US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG ® Unimpaired Flow Development for Black Warrior River...
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Transcript of US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG ® Unimpaired Flow Development for Black Warrior River...
US Army Corps of Engineers
BUILDING STRONG®
Unimpaired Flow Development for Black Warrior River Basin
2012 Alabama Water Conference
Orange Beach, AL
Sept. 05, 2012
By Yi Zhang, Joseph Black and James E. Hathorn
BUILDING STRONG®2
Contents
Background and Objective Task and methodology UIF development process and results Summary
BUILDING STRONG®
Background Importance of The Black Warrior River system
► Very important multi-use water resource in the State of Alabama that supports flood control, hydropower, navigation, water supply, recreation, and environmental purposes for local, state and national benefit.
Three significant entities: USACE, APC and BWWB► Play important roles to manage and supply water to over 600,000 customers in this steadily
growing area.
Previous studies► 1994, Black Warrior Headwater Section 22 Study, 1929-1994 (monthly)► 2004, APC modified the Section 22 study data 1940 – 1993 (daily)► 2007, Malcolm Pirnie Study 1928-2007 (monthly)
Need to continually evaluate the availability of water► to ensure that competing uses are appropriately balanced to meet user needs currently and in
future► Increasing usage in past 15 years ► Experienced several significant periods of low precipitation and low flow in the Basin.
Mutual interest between USACE and BWWB► To develop a more up-to-date streamflow dataset for current and future water resource and
consumptive use assessment
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BUILDING STRONG®
Objective
Develop daily unimpaired flow data set► Extend from Oliver L&D to headwaters of Black
Warrior River► Continuous period of record adequate for;
determining system critical period, yield and storage utilization, confidence in estimated lake levels and instream flow statistics and useful to asses water supply reliability management alternatives
► Consistent with overall modeling objectives and methods agreed to by Corps and the Board
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BUILDING STRONG®
Tasks
Task 1. Coordinated development of time-series data development, selection of control points and period of record (POR).
Task 2. Measurement and hindcasting of historical water withdrawals and discharges for the POR,
Task 3. Determination of reservoir effects, i.e. pre-and post-reservoir net evaporation/runoff, holdouts and releases from storage,
Task 4. Filling and routing of recorded streamflow data to produce continuous observed flow time series for the POR at control points, and
Task 5. Derivation of daily historical unimpaired cumulative flow (UCF) and unimpaired incremental flow (UIF) time series for all control points included in the operational models.
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BUILDING STRONG®
Data Management Utilities
HEC-DSS database►Original►Final
Establish naming convention Excel for metadata ftp site for data transfer
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BUILDING STRONG®
Time Resolution & Period of Record
Daily resolution► Daily time series of unimpaired flow
Period of Record► Develop unimpaired flow from1940 to 2009
• Most gages have complete record from 1940• Complete water use data up to 2009
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BUILDING STRONG®
Spatial Extent of study area
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Oliver L&D upstream to• Manchester on Blackwater Creek• Smith Lake on Sipsey Fork• Garden City on Mulberry Fork• Cleveland on Locust Fork• Inland Lake on Blackburn Fork• Tributaries of wastewater return
21 basic nodes. 4 reservoirs 6 USGS gage nodes 6 confluence node
Cleveland 1
Trafford 3
Turkey Creek 4
Sayre 5
Five Mile Creek 6
Village Creek 7
Village Ck. WWTP 20
Valley Creek 8
Valley Ck. WWTP 21 Bessemer Intake
Garden City 9 Smith 10
Sipsey Intake
Sipsey 11
Manchester 12
Cordova 13
Mulberry Fork Intake
Bankhead 15
Gorgas SP Intake
Miller SP Intake
Holt 16
Oliver 17
Holt Intake
Gage Nodes
Confluence Nodes & Other Nodes
Reservoir Nodes
Note:
Mulberry Fork 14 14
WWTP Nodes
BUILDING STRONG®
Detailed Methodology Unimpaired flows are defined in this study as historically observed
flows with human influences removed:► Water use inventory and hindcast► Reservoir effects► Streamflow gap filling and routing► Unimpaired flow derivation
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Water Use Inventory:
• Current water use
• Water use hindcasting
Reservoir Effects:
• Net evaporation
• Reservoir holdout
Streamflow gap fill-in:
• Reference gages
• Correlation
Streamflow Routing:
• Muskingum
• Route to downstream
Unimpaired Flow:
• Incremental UIF
• Cumulative UIF
Unimpaired Flow Adjustment:
• Smoothing
• Negative adjustment
BUILDING STRONG®
Water Use Inventory and Hindcast
Collect measured water use data including withdrawals and returns for various water uses from different sources:
► Alabama Office of Water Resources (OWR) provided water withdrawal data► EPA and ADEM provided water return data
Compilation, aggregation and hindcasting of historical daily/monthly municipal, agricultural, and industrial water withdrawals, wastewater returns, and net consumption in each reach (between each control point).
Include all major users of 5 mgd or greater in the data set (withdrawals). Include where readily available, minor users from 0.1-5 mgd (withdrawals). Include all major returns of 1 mgd or greater in the data (return) Include where readily available, minor users from 0.1-1 mgd in the return
data.
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BUILDING STRONG®
Major Water Withdrawals
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BUILDING STRONG®
Minor Water Withdrawals
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BUILDING STRONG®
Major Water Discharges
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BUILDING STRONG®
Minor Water Discharges
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BUILDING STRONG®
Lists of Water Withdrawals and Returns for Each Reach
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BUILDING STRONG®
Hindcast of Historical Water Uses Hindcasting of historical water uses for each reach from 1993 to
1940 based on historical trend of :► County-level water uses from USGS and Alabama Geological Survey water use reports
(ALGS).► State-wide water use (when county-level water uses are not available)► Population (when either county-level or state-level water uses are not available)
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BUILDING STRONG®
Reach Aggregated Water Uses Aggregate withdrawals, returns and net uses by reach Add historical water use hindcast to get period of record water use
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1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Flo
w (
mg
d)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
CORDOVA REACH-TOT FLOW-DIV NET SW-MGD
CORDOVA REACH-TOT-OBS FLOW-DIV RET SW-MGD
CORDOVA REACH-TOT-OBS FLOW-DIV WD SW-MGD
BUILDING STRONG®
Reservoir Effects
Collect the following related data, as available:► Daily or monthly agency-calculated reservoir inflows, outflows and pool elevations at Inland Lake,
Lewis Smith Lake, Bankhead Lake, and Holt Lake from agencies including USGS, Mobile District USACE, APC, and the Board;
► Daily or monthly lockage volumes and/or pit dump counts at Bankhead and Holt Locks from Mobile District USACE; and
► Daily or monthly pan and/or adjusted free-surface evaporation rates, mean areal precipitation data, and runoff coefficients in and around the Basin;
► Reservoir regulation manuals and water control operating rules and guidelines from APC, Mobile District USACE, and the Board.
Estimate net reservoir releases from storage and calculate reservoir holdouts based on reservoir elevation;
Compile evaporation and net evaporation data for each reservoir, as appropriate; and
Estimate difference between pre- and post-reservoir net evaporation (evaporation minus precipitation) and runoff.
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BUILDING STRONG®
Streamflow Gap Filling Collection of gaged streamflow records from USGS and Mobile District; Identification of streamflow gaps for each gage; Identification of reference gage(s) and location(s);
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1900 1910
Bankhead
Holt
Oliver (Northport)
Sipsey
Garden City
Falls City
Arley
Smith
Jasper
1960 1970
Manchester
1980 1990 2000 20101920 1930 1940 1950
Cordova
Cleveland
Trafford
Sayre
BUILDING STRONG®
Streamflow Filling - continue
Time shifting or hydrologic routing and back-routing if necessary for reference gage or target gage;
Establish correlation between reference gage or target gage by using following statistical methods:
► Maintenance of variance extension Type 2 (MOVE2)► Ordinary least-square regression► Multiple linear regression► Power equation► Drainage area ratio
Compare correlation results by different reference gages and different methods and select most suitable reference gage and method for gap filling.
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Observed
Observed
Concurrent period
Date 1
Date 2
Date 3
Observed
Extended period
Period to be filled
BUILDING STRONG®
Flow Routing - Muskingum Routing Equation
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Equation:
O2 = C1 I2 + C2 I1 + C3 O1
Where
O = rate of outflow from the routing reach(cfs)
I = rate of inflow in the routing reach(cfs)
K = travel time of the floodwave through the reach (hours)
X = dimentionless weighting factor
BUILDING STRONG®
Developing Muskingum K and X
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Estimate travel time K from upstream and downstream hydrographs. With estimated K, assume a value of X (calibration parameter). Route observed upstream hydrographs to the downstream gaged-
location Compare routed result to the downstream observed hydrograph.
Routed hydrograph should contained within observed downstream hydrograph.
The difference between two hydrographs is an estimate of the local inflow
Flow
Local Inflow
Time
X=0.0 X=0.5
Inflow
Flow
BUILDING STRONG®
Muskingum Routing Parameters
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Black Warrior River Travel TimesRouting Locations Travel Time Distance
From to hours milesCleveland Trafford 10-12 29.2Trafford Sayre 11-14 31.2Sayre Bankhead 18-25 49.5Manchester Cordova 6-12 26.3Smith Lake Cordova 6-12 27.5Garden City Cordova 12-18 45.3Cordova Bankhead 16-20 49Bankhead Holt <7 18.9Holt Oliver <6 9.3
Black Warrior River Muskingum Routing K and XRouting Locations Travel Time K X
From to hoursCleveland Trafford 12 0Trafford Sayre 13 0.07Sayre Bankhead 20 0.2Manchester Cordova 12 0Smith Lake Cordova 12 0Garden City Cordova 16 0.2Cordova Bankhead 18 0.2Bankhead Holt No routingHolt Oliver No routing
BUILDING STRONG®
Unimpaired Flow Derivation
Calculation of local (reach) incremental flows for the selected POR:
► Subtract routed upstream node cumulative filled/routed flows from adjacent downstream node cumulative filled/routed flows
Calculation of local (reach) incremental unimpaired flows for the selected POR:
► Add reach-aggregated net water use► Add net reach-aggregated reservoir effects not included in filling and routing computations, if
applicable
Calculation of cumulative unimpaired flows for the selected POR:
► Route UIF in upstream node to downstream node and combine local UIF
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BUILDING STRONG®
Unimpaired Flow Adjustment
Smoothing of unimpaired flows► 3-day, 5 day and 7-day smoothing
Adjustments to local unimpaired flows:► Removal of negative incremental flows:
• A volumetric technique will be employed for localized elimination of negative local flows by variable-duration centered moving averaging of adjacent time-step flows until a non-negative result is achieved, with no alteration of flow volume over the averaging period.
• Monthly mean flow volume adjustment• Annual mean flow volume adjustment• Period of record (POR) mean flow volume adjustment
► Unimpaired flow consistency checking and quality control:• Manual observed data adjustments• Observed and unimpaired flow-duration analysis• Single and double mass analysis• Trend analysis
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BUILDING STRONG®
Summary
Incremental and cumulative unimpaired flows were developed for Black Warrior River Basin above Oliver L&D;
Development process included streamflow gap filling and routing, water use inventory and historical water use hindcasting, reservoir effect calculation, local incremental flow and unimpaired flow and cumulative unimpaired flow calculation;
Smoothing and adjustments were implemented to reduce or remove negative incremental flows;
QA/QC was implemented to ensure unimpaired flow consistency and quality control
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BUILDING STRONG®
Thanks
Birmingham Water Works Board (BWWB) for their full supports ARCADIS Inc. – discussions and quality control Alabama Office of Water Resources – Water withdrawal data EPA – waster water discharge(return) data Alabama Dept. of Environmental Management (ADEM) - waster water
discharge(return) data
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BUILDING STRONG®
Questions?
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