US Army Smoke Pots 26p.

8/12/2019 US Army Smoke Pots 26p.

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SUBCOURSE EDITIONCM7112 B

SMOKE POTS


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Smoke Pots

Subcourse Number CM 7112

EDITION B

United States rm! C"emica# Sc"oo#

$ort %eonard &ood' Missouri ()*7+,-.2(

Si/ Credit 0ours

Subcourse O er ieThis subcourse is designed to teach the purpose of

smoke screen operations and the various types of smoke pots that are used at the company level. The student willalso learn what effect weather and terrain have on smokescreens, smoke pots spacing requirements, and thetechnique used for emplacing smoke pots. The

procedures for calculating the number of smoke potsrequired and the procedures for igniting smoke pots willalso be taught.

There are no prerequisites for this subcourse.This subcourse reflects the doctrine that was current

at the time it was prepared. In your own work situation,always refer to the latest official publications.

Unless otherwise stated, the masculine gender of singular pronouns is used to refer to both men and women.

Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti ection : You will identify procedures for selecting smoke

pot positions, calculating smoke potrequirements, and igniting smoke pots.

Conditions : iven information about and illustrationsrelating to the procedures for selecting smoke pot

positions, calculating smoke pot requirements,and igniting smoke pots for a company!levelsmoke operation.

Standards : To demonstrate competency of this task, youmust achieve a minimum of "# percent on thesubcourse e$amination.

555 IMPO6T NT NOTICE 555

T0E P SSIN SCO6E $O6 %% CCP M TE6I % IS NO& 789:

P%E SE DIS6E 6D %% 6E$E6ENCES TO T0E 7)9 6E;UI6EMENT:

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Tab#e o< Contents

%age&ubcourse 'verview ................................................................................................................................................................ (

)esson (: &elect &moke %ot %ositions..................................................................................................................................... *

%art +: escribe the %urpose of &moke 'perations............................................................................................ *

%art -: escribe the Types of &moke %ots ......................................................................................................... #

%art : etermine /eather and Terrain onditions............................................................................................ "

%art : etermine &moke %ot &pacing 0equirements.......................................................................................... 1

%art 2: Identify the 3ield 2$pedient 4ethods for 2mplacement of &moke %ots................................................. 5

%ractice 2$ercise.................................................................................................................................................. (6

+nswer 7ey and 3eedback................................................................................................................................... (*

)esson 8: etermine &moke %ot 0equirements...................................................................................................................... (#

%ractice 2$ercise.................................................................................................................................................. (5

+nswer 7ey and 3eedback................................................................................................................................... 89

)esson 6: Ignite &moke %ots.................................................................................................................................................... 8(%ractice 2$ercise.................................................................................................................................................. 86

+nswer 7ey and 3eedback................................................................................................................................... 8*

+ppendi$: %ublication 2$tracts............................................................................................................................................... 8"

T+ 6!8!8 &moke %ot 2mployment uide, +pril (51*. Use the above T+ card to take this subcourse. +t thetime we wrote this subcourse, this was the current publication. In your own work situation, always refer to thelatest publications.

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T0IS P E INTENTION %%= %E$T B% NK

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%esson 1Se#ect Smoke Pot Positions

Critica# Tasks> 8+1,)8-,28188+1,)8-,+8(8

O er ie

%esson Descri?tion>In this lesson you will learn how to select smoke pot positions.

Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti e>ction : &elect smoke pot positions.Conditions : iven information about and illustrations

relating to the procedures for selecting smoke pot positions including a determination of weather and terrain conditions, spacing requirement, andtechniques for emplacement of smoke pots for acompany!level smoke operation.

Standards : emonstrate competency of the task skillsand knowledge by responding to a multiple!choice test covering the procedures or selectingsmoke pot positions.

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Figure 1. Smoke haze.

Figure 2. Smoke blanket.

friendly units. + smoke ha?e increases the survivability of friendly forces without reducing visibility of friendlyforces to such an e$tent that the mission cannot beaccomplished. It is produced by smoke generators andsmoke pots.

+ smoke blanket


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Figure 5. M4A2 !C "loating smoke ot.

489"+( floating smoke pot fu?e only.

Part C,Determine &eat"er andTerrain Conditions

+ smoke screen must be continuous to be effective.The success of a smoke screen depends greatly on theinterpretation of meteorological data and the observationof the screen in relation to the terrain while the smokeoperations are being conducted. These factors arediscussed below.

&indThere are many different types of wind that affect

deliberate smoke operations. %revailing winds have thegreatest influence.

%revailing winds blow between 5 and 199 metersabove the ground and tend to move smoke screens in one

direction. To determine the direction and speed of prevailing winds, estimates are made at (E meters abovethe ground.

&moke generators and other smoke sources must beemployed and positioned based on the wind direction smoke tends to rise when the wind is less

than ( kilometer per hour and is torn apart by winds faster than 8# kilometers per hour.

&eat"er Conditions/eather conditions that affect smoke formation

include temperature gradient, humidity, precipitation, andcloud cover.

The three types of temperature gradients that affectsmoke screens are inversion, neutral, and lapse. +nestimate of temperature gradient is used to predict thestability of the air. Temperature gradients are measured

by subtracting the air temperature 9.# meters above theground surface from the air temperature *.9 meters abovethe surface. /ith logistical limitations, smoke can be

produced under any temperature gradient.In ersion . +n inversion


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makes smoke linger for long periods. Under stableconditions, smoke streamers tend to travel paralleldownwind for a long distance before they spread andmerge into a continuous blanket of smoke. 2ven after merging, this blanket of smoke lies low to the ground andreduces visibility at ground level. &table conditions maykeep the smoke from rising high enough to cover the top

of buildings, or other tall obAects.Neutra# . /hen there is little change in temperature based on altitude, conditions are neutral. /hen the sky ismore than "9 percent covered with clouds, neutraltemperature gradients prevail. The atmosphere ismoderately stable, and conditions are generally favorablefor smoke. Under a neutral temperature gradient smokestreamers have a steadier direction, and there is lesstendency for them to rise than when they are under unstable conditions. +lso, streamers tend to spread andrise more quickly than under stable conditions. Therefore,neutral temperature gradients are best for all smokescreens.

%a?se . The lapse eavy rains and snow reducevisibility to the e$tent that smoke is rarely necessary to

provide concealment.

Terrain&ince smoke is carried by the wind, it normally

follows the contours of the earth. 'n flat or unbrokenterrain and over water, smoke streamers take longer tospread out and mi$ together. 'n the other hand, trees and

buildings tend to mi$ smoke streamers and increasesmoke coverage. )arge hill masses and rugged terraincause strong cross currents that disperse smoke, causingholes and unevenness.

Part D,Determine Smoke PotS?acin3 6e@uirements

The spacing of smoke pots is the measured distanceinterval between positions necessary to produce an

effective smoke cloud. In order to determine this intervalyou must first understand the basic characteristics of asmoke cloud and the terrain over which smoke will be

produced. These conditions are described below.

C"aracteristics o< a Smoke C#oudIn combat, smoke!producing devices are used to

produce smoke screens or smoke clouds of various si?esand densities. 'nce produced, the life of a smoke cloudmay be described in four successive phases


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Figure '. Four hases o" smoke clou&.

Figure (. S acing gui&e.

meters and for a blanket 6# meters.

Part E , Identi

Em?#acement o< Smoke Pots

& 6NIN

3or training purposes, all flammable material


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Figure ). *rum metho&.

Figure 1+. Co,ere& trench metho&.

center of one end of the ##!gallon drum and a E!inch


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placed over it as effectively as possible.&ometimes you may need smoke for a longer period

of time than would be provided by Aust one smoke pot.&ome of the smoke pots described in this lesson aredesigned to stack, or mate, end to end. + number of +- !4# smoke pots can be arranged to ignite insuccession, thus providing smoke for a longer period than

is possible using a single pot. To accomplish chainignition, the pots can be placed in stacks and the topmost pot in the stack ignited, or they can be laid on their sidesend to end and the pot with the e$posed igniting deviceignited. %rior to stacking or being on their side, the outer covers must be removed from all pots so that the ignitingdevices are e$posed. The +- !4# smoke pot isespecially designed for vertical stacking and because the

bottom of one pot fits snugly into the top of the one belowit, no support is required.

/hether pots are stacked vertically or laid on their sides, the heat generated by one burning pot in a seriesignites the adAacent pot. The total burning time of a seriesof smoke pots ignited by chain ignition is slightly less thanthe sum of the individual burning times because each pot

ignites shortly before the previous one burns out. To prevent starting unwanted fires, the ground around thesmoke pots should be cleared of all flammables.

This method of ignition is called c"ain i3nitionThis chain ignition continues until all mate smoke potshave burned.

3igure (8 illustrates smoke pots stacked ready for

chain ignition.

Figure 12. Stacke& smoke ots.

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T0IS P E IS INTENTION %%= %E$T B% NK

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%esson 1

Practice E/ercise

The following items will test your grasp of thematerial covered in this lesson. There is only one correctanswer for each item. /hen you complete the e$ercise,check your answer with the answer key that follows. If

you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson that contains the portion involved.

1: 0o is t"e air tem?erature aa?e.

-. -lanket.. urtain.. &treamer.

7: &"ic" ide the glare.

.: &"ic" ?"ase best describes smoke "en it


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%esson 1

Practice E/ercisens er Ke! and $eedback

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%esson 2

Determine Smoke Pot 6e@uirementsCritica# Task> 8+1,)8-,28((

O er ie

%esson Descri?tion>In this lesson you will learn how to calculate smoke

pot requirements for a company!level smoke operation.

Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti e>ction : etermine smoke pot requirements.Conditions : iven information about and illustrations

related to the procedures for calculating smoke pot requirement, including determinant of burning time, length of front, and number of positions required for a company!level operation.

Standards : emonstrate competency of the task skillsand knowledge by responding to the multiple!choice test covering the procedures for calculating smoke pot requirements.

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Figure 13. in& s ee& estimate.

Figure 14. /em erature gra&ient con&ition.

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Figure 15. Smoke ot s acing an& line0target &istance.

Figure 1#. Smoke ot characteristics.

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%esson 2

Practice E/ercise

The following items will test your grasp of thematerial covered in this lesson. There is only one correctanswer for each item. /hen you complete the e$ercise,check your answer with the answer key that follows. If

you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson that contains the portion involved.

NOTE>To answer questions ( through E, refer to thesituation below and the figures provided inlesson 8.

&ituation: Your unit has been given the requirementto establish a smoke line using 4*+8 smoke pots in openterrain. The wind speed is (E 7ilometers per hour, andthe temperature gradient is neutral. The target area is 199meters wide, and your unit is to provide a smoke ha?e for three hours.

1: 0o man! smoke ?ots i## be re@uired


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%esson +

I3nite Smoke PotsCritica# Task> 8+1,)8-,18(1

O er ie

%esson Descri?tion>

In this lesson you will learn how to ignite smoke potssafely.

Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti e>ction : Ignite smoke pots.Conditions : iven information about and illustrations

related to the procedures for igniting smoke pots by manual and electrical methods.

Standards : emonstrate competency of the task skillsand knowledge by responding to the multiple!choice test covering the procedures for ignitingsmoke pots by manual and electrical methods.

6eowever, the total burning time is slightly less than thetotal burning time would be if the smoke pots were burnedsingly. This occurs because the heat from the first smoke

pot ignites the ne$t smoke pot before the first smoke pot iscompletely burned out.

Figure 1'. Manual ignition.

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Procedures old the fu?e level firmly against the fu?e

body and pull the safety pin as shown in 3igure 5.&tep 6. )ift the smoke pot by the handle and drop it

into the water, releasing the safety pin.

& 6NINThe 4*+8 floating smoke pots must be vented for at

least five minutes within 8* hours before firing. This isdone by removing the adhesive tape from two of thethree vent holes in the inside cover. 0ecover the ventholes with adhesive tape prior to firing. Gever lift thesmoke pot by safety pin.

Figure 1). ulling the sa"et$ in.

Figure 1(. lectrical ignition.

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US Army Smoke Pots 26p.

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