJFK
Presidential succession:Presidential succession: Ratified in 1967.Ratified in 1967.
Election of 1968Election of 1968
Vietnam and Robert KennedyVietnam and Robert Kennedy Johnson stepped away due to Vietnam escalationJohnson stepped away due to Vietnam escalation Kennedy was frontrunner until assassinationKennedy was frontrunner until assassination
Republicans and NixonRepublicans and Nixon Peace and Honor; Law and OrderPeace and Honor; Law and Order
Democrats and Hubert HumphreyDemocrats and Hubert Humphrey Suffered from anti-war backlashSuffered from anti-war backlash Riots at Democratic National Convention in ChicagoRiots at Democratic National Convention in Chicago
Henry Wallace and American Independent PartyHenry Wallace and American Independent Party Ran against expanded government and civil rights Ran against expanded government and civil rights
legislationlegislation
2626thth Amendment Amendment
In response to student-led protests to the In response to student-led protests to the Vietnam ConflictVietnam Conflict
Right to vote extended to 18 years old.Right to vote extended to 18 years old. Ratified in 1971.Ratified in 1971.
Nixon’s Early PresidencyNixon’s Early Presidency New Federalism/Competitive New Federalism/Competitive
FederalismFederalism Revenue sharing and block Revenue sharing and block
grantsgrants Stagflation and EconomyStagflation and Economy
Production decreased while Production decreased while prices increasedprices increased
Spending cuts to deficit spendingSpending cuts to deficit spending 90-day price and wage freeze90-day price and wage freeze Devalued dollar off gold standardDevalued dollar off gold standard
Silent MajoritySilent Majority Developed coalition of Southern Developed coalition of Southern
whites and conservatives whites and conservatives responding to counterculture and responding to counterculture and liberal youthsliberal youths
WatergateWatergate Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP)Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) Democratic National Headquarters Break-in (June Democratic National Headquarters Break-in (June
1972)1972) Enemies List and WiretapsEnemies List and Wiretaps Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox fired - Saturday Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox fired - Saturday
Night MassacreNight Massacre Nixon TapesNixon Tapes
United States v. Nixon United States v. Nixon ruled against executive privilegeruled against executive privilege Drafting ImpeachmentDrafting Impeachment
Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of CongressCongress
Resignation on August 9, 1974Resignation on August 9, 1974
The Watergate Hotel Complex
Nixon is captain of a sinking ship.
Nixon held fast to his innocence…"Not a Crook"
… then he resigned.
Gerald Ford (1974-1977)Gerald Ford (1974-1977) Assumed office after Nixon’s resignationAssumed office after Nixon’s resignation
Pardons Nixon to end “national nightmare”Pardons Nixon to end “national nightmare” Oil Crisis of 1973Oil Crisis of 1973
Oil reductions led to economic slowdowns and Oil reductions led to economic slowdowns and increasing inflationincreasing inflation
WIN (Whip Inflation Now)WIN (Whip Inflation Now) Inflation soared despite call for voluntarism by Inflation soared despite call for voluntarism by
businesses and consumersbusinesses and consumers Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional
DemocratsDemocrats Election of 1976Election of 1976
Ford barely won Republican nomination from Ford barely won Republican nomination from ReaganReagan
Democrats nominate Jimmy CarterDemocrats nominate Jimmy Carter Southern outsiderSouthern outsider Democrats used Watergate and economy Democrats used Watergate and economy
to winto win
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) 1979 Energy Crisis1979 Energy Crisis
Inflation skyrocketed while economy Inflation skyrocketed while economy slowed furtherslowed further
““Malaise Speech”Malaise Speech” Dependency on oil and non-Dependency on oil and non-
renewable fuels will affect the futurerenewable fuels will affect the future Federal Reserve Chairman Paul VolckerFederal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker
Raised interest rates to highest levelsRaised interest rates to highest levels Resulted in higher inflation and lower Resulted in higher inflation and lower
GDP in the short-runGDP in the short-run In the long-run, the economy recovered In the long-run, the economy recovered
but after Carter’s administrationbut after Carter’s administration Election of 1980Election of 1980
Carter and Democrats suffered from Carter and Democrats suffered from stagflation and Iran hostage crisisstagflation and Iran hostage crisis
Popular Ronald Reagan secured Popular Ronald Reagan secured Republican nomination and eventual Republican nomination and eventual presidencypresidency
Conservative ComebackConservative Comeback As a result of liberalism and counterculture, As a result of liberalism and counterculture,
conservatives began a grassroots reemergenceconservatives began a grassroots reemergence William F. BuckleyWilliam F. Buckley
Fiscal and political conservatives coupled with Fiscal and political conservatives coupled with social conservativessocial conservatives Barry Goldwater, Milton Friedman, Ronald ReaganBarry Goldwater, Milton Friedman, Ronald Reagan
Demographics of ConservativesDemographics of Conservatives Blue-collar workers, rural, suburbs/commuter towns, yuppies, Blue-collar workers, rural, suburbs/commuter towns, yuppies,
fundamentalists, upper-class/corporatesfundamentalists, upper-class/corporates
Regional BasesRegional Bases Southern Democrats shifted RepublicanSouthern Democrats shifted Republican Midwest more solidly RepublicanMidwest more solidly Republican
Christian ConservatismChristian Conservatism Moral Majority - Jerry FalwellMoral Majority - Jerry Falwell
Voting bloc/interest group of fundamentalistsVoting bloc/interest group of fundamentalists
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)Reagan RevolutionReagan Revolution
““Reaganomics” - Supply-Side EconomicsReaganomics” - Supply-Side Economics Tax cuts will reduce government spending, Tax cuts will reduce government spending,
increase business investment and productionincrease business investment and production Corporate tax, capital gains tax, gift tax - Corporate tax, capital gains tax, gift tax -
CUTCUT Tax Reform Act of 1986Tax Reform Act of 1986
Spending cuts on domestic and social Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programswelfare programs
Drastic spending on defenseDrastic spending on defense Deregulation - New FederalismDeregulation - New Federalism
Limited regulation of businessesLimited regulation of businesses Opened up federal conservation lands for Opened up federal conservation lands for
resources and developmentresources and development Labor Unions Decrease MembershipLabor Unions Decrease Membership
Reagan and Flight ControllersReagan and Flight Controllers Replacement workers/scabsReplacement workers/scabs
Conservative Supreme Court appointmentsConservative Supreme Court appointments William Rehnquist as Chief Justice, Antonin Scalia, William Rehnquist as Chief Justice, Antonin Scalia,
Sandra Day O’ConnorSandra Day O’Connor
Reagan’s ImpactReagan’s Impact Defense spending and tax cuts =Defense spending and tax cuts =
Tripled national debtTripled national debt $900 billion to $2.7 trillion$900 billion to $2.7 trillion
Trade deficits and debtor statusTrade deficits and debtor status Business and Society of DeregulationBusiness and Society of Deregulation
Corporations and Upper-Class thrived in wealthCorporations and Upper-Class thrived in wealth Socioeconomic gap widenedSocioeconomic gap widened Welfare programs cutWelfare programs cut
Virtual end of New Deal/Great Society visions and Virtual end of New Deal/Great Society visions and goalsgoals
Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987)Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987) Stock prices fell 20%Stock prices fell 20%
Savings and Loan CrisisSavings and Loan Crisis CausesCauses
Tax Reform of ‘86Tax Reform of ‘86 Deregulation of banking industryDeregulation of banking industry
EffectsEffects Major bank failuresMajor bank failures Savings and loans market restrictionsSavings and loans market restrictions