URBANIZATION

or

HOW CITIES GROW Geography 1050The geography of cities

OutlineGlobal patterns of urbanization

Differences in urbanization between MDCs and LDCs

Urbanization and the population question

Urban service provision and urban economies in LDC cities

URBANIZATION & CITIESUrbanization refers to the proportion of people in living in cities.It also refers to the process in which rural populations move to urban areas.Urbanization refers to all of the cities in a country, considered as an urban system.The urban system is the network of individual cities within a region or country.

The World At Night

The United States,The WorldAnd Europe At Night

Urban and Rural Population,Less Developed Countries1950 to 2025

UrbanizationThe urbanization curve is typically logistic or S-shaped

% of population livingin urban areas in major world regions,1950, 1975, 2000 and 2025 ~3X~4X

Sources of UrbanizationThe urban system of a country grows mainly by:

Natural population increase (births deaths)Migration from rural areas (especially in countries with large rural populations)Immigration from other countries (especially in Europe and North America)Reclassification of urban boundaries to encompass formerly rural areas

OutlineGlobal patterns of urbanization

Differences in urbanization between MDCs and LDCs

Urbanization and the population question

Urban service provision and urban economies in LDC cities

Urbanization in MDCs and LDCsMDCsSlow pre-industrial growthRapid industrial growthSlows again once most previously rural populations are in citiesEurope, North America, Australia and Japan, the population is 75% to 80% urban. Canada is 80% urbanized.

LDCsRapid urbanization without proportional industrialization (population growth, land tenure)By 2020 majority of LDC population will live in urban areas of 1 million+By 2020 most megacities of 10 million+ will be in LDCs

UrbanizationThe urbanization curve is typically logistic or S-shapedMDC urbanizationLDC urbanization

Urban Growth is Speeding Up Time required to reach 2 million population:

Rome, Italy 2000 yearsVienna, Austria400 yearsVancouver, B.C.115 yearsShenzhen, China 20 years

Share of World Population Growth Urban and Rural Areas LDCs and MDCs 1950 to 2025Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be almost entirely attributable to sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

Cities with 10 million or more people2015

OutlineGlobal patterns of urbanization

Differences in urbanization between MDCs and LDCs

Urbanization and the population question

Urban service provision and urban economies in LDC cities

Share of World Population Growth Urban and Rural Areas LDCs and MDCs 1950 to 2025Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be almost entirely attributable to sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

Urbanization & the population question Thomas Malthus and MalthusianismI SAID that population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio.

Thomas Malthus. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population

Available at http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/1766-1834

Urbanization & the population questionTimePop.Subsistence

Urbanization & the population question Thomas Malthus and MalthusianismSolution to unchecked population growth: inculcate middle-class values in the lower-classesAdvocated universal sufferage, state-run education

But his analysis of population growth has been used to naturalize the idea of overpopulation as a purely mathematical problem ---> buries struggles for power (politics) in apparently objective language of math. 1766-1834

Urbanization & the population questionSource: Marshall, J. 2005

Urbanization & the population questionSource: Marshall, J. 2005

Urbanization & the population questionSource: Marshall, J. 2005

Urbanization & the population questionSource: Marshall, J. 2005

Urbanization & the population questionwww.pivotlegal.org/pivot/points/DownEast.htm

Urbanization & the population questionhttp://faculty.law.ubc.ca/Pue/grlawsocspring03/Image7.gif