US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center

Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System Model April 1982 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-84

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to the Department of Defense, Executive Services and Communications Directorate (0704-0188). Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) April 1982

2. REPORT TYPE Technical Paper

3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

5b. GRANT NUMBER

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System Model

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) Bill S. Eichert, Arthur F. Pabst

5F. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER TP-84

10. SPONSOR/ MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 11. SPONSOR/ MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at ASCE National Convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, 25-30 April 1982. 14. ABSTRACT A comprehensive series of interconnected computer models are described which assist water control managers in operating reservoir systems during real-time flood emergencies. The need for and the desirable features of a transportable comprehensive software systems are presented along with a description of the various computer models developed for this purpose by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the US Army Corps of Engineers. The functions, capabilities and interties of the data management, operation, forecast and display computer modules used in this software system are described and an example application of this system on one of the Corps' reservoir systems is presented. 15. SUBJECT TERMS computers, reservoirs, flood control, floods, models, water control, reservoir regulation, real time, flood forecasting ,flood operations, data management systems, reservoir systems 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT U

b. ABSTRACT U

c. THIS PAGE U

17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU

18. NUMBER OF PAGES 22 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER

Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System Model

April 1982 US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil TP-84

Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published in technical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for distribution with the Corps of Engineers. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

GENERALIZED REAL-TIME FLOOD CONTROL SYSTEM MODEL*

by Bill S. Ei-chert,' M. ASCE and Arthur F. P a b ~ t , ~ M. ASCE

1,. Need for and Scope of Real-Time Water Control System

There were over 325 dams operated for flood control by the U.S. Army Engineers in 1978 with an additional 79 under construction. Included in this number are many multi.purpose dams which the Corps operates for water supply, water quality and hydroelectric generation. The Corps has expended over 10 billion dollars for flood protection over the years and has estimated the savings in damage prevented at over 40 billion dollars. In order to continue operating the flood control systems with reduced manpower resources and reduced funding, the data collection and operation must be automated as much as possible. A very active program has been going on in the Corps for several years to have hydrometeorologi- cal and water resources project data automati.cally collected and transmitted to Corps' computers. Most newly installed systems rely on satellite relays to obtain the data in a cost-effective manner. Many of our Corps offices are now, or within a few years will be, obtaining most of these data in this manner. With the availability of real-time data, considerable improvements can be made in the forecasting and operations work. The intent of this paper is to provide a summary of some of the work being done by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ' Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) in Davis, California, to automate this process by developing a set of generalized computer programs. Since the potential applications for this software may require use on many different computer systems, the software is being designed to maximize the transportability of the code to different computer systems. In that most of the Corps offices, including HEC, currently have Harris 100/500 computers, the developmental programming is taking place on that system, but the code is being designed to maximize transport- ability. Limited machine related code is restricted to a few low-level subroutines that can be provided for other systems as necessary.

Because the software will be applied to many different basins, al.1 of the information about the basin is stored in data files and is not a part of the program code itself.

*Presented a t ASCE National Convention i n L a s Vegas, Nevada, Apr i l 25-30, 1982. ' ~ i r e c t o r , The Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 609 Second S t r e e t , Davis, CA 95616.

2 ~ h i e f , Spec ia l Pro j ec t Branch, The Hydrologic Engineering Center , U . S . Army Corps of Engineers , 609 Second S t r e e t , Davis, CA 9561.6.

2. Overview of Software Components Required

I n o r d e r t o perform rea l - t ime r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n , a r a t h e r comprehensive system of so f tware is r e q u i r e d (see f i g u r e 1). C a p a b i l i t i e s must e x i s t t o a l .1 .o~ t h e fol lowing:

a . Ent ry of d a t a from s a t e l l i t e r e l a y s t a t i o n s , e x i s t i n g d a t a networks, and manual r e p o r t i n g s t a t i . o n s ,

11. Storage and r e , t r i e v a l of d a t a ,

c. Screening, prel imi.nary process ing , e d i t i n g , a r c h i v i n g , and t r a n s f e r r i n g of d a t a between u s e r s ,

d. Fo recas t ing of f u t u r e watershed condi . t ions ,

f . Report ing of in format ion i n g r a p h i c a l and t a b u l a r formats , and

g. S ta t i s t ica l /econom. ic /u t - i l i ty func t ions .

The so f tware t h a t i s be ing developed by t h e HEC add res se s each o f t h e s e a r e a s i n vary ing degrees . Data may be e n t e r e d i n s e v e r a l fo rmats t o a l low incoming d a t a t o be s t o r e d i n t h e d a t a s t o r a g e system. I J t i l i . t i e s e x i s t t o copy, rename, e d i t , purge and t r a n s f e r d a t a s t o r e d i n t h e system. The f o r e c a s t i n g of f u t u r e c o n d i t i o n s in t h e watershed i s per- formed by a v e r s i o n o f t h e HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package r e c e n t l y adapted t o m e e t r e a l - t ime f o r e c a s t i n g requirements .

Reservoi r o p e r a t i o n d e c i s i o n s a r e made by t h e HEC-5 Reservoi r Systems Operat ion model ( t i t l e d S imula t ion of Flood Cont ro l and Conservat ion System) which is capable of o p e r a t i n g a system of r e s e r v o i r s w i th m u l t i p l e p r o j e c t purposes.

The g r a p h i c a l and t a b u l a r d i s p l a y of observed, fo re - c a s t e d o r s imula ted r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a i s performed by t h e DSPLAY r o u t i n e . S t a t i s t i c a l , economic and o t h e r u t i l i t y r o u t i n e s a r e be ing developed t o a l l ow f o r e c a s t and p r o j e c t o p e r a t i o n e f f e c t i v e n e s s t o be eva lua ted .

The so f tware s u p e r v i s o r r o u t i n e t h a t p rov ides e n t r y t o t h e v a r i o u s components i s e n t i t l e d System Cont ro l (SYSCON). I n SYSCON, t h e u s e r s p e c i f i e s t h e b a s i n under a n a l y s i s and t h e d e s i r e d f o r e c a s t t i m e . From SYSCON t h e u s e r may then g a i n a c c e s s t o each module d e s i r e d . Cont ro l i s t r a n s f e r r e d from one module t o ano the r under d i r e c t i o n of t h e u s e r u n t i l a l l r e q u i r e d t a s k s have been completed.

3 . U s e of Data S torage System

I n o r d e r f o r a l l of t h e sof tware components t o exchange d a t a e f f i c i e n t l y , it i s d e s i r a b l e f o r them t ,o be a b l e t o

r ead and/or w r i t e in format ion i n t o a common d a t a system, The HEC d a t a s t o r a g e system (HEC-DSS) was developed a s h o r t t ime ago t o enab le t h e major HEC a n a l y s i s program t o exchange d a t a w i th one ano the r wh i l e doing p lanning and des ign s t u d i e s . A l o g i c a l ex t ens ion of t h i s has been t h e employment of t h i s same d a t a s t o r a g e system i.n t h e r e a l - t ime environment s i n c e two of t h e major a n a l y s i s programs !HEC-% and HEC-5) were a lso needed for the rea l - t ime a p p l i - c a t i o n ( s e e f i g u r e 2 ) . The b a s i c concept of t h e HEC-DSS i s t o s t o r e d a t a i n a p rede f ined format and provide s u f f i - c e n t in format ion a long wi th t h e d a t a t o adequa te ly d e s c r i b e it. Thus, t h e d a t a r e t a i n s an i d e n t i t y a p a r t from t h e p a r t i c u l a r program t h a t wrote it o r expec t s t o read it. For example, f o r s t anda rd r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l t ime s e r i e s d a t a , t h e name of t h e d a t a record ( c a l l e d t h e "pathname") c o n t a i n s i d e n t i f y i n g in format ion a s fo l lows :

Pathname P a r t Example ---- a. P r o j e c t name SCIOTO BASIN

b. Locat ion DELAWARE RESERVOIR

c . Type of d a t a FLOW-RES OUT

d. S t a r t i n g d a t a 01JAN1982

e. T i m e in t . e rva l . 3HOUR

f . P l an o r v e r s i o n 0900RF+PRE-RELEASE

I n a d d i t i o n , "header" informati.on i s a l s o t r a n s f e r r e d c o n t a i n i n g d a t a u n i t s and any o t h e r in format ion t h a t might be d e s i r a b l e .

4. U s e r I n t e r f a c e s

A primary concern i n t h e development o f a real-time system is i t s e a s e of use. Po te r l t i a l u s e r s should not be r e q u i r e d t o be computer s p e c i a l i s t s , e x p e r t t y p i s t s , o r pos ses s o t h e r s p e c i a l s k i l l s . The system has been designed t o prov ide human-oriented i n t e r f a c e s between t h e u s e r and t h e programs i n o r d e r t o f a c i l i . t a t e i t s use . Commands t o t h e system may be ent.ered through any i n t e r a c t i v e keyboard t e rmina l . Even though commands have been s t r u c t u r e d f o r e f f i c i e n t e n t r y , t yp ing and r e p e t i t i v e e n t r y of d a t a can be a burden on t h e u se r . To e l i m i n a t e t h i s burden, s e v e r a l enhanced u s e r i n t e r f a c e s a r e provided. A s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o keyboard i n p u t , t h e u s e r may s e l e c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e command from a command l i s t o r menu. The s e l e c t i o n i s made by simply p o i n t i n g t o t h e d e s i r e d e n t r y on a g raph ic s t a b l e t . For example, by p o i n t i n g a t c e r t a i n a r e a s of menus, d a t a can be d i s p l a y e d , f o r e c a s t s and r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n s can be performed and then reana lyzed wi th a l t e r n a t i v e c o n d i t i o n s cons idered . The r e s u l t s of such system o p e r a t i o n s can be d i sp l ayed i n e i t h e r t a b u l a r o r g r a p h i c a l form.

Other enhanced i . n t e r f aces a v a i l a b l e t o e i t h e r t h e key- board o r t h e menu u s e r a r e func t ion c h a r a c t e r s and macro procedures . The func t ion c h a r a c t e r c a p a b i l i t y a l lows any c h a r a c t e r ( le t te r , number o r s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r ) t o be re- de f ined t o mean one o r more c h a r a c t e r s . For example, t h e pound s i g n # could be r ede f ined t:o mean an e n t i r e command of perhaps 1 0 t o 20 c h a r a c t e r s . The macro procedure capa- b i i i . t y a l lows a s e r i e s of commands t o be s t o r e d and invoked by a s i n g l e command.

When menus, f u n c t i o n s and macros a r e p rope r ly imple- mented, t h e wate r c o n t r o l u s e r may d i r e c t t h e complex p roces s ing and d i s p l a y of in format ion wi th comparative ease . Those c a p a b i l i t i e s r e q u i r i n g g raph ic s i n p u t ( i . e . , menus) and g raph ic s o u t p u t a r e , o f cou r se , l i m i t e d t o t e r m i n a l s suppor t ing those f e a t u r e s . A l l o t h e r c a p a b i l i t i e s ( i . e . , f u n c t i o n s and macros) a r e a v a i l a b l e t o any i n t e r a c t i v e t e rmina l .

Where g r a p h i c a l i n p u t i s ava . i l ab le , i t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t o i npu t d a t a , such a s a d i scha rge hydroyraph of d e s i r e d r e s e r v o i r r e l e a s e s , by simply ske t ch ing it on t h e i n p u t t a b l e t .

5. Fo recas t ing Methodology

The f o r e c a s t i n g r o u t i n e s a r e one of t h e key e lements of t h e so f tware package and must be executed be fo re t h e opera- t i o n s module.

Fo recas t s a r e r equ i r ed by t h e o p e r a t i o n s model f o r a l l r e s e r v o i r in f lows and f o r a l l uncon t ro l l ed l o c a l flow l o c a t i o n s ( t h o s e a r e a s which are below r e s e r v o i r s and above damage c e n t e r s ) . The f o r e c a s t r o u t i n e s u t i l i z e r ea l - t ime in format ion conta ined i n t h e d a t a base , p l u s d a t a f i l e s f o r t h e f o r e c a s t models d e s c r i b i n g each i n d i v i d u a l bas in . The f o r e c a s t e r w i l l e v e n t u a l l y he a b l e t o s e l e c t t h e p a r t i c u l a r f o r e c a s t model he wishes t o use f o r each f o r e c a s t l .ocation. Models t o be made a v a i l a b l e may inc lude t h e s imple runof f ex t ens ion , r e c e s s i o n and r o u t i n g techniques a v a i l a b l e i n H E C ' s "FORCST" model, t h e "HEC-1" s i n g l e even t f o r e c a s t o p t i m i z a t i o n model, t h e North P a c i f i c D i v i s i o n ' s cont inuous e v e n t model ("SSARR"), and t h e Na t iona l Weather S e r v i c e ' s r ea l - t ime cont inuous even t model "CHAT." Cur ren t ly , t h e HEC-1 model is t h e on ly f o r e c a s t submodule i n t e r f a c e d t-o t h e system. This s i n g l e even t model r e l i e s on e i t h e r an o p t i m i z a t i o n p roces s o r u s e r i n p u t t o d e f i n e b a s i n para- m e t e r s . A t t h e beginning of t h e s torm, u s e r i n p u t o r d e f a u l t va lues a r e used. A s t h e s torm p rog res se s , t h e observed and computed runof f a r e compared f o r v a r i o u s parameters u n t i l a b e s t - f i t is ob ta ined . The opt imized parameters a r e t hen a p p l i e d t o t h e observed and/or f o r e - c a s t e d r a i n f a l l t o de te rmine t h e c a l c u l a t e d f o r e c a s t (see f i g u r e 3 ) . When t h e f o r e c a s t f lows do n o t agree wi th t h e la tes t observed f lows , t h e e n t i r e hydrograph is blended

s o t h a t t h e f o r e c a s t co inc ides w i th t h e most c u r r e n t observed d a t a . The f o r e c a s t s a r e ob ta ined by us ing an i n t e r a c t i v e preprocessor t h a t e d i t s d a t a i n t e r a c t i v e l y and submits an HEC-1 job t o execute i n a ba t ch mode us ing model d a t a f i l e s . A s de sc r ibed e a r l i e r , t h e p roces s of e d i t i n g , execu t ing and d i s p l a y i n g f o r e c a s t d a t a may be accomplished us ing t h e a p p r o p r i a t e menu and g raph ic s t a b l e t .

6 . Reserv0i.r Operat ion I4et.hodol.ogy

The computation of r e s e r v o i r r e l e a s e s i s made by t h e HEC-5 model "Simulat ion of Flood Control and Conservati.on Systems." Data f i l e s f o r HEC-5 a r e used t o s t o r e r e s e r v o i r c o n f i g u r a t i o n , r e s e r v o i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and o p e r a t i n g c r i t e r i a f o r each bas in . Fo recas t s of infLows and l o c a l f lows needed t o determine t h e r e s e r v o i r r e l e a s e s are ob ta in - ed from t h e HEC-DSS af ter t h e f o r e c a s t r o u t i n e s have been executed. Real-time d a t a r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e system o p e r a t i o n du r ing t h e l as t few p e r i o d s can a l s o be taken from t h e DSS f i l e s t o p rov ide a cont inuous d i s p l a y of o p e r a t i o n r e s u l t s . The HEC-5 r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n program i s executed i n ba t ch mode i n i t i a t e d by t h e i n t e r a c t i v e HEC-5 PREOP package. The PREOP package a l s o a l lows i n t e r a c t i v e changes t o be made i n t h e system o p e r a t i o n s c r i t e r i a be fo re t h e HEC-5 execut ion . Like t h e FORCST model, t h e o p e r a t i o n s r o u t i n e s can be executed from any i n t e r a c t i v e t e r m i n a l o r by use of a menu which has been set up f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r b a s i n . F igure 4 shows t h e o p e r a t i o n s menu f o r t h e S c i o t o River Basin f o r t h e Corps of Engineers Huntington D i s t r i c t o f f i c e . The menu a l lows t h e u s e r t o change o p e r a t i o n a l parameters , u s ing t h e PREOP package, by touching d e s c r i p t i v e boxes on t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e menu (under "RES OP") . A f t e r t h e system has been opera ted by HEC-5, and t h e model o u t p u t has been s t o r e d on HEC-DSS, t h e o p e r a t i o n r e s u l t s f o r any r e s e r v o i r o r c o n t r o l p o i n t can be d i sp l ayed on a g r a p h i c s dev ice by touching b locks on t h e r ight . s i d e of t h e menu. User designed t a b u l a r d i s p l a y s , up t o seven columns wide, can be d i sp l ayed a s w e l l a s g r a p h i c a l p l o t s of up t o f o u r d i f f e r e n t curves us ing m u l t i p l e v e r t i c a l axes such a s f low and l e v e l ( i n d i c a t i o n of pe rcen t s t o r a g e i n v a r i o u s poo l s ) a s shown on f i g u r e 5. The r e s e r v o i r r e l e a s e s determined by HEC-5 and shown a s FLOW-RES OUT on f i g u r e 5 can be over r idden by t h e u s e r through t h e DSPLAY package by e n t e r i n g d e s i r e d outf low o r d i n a t e s through an i n t e r a c t i v e t e r m i n a l o r by c r o s s h a i r s on a g r a p h i c s t e rmina l o r by a g r a p h i c s pen on a g raph ic s t a b l e t . Once t h e d e s i r e d r e l e a s e s have been s p e c i f i e d f o r t h e s e l e c t e d t ime p e r i o d s , t h e HEC-5 model can aga in be executed and t h e r e s u l t s d i sp l ayed f o r e i t h e r o r both of t h e opexa t ions .

7. Appl ica t ion of Syst,em t o I n d i v i d u a l Basins

S ince t h e system so f tware has been developed a s a gene ra l i zed package o f programs, t h e system can be used on any system of f l ood c o n t r o l r e s e r v o i r s a s long a s t h e

generalized forecast and operation models have the capabil- ities, or are modified, to satisfy the types of operational parameters that. are important for that basin. All of the information necessary to describe a particular basin is contained in an input file for each a~ialysis program. Data files can be easily created or modified to reflect different systems or different operational or forecasting criteria. The functions, macros and menus used for a basin are defined in data files which can be easily and quickly modified.

In order to apply this system to a particular basin, input files for the forecast and operation models must be prepared to represent the site specific information. The forecast model would require data on the routing and combin- ing operations, as well as unit hydrograph and loss rate parameters. The model would have to be calibrated on several historical floods to determine reasonable parameters and evaluate how forecasts at various points in time during the flood would compare with the observed flood hydrographs. This effort is not a trivial. task, however, it is extremely important in order to get reasonable results from the system. The operations model data file would also contain routing criteria, as well as reservoir storage allocation, outflow, capacity, elevation and surface area curves. In addition, system operational parameters and nondamaging channel capacities would be required. After the basic data are assembled, several flood events should be simulated with the model to see if the operational performance is reasonable when using historical data. After a reasonable operation can be obtained using hi.storica1 flows, the operational model shou1.d be executed using the forecasts of past historical flood events for progressive time steps through each flood event.

Prior to, or during, the time when the basic analysis models are calibrated, the data storage system needs to be defined and linked with the automatic data collection system and with any manual data entry procedures. The last step then would be to develop any functions, macros and menus that might enhance user ease in modifying data, executing programs and displaying data.

8. Remaining Work on System Software

While the basic components of the system have been developed and tested on historical data for one basin, and have been demonstrated during a two-week HEC course on Real-Time Water Control (1-12 February 1982), much work remains in implementing the system. The initial real-time use of the system is scheduled for April 1982 on the upper part of the Scioto Basin for the Huntington District, Corps of Engineers, where forecasting procedures have been tested. Three of the largest pieces of software are essentially completed now that the HEC-1 (forecast version), HEC-5 and DSPLAY modules are operational with the data storage system.

I n t e r a c t i v e p rep roces so r s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e t o i n t e r f a c e t o both HEC-1 and HEC-5. However, t h e d e s i r e d a l t e r n a t i v e f o r e c a s t procedures a v a i l a b l e t.hrough t h e SSARR and NWS models a r e planned t o be implemented a t a l a t e r d a t e . Many of t h e d a t a e n t r y , d a t a maintenance and HEC-DSS u t i l i t y r o u t i n e s a r e s t i l l on ly o p e r a t i o n a l f o r some of t h e more b a s i c app1ic:ations. The l a r g e s t amount of work remaining i s on t h e Data Va l ida t ion r o u t i n e which w i l l s c r een a l l incoming d a t a f o r obvious e r r o r s , r e p o r t problems and c o r r e c t t hose where p o s s i b l e . This work is scheduled t o s t a r t i n June 1982 and w i l l t a k e about one yea r . A g e n e r a l i z e d e r r o r a n a l y s i s r o u t i n e f o r f o r e c a s t s has n o t been i n i t i a t e d y e t , b u t i s c u r r e n t l y p a r t i a l l y a v a i l a b l e through t h e HEC-1 model. While t h e DSPLAY r o u t i n e i s e s s e n t i a l l y complete f o r d i s p l a y i n g t ime s e r i e s d a t a , non- time s e r i e s d a t a c a p a b i l i t i e s need t o be developed. I n a d d i t i o n , it i s d e s i r e d t o p rov ide a s p a t i a l d i s p l a y of r a i n f a l l , t empera ture and o t h e r parameters over a map out- l i n e of t h e b a s i n , I n t e r f a c e s of HEC-DSS t o o t h e r d a t a bases such a s TOTAL, System 2 0 0 0 , and CROHMS (used by t h e North P a c i f i c D iv i s ion , Corps of Engineers , and o t h e r s ) t h a t may be d e s i r e d by Corps o f f i c e s have not been accomplished.

Whi.1.e t h e system w a s b u i l t i n a machine-hdependent manner by us ing FORTRAN 7 7 code where p o s s i b l e , t h e t , rans- p o r t a b i l i t y of t h e system ha.s n o t been v a l i d a t e d t o d a t e .

I t i s a n t . i c i p a t e d t h a t withi .n a yea r t h i s system w i l . 1 . be ful.1.y o p e r a t i o n a l on t h r e e o r f o u r b a s i n s i n t h e United S t a t e s . I n i t , i a l , e f f o r t s on t h e T r i n i t y River i n Texas arld t h e S c i o t o Basin i n Ohio w i l l provi.de t h e necessary exper ience t o make t h i s system easy t o t r a n s p o r t t o o t h e r f l o o d cont.rol . s y s t e m s . 9. An t i c ipa t ed Use of Software

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has approximately 50 o f f i c e s involved i n r ea l - t ime f lood c o n t r o l a c t i v i t i e s cover ing perhaps 250 b a s i n s . Each of t h e s e o f f i c e s a r e autonomous and develop o r use developed by o t h e r s a t t h e i r own d i s c r e t i o n . Many Corps o f f i c e s have expressed a s t r o n g d e s i r e t o have t h i s system, a long wi th some l o c a l l y developed programs, implemented f o r t h e i r use.

There a r e a l s o non-Corps o f f i c e s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n f l ood c o n t r o l a c t i v i t i e s , i nc lud ing o t h e r f e d e r a l agenc ie s , such a s t h e Bureau of Reclamation, s t a t e agenc ie s and l o c a l governments. One such o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e S a l t River P r o j e c t i n Arizona, i s c u r r e n t l y u s ing an e a r l i e r , more l i m i t e d v e r s i o n of t h i s system. W e a r e hopefu l t h a t a t l e a s t 50 b a s i n s i n t h e United S t a t e s w i l l be adapted t o t h i s system of so f tware i n t h e n e x t 1 0 yea r s .

DA

TA

SY

ST

EM

w

DA

TA

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

MO

DU

LE

u

1

RE

AL

TIM

E W

AT

ER

I

CO

NT

RO

L M

OD

UL

E

u

FO

RE

CA

ST

O

PE

RA

TIO

NS

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

A

NA

LY

SIS

S

UB

MO

DU

LE

S

UB

MO

DU

LE

S

UB

MO

DU

LE

UO

MO

DU

LE

S

UB

MO

DU

LE

TR

OL

IN

TE

RF

AC

E

US

ER

AT

INT

ER

AC

TIV

E T

ER

MIN

AL

HEC DATA STORAGE SYSTEM

APPLICATION PROGRAMS UTILITY PROGRAMS

I

HEC-I 8. LIST I ENTER ]

DATA Q -4 PURGE I

STORAGE

SYSTEM

c PLOT 1

I-'

I-'

TIf

lE S

ER

IES

WO

RTH

INC

TON

CClR

D FI

EL

DS

CHIL

LICO

THE

Figure 5

REFERENCES

1. Hydrologic Engineer ing Center , "HEC-5, S imula t ion o f Flood Cont ro l and Conservati.on Systems," Users Manual,, June, 1979.

2. Hydrologic Engineer ing Cente r , "HEC-1, Flood Hydrograph Package," Users Manual, September, 1981.

3 . US Army Engineer Div is ion , North P a c i f i c , "Streamflow Sny thes i s and Reservoi r Regulat ion (SSARR) , " Program Desc r ip t ion and TJser Manual, September, 1972 ( r e v i s e d June, 1975) .

4 . E i c h e r t , B. S . , P e t e r s , J. C . , and Pabs t , Arthur F . , "Techniques f o r Real-Time Operat ion of Flood Cont ro l Reservoi r s i n t h e Merrimack River Basin ," Technica l Paper No. 45, Hydrologic Engineer ing Cente r , November, 1975.

5. Nat iona l Weather Se rv i ce , "Improvement of Hydrologic Simulat ion by U t i l i z i n g Observed Discharge a s an I n d i r e c t Input (Computed Hydrograph Adjustment Technique - CHAT," NOAA Technica l Memorandum NWS HYDRO-38, February, 1979.

6. Feldman, A. D., E ly , P. B . , Goldman, D. M , , "The N e w HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package," Technica l Paper No. 8 2 , Hydro l o g i c Engineer ing Cente r , May 1981,

Technical Paper Series TP-1 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow TP-2 Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic

Engineering TP-3 Methods of Determination of Safe Yield and

Compensation Water from Storage Reservoirs TP-4 Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System TP-5 Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers TP-6 Simulation of Daily Streamflow TP-7 Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow

Augmentation TP-8 Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A

Pilot Study TP-9 Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System

Accomplishments TP-10 Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis TP-11 Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles TP-12 Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream

System TP-13 Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic

Design TP-14 Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir

Yields TP-15 Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application TP-16 A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling

Techniques TP-17 Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional

Water Resources Planning TP-18 Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region TP-19 Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams TP-20 Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges TP-21 An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis TP-22 A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid

Flow in Variably Saturated Porous Media TP-23 Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning TP-24 Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems TP-25 Status of Water Resource System Analysis TP-26 System Relationships for Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-27 System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-28 Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources

System TP-29 Computer Application in Continuing Education TP-30 Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability TP-31 Development of System Operation Rules for an

Existing System by Simulation TP-32 Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System

Simulation TP-33 System Simulation of Integrated Use of

Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation TP-34 Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a

Multipurpose Reservoir TP-35 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River

Hydraulic Analysis TP-36 Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan TP-37 Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at

Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes TP-38 Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

TP-39 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in Design Studies

TP-40 Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control Planning

TP-41 HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formulation and Evaluation

TP-42 Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems TP-43 Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood

Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems TP-44 Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System

Analysis TP-45 Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood

Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin TP-46 Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures TP-47 Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial

Data Management Techniques TP-48 Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus

Urbanization TP-49 Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information

on Hydrological Models TP-50 Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to

Sedimentation TP-51 Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems

Analysis: A Case Study TP-52 Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water

Models TP-53 Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow

Models Using Finite Element Techniques TP-54 Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for

Urbanization TP-55 The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data

Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers TP-56 Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Center

in Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water Resource Computer Models

TP-57 Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data Management Techniques

TP-58 A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in Metropolitan Master Planning

TP-59 Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban Watershed

TP-60 Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage

TP-61 Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning TP-62 Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency

Analysis TP-63 HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation TP-64 Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an

Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study TP-65 Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning TP-66 Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer

Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

TP-67 Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using LANDSAT

TP-68 Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning TP-69 Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific

Energy Using the Parabolic Method

TP-70 Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model

TP-71 Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models

TP-72 Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality

TP-73 Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM TP-74 Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model TP-75 HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis TP-76 Institutional Support of Water Resource Models TP-77 Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban

Hydrology Techniques TP-78 Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing

Hydroelectric Plants TP-79 Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood

Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs

TP-80 Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis of Power Potential at Storage Projects

TP-81 Data Management Systems of Water Resources Planning

TP-82 The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package TP-83 River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality

Modeling Capability TP-84 Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System

Model TP-85 Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn

Reservoir TP-86 Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic

Engineering Center Program TP-87 Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models TP-88 Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality

Control TP-89 A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time

Water Control Decisions TP-90 Calibration, Verification and Application of a Two-

Dimensional Flow Model TP-91 HEC Software Development and Support TP-92 Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models TP-93 Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood

Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Computer Program

TP-94 Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model TP-95 Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in

HEC-1 TP-96 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in

Nonstructural Planning TP-97 Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project

on a Meandering Stream TP-98 Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution

in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience

TP-99 Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality TP-100 Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern

United States TP-101 Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply

Analysis TP-102 Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6 TP-103 Engineering and Economic Considerations in

Formulating TP-104 Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water

Quality

TP-105 Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify Aquatic Habitat

TP-106 Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F TP-107 Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity

Expansion TP-108 Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional

Flow Modeling TP-109 One-Dimensional Model for Mud Flows TP-110 Subdivision Froude Number TP-111 HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling TP-112 New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood

Control TP-113 Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems

for Water Quality TP-114 Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles -

Executive Summary TP-115 Application of Spatial-Data Management

Techniques in Corps Planning TP-116 The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling TP-117 HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the

Microcomputer TP-118 Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the

Monongahela River Basin TP-119 Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC TP-120 Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models TP-121 Development, Calibration and Application of

Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River Basin

TP-122 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data

TP-123 Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Reservoir Analysis Model

TP-124 Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems

TP-125 An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage Analysis

TP-126 The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities: The Case of Reservoirs

TP-127 Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration TP-128 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling TP-129 Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program

HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs"

TP-130 Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans

TP-131 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning - Preparedness Programs

TP-132 Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer Programs

TP-133 Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins TP-134 Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total

Probability Theorem TP-135 A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing

Method for Drainage Networks TP-136 Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model -

Missouri River System Application TP-137 A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir

System Analysis TP-138 The HEC NexGen Software Development Project TP-139 Issues for Applications Developers TP-140 HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program TP-141 HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis

TP-142 Systems Analysis Applications at the Hydrologic Engineering Center

TP-143 Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds

TP-144 Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic Modeling

TP-145 Application of Rainfall-Runoff Simulation for Flood Forecasting

TP-146 Application of the HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model in the Columbia River Systems

TP-147 HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) TP-148 HEC-6: Reservoir Sediment Control Applications TP-149 The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS):

Design and Development Issues TP-150 The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System TP-151 Bridge Hydraulic Analysis with HEC-RAS TP-152 Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with

Stream Channel Sediment Models

TP-153 Risk-Based Analysis for Corps Flood Project Studies - A Status Report

TP-154 Modeling Water-Resource Systems for Water Quality Management

TP-155 Runoff simulation Using Radar Rainfall Data TP-156 Status of HEC Next Generation Software

Development TP-157 Unsteady Flow Model for Forecasting Missouri and

Mississippi Rivers TP-158 Corps Water Management System (CWMS) TP-159 Some History and Hydrology of the Panama Canal TP-160 Application of Risk-Based Analysis to Planning

Reservoir and Levee Flood Damage Reduction Systems

TP-161 Corps Water Management System - Capabilities and Implementation Status