URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

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What is urbanizationWhat is urbanization

It is the growth of cities, brought about It is the growth of cities, brought about by a population shift from rural areas by a population shift from rural areas and small communities to large ones, and small communities to large ones, and the change from a largely and the change from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial agricultural economy to an industrial one. one.

This results in the development of cities This results in the development of cities and towns on formerly agricultural or and towns on formerly agricultural or natural lands.natural lands.

http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/readingrooms/urbanization/

History of UrbanizationHistory of Urbanization Through most of history, the human Through most of history, the human

population has lived a rural lifestyle, population has lived a rural lifestyle, dependent on agriculture and hunting for dependent on agriculture and hunting for survival. survival.

In 1800, only 3 percent of the world's In 1800, only 3 percent of the world's population lived in population lived in urbanurban areas. areas.

By 1900, almost 14 percent were urbanites, By 1900, almost 14 percent were urbanites, although only 12 cities had 1 million or more although only 12 cities had 1 million or more inhabitants. inhabitants.

In 1950, 30 percent of the world's population In 1950, 30 percent of the world's population resided in urban centers. The number of cities resided in urban centers. The number of cities with over 1 million people had grown to 83.with over 1 million people had grown to 83.

The world has experienced unprecedented The world has experienced unprecedented urban growth in recent decades. urban growth in recent decades.

In May 2007 for the first time in history over In May 2007 for the first time in history over 50% of the world's population lived in urban 50% of the world's population lived in urban areas.areas.

There are 411 cities over 1 million. There are 411 cities over 1 million. More developed nationsMore developed nations are about 76 percent are about 76 percent

urban, while 40 percent of residents of urban, while 40 percent of residents of less developed countriesless developed countries live in urban areas. live in urban areas.

It is expected that 60 percent of the world It is expected that 60 percent of the world population will be urban by 2030, and that population will be urban by 2030, and that most urban growth will occur in less most urban growth will occur in less developed countries developed countries

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/world/2006/in_depth/world/2006/urbanisation/urbanisation/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/urbanisation/spl/hi/world/06/urbanisation/html/urbanisation.stmhtml/urbanisation.stm

                                  Figure 1Urban and Rural Populations, 1950-2030

                                                                  

Source: UN, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (2004).

                                                                  

Causes of urbanizationCauses of urbanization

A city grows through A city grows through natural increasenatural increase — the excess of — the excess of births over deaths and the in-births over deaths and the in-migration of people from rural areas.migration of people from rural areas.

MDCS and LDCs differ in the way in MDCS and LDCs differ in the way in which urbanization is occurring. which urbanization is occurring.

MDCsMDCs : : During the 19th and early 20th During the 19th and early 20th centuries, urbanization resulted due to centuries, urbanization resulted due to industrialization. industrialization. New job opportunities in the cities encouraged the New job opportunities in the cities encouraged the

mass movement of population away from the mass movement of population away from the countryside.countryside.

At the same time, migrants provided cheap, plentiful At the same time, migrants provided cheap, plentiful labor for the emerging factories. labor for the emerging factories.

High death rates in the cities slowed urban growth. High death rates in the cities slowed urban growth. Cities were unhealthy places because of crowded Cities were unhealthy places because of crowded living conditions, the prevalence of contagious living conditions, the prevalence of contagious diseases, and the lack of sanitation. Until the mid-diseases, and the lack of sanitation. Until the mid-1800s, the number of deaths exceeded births in many 1800s, the number of deaths exceeded births in many large European cities.large European cities.

Migration accounted for as much as 90 percent of Migration accounted for as much as 90 percent of city growth during this periodcity growth during this period

City life 1800sCity life 1800s To remove household waste and garbage, privies, also To remove household waste and garbage, privies, also

known as outhouses, were small wooden sheds that known as outhouses, were small wooden sheds that served as a receptacle for human waste. However, served as a receptacle for human waste. However, privies tended to leak their contents into the rear privies tended to leak their contents into the rear yards, where the household well was also located, yards, where the household well was also located, thereby contaminating the water supply. To remedy the thereby contaminating the water supply. To remedy the problem, Newark employed scavengers who drove their problem, Newark employed scavengers who drove their wagons through the city during the middle of the night wagons through the city during the middle of the night and removed the contents of the privies. The “night and removed the contents of the privies. The “night soil” from the privies was carted to farms on the soil” from the privies was carted to farms on the outskirts of the city, but this only worsened the outskirts of the city, but this only worsened the problem as waste spilled onto streets from their problem as waste spilled onto streets from their uncovered wagons, garbage was dumped in vacant lots uncovered wagons, garbage was dumped in vacant lots and the outlying districts were neglected.and the outlying districts were neglected.

Meanwhile, living conditions deteriorated. Pigs Meanwhile, living conditions deteriorated. Pigs roamed the streets in search of garbage, animal roamed the streets in search of garbage, animal carcasses littered the streets, and the waterways that carcasses littered the streets, and the waterways that traversed the city carried away household wastes in traversed the city carried away household wastes in full view for all to see. The poor and immigrant full view for all to see. The poor and immigrant classes lived in dark, wretched tenements without classes lived in dark, wretched tenements without running water or basic sanitary amenities. running water or basic sanitary amenities. Consequently, Newark, like most northeastern cities, Consequently, Newark, like most northeastern cities, was periodically plagued by outbreaks of epidemics. was periodically plagued by outbreaks of epidemics. Infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, yellow Infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, yellow fever, dysentery and small pox claimed thousands of fever, dysentery and small pox claimed thousands of lives, mostly the poor. For years, the medical lives, mostly the poor. For years, the medical profession believed that these infectious diseases profession believed that these infectious diseases were caused by the inhalation of poisonous gases were caused by the inhalation of poisonous gases known as “miasmas-” noxious fumes emanating from known as “miasmas-” noxious fumes emanating from rotting animal and vegetable matter.rotting animal and vegetable matter.

http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/EssexNewarkSehttp://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/EssexNewarkSewer.htmwer.htm

LDCsLDCs

Urbanization in LDCsUrbanization in LDCs Urbanization in most less developed countries in Urbanization in most less developed countries in

the past 50 years contrasts sharply with the the past 50 years contrasts sharply with the experience of the more developed countries. experience of the more developed countries.

Death ratesDeath rates have fallen faster in urban areas have fallen faster in urban areas because of greater access to health services. because of greater access to health services.

Because birth rates are relatively high in most Because birth rates are relatively high in most less developed countries, the rates of natural less developed countries, the rates of natural increase are also quite high in cities. increase are also quite high in cities.

Migration also fuels urban growth in less Migration also fuels urban growth in less developed countries as people leave the developed countries as people leave the countryside in search of better jobs countryside in search of better jobs

Global differences in Global differences in urbanizationurbanization

New York and London are typical of large cities New York and London are typical of large cities in more developed countries that arose in the in more developed countries that arose in the 1800s and early 1900s, reached their current 1800s and early 1900s, reached their current size mid-century, and have since experienced size mid-century, and have since experienced slow growth or decline.slow growth or decline.

Cities in some less developed countries, such Cities in some less developed countries, such as Mexico City, grew very rapidly between as Mexico City, grew very rapidly between 1950 and 1980, and are growing more slowly 1950 and 1980, and are growing more slowly now. now.

Many Asian and African cities, such as Lagos Many Asian and African cities, such as Lagos and Bombay, are experiencing very rapid and Bombay, are experiencing very rapid growth now and are projected to continue at growth now and are projected to continue at this pace. this pace.

Much of urban migration is driven Much of urban migration is driven by rural populations' desire for the by rural populations' desire for the advantages that urban areas offer. advantages that urban areas offer. Urban advantages include greater Urban advantages include greater

opportunities to receive education, opportunities to receive education, health care, and services such as health care, and services such as entertainment. The urban poor have entertainment. The urban poor have less opportunity for education than the less opportunity for education than the urban nonpoor, but still they have more urban nonpoor, but still they have more chance than rural populations. chance than rural populations.

MEGACITIESMEGACITIES

As the population increases, more people will As the population increases, more people will live in large cities. Many people will live in live in large cities. Many people will live in the growing number of cities with over 10 the growing number of cities with over 10 million habitants known as million habitants known as megacitiesmegacities. shows,. shows,

In 1950 just eight cities had populations of 5 In 1950 just eight cities had populations of 5 million or more, two of them in less developed million or more, two of them in less developed countries. countries.

There were 41 megacities in 2000. There were 41 megacities in 2000. By 2015, 59 megacities will exist, 48 in less By 2015, 59 megacities will exist, 48 in less

developed countries. developed countries.

Sao PaoloPhotograph by Stuart Franklinhttp://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0211/feature3/zoom1.html

Urbanization and the Urbanization and the EnvironmentEnvironment

The growth in world population has The growth in world population has an important human-environmental an important human-environmental interaction: While the world's interaction: While the world's population is doubling, the world's population is doubling, the world's urban population is tripling. urban population is tripling.

Within the next few years, more than Within the next few years, more than half the world's population will be half the world's population will be living in urban areasliving in urban areas

Both the increase in and the Both the increase in and the redistribution of the earth's redistribution of the earth's population are likely to affect the population are likely to affect the natural systems of the earth and the natural systems of the earth and the interactions between the urban interactions between the urban environments and populations. environments and populations.

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Urban populations interact with Urban populations interact with their environment. Urban people their environment. Urban people change their environment through change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, their consumption of food, energy, water, and land. And in turn, the water, and land. And in turn, the polluted urban environment affects polluted urban environment affects the health and quality of life of the the health and quality of life of the urban population. urban population.

People who live in urban areas have very People who live in urban areas have very different consumption patterns than residents different consumption patterns than residents in rural areas. in rural areas.

For example, urban populations consume For example, urban populations consume much more food, energy, and durable goods much more food, energy, and durable goods than rural populations. In China during the than rural populations. In China during the 1970s, the urban populations consumed more 1970s, the urban populations consumed more than twice as much pork as the rural than twice as much pork as the rural populations who were raising the pigs. populations who were raising the pigs.

In India where many urban residents are In India where many urban residents are vegetarians, greater prosperity is seen in vegetarians, greater prosperity is seen in higher consumption of milk. higher consumption of milk.

Urban populations not only consume Urban populations not only consume more food, but they also consume more food, but they also consume more durable goods. In the early more durable goods. In the early 1990s, Chinese households in urban 1990s, Chinese households in urban areas were two times more likely to areas were two times more likely to have a TV, eight times more likely to have a TV, eight times more likely to have a washing machine, and 25 have a washing machine, and 25 times more likely to have a times more likely to have a refrigerator than rural. refrigerator than rural.

http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-09/27/content_377978.htm

Energy consumption for electricity, Energy consumption for electricity, transportation, cooking, and heating is transportation, cooking, and heating is much higher in urban areas than in much higher in urban areas than in rural villages. For example, urban rural villages. For example, urban populations have many more cars than populations have many more cars than rural populations per capita. rural populations per capita.

In China the per capita consumption of In China the per capita consumption of coal in towns and cities is over three coal in towns and cities is over three times the consumption in rural areas. times the consumption in rural areas.

Effects on WeatherEffects on Weather Urban consumption of energy helps create heat Urban consumption of energy helps create heat

islands that can change local weather patterns and islands that can change local weather patterns and weather downwind from the heat islands. weather downwind from the heat islands.

The heat island phenomenon is created because The heat island phenomenon is created because cities radiate heat back into the atmosphere at a rate cities radiate heat back into the atmosphere at a rate 15 percent to 30 percent less than rural areas. 15 percent to 30 percent less than rural areas.

The combination of the increased energy The combination of the increased energy consumption and difference in albedo (radiation) consumption and difference in albedo (radiation) means that cities are warmer than rural areas (0.6 to means that cities are warmer than rural areas (0.6 to 1.3 C).16 1.3 C).16

And these And these heat islandsheat islands become traps for atmospheric become traps for atmospheric pollutants. Cloudiness and fog occur with greater pollutants. Cloudiness and fog occur with greater frequency. frequency.

Precipitation is 5 percent to 10 percent higher in Precipitation is 5 percent to 10 percent higher in cities; thunderstorms and hailstorms are much more cities; thunderstorms and hailstorms are much more frequent, but snow days in cities are less common. frequent, but snow days in cities are less common.

White and red are hot, and blue and green are cool. From surface temperature estimates, the white areas are about 60 degrees C (140 degrees F),Dark areas (vegetation) are approximately 29 to 36 degrees C (85-96 degrees F).

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http://eande.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/

Urbanization and HealthUrbanization and Health

Some urban environmental problems include Some urban environmental problems include inadequate water and sanitation, lack of inadequate water and sanitation, lack of rubbish disposal, and industrial rubbish disposal, and industrial

The health implications of these The health implications of these environmental problems include respiratory environmental problems include respiratory infections and other infectious and parasitic infections and other infectious and parasitic diseases.diseases.

Because urban land prices are so high costs Because urban land prices are so high costs for building cleaner public transportation for building cleaner public transportation systems and for building more hospitals and systems and for building more hospitals and clinics are higher in cities.clinics are higher in cities.

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http://newswire.indymedia.org/en/newswire/2004/03/800756.shtml

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Urban air pollution kills more than 5,000 people per year in France

http://www.zapworld.com/about/news/watch_francepollution.asp

CANADACANADA

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