1. A Composite Index of Market Access for the Export of Rice from the U.S Eric Wailes, University of Arkansas

2. Overview Study approach US rice sector structure Price Ladder Prices Costs Subsidies/Taxes Assessment of CIMA 3. Study approach US export a wide variety of rice types to 160 countries Composite Index of Market Access (CIMA) Used similar methods as Uruguay and Thailand case studies Period of study: 2006, 2007 and 2008 4. Data sources Trade data USDA FAS GATS online (10 digit HS schedule) UN COMTRADE Price data USDA Cost data Industry sources and cost models Subsidies and tax data WTO, USDA 5. Data on the U.S. Rice Sector Item m. cwt. 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Beginning Stocks 37.7 43 39.3 29.4 Production 222.8 194.6 198.4 203.7 Imports 17.1 20.6 23.9 19.2 Total Supply 277.7 258.2 261.6 252.4 Domestic Use 119.9 128.1 127.4 128.4 Exports 114.8 90.8 104.7 93.6 Total Use 234.7 218.8 232.2 222 Ending Stocks 43.0 39.3 29.4 30.4 Exports/Prod uction 51.5 46.7 52.8 45.9 6. Major US rice import markets 1 6 % 1 0 % 9 % 8 % 5 %5 % 3 % 3 % 4 % 3 % 2 % 1 % 3 0 % V a lu e M e x ic o Ja p a n H a iti C a n a d a Ir a q S a u d i A r a b ia N ic a r a g u a C o s ta R ic a E u r o p e a n U n io n- 2 7 K o r e a , S o u th T u r k e y T a iw a n R O W 7. Major US rice import markets 2 2 % 8 % 8 % 7 % 6 %3 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 2 % 1 % 1 % 3 0 % Q u a n t it y M e x ic o Ja p a n H a iti C a n a d a Ir a q S a u d i A r a b ia N ic a r a g u a C o s ta R ic a E u r o p e a n U n io n- 2 7 K o r e a , S o u th T u r k e y T a iw a n R O W 8. US rice exports by type R o u g h , 3 1 % B r o w n M e d / S h o r t, 6 % B r o w n L o n g , 3 %M ille d M e d / S h r t, 1 9 % M ille d L o n g , 3 8 % B r o k e n , 2 % V a lu e 9. US rice exports by type R o u g h , 3 4 % B r o w n M e d / S h o r t, 5 % B r o w n L o n g , 3 % M ille d M e d / S h o r t, 1 5 % M ille d L o n g , 3 9 % B r o k e n , 3 % Q u a n t it y 10. US rice industry product flow 11. US rice product process flow 12. Market structure of US Rice ~ 10,000 farms ~2,000 on-farm drying/storage facilities ~ 300 commercial elevators (attached/unattached to mills) ~ 40 rice mills (cooperatives are dominant in Arkansas and California) Major export ports: New Orleans, San Francisco, Houston 13. Price Ladder 1. Prices received by farmers 2. Elevator/mill paddy price 3. Processed price at mill 4. Port price (FOB) 5. Destination price (CIF) 6. Final price at importer 14. Prices received by farmers It e m 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 U S D / m t U S D / m t U S D / m t L o n g 1 8 0 .8 7 2 3 5 .6 9 2 9 7 .2 6 M e d iu m 2 3 3 .1 9 2 8 9 .7 2 4 0 5 .4 7 Source: USDA, ERS, Rice Outlook, 2008 15. Prices at elevator/mills Source: Industry sources Rough rice price Equals Farm price Plus: Transport cost farm to elevator/mill $9.92/mt Drying/storage costs $ 29.39 / mt Assume average storage 6 months Inspection/grading costs $ 1.76 / mt 16. Prices at elevator/mills Source: Industry sources and cost models Processed price Rough rice price at mill Converted to milled equivalent Brown rice (conversion factor 0.8) Milled rice (converstion factor 0.55 (long), and 0.6 (medium)) Plus: Milling costs: Brown $45.45/mt; White $54.54/mt 17. Prices at ports (FOB) Source: Industry sources and cost models Elevator rough rice price or mill processed price Plus: Transport cost to port from elevator or mill Inspection and certification fees Inspection fees $3.31/mt GM certification $10/mt 18. Prices at importer (CIF) Source: Industry sources and cost models Export price (FOB) Plus: Ocean freight rates and insurance Mexico: $30/mt EU: $87/mt Turkey: $95/mt Japan: $86/mt 19. Prices at importer (with taxes/subsidies) Source: WTO, USDA, EU Commission Import price (CIF) Plus: Duties and taxes Mexico: $0/mt EU: 65 euro/mt plus 4% VAT Turkey: 34% ad valorem/mt Japan: Markup 292 Yen/kg for MA and 341 Yen/kg for over MA 20. Calculation of CIMA Source: WTO, USDA, EU Commission Barriers to Market Access (BMA) equals Import duties + Excise taxes + health/safety standard costs Barrier to market access percentage (BMAP) equals BMA/Import price (CIF) * 100 CIMA = 1 BMAP 21. M e x ic o p r i c e la d d e r 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 H S c o d e 1 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 6 1 0 U S D / m t U S D / m t U S D / m t C o s t o f p r o d u c t i o n C O P 1 9 1 1 9 7 2 0 2 T A X ( s u b s i d y i f P L C < $ 1 4 3 .3 0 , e q u a l t o $ 1 4 3 .3 0 - P L C ) T A X 0 0 0 P r i c e r e c e i v e d b y f a r m e r s 1 8 0 .8 7 2 3 5 .6 9 2 9 7 .2 6 C o s t o f m e e t i n g p r i v a t e s t a n d a r d s P L C C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a lt h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 P r i c e p a i d b y m i l l P r o c e s s i n g c o s t s ( D r y a n d s t o r e 6 m o n t h s ) P R C 2 9 .3 9 2 9 .3 9 2 9 .3 9 F r e i g h t f r o m f a r m / d r i e r t o b a r g e 9 .9 2 9 .9 2 9 .9 2 P r o c e s s o r p r ic e ( R i v e r E l e v a t o r F O B ) 2 2 1 .9 4 2 7 6 .7 6 3 3 8 .3 3 D o m e s t i c c o s t t o p o r t O M C 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .1 3 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a lt h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 3 .3 1 3 .3 1 3 .3 1 M a r g i n 1 .0 9 - 1 7 .3 5 6 6 .1 8 E x p o r t e r p r ic e ( F O B p o r t ) 2 3 8 .4 6 2 7 4 .8 5 4 1 9 .9 5 T r a n s p o r t c o s t s , s h i p p i n g , in s u r a n c e , e t c T R A 3 0 3 0 3 0 E x p o r t e r p r ic e ( C IF p o r t ) P R X 2 6 8 .4 6 3 0 4 .8 5 4 4 9 .9 5 Im p o r t d u t ie s a n d o t h e r c h a r g e s M T D 0 0 0 E x c i s e t a x e s i n i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y E D T 0 0 0 Im p o r t e r P r i c e P R M 2 6 8 .4 6 3 0 4 .8 5 4 4 9 .9 5 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s B M A 3 .3 1 3 .3 1 3 .3 1 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s P e r c e n t a g e B M A P 1 % 1 % 1 % C o m p o s i t e In d e x M a r k e t A c c e s s C IM A 9 9 % 9 9 % 9 9 % 22. E U p r i c e l a d d e r IT E M 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 H S C o d e 1 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 0 6 2 0 U S D / m t U S D / m t U S D / m t C o s t o f p r o d u c t i o n ( p r e v i o u s y e a r ) C O P 1 9 1 1 9 7 2 0 2 T A X ( s u b s i d y i f P L C < $ 1 4 3 . 3 0 , e q u a l t o $ 1 4 3 . 3 0 - P L C ) T A X 0 0 0 P r i c e r e c e i v e d b y f a r m e r s ( c a l e n d a r y e a r ) 1 8 0 . 8 7 2 3 5 . 6 9 2 9 7 . 2 6 C o s t o f m e e t i n g p r i v a t e s t a n d a r d s P L C 0 0 0 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 1 . 7 6 4 1 . 7 6 4 1 . 7 6 4 P r o c e s s i n g c o s t s ( D r y a n d s t o r e 6 m o n t h s ) P R C 2 9 . 3 9 2 9 . 3 9 2 9 . 3 9 F r e i g h t f r o m f a r m / d r i e r t o m i l l 9 . 9 2 9 . 9 2 9 . 9 2 P a d d y p r i c e a t m i l l 2 2 1 . 9 4 2 7 6 . 7 6 3 3 8 . 3 3 B r o w n r i c e p r i c e a t m i l l ( c o n v e r s i o n 0 . 8 0 ) 2 7 7 . 4 3 3 4 5 . 9 6 4 2 2 . 9 2 P r o c e s s i n g c o s t s ( H u s k e d r i c e ) 4 5 . 4 5 4 5 . 4 5 4 5 . 4 5 B r o w n r i c e p r i c e a t m i l l ( F O B ) 3 2 2 . 8 9 3 9 1 . 4 1 4 6 8 . 3 7 D o m e s t i c c o s t t o p o r t O M C 1 2 . 1 3 1 2 . 1 3 1 2 . 1 3 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 3 . 3 1 3 . 3 1 3 . 3 1 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g G M O c e r t i f i c a t i o n S P C 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 M a r g i n - 6 7 . 7 2 - 7 4 . 9 4 1 7 4 . 9 9 E x p o r t e r p r i c e ( F O B p o r t ) 2 7 0 . 6 3 3 1 . 9 6 5 8 . 8 T r a n s p o r t c o s t s , s h i p p i n g , i n s u r a n c e , e t c T R A 8 7 8 7 8 7 E x p o r t e r p r i c e ( C I F p o r t ) P R X 3 5 7 . 6 4 1 8 . 9 7 4 5 . 8 I m p o r t d u t i e s a n d o t h e r c h a r g e s M T D 8 1 . 6 3 8 9 . 0 2 9 5 . 0 8 E x c i s e t a x e s i n i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y E D T 1 7 . 5 7 2 0 . 3 2 3 3 . 6 4 I m p o r t e r P r i c e P R M 4 5 6 . 8 0 5 2 8 . 2 4 8 7 4 . 5 2 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s B M A 1 0 2 . 5 1 1 2 2 . 6 5 1 4 2 . 0 2 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s P e r c e n t a g e B M A P 2 9 % 2 9 % 1 9 % C o m p o s i t e I n d e x M a r k e t A c c e s s C I M A 7 1 % 7 1 % 8 1 % 23. T u r k e y p r i c e l a d d e r 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 H S C o d e 1 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 6 1 0 U S D / m t U S D / m t U S D / m t C o s t o f p r o d u c t i o n C O P 1 9 1 1 9 7 2 0 2 T A X ( s u b s i d y i f P L C < $ 1 4 3 . 3 0 , e q u a l t o $ 1 4 3 . 3 0 - P L C ) T A X 0 0 0 P r i c e r e c e i v e d b y f a r m e r s 1 8 0 .8 7 2 3 5 . 6 9 2 9 7 .2 6 C o s t o f m e e t i n g p r i v a t e s t a n d a r d s P L C 0 0 0 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 1 .7 6 1 . 7 6 1 .7 6 P r o c e s s i n g c o s t s ( D r y a n d s t o r e 6 m o n t h s ) P R C 2 9 .3 9 2 9 . 3 9 2 9 .3 9 F r e i g h t f r o m f a r m / d r i e r t o b a r g e 9 .9 2 9 . 9 2 9 .9 2 P r o c e s s o r p r i c e ( R i v e r E l e v a t o r F O B ) 2 2 1 .9 4 2 7 6 . 7 6 3 3 8 .3 3 D o m e s t i c c o s t t o p o r t O M C 1 2 .1 3 1 2 . 1 3 1 2 .1 3 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 3 .3 1 3 . 3 1 3 .3 1 M a r g i n - 8 .9 1 - 1 7 . 3 5 2 8 .8 1 E x p o r t e r p r i c e ( F O B p o r t ) 2 2 8 .4 7 2 7 4 . 8 4 9 4 3 8 2 .5 8 T r a n s p o r t c o s t s , s h i p p i n g , i n s u r a n c e , e t c T R A 9 5 9 5 9 5 E x p o r t e r p r i c e ( C I F p o r t ) P R X 3 2 3 .4 7 3 6 9 . 8 4 9 4 4 7 7 .5 8 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g T u r k i s h F o o d C o d e x s t a n d a r d s S P C Im p o r t d u t i e s a n d o t h e r c h a r g e s M T D 1 0 9 .9 8 1 2 5 . 7 5 1 6 2 .3 8 E x c i s e t a x e s i n i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y E D T 0 0 0 Im p o r t e r P r i c e P R M 4 3 3 .4 5 4 9 5 . 6 0 6 3 9 .9 6 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s B M A 1 0 1 .0 7 1 0 8 . 4 0 1 9 1 .1 9 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s P e r c e n t a g e B M A P 3 1 % 2 9 % 4 0 % C o m p o s i t e I n d e x M a r k e t A c c e s s C I M A 6 9 % 7 1 % 6 0 % 24. J a p a n p r i c e l a d d e r 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 H S C o d e 1 0 0 6 3 0 9 0 2 0 1 0 0 6 3 0 9 0 2 0 1 0 0 6 3 0 9 0 2 0 U S D / m t U S D / m t U S D / m t C o s t o f p r o d u c t i o n ( p r e v i o u s y e a r ) C O P 2 7 3 2 4 9 2 6 7 T A X ( s u b s i d y i f P L C < $ 1 4 3 . 3 0 , e q u a l t o $ 1 4 3 . 3 0 - P L C ) T A X 0 0 0 P r i c e r e c e i v e d b y f a r m e r s ( c a l e n d a r y e a r ) 2 3 3 . 1 9 2 8 9 . 7 2 4 0 5 . 4 7 C o s t o f m e e t i n g p r i v a t e s t a n d a r d s P L C 0 0 0 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 1 . 7 6 1 . 7 6 1 . 7 6 P r o c e s s i n g c o s t s ( D r y a n d s t o r e 6 m o n t h s ) P R C 2 9 . 3 9 2 9 . 3 9 2 9 . 3 9 F r e i g h t f r o m f a r m / d r i e r t o m i l l 9 . 9 2 9 . 9 2 9 . 9 2 P a d d y p r i c e a t m i l l 2 7 4 . 2 6 3 3 0 . 7 9 4 4 6 . 5 4 M i l l e d r i c e p r i c e a t m i l l ( c o n v e r s i o n 0 . 6 ) 4 5 7 . 1 1 5 5 1 . 3 2 7 4 4 . 2 4 P r o c e s s i n g c o s t s ( H u s k e d r i c e ) 5 4 . 5 5 5 4 . 5 5 5 4 . 5 5 M i l l e d r i c e p r i c e a t m i l l ( F O B ) 5 1 1 . 6 5 6 0 5 . 8 7 7 9 8 . 7 9 D o m e s t i c c o s t t o p o r t O M C 1 2 . 1 3 1 2 . 1 3 1 2 . 1 3 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s S P C 3 . 3 1 3 . 3 1 3 . 3 1 C o s t s o f m e e t i n g G M O c e r t i f i c a t i o n S P C 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 M a r g i n - 1 7 . 2 5 - 7 1 . 5 0 - 2 1 6 . 0 1 E x p o r t e r p r i c e ( F O B p o r t ) 5 0 9 . 8 4 5 4 9 . 8 5 9 8 . 2 1 T r a n s p o r t c o s t s , s h i p p i n g , i n s u r a n c e , e t c T R A 8 6 8 6 8 6 E x p o r t e r p r i c e ( C I F p o r t ) P R X 5 9 5 . 8 4 6 3 5 . 8 6 8 4 . 2 1 M a r k e t A c c e s s m a r k u p M T D 2 5 1 0 . 7 7 2 4 7 9 . 7 5 2 7 7 4 . 8 3 O u t o f M a r k e t A c c e s s d u t y M T D ' 2 9 3 2 . 1 0 2 8 9 5 . 8 7 3 2 4 0 . 4 7 E x c i s e t a x e s i n i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y E D T 0 0 0 I m p o r t e r P r i c e P R M 3 1 0 6 . 6 1 3 1 1 5 . 5 5 3 4 5 9 . 0 4 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s B M A 2 5 1 4 . 0 8 2 4 9 3 . 0 5 2 7 8 8 . 1 3 B a r r i e r M a r k e t A c c e s s P e r c e n t a g e B M A P 4 2 2 % 3 9 2 % 4 0 7 % C o m p o s i t e I n d e x M a r k e t A c c e s s C I M A - 3 2 2 % - 2 9 2 % - 3 0 7 % B a r r i e r o v e r M i n i m u m M a r k e t A c c e s s B M M A 2 9 3 5 . 4 0 2 9 0 9 . 1 7 3 2 5 3 . 7 7 B a r r i e r o v e r M i n i m u m M a r k e t A c c e s s P e r c e n t a g e B M M A P 4 9 3 % 4 5 8 % 4 7 6 % C o m p o s i t e I n d e x o v e r M i n i m u m M a r k e t A c c e s s C I M M A - 3 9 3 % - 3 5 8 % - 3 7 6 % 25. Comments/questions about CIMA Are all forms of protection quantifiable? Licensing, TRQs, etc. Why aggregate? Value as a benchmark? Value in negotiations? Value in dispute resolution? 26. Data issues for CIMA More difficult for more differentiated products Easier for countries with strong information/data systems about production, processing and marketing costs To extent that data relies on private sector, it invites strategic behavior in terms of access to and quality of information provided.