Urbanization in Southeast Asia and bangladesh

8/11/2019 Urbanization in Southeast Asia and bangladesh

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Urbanization in Southeast Asia

Concepts, Processes and Comparisons


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Nature of Urbanization in Development

Process

Development inevitably entails an increase inurbanization- why?

Because by and large impetus for economicgrowth lies in the cities

Urban populations are capital accumulatingwhereas rural populations are capital consuming

Search for regularities in urban systems hasrevealed several important distinctions


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Urbanization Distinctions Between DCs and

LDCs

Urbanization began earlier in the DCs and by1900 a reduction in mortality occurred as well asa reduction in birth rates

In the LDCs urbanization began later

Urban mortality lower than in rural areas; thendeclining urban mortality but high birth rates

Stronger surge of in-migration compared toDCs; industrialization lags behind urban growth


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World Urban Population


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Patterns of Urbanization

Distinction between DC and LDC is 75 percentversus 40 percent urban

However striking variations exist across theLDCs in proportion of urban population

Sub-Saharan Africa 30%; Latin America &

Caribbean 75%; Asia (excl China) 30% Yet South Africa 50%, North Africa 45% and

East Africa 20%

Central America 68% and South America 79% West Asia 62% and Southeast Asia 38%

Why these variations in levels of urbanization?


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Urban Pattern in Southeast Asia


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Levels of Urbanization in Southeast Asia

Country Population Urban 90-95 00-05

Southeast Asia 548 mil 38% 3.83 3.44

Cambodia 13.1 16 4.19 4.30

East Timor .8 8

Indonesia 219 42 3.96 3.24

Laos 5.8 19 5.45 4.77

Malaysia 25.6 62 3.87 2.77

Myanmar 50.1 28 3.21 3.84

Philippines 83.7 48 3.71 3.32

Singapore 4.2 100

Thailand 63.8 31 4.02 3.70

Vietnam 81.5 25 4.16 4.38


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Southeast Asian Cities Growth

City 1960 1980 2000 60-00 % Growth

Jakarta .3 mil 6.5 12.5 300 %Bandung 1.0 1.8 3.4 240

Surabaya 1.0 1.7 3.2 220

Hanoi .9 2.5 3.4 278HCMC 2.3 3.4 5.0 117

Manila 2.4 5.9 11.5 379

Singapore 1.6 2.4 3.0 87Bangkok 2.3 4.7 10.3 348

KL conb .4 1.3 3.8 850

Yangon 1.0 2.2 4.5 354


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Some Answers to Varying Rates of Urbanization

Is population size related to level of urbanization? Some variation in levels of urbanization simply

produced by varying levels of industrialization

Most important is the stronger tradition of urbanizationin some areas

Especially true of Middle East (the birthplace of cities)and Latin America where Spanish colonialism produceda deeper urban pattern- Philippines

Other areas the weakness of the rural agricultural baseand hostile environment means urban places are moredominant


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Concepts in Urbanization

Urbanization- process which leads to a higherproportion of the total population of an area tolive in cities and towns

Urban growth-absolute or simple growth inthe number of urban dwellers

Urbanism-characteristic way of life of urbandwellers

Exceptional is not so much the increased

proportion of urban growth, but the absolutegrowth of urban population

Rapid growth of cities in the developing worldhas produced several distinctive forms and

processes


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Concepts in Urbanization

Rapid urbanization has been accompanied byexplosive growth of very large cities

Primate cityis used to identify cities thatdominate the urban pattern of their respectivecountries

Such cities are much larger than next largest cityand account for much of the political andeconomic activity as well as services Examples:Bangkok

The growth of such large cities has producedmega-citieswhich exceed 10 million Examples:Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila


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Largest Cities in The World


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Cities Over 5 Million


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Growth of Cities: Real or False Urbanization

The rapid growth of cities has been fueled by

rapid in-migration in addition to natural increase Natural increase and internal migration each

account for 50 percent of urban growth in theLDCs

Must distinguish however between trueurbanizationwhere there is a concurrentexpansion of non-agricultural activities andfalse urbanizationwhere people live in cities

but do not really have fulfilling jobs The latter produces an urban involution

whereby city feeds on itself


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Urban Involution

Rapid urbanization brings chronic un- andunderemployment, over crowding and

inadequate housingwhy not revolutionarymovement?

Contention is that the persistence of intensivetraditional and often rural originated activities

provide a sense of employment These labor intensive activities such as food

vendors and self employed repair occupationsprovide minimum income

Thus the service or tertiary sector of city swellsto accommodate more and more jobless peopleby involution


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Economic Structure of the City

Involution is capacity of service sector to absorb moreand more labor in a finely expressed division of jobs

Two parts: Firm centeredor formaland bazaar or

informaleconomy Firm centered consists of impersonal social institutions,

specialized occupations for productive ends and iscapital intensive

Bazaar economy consists of independent activities ofhighly competitive traders who relate to one anotherthrough complex ad hoc means-very personalized


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Informal or Bazaar economy

Informal-Bazaar economy is the most absorptive

Consist of carefully managed creditrelationships, splitting of risks and sliding prices

Effect is to split trading activities to allow moreto enter the system

Process of involution and absorption ischaracterized by tenacity of basic patterns,

internal ornateness and unending virtuosity-special skills


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Formal versus Informal Sector Activities

Informal- characterized by small scale, easyentry, adapted technology, flexible hours, no setwages and family or local organization

Formal- large scale, more difficult entryrequirements, often imported technology, fixedhours of operation, daily/weekly or monthly

wage, distant ownership or management


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Urban Structures

Core areas of cities, known as Central Business

Districts, were usually of colonial origin Once heart of city activity now often peripheral

Subsidiary cores have cropped up and are

associated with new residential areas Port areas-often the initial site-have now

declined in importance

Squatter settlements often on the fringe Industrial areas have high access arteries

T i l S h A i Ci S


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Typical Southeast Asian City Structure

C U b i i P


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Contemporary Urbanization Process

Desa Kota-- regions ofan intense mixture ofagricultural andnonagricultural activitiesthat often stretch alongcorridors between large

city cores. Literally inIndonesian desa(village)and kota(city). Theseregions were previouslycharacterized by dense

population settlementengaged in agriculture,generally but notexclusively dominated by

wet rice.

Urbanization in Southeast Asia and bangladesh

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