Urbanization and Inequality in Hypertension Diagnosis and Medication in Indonesia

8/20/2019 Urbanization and Inequality in Hypertension Diagnosis and Medication in Indonesia

1/25

GMNJ V`rhjlf Qgpcr Tcrjcs

Srngljzgtj`l glm Jlcqugijty jl Eypcrtclsj`l Mjgfl`sjs

glm Ocmjdgtj`l jl Jlm`lcsjg

Ogttejgs Ecinic]`sejghj Gjzgwg

L`. 332Kglugry >172

Gsjgl Mcvci`poclt Nglh Jlstjtutc


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]ec V`rhjlf Qgpcr scrjcs js g d`ltjlugtj`l `b tec b`rocriy lgocm Mjsdussj`l Qgpcr scrjcs8tec luoncrjlf `b tec pgpcrs d`ltjlucm wjteùt jltcrruptj`l `r deglfc. GMNJ‚s w`rhjlfpgpcrs rcbicdt jljtjgi jmcgs `l g t`pjd glm grc p`stcm `lijlc b`r mjsdussj`l. GMNJ cldùrgfcs

rcgmcrs t` p`st tecjr dòoclts `l tec ogjl pgfc b`r cgde w`rhjlf pgpcr (fjvcl jl tecdjtgtj`l nci`w). Tòc w`rhjlf pgpcrs ogy mcvci`p jlt` `tecr b`ros `b punijdgtj`l.

Tuffcstcm djtgtj`l;

Ecinic, O., glm ]. Gjzgwg. >172. Srngljzgtj`l glm Jlcqugijty jl Eypcrtclsj`l Mjgfl`sjs glmOcmjdgtj`l jl Jlm`lcsjg. GMNJ V`rhjlf Qgpcr 332. ]`hy`; Gsjgl Mcvci`poclt NglhJlstjtutc. Gvgjignic; ettp;//www.gmn.`rf/punijdgtj`ls/urngljzgtj`l-glm-jlcqugijty-eypcrtclsj`l-mjgfl`sjs-glm-ocmjdgtj`l-jlm`lcsjg/

Qicgsc d`ltgdt tec gute`rs b`r jlb`rogtj`l gnùt tejs pgpcr.

Cogji;

Ogttejgs Ecinic; oecinicAgmnj.`rf

]`sejghj Gjzgwg; tgjzgwgAgmnj.`rf

Ogttejgs Ecinic js g rcscgrde bcii`w gt tec Gsjgl Mcvci`poclt Nglh Jlstjtutc (GMNJ).]`sejghj Gjzgwg js g rcscgrde gss`djgtc gt GMNJ.

]ec vjcws cxprcsscm jl tejs pgpcr grc tec vjcws `b tec gute`r glm m` l`t lcdcssgrjiy

rcbicdt tec vjcws `r pìjdjcs `b GMNJ, GMN, jts N`grm `b Mjrcdt`rs, `r tec f`vcrlocltstecy rcprcsclt. GMNJ m`cs l`t fugrgltcc tec gddurgdy `b tec mgtg jldiumcm jl tejs pgpcrglm gddcpts l` rcsp`lsjnjijty b`r gly d`lscqucldcs `b tecjr usc. ]crojlì`fy uscm ogyl`t lcdcssgrjiy nc d`lsjstclt wjte GMN `bbjdjgi tcros.

V`rhjlf pgpcrs grc sunkcdt t` b`rogi rcvjsj`l glm d`rrcdtj`l ncb`rc tecy grc bjlgijzcmglm d`lsjmcrcm punijsecm.

Gsjgl Mcvcì poclt Nglh JlstjtutcHgsuojfgschj Nujimjlf 5B

4->-3 Hgsuojfgschj, Dejy`mg-hu]`hy` 711-2115, Kgpgl

]ci; +57-4-43:4-3311Bgx; +57-4-43:4-3367SÎ; www.gmnj.`rfC-ogji; jlbÀgmnj.`rf

© >172 Gsjgl Mcvci`poclt Nglh Jlstjtutc


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GMNJ V`rhjlf Qgpcr 332 Ecinic glm Gjzgwg

Gnstrgdt

Srngljzgtj`l egs nccl pr`frcssjlf qujdhiy jl Jlm`lcsjg glm tec d`lscqucldcs `l ecgiteglm ecgite jlcqujtjcs grc stjii l`t wcii ulmcrst``m. Jl tejs pgpcr, wc prcsclt lcw copjrjdgicvjmcldc `l tec mjbbcrcldcs jl tec utjijzgtj`l `b ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs nctwccl rurgi glm urnglgrcgs gs wcii gs b`r tec rcspcdtjvc ecgite jlcqujtjcs. Cxpi`jtjlf tec rjde mgtgsct `b tecJlm`lcsjgl Bgojiy Ijbc Turvcy, tejs pgpcr ocgsurcs tec s`dj`cd`lòjd jlcqugijty `b ecgitedgrc utjijzgtj`l b`r tec dgsc `b tec mjgfl`sjs `b eypcrtclsj`l glm jts ocmjdgtj`l. Jl tecJlm`lcsjgl Bgojiy Ijbc Turvcy, gnùt =3% `b gii rcsp`lmclts `vcr tec gfc `b 4: wcrc bùlmt` subbcr brò eypcrtclsj`l (gvcrgfc systìjd ni``m prcssurc ejfecr tegl 7=1). E`wcvcr,o`rc tegl egib `b tec pc`pic wjte eypcrtclsj`l egvc lcvcr nccl mjgfl`scm ny g ecgite dgrcpr`bcssj`lgi, glm `liy g sogii brgdtj`l `b tec pc`pic subbcrjlf brò eypcrtclsj`l grc tghjlfocmjdjlc b`r jt. @ur glgiysjs burtecr se`ws tegt mjgfl`sjs glm ocmjdgtj`l rgtcs grcsjfljbjdgltiy ejfecr jl urngl grcgs tegl jl rurgi grcgs, jopiyjlf tegt urngl grcgs `bbcr ncttcrgddcss t` ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs glm ocmjdjlcs. Dgiduigtjlf d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmjdcs, wc bjlm tegtulmcrmjgfl`sjs `b eypcrtclsj`l js o`rc prcvgiclt go`lf tec p``r glm tejs ecgite jlcqugijtyjs o`rc pr`lùldcm jl rurgi grcgs. B`r tec dgsc `b ocmjdgtj`l, wc grc ulgnic t` mctcdt

str`lf cvjmcldc `b jlcqugijty cjtecr jl rurgi `r urngl grcgs, gs o`st Jlm`lcsjgls wjteeypcrtclsj`l m` l`t tghc ocmjdjlc jrrcspcdtjvc `b tecjr s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus. Bjlgiiy,mcdòp`sjtj`l glgiysjs se`ws tegt tec jlcqugijty jl cmudgtj`l, gddcss t` ecgite dgrcdcltcrs, ijvjlf stglmgrms, glm tec p`sscssj`l `b g tcicvjsj`l dgl cxpigjl g igrfc brgdtj`l `btec jlcqugijty `b mjgfl`sjs glm ocmjdgtj`l.

KCI Digssjbjdgtj`l; J7=, J73, J75


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D`ltclts

7. Jltr`mudtj̀ l .................................................................................................................... =

>. Mgtg ............................................................................................................................... 6

>.7 ]ec Jlm`lcsjgl Bgojiy Ijbc Turvcy ................................................................... 6 >.> Eypcrtclsj`l ..................................................................................................... 5 >.4 Mjgfl`sjs glm Ocmjdgtj`l ............................................................................... 71 >.= ^cfrcssj`l Glgiysjs ....................................................................................... 7>

4. Octe`mì`fy `b tec Ocgsurcoclt `b Jlcqugijty ............................................................ 7=

4.7 ]ec D`ldcltrgtj`l Durvc glm tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx ................................... 7= 4.> Mcdòp`sjtj`l `b tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx ...................................................... 72

=. ^csuits ......................................................................................................................... 76

=.7 D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx ........................................................................................ 76 =.> Mcdòp`sjtj`l ................................................................................................ 75

3. Mjsdussj`l glm D`ldiusj`l .......................................................................................... >1

^cbcrcldcs ......................................................................................................................... >>


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7. JL]^@MSD]J@L

L`ldòouljdgnic mjscgscs sude gs dgrmj`vgsduigr mjscgsc, dgldcr, glm mjgnctcsegvc `vcrtghcl jlbcdtjùs mjscgscs gs tec w`rim‚s icgmjlf dguscs `b o`rtgijty (VE@>174). Ejfe ni``m prcssurc js `lc `b tec o`st wcii-hl`wl dguscs `b ijbc-tercgtcljlfdòpijdgtj`ls sude gs ecgrt gttgdhs, str`hcs, hjmlcy bgjiurc, glm prcogturc o`rtgijty. Gdd`rmjlf t` tec V`rim Ecgite @rfgljzgtj`l (VE@) (>174), eypcrtclsj`l js rcsp`lsjnicb`r gt icgst =3% `b mcgtes muc t` ecgrt mjscgsc glm 37% `b mcgtes muc t` str`hcs. Cvcrycgr, :.= ojiij`l pc`pic mjc grùlm tec w`rim ncdgusc `b dòpijdgtj`ls `b eypcrtclsj`l(Ijo ct gi. >17>) wjte grùlm 51% `b tec mcgtes muc t` dgrmj`vgsduigr mjscgsc`ddurrjlf jl i`w- glm ojmmic-jldòc dùltrjcs (VE@ >174).

Eypcrtclsj`l js dòo`liy hl`wl gs g sjiclt, jlvjsjnic hjiicr ncdgusc jt scimò dguscssyoptòs gt gl cgriy stgfc glm pc`pic grc egrmiy gwgrc `b jts p`ssjnic mglfcr, glmteus tclm t` p`stp`lc ocmjdgi cxgojlgtj`l glm/`r trcgtoclt. E`wcvcr, jt js mglfcrùst` jfl`rc ejfe ni``m prcssurc, gs rgjscm ni``m prcssurc jldrcgscs tec rjsh `b der`ljd

d`lmjtj`ls, glm cgriy mctcdtj`l glm trcgtoclt grc hcy t` rcmudjlf tec rjshs. Jl i`w- glmojmmic-jldòc dùltrjcs, wejde typjdgiiy egvc wcgh ecgite systcos, tec pr`p`rtj`l `bpc`pic we` grc ulmcrmjgfl`scm, ulmcrtrcgtcm, glm ulmcrd`ltrìicm b`r eypcrtclsj`l jsejfecr tegl jl ejfe-jldòc dùltrjcs (VE@ >174).

Eypcrtclsj`l js cpjmcojì`fjdgiiy di`sciy rcigtcm t` ijbcstyic de`jdcs glm jl o`st dgscsprcvcltgnic t` sòc cxtclt `r gt icgst d`ltrìignic ny ocmjdgtj`l. ]ecrcb`rc, pc`picwjte eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`ls seùim rcdcjvc pr`pcr mjgfl`sjs glm scch gmvjdc bròocmjdgi pr`bcssj`lgis ncb`rc jt fcts t`` igtc. Igtc mctcdtj`l `l gddùlt `bulmcrmjgfl`sjs `vcr g i`lf pcrj`m `b tjoc dgl egvc d`lsjmcrgnic lcfgtjvc s`djgi glmcd`lòjd jopgdts `l g dùltry‚s wcibgrc gs wcii gs icgm t` ejfe ocmjdgi d`sts b`rpgtjclts (VE@ >174). ]rcgtoclt d`sts b`r der`ljd d`lmjtj`ls gttrjnutgnic t`

eypcrtclsj`l grc bgr igrfcr tegl prcvcltjvc d`sts `b eypcrtclsj`l. Jb eypcrtclsj`l f`csultrcgtcm b`r ycgrs, jt js o`rc ijhciy t` dgusc dòpijdgtj`ls, wejde dgl oghc dgrmjgdnypgss surfcry glm mjgiysjs lcdcssgry. Tjldc tec cgriy mctcdtj`l `b rgjscm ni``mprcssurc glm tjociy trcgtoclt grc hcy t` rcmudjlf tec rjsh `b ijbc-tercgtcljlf mjscgscs,gddcss t` ocmjdgi scrvjdcs js gs jop`rtglt gs cgriy mctcdtj`l.

]ec rcigtj`lsejp nctwccl eypcrtclsj`l glm s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus egs nccl cxtclsjvciystumjcm. B`r gmvgldcm dùltrjcs, tec ijtcrgturc bjlms str`lf cvjmcldc tegt eypcrtclsj`lmjspr`p`rtj`lgiiy gbbcdts tec p``r. Jl `tecr w`rms, eypcrtclsj`l egs g lcfgtjvcgss`djgtj`l wjte s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus. Dìeùl (7::5) p`jlts ùt tegt => ùt `b 31stumjcs d`vcrjlf gmvgldcm dùltrjcs bjlm i`wcr s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus t` nc d`rrcigtcmwjte g ejfecr pr`ngnjijty `b ncjlf eypcrtclsjvc, wjte g str`lfcr glm o`rc d`lsjstcltrcigtj`lsejp b`r wòcl. G rcdclt stumy ny Rgl mcl Ncrf ct gi. (>174) i``hs gt tecs`dj`cd`lòjd jlcqugijtjcs jl eypcrtclsj`l `b dejimrcl jl Gostcrmgo. ]ec gute`rs bjlmtegt dejimrcl wjte ojm- `r i`w-cmudgtcm o`tecrs wcrc o`rc ijhciy t` egvcprceypcrtclsj`l. B`r i`w- glm ojmmic-jldòc dùltrjcs, tec d`rrcigtj`l js l`t giwgysd`lsjstclt glm mjspigys ectcr`fclcjty. Vecrcgs, Fuiijb`rm, Ogegnjr, glm N`dhc (>11=)bjlm g lcfgtjvc gss`djgtj`l `b systìjd ni``m prcssurc wjte jldrcgsjlf jldòc jl wòcljl ]rjljmgm glm ]`ngf`. Oclmcz ct gi. (>114) rcp`rt b`r tec dgsc `b gmuits jl Kgogjdgtegt rgjscm ni``m prcssurc icvcis wcrc cicvgtcm n`te jl i`w- gs wcii gs ejfe-jldòcfrùps. B`r tec dgsc `b Jlm`lcsjg, Vjt`cigro, Ttrguss, glm Tjh`hj (>11:) wcrc ulgnict` mctcdt g sjfljbjdglt rcigtj`l nctwccl sde`ìjlf ejst`ry glm eypcrtclsj`l. E`wcvcr,Derjstjglj ct gi. (>173) gsscss tec s`dj`cd`lòjd jlcqugijtjcs `b eypcrtclsj`l go`lfwòcl ijvjlf jl ogk`r djtjcs jl Jlm`lcsjg glm se`w tegt cd`lòjdgiiy gmvgltgfcm

wòcl egvc g i`wcr rjsh `b ncjlf eypcrtclsjvc tegl wòcl wjte g icss gmvgltgfcm

=


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s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus. ]ecjr stumy rcvcgis tegt cmudgtj`l wgs tec str`lfcst bgdt`rd`ltrjnutjlf t` tec jlcqugijty `b eypcrtclsj`l go`lf wòcl.

Gs wcii gs jlcqujty jl ecgite, jlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrc gddcss egs gis` nccl wciim`duocltcm jl scvcrgi dùltrjcs. G rcdclt stumy ny M`rkmgfvg ct gi. (>173), b`r

cxgopic, cvgiugtcs jldòc-rcigtcm jlcqugijtjcs jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`ls glm tecjrdeglfcs brò >116/15 t` >17> jl O`lfìjg, copi`yjlf tec Crrcyfcr‚s d`ldcltrgtj`ljlmcx gs g ocgsurcoclt `b jlcqugijty jl ecgite scrvjdc utjijzgtj`l. Ngrrgzg-Ii`rêls,Qgl`p`jiù, glm Mjgz (>174) ocgsurc jldòc-rcigtcm jlcqugijtjcs glm jlcqujtjcs jl tecmjstrjnutj`l `b ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l jl Ocxjd` nctwccl >111 glm >112. ]ecy se`w tegttec utjijzgtj`l `b durgtjvc vjsjts glm e`spjtgijzgtj`l js o`rc d`ldcltrgtcm go`lf tecncttcr-`bb jl tec dùltry glm bjlm l` sjfljbjdglt deglfc murjlf tec pcrj`m. Ogdjlh` glmIjog-D`stg (>17>) rcscgrde tec dgsc b`r Nrgzji. ]ecy cxgojlc jlcqugijty jl 7::5,>114, glm >115 glm bjlm tegt ecgitedgrc utjijzgtj`l jl Nrgzji, wejde egm g pr`-rjde`rjcltgtj`l, ncdgoc jldrcgsjlfiy cqujtgnic murjlf tec pcrj`m. Jlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrcutjijzgtj`l js gis` bùlm jl Cur`pcgl dùltrjcs. Gdd`rmjlf t` vgl M``rsigcr, H`ìogl,glm K`lcs (>11=), wcgitejcr glm ejfecr cmudgtcm pc`pic grc o`rc ijhciy t` scc g

spcdjgijst tegl tec icss wcii-`bb jl spjtc `b tecjr i`wcr lccms b`r dgrc. ]ejs pr`-rjde trclmwgs bùlm jl gii 7> dùltrjcs stumjcm ny teco.

@lc ogk`r mjbbjduity `b tec stumjcs `l jlcqugijtjcs jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l js tegt i`wcrjldòc frùps ojfet subbcr brò p``rcr ecgite dòpgrcm t` ejfecr jldòc frùps.Vecl dòpgrjlf ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l, rcscgrdecrs lccm t` d`ltrì b`r mjbbcrcldcs jlecgite dgrc lccms. Vgfstgbb glm vgl M`ìsigcr (>111) pr`p`scm tw` octe`mì`fjcs t`jopicoclt g d`rrcdtj`l b`r mjbbcrcldcs jl ecgite dgrc lccms; mjrcdt glm jlmjrcdt

stglmgrmjzgtj`l gppr`gdecs.7 Vc tghc gddùlt `b tec mjbbcrcldc jl lccms ny tec mjrcdt

stglmgrmjzgtj`l, usjlf tec mgtg `l eypcrtclsj`l mjrcdtiy rcd`rmcm ny tec survcy.> Vcteus egvc gl `nkcdtjvc ocgsurc `b tec prcscldc `b eypcrtclsj`l gdr`ss mjbbcrclts`dj`cd`lòjd frùps, wejde gii`ws us t` glgiyzc e`rjz`ltgi mjbbcrcldcs jl ecgite dgrc

utjijzgtj`l jl gl ulnjgscm wgy. Ttumyjlf tec dgsc `b eypcrtclsj`l jl Jlm`lcsjg, ùrogjl rcscgrde qucstj`l js teus wectecr pc`pic wjte g icss gmvgltgfcm s`dj`cd`lòjdstgtus b`rcf` lcdcssgry ecgite mjgfl`scs o`rc tegl pc`pic wjte gl gmvgltgfcm `lc.

]ec ogk`r d`ltrjnutj`l `b ùr pgpcr t` tec ijtcrgturc js tegt wc stumy tec mjbbcrcldcsnctwccl rurgi glm urngl p`puigtj`l frùps jl tcros `b tercc vgrjgnics; bjrst, prcvgicldc`b eypcrtclsj`l8 scd`lm, ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l8 glm bjlgiiy, ocmjdgtj`l. Jl gmmjtj`l, wcgmmrcss tec qucstj`l `b ecgite jlcqujty glm ecgite dgrc jlcqugijty b`r gii tercc t`pjds.

]ec rcgs`l b`r stumyjlf tec mjbbcrcldc nctwccl rurgi glm urngl grcgs jsstrgjfetb`rwgrm. Gdd`rmjlf t` tec Sljtcm Lgtj`ls (SL >17=), jl Gsjg `liy gnùt egib `btec p`puigtj`l grc durrcltiy ijvjlf jl urngl grcgs, wejde js sunstgltjgiiy i`wcr tegl jl gii`tecr rcfj`ls jl tec w`rim, cxpcdt b`r Gbrjdg (=1%). Fjvcl tec rcigtjvciy i`w segrc `b

urngljzcm pc`pic jl Gsjg, tec SL cxpcdts tegt jl Gsjg urngljzgtj`l wjii rgpjmiy jldrcgscglm rcgde 2=% ny >131. Jlm`lcsjg js l` cxdcptj`l. ]ec segrc `b urngl mwciicrs jlJlm`lcsjg egs jldrcgscm brò >3% jl 7::1 t` 43% jl >111 glm =3% jl >173.Srngljzgtj`l js typjdgiiy g sjouitglcùs sùrdc glm d`lscqucldc `b cd`lòjd fr`wte.

7 ]ec mjbbcrcldc js suddjldtiy cxpigjlcm ny Bicurngcy glm Tde`hhgcrt (>17>). ]ec bìi`wjlf cxpiglgtj`l js

ngscm `l tecjr pgpcr. ]ec mjrcdt stglmgrmjzgtj`l dgiduigtcs b`r cgde jlmjvjmugi e`w oude ocmjdgi dgrcec/sec wùim egvc rcdcjvcm jb ec/sec egm egm tec sgoc mcfrcc `b lccm gs tec sgopic gs g weìc. ]ecjlmjrcdt octe`m d`lsjmcrs tec eyp`tectjdgi sjtugtj`l jlmjdgtjlf b`r cgde jlmjvjmugi tec goùlt `b ocmjdgidgrc ec/sec wùim egvc rcdcjvcm jb ec/sec egm nccl trcgtcm ijhc `tecrs wjte tec sgoc lccmdegrgdtcrjstjds. B`r burtecr mctgjis, scc Vgfstgbb glm vgl M``rsigcr (>111).

>

Jl tec Jlm`lcsjgl Bgojiy Ijbc Turvcy, tec jltcrvjcwcr ocgsurcs tec ni``m prcssurc `b tec rcsp`lmclt glmrcp`rts tec rcsuits jl tec glswcr `b tec qucstj`llgjrc.

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]ec mcoglm b`r decgp ign`r jl urngl grcgs `btcl trjffcrs g o`vcoclt `b ign`r bròrurgi grcgs t` urngl dcltcrs. Vjte pr`mudtjvjty jl oglubgdturjlf glm scrvjdcs scdt`rs jlurngl dcltcrs ncjlf ejfecr tegl jl gfrjduiturc, urngljzgtj`l pr`pcis cd`lòjd fr`wte.E`wcvcr, urngljzgtj`l js gis` gss`djgtcm wjte rjshs. Jii-pigllcm urngljzgtj`l dgl rcsuitjl g se`rtgfc `b gmcqugtc eùsjlf, ulgbb`rmgnic eùsjlf prjdcs, glm sunstgltjvc trgbbjdd`lfcstj`l.

Jl tcros `b punijd ecgite, urngljzgtj`l `bbcrs `pp`rtuljtjcs glm rjsh. Srngljzgtj`l ojfetecip t` bgdjijtgtc gddcss t` ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs glm pegrogdcutjdgis. @l tec `tecreglm, urngl dr`wmjlf glm siuo mcvci`poclt egvc mcictcrjùs ecgite cbbcdts. Jt js gis`wcii m`duocltcm tegt urngljzgtj`l icgms t` g deglfc jl tec ijvjlf clvjr`loclt glm tecijbcstyic `b rcsjmclts glm dòo`l mjscgscs. Myc (>115) glm Mcgt`l (>174) ocltj`lcmtegt ejst`rjdgiiy, urngljzgtj`l egs sejbtcm tec nurmcl `b jiilcss brò gdutc dejime``mjlbcdtj`ls t` tec der`ljd l`ldòouljdgnic mjscgscs `b gmuits. Jl mcvci`pjlf dùltrjcs,mjcts egvc deglfcm mrgogtjdgiiy glm jltghcs `b sgturgtcm bgt glm clcrfy jongigldcsegvc jldrcgscm gs cd`lòjcs egvc mcvci`pcm (Q`phjl glm Mu >114). ]ec strudturc `bmjct go`lf rurgi rcfj`ls glm urngl rcfj`ls grc mjstjldtiy mjbbcrclt (Q`phjl >117).

Lgturgiiy, mjbbcrcldcs jl ijbcstyics gbbcdt tec ecgite `b pc`pic mjbbcrcltiy. B`r cxgopic,vgl mc Q`ci, @‚M`llcii, glm vgl M``rsigcr (>11:) rcbcr t` tec bgdt tegt ncjlf`vcrwcjfet glm subbcrjlf brò eypcrtclsj`l, wejde grc ogk`r dguscs `b der`ljdmjscgscs, grc o`rc prcvgiclt jl urngl grcgs jl tec Qc`pic‚s ^cpunijd `b Dejlg.Srngljzgtj`l glm eypcrtclsj`l grc l`t jlmcpclmclt, ncdgusc urngljzgtj`l ogy drcgtcgl ulecgitey clvjr`loclt wecrc g scmcltgry ijbcstyic, d`lsuoptj`l `b bgst b``m, igdh `bpeysjdgi gdtjvjty, glm pcrsjstclt cxp`surc t` strcss grc dòo`liy sccl, wejde bgv`rstec mcvci`poclt `b eypcrtclsj`l. @l tec `tecr eglm, urngljzgtj`l dgl jopr`vc gddcsst` ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs, gs tec igttcr grc typjdgiiy o`rc cgsjiy gddcssjnic jl urngl grcgstegl rurgi grcgs.

E`wcvcr, jopr`vcoclt jl gddcssjnjijty ogy l`t lcdcssgrjiy fugrgltcc tec sjtugtj`l

wecrc we`cvcr lccms ocmjdgi trcgtoclt dgl egvc jt cqugiiy. Rgl mc Q`ci, @‚M`llci,glm vgl M``rsigcr (>116) grfuc tegt urngl grcgs egvc frcgtcr s`dj`cd`lòjdfrgmjclts jl ecgite ùtdòcs glm gttrjnutc tecsc t` tec frcgtcr cd`lòjd jlcqugijty jlurngl grcgs. T`dj`cd`lòjd jlcqugijty jl eypcrtclsj`l glm jts trcgtoclt jl Jlm`lcsjgwgs bjrstiy rcbcrrcm t` ny Vjt`cigr, Ttrguss, glm Tjh`hj (>11:), we` suffcstcm tegtgo`lf wòcl wjte eypcrtclsj`l, te`sc we` egvc sòc cicocltgry cmudgtj`l egvc gi`wcr ijhcije``m `b ncjlf ulmcrmjgfl`scm dòpgrcm t` te`sc wjte l` sde`ìjlf.E`wcvcr, tecy rcp`rt tegt gttgjljlf ejfecr icvcis `b sde`ìjlf m`cs l`t ecip t` rcmudculmcrmjgfl`sjs. Jltcrcstjlfiy, tecjr rcsuits se`w tegt ejfecr pcr dgpjtg cxpclmjturcjldrcgscs tec rjsh `b egvjlf eypcrtclsj`l glm rcmudcs tec pr`ngnjijty `b ncjlfulmcrmjgfl`scm go`lf eypcrtclsjvc wòcl. Jl tejs pgpcr, wc pr`vjmc g o`rcte`rùfe glgiysjs `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs jl Jlm`lcsjg ny usjlf g qugltjtgtjvc ocgsurcoclt

`b tec jlcqugijty, ny cxpi`rjlf tec mctcrojlglts `b jt, glm ny mjsdussjlf tec mjbbcrcldcsnctwccl rurgi glm urngl mjstrjdts. 4 Jl gmmjtj`l, wc gis` stumy tec mjbbcrcldcs jl

ocmjdgtj`l. ]ec sunkcdts `b ùr rcscgrde grc tec rcsp`lmclts `b tec Jlm`lcsjgl BgojiyIjbc Turvcy we` subbcr brò eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`ls. Vc wjii ocgsurc tec mcfrcc `be`rjz`ltgi jlcqugijty `liy go`lf tec eypcrtclsjvc rcsp`lmclts.

Bjfurc 7 pr`vjmcs g frgpejdgi jiiustrgtj`l `b tec ogjl rcscgrde qucstj`ls `b tejs pgpcr.]ec b`dus `b tec pgpcr js `l tec prcvgicldc `b eypcrtclsj`l, gddcss t` ecgite dgrcscrvjdcs, glm tec ocmjdgi trcgtoclt `b eypcrtclsj`l jl Jlm`lcsjg. Bjrst, wc grcjltcrcstcm jl tec s`djgi frgmjclt `b gii tercc vgrjgnics dguscm ny wcgite jlcqugijty.

4

Slmcrmjgfl`sjs js mcbjlcm gs tec dgsc jl wejde te`sc we` egvc ejfe ni``m prcssurc egvc lcvcr ncclmjgfl`scm wjte eypcrtclsj`l ny g ecgite dgrc pr`bcssj`lgi.

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Tcd`lm, wc wùim ijhc t` hl`w tec mjbbcrcldc nctwccl rurgi glm urngl grcgs b`r giitercc vgrjgnics.

Bjfurc 7; Ogjl ^cscgrde Wucstj`ls

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

Jl tec bjlgi scdtj`l `b tec pgpcr, wc gttcopt t` cxpigjl tec mjstrjnutj`l `b teculmcrmjgfl`sjs glm ulmcrocmjdgtj`l b`r eypcrtclsj`l ny mcdòp`sjlf tec jlcqugijty jltec trcgtoclt b`r ejfe ni``m prcssurc jlt` jlcqugijtjcs jl vgrjùs s`dj`cd`lòjd

clm`woclts, sude gs cmudgtj`l `r gddcss t` wgtcr glm sgljtgtj`l. ]ec purp`sc `b tejsmcdòp`sjtj`l js t` ocgsurc tec rcigtj`ls nctwccl cgde jlcqugijty glm t` ncttcrulmcrstglm tec bgdt`rs d`ltrjnutjlf t` tec jlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l. Jlpgrtjduigr, wc grc jltcrcstcm jl stumyjlf wegt pcrdcltgfc `b tec jlcqugijty dgl nccxpigjlcm ny jlcqugijtjcs jl cmudgtj`lgi gdejcvcoclt glm ecgite jlsurgldc stgtus.Ngscm `l tec rcsuits `b tec mcdòp`sjtj`l glgiysjs, wc wjii mjsduss tec cbbcdtjvcpìjdjcs t` giicvjgtc tec jlcqugijty.

]` tec ncst `b ùr hl`wicmfc, tejs rcscgrde js tec bjrst gttcopt t` stumy tecs`dj`cd`lòjd e`rjz`ltgi jlcqugijty jl tec mjgfl`sjs glm ocmjdgtj`l `b eypcrtclsj`l jlJlm`lcsjg glm se`w tec mjbbcrcldcs jl tec mctcrojlglts `b tec jlcqugijty bùlm jl rurgiglm urngl lcjfen`re``ms. Vc e`pc tegt tejs rcscgrde d`lstjtutcs gl jop`rtglt

d`ltrjnutj`l t` tec rcscgrde `l jlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l jl mcvci`pjlfcd`lòjcs. @ur glgiysjs pr`vjmcs uscbui jlsjfets b`r pìjdy oghcrs jl mcvci`pjlfdùltrjcs tryjlf t` ojtjfgtc tec jlcqugijty glm cldùrgfc jldiusjvc fr`wte glmsustgjlgnic mcvci`poclt. Tjldc ecgite js `lc `b tec jop`rtglt mctcrojlglts `b euoglwcii-ncjlf (Ttjfijtz, Tcl, glm Bjtùssj >171), gmmrcssjlf ecgite jlcqugijty seùim nc `bfrcgt jltcrcst t` gii pìjdyoghcrs.

]ec strudturc `b tejs pgpcr js gs bìi`ws. ]ec lcxt scdtj`l jltr`mudcs tec mgtg uscm jltejs rcscgrde, cstgnijsecs tec mcbjljtj`ls `b eypcrtclsj`l, jts ulmcrmjgfl`sjs, glmulmcrocmjdgtj`l, glm mjsdusscs tec mcsdrjptjvc stgtjstjds. Jl Tcdtj`l 4, wc cxpigjl teccd`lòctrjd octe`m t` ocgsurc tec jlcqugijty jl ecgite glm ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l.Tcdtj`l = suoogrjzcs glm jltcrprcts tec rcsuits `b ùr glgiysjs. Ncb`rc d`ldiumjlf, jl

Tcdtj`l 3 wc mjsduss tec pìjdy jopijdgtj`ls `b ùr rcscgrde.

>. MG]G

>.7 ]ec Jlm`lcsjgl Bgojiy Ijbc Turvcy

]ec Jlm`lcsjgl Bgojiy Ijbc Turvcy (JBIT) js gl `lf`jlf, ouitjpurp`sc i`lfjtumjlgieùsceìm survcy iguldecm jl 7::4/:=. Cgde wgvc d`vcrs grùlm 41,111 jlmjvjmugisijvjlf jl 74 `b tec >6 pr`vjldcs jl tec dùltry. Vc usc dr`ss-scdtj`lgi mgtg `b tec bùrtewgvc, wejde wgs dòpictcm jl >116/15. Vc `liy cxpi`jt mgtg `b tec bùrte wgvc,ncdgusc jt js tec `liy wgvc tegt egs jlb`rogtj`l gs t` wectecr `r l`t rcsp`lmclts egvc

cvcr nccl mjgfl`scm wjte eypcrtclsj`l ny g ecgite dgrc pr`bcssj`lgi. Jl gmmjtj`l, tec

Qrcvgicldc `b eypcrtclsj`l

Gddcss t` ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs

Ocmjdgi trcgtoclt `b eypcrtclsj`l

Srngl—rurgimjbbcrcldcs

T`dj`cd`lòjdjlcqugijty

6


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bùrte wgvc `b tec JBIT ocgsurcm tec ni``m prcssurc `b rcsp`lmclts tercc tjocsmurjlf tec jltcrvjcw (jlstcgm `b `liy `lc tjoc jl prcvjùs wgvcs). Jl tejs pgpcr, wc tghctec sjopic gvcrgfc `b tec tercc ocgsurcs glm usc jt t` `nkcdtjvciy gsscss wectecr tecrcsp`lmclt subbcrs brò eypcrtclsj`l.

Tjldc jl ùr stumy wc grc ogjliy jltcrcstcm jl eypcrtclsj`l dguscm ny ijbcstyic rgtecrtegl jllgtc eypcrtclsj`l, wc ijojt ùr sgopic t` gmuits gfcm `vcr 4:. ]ec luoncr `brcsp`lmclts gfcm `vcr 4: subbcrjlf brò eypcrtclsj`l js 3,13= `b tec t`tgi 77,>76. ]ejsfrùp `b pc`pic gfcm `vcr 4: wgs de`scl ncdgusc tecjr rjsh `b der`ljd mjscgscsgttrjnutgnic t` eypcrtclsj`l js oude ejfecr tegl tegt `b yùlfcr pc`pic. Fclcrgiiy, tecìmcr g pcrs`l ncdòcs, tec o`rc ijhciy ec/sec js t` subbcr brò eypcrtclsj`l, glm glgmcqugtc trcgtoclt js tecl cvcl o`rc jop`rtglt b`r tec rcmudtj`l `b tec rjsh. Jl `tecrw`rms, ulmcrmjgfl`sjs glm l`t tghjlf ocmjdgtj`l gfgjlst eypcrtclsj`l js pcrjiùscspcdjgiiy b`r ojmmic-gfcm glm ìmcr pc`pic.

Gs g ocgsurc `b s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus, vgrjùs stumjcs usc ocgsurcoclts sude gsjldòc, cxpclmjturc, cmudgtj`l icvci, glm wcgite. Jt js truc tegt gly jlmjdgt`r w`rhs gs

i`lf gs jt js p`ssjnic t` rglh pc`pic brò i`w t` ejfe s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus, nut mjbbcrcltjlmjdgt`rs fclcrgiiy fjvc mjbbcrclt rcsuits glm tec de`jdc uitjogtciy mcpclms `lrcscgrdecrs‚ jltcrcsts (Bicurngcy glm Tde`hhgcrt >17>). Jl tejs pgpcr, wc usc bgojiysjzc gmkustcm eùsceìm wcgite, wejde jldiumcs vgiucs `b vgrjùs jtcos dòo`liy

bùlm jl tec eùsc, glm egs sòc gmvgltgfcs `vcr `tecrs.= ]ec rcgs`l wc m` l`t uscjldòc gs g s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus js tegt wc ogy l`t nc gnic t` d`rrcdtiy `nscrvccopi`yoclt jldòc jb eùsceìms oghc tecjr ijvjlfs ny bgojiy-`wlcm nusjlcsscs, sudegs bgro gmojljstrgtj`l. Burtecro`rc jt wùim nc mjbbjduit t` rglh rctjrcm pc`pic wecl wcmjsduss tec mcfrcc `b jlcqugijty gs tecy typjdgiiy egvc vcry ijttic `r l` copi`yocltjldòc. Vc e`pc, e`wcvcr, tegt wcgite gs gl gdduouigtj`l `b jldòc `vcrdòcstecsc se`rtdòjlfs. Cmudgtj`lgi icvcis, wejde grc wjmciy rcd`fljzcm gs gl`tecr b`ro`b s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus, ogy gis` l`t nc sujtgnic b`r tejs stumy ncdgusc `b tec

mjbbjduity jl gsscssjlf g rcsp`lmclt‚s cmudgtj`lgi qugijbjdgtj`ls `r gdejcvcoclts ny gd`ltjluùs luoncr, glm tecrcb`rc ejlmcr us brò rglhjlf pc`pic wecl jiiustrgtjlf tecd`ldcltrgtj`l durvc glm mcrjvjlf tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx.

>.> Eypcrtclsj`l

Jl tejs pgpcr wc bìi`w tec VE@ mcbjljtj`l `b eypcrtclsj`l, mcbjlcm gs tec d`lmjtj`lwecrc tec gvcrgfc systìjd ni``m prcssurc js cqugi t` `r frcgtcr tegl 7=1 ojiijoctcrs `bocrdury (ooEf) `r gvcrgfc mjgstìjd ni``m prcssurc js cqugi t` `r frcgtcr tegl :1

= Vcgite js mcbjlcm gs tec gffrcfgtcm t`tgi vgiuc `b tec bìi`wjlf gsscts, wjte tec vgiucs mjvjmcm ny tec

luoncr `b bgojiy oconcrs;7. Eùsc glm iglm `ddupjcm ny g eùsceìm>. @tecr eùsc/nujimjlf (jldiumjlf iglm)4. Iglm (l`t uscm b`r bgrojlf)=. Qùitry3. Ijvcst`dh/bjsep`lms2. Egrm stco piglts l`t uscm b`r bgro `r l`l-bgro nusjlcss6. Rcejdics (dgrs, n`gts, njdydics, o`t`rnjhcs)5. Eùsceìm gppijgldcs (rgmj`, tgpc rcd`rmcr, ]R, brjmfc, scwjlf `r wgsejlf ogdejlc, vjmc` glm DM

pigycr, eglm pe`lc, ctd.):. Tgvjlfs/dcrtjbjdgtcs `b mcp`sjts/st`dhs71. ^cdcjvgnics77. Kcwciry7>. Eùsceìm burljturc glm utclsjis74. @tecrs

5


10/25


ooEf (VE@ >174). Vc gmmjtj`lgiiy mcbjlc gl`tecr stgfc `b eypcrtclsj`l; scvcrceypcrtclsj`l, wecl tec gvcrgfc systìjd ni``m prcssurc js cqugi t` `r frcgtcr tegl 721ooEf `r tec gvcrgfc mjgstìjd ni``m prcssurc js cqugi t` `r frcgtcr tegl 711 ooEf.Digssjbjdgtj`ls `b tec icvcis `b eypcrtclsj`l uscm jl tejs pgpcr grc se`wl jl ]gnic 7.

]gnic 7; Mcbjljtj`l `b Eypcrtclsj`l Eypcrtclsj`l ]ypc Mcbjljtj`l

Tystìjd (ooEf) Mjgstìjd (ooEf)

Eypcrtclsj`l ≣7=1 ≣:1

Tcvcrc eypcrtclsj`l ≣721 ≣711 ooEf ? ojiijoctcrs ̀ b ocrdury.

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

Vc scpgrgtc tec weìc sgopic jlt` rurgi glm urngl frùps. Bjfurc > se`ws tecgvcrgfc rgtc `b pc`pic wjte eypcrtclsj`l gdr`ss qujltjic icvcis `b eùsceìm wcgite jlrurgi glm urngl grcgs. Jl rurgi grcgs, tec bjfurc suffcsts tegt eypcrtclsj`l js sijfetiyo`rc prcvgiclt go`lf tec wcgitey, nut qujltjic > glm qujltjic = egvc i`wcr rgtcs

dòpgrcm t` tecjr lcjfen`rjlf p``rcr qujltjics. B`r scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l, wc bjlm gsjojigr pgttcrl wecrc eypcrtclsj`l jldrcgscs wjte wcgite, nut wjte sòc cxdcptj`ls. Jlurngl grcgs, jltcrcstjlfiy, tec prcvgicldc `b eypcrtclsj`l se`ws g S-segpcrcigtj`lsejp, wejde ocgls tegt tec p``rcst glm tec wcgitejcst egvc g ejfecr pr`ngnjijty`b subbcrjlf brò eypcrtclsj`l. B`r scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l wc dgll`t bjlm g d`lsjstcltstr`lf wcgite-rcigtcm frgmjclt ̀ b eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`ls.

Bjfurc >; Qr`p`rtj`l `b Qc`pic wjte Eypcrtclsj`l Gfcm `vcr 4: jl ûrgi glmSrngl Grcgs

(%)

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

Tgopic ocgls `b tec pr`p`rtj`l `b eypcrtclsj`l grc se`wl jl ]gnic >. Qc`pic jl urnglrcfj`ls egvc g ejfecr pr`ngnjijty `b egvjlf eypcrtclsj`l (1.=6 vs. 1.=4, p91.17) glmscvcrc eypcrtclsj`l (1.>> vs. 1.7:, p91.17). B`r ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l, urngl mjstrjdts

egvc i`wcr rgtcs `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs glm ulmcrocmjdgtj`l tegl rurgi mjstrjdts glm tecjr

:


11/25


mjbbcrcldcs grc stgtjstjdgiiy sjfljbjdglt gt tec 7% icvci. Vc wjii di`sciy i``h gt tecscmjbbcrcldcs jl tec bìi`wjlf sunscdtj`ls.

]gnic >; Mcsdrjptjvc Ttgtjst jds

Gii ûrgi Srngl

D`lmjtj`ls @ns Ocgl Ttm.mcv.

@ns Ocgl Ttm.Mcv.

@ns Ocgl Ttm.Mcv.

Eypcrtclsj`l 77,>76 1.=3 1.31 3,3== 1.=4 1.31 3,264 1.=6 1.31

Tcvcrc eypcrtclsj`l 77,>76 1.>1 1.=1 3,3== 1.7: 1.4: 3,264 1.>> 1.=7

Slmcrmjgfl`sjs `beypcrtclsj`l

=,223 1.25 1.=2 >,>15 1.6> 1.=3 >,=36 1.23 1.=5

Slmcrmjgfl`sjs `b scvcrceypcrtclsj`l

>,16> 1.33 1.31 :2: 1.27 1.=: 7,714 1.31 1.31

Slmcrocmjdgtj`l b`reypcrtclsj`l

3,13= 1.:3 1.>> >,45: 1.:6 1.76 >,223 1.:4 1.>3

Slmcrocmjdgtj`l b`r scvcrcEypcrtclsj`l

>,>:5 1.:> 1.>6 7,123 1.:3 1.>7 7,>44 1.5: 1.47

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

>.4 Mjgfl`sjs glm Ocmjdgtj`l

>.4.7 Slmcrmjgfl`sjs

Gddcss t` ecgite dgrc glm utjijzgtj`l `b ecgite scrvjdcs grc typjdgiiy l`t cqugiiypr`vjmcm t` cvcryn`my jl Jlm`lcsjg. Bjfurc 4 (icbt-eglm sjmc) jiiustrgtcs tec pr`p`rtj`l`b pc`pic tegt grc ulmcrmjgfl`scm wjte eypcrtclsj`l gdr`ss qujltjic icvcis `beùsceìm wcgite jl rurgi glm urngl grcgs. ]ec rcsuits grc rgtecr strjhjlf. Jl rurgiJlm`lcsjg, 6>% `b te`sc we` subbcr brò eypcrtclsj`l f` ulmjgfl`scm. Jl urngl grcgstec pcrdcltgfc bgiis t` grùlm 23%. ]ec rgtc `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs jl urngl grcgs js teussjfljbjdgltiy i`wcr dòpgrcm t` rurgi grcgs (p91.17), wejde pr`vjmcs bjrst cvjmcldc tegturngl grcgs bgdjijtgtc gddcss t` ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs. Tcvcrc eypcrtclsj`l (rjfet-eglmsjmc `b Bjfurc 4) rcogjls gis` vcry oude ulmcrmjgfl`scm jl Jlm`lcsjg. Jl rurgi grcgs,o`rc tegl 21% `b scvcrciy eypcrtclsjvc pgtjclts rcogjl ulmjgfl`scm. Jl urngl grcgs,tec pcrdcltgfc mr`ps t` icss tegl 31%. Vc teus bjlm gfgjl g ecgite gmvgltgfc b`rurngl mwciicrs jl tcros `b mjgfl`sjs.

Vecl wc stumy tec ecgite jlcqugijty jl tcros `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs, wc bjlm tegt ncttcr-`bbfrùps grc icss ijhciy t` rcogjl ulmjgfl`scm. Jl `tecr w`rms, tec o`rc wcgite g pcrs`lp`sscsscs, tec o`rc ijhciy jt js tegt sec/ec wjii ulmcrf` ocmjdgi decdhups rcfuigriy glmteus eypcrtclsj`l js o`rc ijhciy t` nc mctcdtcm gt gl cgriy stgfc. Jl Bjfurc 4 wc dglscc tegt tec pr`p`rtj`l `b ulmcrmjgfl`scm eypcrtclsj`l ijcs gn`vc 5>% jl tec p``rcstqujltjic jl rurgi grcgs, wecrcgs gnùt tw` tejrms `b pc`pic jl tec ejfecst qujltjic grc

ijhciy t` nc ulmjgfl`scm. Vecl stumyjlf tec pr`nico `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs `beypcrtclsj`l jl tec urngl grcgs, wc gis` bjlm mjbbcrcldcs gdr`ss wcgite frùps,e`wcvcr, tecsc grc icss pr`lùldcm tegl jl rurgi grcgs glm tec `vcrgii icvci `bulmcrmjgfl`sjs js i`wcr.

B`r scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l tec s`djgi frgmjclt js sjojigr. Vecrcgs 64% `b rurgi rcsjmcltsjl tec i`wcst wcgite frùp rcogjl ulmjgfl`scm mcspjtc subbcrjlf brò scvcrceypcrtclsj`l, tec pr`p`rtj`l mr`ps t` icss tegl 21% b`r tec ejfecst wcgite frùps. Jlurngl dcltcrs tec rcspcdtjvc pr`ngnjijtjcs grc 22% glm 35%. @vcrgii, wc teus bjlmcvjmcldc tegt rcsjmjlf jl urngl grcgs jldrcgscs tec degldc `b ncjlf mjgfl`scm b`reypcrtclsj`l. Gs b`r ecgite jlcqugijty, ùr glgiysjs se`ws tegt jl urngl dcltcrs ecgitejlcqugijty js sjojigr jl rurgi grcgs, suffcstjlf tec p`ssjnjijty tegt urngljzgtj`l dùim

ecip t` jopr`vc gddcss t` lcdcssgry ecgite dgrc wjteùt sgdrjbjdjlf tec cqugijty `b

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ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l. ]ec mcfrcc `b jlcqugijty wjii nc ocgsurcm glm mjsdusscm jlmctgji jl Tcdtj`l =.

Bjfurc 4; Qr`p`rtj`l `b Slmcrmjgfl`scm Qc`pic jl ûrgi glm Srngl Grcgs

(%)

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

>.4.> Slmcrocmjdgtj`l

Vc mcbjlc ulmcrocmjdgtj`l gs tec dgsc wecrc pc`pic m` l`t tghc gly ocmjdjlc b`reypcrtclsj`l, mcspjtc ncjlf eypcrtclsjvc. Bjfurc = se`ws tec dgsc b`rulmcrocmjdgtj`l. Go`lf eypcrtclsjvc pc`pic `vcrgii (icbt sjmc `b Bjfurc =),ulmcrocmjdgtj`l js sccl o`rc brcqucltiy go`lf tec i`wcr wcgite frùps. Jl rurgigrcgs, gio`st :5% `b eypcrtclsjvc pgtjclts m` l`t tghc gly ocmjdgtj`l. ]ejspcrdcltgfc mr`ps t` :2% b`r tec rjdecst qujltjic. Jl urngl grcgs, tec pcrdcltgfcs grc

:=% glm :7%, rcspcdtjvciy. Jl urngl lcjfen`re``ms, tec pcrdcltgfc `bulmcrocmjdgtcm pc`pic js teus i`wcr tegl tegt jl rurgi dùltcrpgrts `l gvcrgfc glm tecmjbbcrcldc js stgtjstjdgiiy sjfljbjdglt (p91.17).

]ec rjfet sjmc `b Bjfurc = se`ws tec dgsc b`r scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l. Vc scc gfgjl tegtpc`pic jl tec i`wcst wcgite qujltjic rgrciy tghc ocmjdgtj`l. Qgtjclts jl ejfecr wcgitefrùps wjte scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l tclm t` tghc ocmjdjlc o`rc `btcl. E`wcvcr, cvcl tecrjdecst qujltjic js icss ijhciy t` tghc ocmjdjlc dòpgrcm t` tec p``rcst qujltjic jl urnglgrcgs, wejde js g dòpciijlf rcsuit. Jl urngl grcgs tec pr`nico `b ulmcrocmjdgtj`l bgiisgs wc o`vc t`wgrm wcgitejcr frùps (cxdcpt qujltjic =). @vcrgii, wc `nscrvc tegt b`rtec dgsc `b scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l, tec fgp `b tec gvcrgfc `b tec ulmcrocmjdgtj`l rgtcnctwccl rurgi glm urngl rcfj`ls js igrfcr tegl b`r fclcrgi eypcrtclsj`l.

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Bjfurc =; Qr`p`r tj`l `b Qc`pic L`t ]ghjlf Ocmjdjlc b`r Eypcrtclsj`l jl ûrgiglm Srngl grcgs

(%)

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

>.= ^cfrcssj`l Glgiysjs

]ejs sunscdtj`l stumjcs tec s`dj`cd`lòjd mctcrojlglts `b tec eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`lglm jts trcgtoclt usjlf g sjopic rcfrcssj`l glgiysjs. Cstjogtjlf g pr`njt o`mci wjtepr`vjldc diustcr d`vgrjgldc cstjogt`rs, wc rcfrcss tec tercc njlgry vgrjgnics(eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`l, ulmcrmjgfl`sjs, glm ulmcrocmjdgtj`l) `l mco`frgpejdbgdt`rs, jlsurgldc sunsdrjptj`l, cmudgtj`lgi gdejcvcoclt, pr`vjldc muoojcs, glmwcgite. ]ec cstjogtj`ls yjcim dòpciijlf rcsuits, wejde grc suoogrjzcm jl ]gnic 4.Bjrst, gfc se`ws g p`sjtjvc sjfljbjdglt cbbcdt `l eypcrtclsj`l glm scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l

(dìuols 7 glm >). Gt tec sgoc tjoc, gfc i`wcrs tec pr`ngnjijty `b icttjlf eypcrtclsj`lf` ultrcgtcm (dìuol 4-2).

@ur cstjogtj`ls burtecr jlmjdgtc tegt wòcl grc o`rc ijhciy t` nc eypcrtclsjvc(p91.17), nut icss ijhciy t` b`rf` tecjr mjgfl`sjs (p91.17). Qc`pic ijvjlf jl urngl rcfj`lsgrc o`rc ijhciy t` subbcr brò eypcrtclsj`l tegl te`sc we` rcsjmc jl rurgi rcfj`ls ny4.>% (p91.17), nut tec rcsuit se`ws tegt urngl pc`pic grc o`rc ijhciy t` nc mjgfl`scmny =.4% (p91.17) glm tghc ocmjdjlc b`r eypcrtclsj`l ny 4.7% (p91.17). Ogrrjcm pc`pictclm t` nc mjgfl`scm gppr`prjgtciy o`rc tegl sjlfic `r mjv`rdcm pc`pic (dìuol =,p91.17), nut g sjfljbjdglt mjbbcrcldc nctwccl teco wgs l`t bùlm b`r ocmjdgtj`l. Gs jtjs wcii hl`wl, `ncsc pc`pic grc o`rc ijhciy t` subbcr brò eypcrtclsj`l (Q91.17), nutwc dgll`t bjlm sjfljbjdglt rcigtj`lsejp nctwccl `ncsjty glm mjgfl`sjs/ocmjdgtj`l.

Burtecro`rc, te`sc we` sunsdrjnc t` jlsurgldc grc o`rc ijhciy t` tghc ocmjdjlc ny

7>


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7.6% (p91.17) glm >.3% (p91.13) b`r eypcrtclsj`l glm scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l,rcspcdtjvciy. Jlsurgldc gis` se`ws sjfljbjdgldc b`r ulmcrocmjdgtj`l (dìuol 4).

Tcd`lm, tec rcsuits se`w tec drudjgi rcigtj`lsejp nctwccl cmudgtj`l glm ulmcrf`jlfocmjdgi trcgtoclt. Qgrtjduigriy, bulmgocltgi cmudgtj`l, sude gs prjogry sde`ì

cmudgtj`l glm kulj`r ejfe sde`ì cmudgtj`l, sjfljbjdgltiy icsscls tec pr`ngnjijty `bb`rf`jlf mjgfl`sjs `b eypcrtclsj`l ny 6.=% (p91.17) glm :.3% (p91.17), rcspcdtjvciy.]ec sjfljbjdglt cbbcdt `b prjogry cmudgtj`l `l tec rcmudtj`l `b ulmcrocmjdgtj`l b`rfclcrgi eypcrtclsj`l js gis` d`lbjrocm (dìuol 3). Tcd`lmgry cmudgtj`l se`wssjfljbjdgldc b`r ulmcrocmjdgtj`l (dìuol 3, p91.13). ]crtjgry cmudgtj`l, `l tec `tecreglm, `liy se`ws sjfljbjdgldc gt tec 71% icvci b`r ulmcrocmjdgtj`l. ]ecsc rcsuitsjopiy tec rìc `b prjogry cmudgtj`l jl rgjsjlf tec gwgrclcss `b pc`pic t` scchmjgfl`sjs glm tghc gltjeypcrtclsjvc ocmjdjlc.

Bjlgiiy, jl ùr rcsuits, wcgite js g mctcrojlglt `b tec eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`l. Gt tecsgoc tjoc jt sjfljbjdgltiy jlbiucldcs tec ijhcije``m `b ulmcrf`jlf trcgtoclt. ]ec o`rcwcgitey tec eùsceìm, tec o`rc ijhciy tec pcrs`l js nc mjgfl`scm glm trcgtcm. Jl `tecr

w`rm, tec mcdjsj`l t` utjijzc ocmjdgi scrvjdcs js jlbiucldcm ny g eùsceìm‚s bjlgldjgisjtugtj`l. Vc teus bjlm tegt wcgite, gs gl gdduouigtj`l `b jldòc, js g sùrdc `bjlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l.

Vejic tec rcfrcssj`l glgiysjs digrjbjcs tec jop`rtgldc `b jlsurgldc glm cmudgtj`l jlprò`tjlf tec mjgfl`sjs glm ocmjdgtj`l b`r pc`pic wjte eypcrtclsj`l glm se`wscvjmcldc `b tec cxjstcldc `b s`dj`cd`lòjd jlcqugijty jl ocmjdgi trcgtoclt, jt m`cs l`tyjcim g ocgsurcoclt `b tec mcfrcc `b jlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l. ]ec bìi`wjlfscdtj`ls `b tec pgpcr fgufc tec mcfrcc `b wcgite-rcigtcm jlcqugijty `b ecgite dgrcutjijzgtj`l ny dgiduigtjlf tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx.

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]gnic 4; ^cfrcssj`l ^csuits b`r Eypcrtclsj`l glm Jts ]rcgtoclt

(7) (>) (4) (=) (3) (2)

Eypcrtclsj`l Tcvcrc

eypcrtclsj`l

Slmcrmjgfl`sjs

b`r eypcrtclsj`l

Slmcrmjgfl`sjs

b`r scvcrceypcrtclsj`l

Slmcrocmjdgtj`l

b`r eypcrtclsj`l

Slmcrocmjdgtj`l

b`r scvcrceypcrtclsj`l

Gfc 1.171:***

1.11627***

-1.11=71***

-1.1142>**

-1.117:6***

-1.11>7:***

(1.111317) (1.111432) (1.111:=5) (1.117=4) (1.111414) (1.11162>)

Ogic -1.1=72*** -1.1276*** 1.722*** 1.736*** 1.1712 -1.11474

(1.1744) (1.11::>) (1.1745) (1.1>>7) (1.11613) (1.1733)

Srngl 1.14>=** 1.1>=>** -1.1=41*** -1.1512*** -1.1477*** -1.1332***

(1.17>5) (1.11:3>) (1.17=7) (1.1>1>) (1.11277) (1.1733)

Ogrrjcm -1.146>*** -1.11673 -1.1>:2 -1.1272** 1.112:= 1.11>::

(1.112:2) (1.1124=) (1.1757) (1.1>:6) (1.11:36) (1.1752)

@ncsjty 1.753*** 1.1:14*** -1.1>>5 1.17:1 -1.11:2> -1.1777

(1.17:=) (1.1>>5) (1.1>11) (1.1>61) (1.11542) (1.1>13)

Jlsurgldc 1.1773 1.1753** -1.13>=*** -1.1>:: -1.176=*** -1.1>=3*

(1.17>7) (1.116::) (1.175=) (1.1>=:) (1.11354) (1.17>:)

]crtjgry cmudgtj`l 1.1>7> -1.1177> 1.11==3 1.1322 -1.1>14* -1.145>*

(1.1>13) (1.17=5) (1.1362) (1.1322) (1.177:) (1.1>7:)

Tcd`lmgry cmudgtj`l -1.17=2 -1.1712** 1.173= 1.1>47 -1.1767** -1.11>13

(1.1734) (1.11344) (1.1754) (1.1=16) (1.11612) (1.1727)

Qrjogry cmudgtj`l -1.173= 1.1142: -1.16=3*** -1.1:=3*** -1.176:** -1.172:

(1.17:=) (1.1742) (1.17:2) (1.1>=2) (1.1154>) (1.17>2)

il(Vcgite) 1.11671** 1.114>5 -1.17=3** -1.1734 -1.11==2* -1.171>**

(1.11433) (1.11463) (1.112>:) (1.11:67) (1.11>24) (1.11=36)

@nscrvgtj`ls :723 :736 4:51 7633 4614 72=:

L`tcs; Ttglmgrm crr`rs grc jl pgrcltecscs.Ttglmgrm crr`rs grc diustcr r`nust t` ectcr`shcmgstjdjty.Cstjogtj`ls jldiumc pr`vjldc bjxcm cbbcdts (l`t rcp`rtcm jl tec tgnic).* p 9 1.7, ** p 9 1.13, *** p 9 1.17 Gfc; gfc `b tec rcsp`lmclt8 Ogic; g scx muooy8 Srngl; g muooy tegt ncdòcs 7 jb g rcsp`lmclt ijvcs jl gl urnglmjstrjdt8 Ogrrjcm; g ogrjtgi stgtus muooy cqugi t` 7 jb g rcsp`lmclt js ogrrjcm8 @ncsjty8 g muooy tegt ncdòcs 7 jb grcsp`lmclt‚s n`my ogss jlmcx cxdccms 418 Jlsurgldc; g ecgite jlsurgldc sunsdrjptj`l muooy tegt ncdòcs 7 jb grcsp`lmclt sunsdrjncs t` ecgite jlsurgldc8 ]crtjgry cmudgtj l̀, Tcd`lmgry cmudgtj`l, glm Qrjogry cmudgtj`l;cmudgtj`lgi ngdhfrùlm muoojcs tegt cqugi 7 jb g rcsp`lmclt dòpictcm te`sc sde`ìjlf icvcis8 il(wcgite); teci`fgrjteojd goùlt ̀ b bgojiy-sjzc gmkustcm wcgite ̀ b g eùsceìm.Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

4. OC]E@M@I@FZ @B ]EC OCGTS^COCL] @BJLCWSGIJ]Z

4.7 ]ec D`ldcltrgtj`l Durvc glm tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx

]ec ocgsurcoclt `b jlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l jl tejs pgpcr js ngscm `l tecd`ldcltrgtj`l durvc glm tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx. ]ec d`ldcltrgtj`l durvc js gis`hl`wl gs g fclcrgijzcm I`rclz durvc glm jts ogjl mjbbcrcldc brò tec I`rclz durvc jstegt pc`pic grc rglhcm ny tecjr s`dj`cd`lòjd stgtus, l`t ny tecjr ecgite d`lmjtj`ls.]ec d`ldcltrgtj`l durvc pi`ts tec duouigtjvc pcrdcltgfc `b tec ecgite vgrjgnic gfgjlsttec duouigtjvc pcrdcltgfc `b tec p`puigtj`l rglhcm brò p``rcst t` rjdecst (Hghwglj7:668 Hghwglj, Vgfstgbb, glm vgl M`ìsigcr 7::68 Vgfstgbb, Qgdj, glm vgl M`ìsigcr7::7).

]ec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx js tecl dgiduigtcm jl tec sgoc wgy gs tec Fjlj d`cbbjdjclt. ]ecmjbbcrcldcs nctwccl tec I`rclz durvc glm tec d`ldcltrgtj`l durvc, glm nctwccl tec

7=


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Fjlj d`cbbjdjclt glm tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx grc suddjldtiy cxpigjlcm ny Dgrr-Ejii glmDegiocrs-Mjx`l (>113). ]ec o`st jop`rtglt mjbbcrcldc js tegt wejic tec Fjlj d`cbbjdjcltrglfcs brò 1 t` 7 (1 ocgls pcrbcdt cqugijty glm 7 rcprcsclts pcrbcdt jlcqugijty), tecd`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx rglfcs brò —7 t` 7. Jb ecgite js cqugiiy mjstrjnutcm, tecd`ldcltrgtj`l durvc d`jldjmcs wjte tec =3-mcfrcc ijlc glm tec jlmcx ncdòcs 1. Jb tecjlmcx b`r ecgite js lcfgtjvc, tecl jt ocgls tegt p``rcr frùps grc mjspr`p`rtj`lgiiygbbcdtcm ny dcrtgjl ecgite d`lmjtj`ls dòpgrcm t` gmvgltgfcm frùps. B`r cxgopic,stultjlf `b fr`wte jl dejimrcl js typjdgiiy o`rc prcvgiclt go`lf p``rcr frùps teglgo`lf wcgitejcr frùps. Jb tec jlmcx js p`sjtjvc, tecl jt ocgls tegt ejfecr-jldòcfrùps grc rcigtjvciy o`rc ijhciy t` subbcr brò dcrtgjl ecgite d`lmjtj`ls. Jl ùr pgpcr,`lc `b tec ecgite vgrjgnics js ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l. Gs wc egvc sccl gn`vc, wc bjlmtegt wcgitejcr frùps grc o`rc ijhciy t` scch ocmjdgi mjgfl`sjs glm trcgtoclt.

]ec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx dgl nc dgiduigtcm sjopiy ny cqugtj`l (7) `r gitcrlgtjvciy jt dglnc `ntgjlcm brò tec d`cbbjdjclt `b rcfrcssj`l cqugtj`l (>). B`r tec mcrjvgtj`l `bcqugtj`l (>), scc Vgfstgbb, vgl M`ìsigcr, glm Vgtglgnc (>114) glm Hghwglj,Vgfstgbb, glm vgl M``rsigcr (7::6).

Cqugtj`l (7) glm (>) grc gs bìi`ws;

? >∗ ℌ?7 7 (7)

wecrc ℌ js tec ecgite jlmcx `b jlmjvjmugi j, ι js jts ocgl. ? � js tec brgdtj`lgi rglh`b jlmjvjmugi j jl cd`lòjd stgtus ngscm `l eùsceìm wcgite.

>> ? + + (>)

wecrc > js tec vgrjgldc `b tec brgdtj`lgi rglh. ]ec d`cbbjdjclt `b tec rglh js glcstjogtc `b tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx, wejde js luocrjdgiiy cqujvgiclt t` tec vgiuc bròcqugtj`l (7) (@‚M`llcii ct gi. >115).

Qc`pic jl urngl glm rurgi rcfj`ls grc ijhciy t` egvc mjbbcrclt mco`frgpejddegrgdtcrjstjds, wejde ogy d`lbùlm tec cstjogtc. Jl ùr sgopics, urngl rcfj`ls egvcyùlfcr rcsjmclts tegl rurgi `lcs (p91.17), glm tec mjbbcrcldc `b tec ogic —bcogic rgtj`

nctwccl rcfj`ls m`cs l`t se`w stgtjstjdgi sjfljbjdgldc gt tec 3% icvci. Cqugtj`l (4)yjcims tec mco`frgpejd stglmgrmjzcm d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx, wejde d`ltrìs b`r tecmjbbcrcldc `b tec gfc glm scx strudturcs (@‚M`llcii ct. gi >115).

>> ? + + ∗ + (4)

wecrc tec cstjogtcm js dgiicm tec jlmjrcdtiy stglmgrmjzcm d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx, wejdejs `ntgjlcm gbtcr d`ltrìijlf b`r d`lbùlmjlf mco`frgpejd cbbcdts, , sude gs scx glmgfc.

Vecl tec ecgite ùtdòc js g njlgry `r dgrmjlgi vgrjgnic, jt js hl`wl tegt tec bcgsjnicrglfc `b vgiucs tegt tec jlmcx dgl tghc serjlhs gs tec ocgl `b tec ùtdòc vgiucjldrcgscs (Vgfstgbb >113). Jl tejs pgpcr wc pr`vjmc n`te tec `rjfjlgi d`ldcltrgtj`ljlmcx glm tec l`rogijzcm d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx pr`p`scm ny Crrcyfcrs (>11:g).Cqugtj`l (=) js tec l`rogijzcm jlmcx jltr`mudcm ny Crrcyfcrs (>11:g) glm dgiduigtcm gsbìi`ws8

̅ ? =∞ (=)

wecrc g glm n grc tec i`wcr glm uppcr nùlms `b tec ecgite vgrjgnic, ℌ, rcspcdtjvciy.

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Gs tec de`jdc `b tec mjbbcrclt jlmjdcs, uitjogtciy, n`jis m`wl t` gl ctejdgi de`jdcnctwccl mjbbcrclt l`rogtjvc jmcgs (Bicurngcy glm Tde`hhgcrt >17>), jl tejs pgpcr, wcpr`vjmc n`te tec `rjfjlgi d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx glm tec Crrcyfcrs d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx.B`r o`rc mctgjis, scc Crrcyfcrs, (>11:g), Vgfstgbb (>11:) glm Crryfcrs (>11:n).

4.> Mcdòp`sjtj`l `b tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx

Jlcqugijtjcs jl ecgite `r jl gddcss t` ecgite dgrc gdr`ss tec s`dj`cd`lòjd-rcigtcmmjstrjnutj`l dgl nc mcdòp`scm jlt` tecjr d`ltrjnut`rs (Vgfstgbb, vgl M``rsigcr, glmVgtglgnc >114). ]ec ngsjd jmcg js ngscm `l tec gssuoptj`l tegt tec jlcqugijty `bjltcrcst stcos brò jlcqugijtjcs jl tec mctcrojlglts `b tec ecgite vgrjgnic `b jltcrcst.B`r cxgopic, tec mcdòp`sjtj`l gii`ws us t` glswcr tec bìi`wjlf typc `b qucstj`l;Vegt js tec rcigtjvc d`ltrjnutj`l `b tec jlcqugijty `b cmudgtj`l jl cxpigjljlf tecjlcqugijty `b ecgite dgrc gddcss0 ]ec mcdòp`sjtj`l ecips us jmcltjby pìjdy grcgs b`rjltcrvcltj`l t` rcmudc tec jlcqugijty.

Gssuoc gly gmmjtjvc ijlcgr rcfrcssj`l o`mci b̀ ecgite ùtdòc (

ℌ), sude gs

ℌ ? + ∗ + (3)wecrc js g mctcrojlglt `b ℌ.Vgfstgbb, vgl M``rsigcr glm Vgtglgnc (>114) jltr`mudcm tec bìi`wjlf mcdòp`sjtj`locte`m;

? ∗ ̃ +

(2)

]ec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx js mcdòp`scm jlt` tw` pgrts. ]ec bjrst pgrt js tec mctcrojljstjddòp`lclt, wejde js cqugi t` tec wcjfetcm suo `b tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmjdcs `b teccxpiglgt`ry vgrjgnics, ( ). ]ec wcjfet js tec cigstjdjty `b tec ecgite jlmcx jlrcspcdt t` cgde bgdt`r, , wejde ocgsurcs tec segrc `b vgrjgnics cxpigjljlf tecd`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx `b jltcrcst. ]ec pr`mudt `b tec cigstjdjty glm rcbicdts tecd`ltrjnutj`l ogmc ny . ]ec scd`lm pgrt js dgiicm tec fclcrgijzcm d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcxb`r rcsjmugi dòp`lclts () (@‚M`llcii ct gi. >115). ]ec scd`lm pgrt dgpturcs tecjlcqugijty tegt dgll`t nc cxpigjlcm ny . ]ec pcrdcltgfc `b tec d`ltrjnutj`l `b tecjlcqugijty jl t` tec jlcqugijty jl ℌ dgl nc dgiduigtcm gs bìi`ws;

% d`ltrjnutj`l ? ̃ ⁍ *711 (6)

Gs p`tcltjgi d`ltrjnutjlf bgdt`rs, wc usc tec jlcqugijtjcs ijstcm jl ]gnic =. Go`lf tecscjlcqugijtjcs, ùr ogjl jltcrcst ijcs jl ecgite jlsurgldc glm cmudgtj`l. N`te grc grcgswecrc pìjdy oghcrs dùim p`ssjniy jltcrvclc glm grc gdtugiiy jltcrvcljlf. Jl Kglugry

>17=, tec Jlm`lcsjg f`vcrloclt jltr`mudcm g dòpuis`ry lgtj`lgi ecgite jlsurgldcsystco wjte tec gjo `b oghjlf ngsjd dgrc gvgjignic t` gii ny >17:.3 Gs wc wjii scc igtcr,ùr rcsuits suffcst tegt tec ojtjfgtj`l `b ecgite jlsurgldc stgtus jlcqugijty dùimjlmccm jopr`vc tec cqugijty jl ecgite scrvjdc utjijzgtj`l. Vc mcdòp`sc tecd`ldcltrgtj`l jlmjdcs `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs glm ulmcrocmjdgtj`l `b eypcrtclsj̀ l glm scce`w oude `b teco grc cxpigjlcm ny tec jlcqugijty `b ecgite jlsurgldc stgtus glmsde`ìjlf.

3

ettp;//www.tecfugrmjgl.dò/fi`ngi-mcvci`poclt-pr̀ bcssj`lgis-lctw`rh/>173/ogy/73/jlm`lcsjgs-uljvcrsgi-ecgitedgrc-jlsurgldc-vcrmjdt

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]gnic =; Q`ssjnic D`ltrjnut jlf Bgdt`rs t` tec Ecgite Jlcqugijty

D`ltrjnutjlfBgdt`rs

Mcsdrjptj`l

Cmudgtj`l Dòpictjlf cicocltgry sde`ì

Ijvjlf stglmgrms Gddcss t` cicdtrjdjty glm dicgl wgtcr, p`sscssjlf g fgs st`vc, gddcss t`ngsjd sgljtgtj`l, vcejdics, gppijgldcs

]cicvjsj`l Q`sscssjlf g tcicvjsj`l

Ecgite jlsurgldc Ncjlf g eìmcr/nclcbjdjgry `b punijd `r prjvgtc ecgite jlsurgldc

Gddcssjnjijty Luoncr `b ecgite dgrc dcltcrs (pushcsogs) pcr 7 ojiij`l pc`pic, ojlutcst` tec lcgrcst ecgite dgrc dcltcr.

L`tc; Gppijgldcs grc rgmj`s, tgpc rcd`rmcrs, rcbrjfcrgt`rs, scwjlf `r wgsejlf ogdejlcs, vjmc` glm DMpigycrs, eglm pe`lcs, ctd.

]ec mgtg b`r luoncr `b ecgite dgrc dcltcrs (pushcsogs) wcrc `ntgjlcm brò tec Ojljstry `b Ecgite `bJlm`lcsjg (>171).

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

=. ^CTSI]T

=.7 D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx

]ec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmjdcs b`r tec mjstrjnutj`l `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs glm ulmcrocmjdgtj`l `bscvcrc eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`ls grc se`wl jl ]gnic 3. ]ec l`rogijzcm d`ldcltrgtj`ljlmcx js drcgtcm ny gmkustjlf tec nùlmgry `b tec jlmcx ny tec octe`m pr`p`scm nyCrrcyfcrs (>11:g). Vc `liy prcsclt tec rcsuits b`r tec dgsc `b scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l.@lc rcgs`l b`r tjs js tegt sòc pc`pic subbcrjlf brò o`mcrgtc eypcrtclsj`l grc l`t

tìm t` tghc eypcrtclsjvc ocmjdjlc. Burtecro`rc, ultrcgtcm scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l js bgro`rc pcrjiùs, glm pc`pic subbcrjlf brò jt grc str`lfiy rcdòoclmcm t` ulmcrf` gpr`pcr mjgfl`sjs glm t` tghc gltjeypcrtclsjvc ocmjdjlc. B`r ulmcrmjgfl`sjs, tecd`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx se`ws g lcfgtjvc vgiuc, wejde suffcsts cvjmcldc tegtulmcrmjgfl`sjs js o`rc brcqucltiy bùlm go`lf tec p``r. Mjvjmjlf tec sgopic jlt` tw`sunsgopics, rurgi glm urngl, rcvcgis tegt tec urngl sgopic se`ws tec sogiicr mcfrcc`b jlcqugijty. B`r ulmcrocmjdgtj`l, tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx dgiduigtcm brò tec mgtg jlgii rcfj`ls egs g lcfgtjvc vgiuc wjte g sogii stglmgrm crr`r, jopiyjlf tec cxjstcldc `bjlcqugijty, nut tec mcfrcc `b jlcqugijty js sogiicr tegl tec jlcqugijty bùlm b`rulmcrmjgfl`sjs. Vecl wc lcxt i``h gt tec tw` sunsgopics, tec jlmcx b`r urngl grcgsse`ws g igrfcr gnsìutc vgiuc tegl tec vgiuc dgiduigtcm brò tec rurgi sgopic,jlmjdgtjlf g ejfecr mcfrcc `b ecgite jlcqugijty jl tec ocmjdgtj`l `b eypcrtclsj`l.

]` suo up, `vcrgii, tec rcsuits se`w tegt wcgitejcr frùps clk`y g ejfecr pr`ngnjijty `bncjlf mjgfl`scm ny g ecgite dgrc pr`bcssj`lgi glm tghjlf ocmjdjlc b`r eypcrtclsj`ltegl pgtjclts jl i`wcr wcgite frùps. ]` put jt gl`tecr wgy, tec p``r grc o`rc ijhciy t`b`rcf` mjgfl`sjs glm t` ict eypcrtclsj`l f` ultrcgtcm. Vecl wc i``h gt tec sunsgopicrcsuits, wc bjlm cvjmcldc b`r igrfcr jlcqugijty jl gddcss t` mjgfl`sjs jl rurgi grcgs.Srngljzgtj`l dgl teus ecip pr`vjmc ncttcr gddcss t` ocmjdgi scrvjdcs b`r te`sc we`lccm jt glm ojtjfgtc ecgite jlcqugijty jl mjgfl`sjs. E`wcvcr, urngljzgtj`l m`cs l`tscco t` ecip t` rcmudc tec jlcqugijty jl tcros `b ulmcrocmjdgtj`l. Vc bjlm ejfecricvcis `b jlcqugijty jl urngl grcgs dòpgrcm t` rurgi grcgs.

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]gnic 3; D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx `b Slmcrmjgfl`sjs glm Slmcrocmjdgtj`l b`r TcvcrcEypcrtclsj`l

@utdòc Grcgs D`ldcltrgtj`l

jlmcx

Ttglmgrm

crr`r

Crrcyfcrs DJ Ttglmgrm

crr`r

Slmcrmjgfl`sjs Gii -1.14:7 1.1731 -1.15= 1.14>

ûrgi -1.1461 1.17:1 -1.155 1.1=3

Srngl -1.1>7: 1.1>44 -1.1=4 1.1=2

Slmcrocmjdgtj`l Gii -1.17=: 1.1131 -1.133 1.17:

ûrgi -1.11=> 1.1133 -1.172 1.1>7

Srngl -1.17:2 1.115> -1.161 1.1>:

DJ ? d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

=.> Mcdòp`sjtj`l

Bjlgiiy, wc mcdòp`sc tec jlcqugijty jl tec mjgfl`sjs glm ocmjdgtj`l `b scvcrceypcrtclsj`l glm mjsduss tec mjbbcrcldcs `b tec d`ltrjnutjlf bgdt`rs nctwccl rurgi glmurngl rcfj`ls. Bjfurc 3 se`ws tec d`ltrjnutjlf bgdt`rs t` tec jlcqugijty `b mjgfl`sjsglm ocmjdgtj`l b`r scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l. Mctgjicm jlb`rogtj`l `b tec dòp`lclts `b tecbgdt`rs js rcp`rtcm jl ]gnic 2 glm ]gnic 6, rcspcdtjvciy. ]gnics 2 glm 6 ijst jl mctgji giitec vgrjgnics uscm b`r tec mcdòp`sjtj`l glgiysjs. Vc `nscrvc tegt gii bgdt`rs egvc gp`sjtjvc d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx cxdcpt b`r mjstgldc t` ecgite dgrc dcltcrs.

]ec mcdòp`sjtj`l `b tec jlcqugijty `b mjgfl`sjs jiiustrgtcs tegt o`st `b tec jlcqugijtydgl nc cxpigjlcm ny tec jlcqugijtjcs jl tec ijvjlf stglmgrms. Lcvcrtecicss, tec jlcqugijtyjl sde`ìjlf stjii cxpigjls grùlm :.:% `b tec jlcqugijty jl mjgfl`sjs. Jt tecrcny yjcims

cvjmcldc tegt cxpglmjlf tec `pp`rtuljty t` dòpictc prjogry cmudgtj`l b`r icssgmvgltgfcm frùps dgl p`tcltjgiiy ojtjfgtc tec jlcqugijty jl mjgfl`sjs. G o`rc cqugidegldc t` egvc ngsjd cmudgtj`l dùim rcmudc ecgite jlcqugijty, glm jts rcigtjvccbbcdtjvclcss js igrfcr jl urngl grcgs dòpgrcm t` rurgi grcgs. @ur cstjogtj`ls burtecrse`w tegt jlcqugijty jl p`sscssjlf g tcicvjsj`l gddùlts b`r g d`lsjmcrgnic segrc `b tecjlcqugijty jl mjgfl`sjs. Vc ojfet d`lkcdturc tegt ncjlf gnic t` wgtde ]R ojfet ecip t`fgjl jlsjfets jlt` ecgitey ijbcstyics. E`wcvcr, ncb`rc oghjlf g d`ldiusjvc stgtcoclt,o`rc rcscgrde js lccm t` buiiy ulmcrstglm tec rìc `b ]R jl drcgtjlf ecgite jlcqujtjcs.

]ec jlcqugijty jl ecgite jlsurgldc bgjis t` cxpigjl tec jlcqugijty jl mjgfl`sjs, wejdejopijcs tegt tec jlcqugijty jl ecgite jlsurgldc m`cs l`t cxgdcrngtc tec jlcqugijty jlmjgfl`sjs `b eypcrtclsj`l. ]ejs js ncdgusc `b tec p`sjtjvc gss`djgtj`l (p`sjtjvc

cigstjdjty vgiuc) nctwccl ulmcrmjgfl`sjs glm ecgite jlsurgldc.Jlcqugijty jl gddcss t` ocmjdgi bgdjijtjcs turls ùt t` nc `lc `b tec igrfcst d`ltrjnut`rst` jlcqugijty jl mjgfl`sjs. Jts d`ltrjnutj`l js igrfcr jl urngl rcfj`ls8 tec jlcqugijty jl tecluoncr `b ecgite dcltcrs pcr 7 ojiij`l pc`pic glm jl mjstgldc cxpigjls 72.4% `b tecjlcqugijty jl ulmcrmjgfl`sjs sccl jl tec rcfj`ls.

]ec tercc, rjfet-eglm ngrs jl Bjfurc 6 se`w tec mcdòp`sjtj`l rcsuits b`rulmcrocmjdgtj`l. Gs wc egvc sccl jl tec mcdòp`sjtj`l glgiysjs b`r ulmcrmjgfl`sjs,jlcqugijty jl ijvjlf stglmgrms js tec ogk`r bgdt`r d`ltrjnutjlf t` tec jlcqugijty `bulmcrocmjdgtj`l. Gl `nvjùs jopijdgtj`l `b tejs rcsuit js tegt jopr`vjlf tec `vcrgii ijvjlfd`lmjtj`ls `b tec p``r dùim nc gl cbbcdtjvc wgy t` rcmudc tec ulcqugi mjstrjnutj`l `bmjgfl`sjs glm ocmjdgtj`l.

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Tjojigr t` tec jlcqugijty `b mjgfl`sjs, tec jlcqugijty jl ocmjdgtj`l dgl nc gttrjnutcmpgrtjgiiy t` tec ulcqugi mjstrjnutj`l `b prjogry cmudgtj`l. Gs grfucm gn`vc b`r tec dgsc`b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs, fjvjlf tec `pp`rtuljty t` rcdcjvc prjogry cmudgtj`l t` cvcry`lcsccos t` nc gl gppr`prjgtc ocgsurc t` icsscl tec jlcqugijty jl ocmjdgtj`l. E`wcvcr,jts pr`p`rtj`l js l`w sogiicr dòpgrcm t` tec dgsc `b ulmcrmjgfl`sjs. Jl tec dgsc `bocmjdgtj`l, wc m` bjlm g sjfljbjdglt cbbcdt `b ecgite jlsurgldc. ]ec jlcqugijty jl ecgitejlsurgldc sunsdrjptj`l cxpigjls grùlm =.7% glm 6.3% `b tec jlcqugijty jl ocmjdgtj`ljl rurgi glm urngl lcjfen`re``ms, rcspcdtjvciy. Cstgnijsejlf s`djgi ecgite jlsurgldctegt oghcs ecgite jlsurgldc dòpuis`ry b`r cvcry`lc dùim teus ojtjfgtc tec jlcqugijtyjl ocmjdgtj`l.

Burtecro`rc, ùr cstjogtj`ls uld`vcr tegt sòc pr`p`rtj`l `b jlcqugijty jl ocmjdgtj`ldgl nc cxpigjlcm ny tec jlcqugijty jl gddcss t` ecgite dgrc dcltcrs. Jts mcfrcc js o`rcpròjlclt jl rurgi rcfj`ls glm jt cxpigjls >1.:% `b tec d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcx `bulmcrocmjdgtj`l.Bjlgiiy, jt egs t` nc l`tcm tegt tec pgrts l`t cxpigjlcm ny tec gn`vc bgdt`rs grc trcgtcmgs rcsjmugis, wejde rcbicdt tec jlcqugijty muc t` tec goùlt `b wcgite glm `tecr bgdt`rs

tegt grc l`t jldiumcm jl tec mcdòp`sjtj`l pr`dcss. ]ec urngl grcg egs g oude igrfcrrcsjmugi b`r ulmcrocmjdgtj`l, pr`ngniy ncdgusc tecrc grc o`rc urngl-spcdjbjd bgdt`rsd`ltrjnutjlf t` tec urngl jlcqugijty jl ocmjdgtj`l, sude gs eùsjlf d`lmjtj`ls, wejdewc grc ulgnic t` jld`rp`rgtc jl ùr o`mci.

Bjfurc 3; Mcdòp`sjtj`l `b tec Jlcqugijty jl Mjgfl`sjs glm Ocmjdgtj`l

Tùrdc; Gute`rs.

7:


21/25


]gnic 2; Mcdòp`sjtj`l Mctgjicm ^csuits b`r Mjgfl`sjs

DJ ? d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcxTùrdc; Gute`rs.

]gnic 6; Mcdòp`sjt j`l Mctgjicm ^csuits b`r Ocmjdgtj`l

DJ ? d`ldcltrgtj`l jlmcxTùrdc; Gute`rs.

3. MJTDSTTJ@L GLM D@LDISTJ@L

Jl tejs pgpcr, wc ocgsurc tec jlcqugijty `b ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l jl tcros `b tecmjgfl`sjs `b eypcrtclsj`l glm jts ocmjdgtj`l. Mcvci`pjlf dùltrjcs bgdc jldrcgsjlficvcis `b eypcrtclsj`l glm jl pgrgiici gl jldrcgsc jl der`ljd mjscgscs. Jlm`lcsjg js l`cxdcptj`l. Jl ùr pgpcr wc bjlm cvjmcldc tegt eypcrtclsj`l js jlgmcqugtciy gmmrcsscmjl Jlm`lcsjg. O`rc tegl egib `b tec pc`pic wjte eypcrtclsj`l egvc lcvcr ncclmjgfl`scm glm `liy g sogii brgdtj`l `b pc`pic grc tghjlf ocmjdjlc gfgjlst rgjscm ni``mprcssurc. Jl tec Qc`pic‚s ^cpunijd `b Dejlg, ny d`ltrgst, tec pr`p`rtj`l `b pc`pic we`grc mjgfl`scm glm tghc ocmjdgtj`l js rcp`rtcm t` nc 63%—51%, wejde js oude ejfecrtegl Jlm`lcsjgl pc`pic (Vjt`cigr, Ttrguss, glm Tjh`hj >11:).

@ur rcscgrde pr`mudcm scvcrgi lcw jlsjfets. Bjrst, `l tec mjbbcrcldc nctwccl rurgi glmurngl grcgs jl tcros `b gddcss t` ecgite dgrc wc bjlm tegt ulmcrmjgfl`sjs `beypcrtclsj`l jl urngl grcgs js sjfljbjdgltiy i`wcr tegl te`sc jl rurgi grcgs, jopiyjlftegt urngl grcgs `bbcr ncttcr gddcss t` ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs. Burtecro`rc, eypcrtclsj`lf`cs ultrcgtcm icss `btcl jl urngl grcgs dòpgrcm t` rurgi grcgs, suffcstjlf tegtgddcss t` ocmjdgtj`l js gis` cgsjcr jl urngl grcgs. Tcd`lm, gs b`r tec ecgite dgrcjlcqugijtjcs, ùr stumy se`ws tegt ulmcrmjgfl`sjs `b eypcrtclsj`l js o`rc prcvgicltgo`lf tec icss wcgitey frùps. ]ecsc rcsuits ejfeijfet tec rjsh tegt p``r eùsceìmsbgdc; Slmjgfl`scm scvcrc eypcrtclsj`l clegldcs tec rjsh `b ijbc-tercgtcljlfdòpijdgtj`ls, jldiumjlf d`r`lgry ecgrt mjscgsc, str`hc, hjmlcy bgjiurc, ctd. Tcvcrgi `btecsc d`lmjtj`ls dgl icgm t` summcl mcgte `r dgtgstr`pejd ecgite cxpclmjturcs. I`wcr

Cigstjdjty DJ D`ltrjnutj l̀ D`ltrjnutj l̀ % Cigstjdjty DJ D`ltrjnutj l̀ D`ltrjnutj l̀ % Cigstjdjty DJ D`ltrjnutj l̀ D`ltrjnutj l̀ %

Qrj ogry cmudgtj l̀ -1.1:: 1.14: -1.114: :.5:% - 1.1:3 1.173 -1.1173 4.:2% - 1.12> 1.1=> -1.11>2 77.:1%

Gddcss t` ci cdtrj dj ty -1.737 1.172 -1.11>= 2.1=% -1.741 1.17: -1.11>3 2.51% -1.1:3 1.115 -1.1116 4.4=%

Fgs st`vc 1.117 1.772 1.111> -1.=1% 1.117 1.1:4 1.1117 -1.>5% 1.1>1 1.123 1.1174 -3.:2%

Di cgl wgtcr gddcss -1.17= 1.=43 -1.112> 73.64% -1.17> 1.363 -1.1161 75.:1% -1.171 1.44> -1.114= 73.=4%Ngsjd sgljtgtj`l -1.17> 1.7:6 -1.11>= 2.76% 1.113 1.=4> 1.11>1 -3.4:% 1.117 1.151 1.1117 -1.47%

Rcejdic 1.117 1.7>1 1.1117 -1.43% -1.131 1.1:4 -1.11=6 7>.2=% 1.156 1.712 1.11:> -=>.1:%

Gppijgldcs -1.71= 1.1=4 -1.11=3 77.3>% -1.146 1.143 -1.1174 4.=:% -1.>6= 1.142 -1.11:: =3.>7%

]cicvjsj`l -1.16> 1.71= -1.1163 7:.7=% -1.1>6 1.777 -1.1141 5.13% -1.162 1.163 -1.1136 >2.74%

Jlsurgldc 1.171 1.1:3 1.1171 ->.=6% 1.11= 1.175 1.1117 -1.>1% 1.1>: 1.1:= 1.11>5 -7>.2>%

Mj stgldc t` Qushcsogs -1.116 -1.776 1.111: ->.>>% -1.174 1.161 -1.111: >.=1% -1.11= -1.>65 1.117> -3.>5%

Luoncr ̀ b Qushcsogs -1.>45 1.17> -1.11>5 6.72% -1.>4: 1.11: -1.11>7 3.6>% -1.>6= 1.176 -1.11=6 >7.35%

^csjmugi -1.1776 >:.51% -1.172> =4.:7% -1.11:4 =>.22%

]`tgi -1.14:7 711.11% -1.1461 711.11% -1.1>7: 711.11%

Jlmjvjmugi d`ltrjnutjlf bgdt`rs

]`tgi ûrgi Srngl

Cigstjdjty DJ D`ltrjnutj l̀ D`ltrjnutj l̀ % Cigstjdjty DJ D`ltrjnutj l̀ D`ltrjnutj l̀ % Cigstjdjty DJ D`ltrjnutj l̀ D`ltrjnutj l̀ %

Qrjogry cmudgtj`l -1.115 1.14: -1.1114 >.>4% -1.112 1.173 -1.1117 >.74% -1.11> 1.1=> -1.1117 1.=1%

Gddcss t` ci cdtrj dj ty -1.1>2 1.172 -1.111= >.67% -1.17: 1.17: -1.111= 5.31% -1.1=2 1.115 -1.111= 7.5>%

Fgs st`vc 1.11> 1.776 1.111> -7.35% 1.11> 1.1:= 1.111> -3.13% 1.116 1.123 1.111= ->.7:%

Di cgl wgtcr gddcss -1.11= 1.=43 -1.117: 7>.3=% -1.114 1.363 -1.1175 =4.77% -1.11= 1.44> -1.117> 3.::%

Ngsj d sglj tgtj l̀ -1.17= 1.7:5 -1.11>: 7:.73% 1.11> 1.=4> 1.1115 -75.:1% - 1.1>2 1.151 -1.11>7 71.37%

Rcejdic -1.11> 1.7>1 -1.111> 7.3>% -1.11= 1.1:= -1.111= :.:7% 1.11= 1.712 1.111= ->.72%

Gppijgldcs -1.17: 1.1=4 -1.1115 3.3:% -1.17> 1.14= -1.111= :.63% -1.14: 1.142 -1.117= 6.>4%

]cicvjsj`l -1.175 1.71= -1.1175 7>.4>% -1.112 1.77> -1.1112 7=.:2% -1.1>5 1.163 -1.11>7 71.65%

Jlsurgldc -1.17> 1.1:3 -1.117> 6.:2% -1.11: 1.17: -1.111> =.15% -1.172 1.1:= -1.1173 6.34%

Mj stgldc t` Qushcsogs -1.11> -1.776 1.1114 -7.:3% 1.117 1.167 1.1117 -7.34% -1.113 -1.>65 1.1174 -2.65%

Luoncr ̀ b Qushcsogs -1.775 1.17> -1.117= :.76% -1.77> 1.115 -1.111: >>.=7% -1.7>: 1.176 -1.11>> 77.45%

^csjmugi -1.11=3 41.43% -1.1113 71.24% -1.171: 33.=5%

]`tgi -1.17=: 711.11% -1.11=> 711.11% -1.17:2 711.11%

Jlmjvjmugi d`ltrjnutjlf bgdt`rs

]`tgi ûrgi Srngl

>1


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wcgite frùps grc teus d`lbr`ltcm wjte g ejfecr rjsh `b bgdjlf cxtrcociy ejfe ocmjdgicxpclmjturcs, wejde burtecr jop`vcrjsecs teco glm hccps teco jl p`vcrty.

Gs b`r tec ecgite jlcqugijty jl tcros `b ocmjdgtj`l gfgjlst eypcrtclsj`l, wc grc ulgnict` bjlm str`lf cvjmcldc `b ecgite jlcqugijty. @ur rcsuits jlmjdgtc tegt o`st `b tec

Jlm`lcsjgl pc`pic wjte eypcrtclsj`l m` l`t tghc ocmjdjlc l` ogttcr e`w wcgitey tecygrc. Jl `tecr w`rms, Jlm`lcsjgls grc cqugiiy l`t tghjlf ocmjdjlc gfgjlst eypcrtclsj`l.@ur survcy se`ws tegt :>% `b pc`pic we` grc scvcrciy eypcrtclsjvc m` l`t trcgt tecjreypcrtclsj`l wjte ocmjdjlc. Tjldc tec mjbbcrcldc jl tec rgtc `b l`t tghjlf ocmjdjlc jscxtrcociy i`w gdr`ss gii frùps, wc dùim l`t bjlm str`lf s`dj`cd`lòjd rcigtcmvgrjgtj`ls.

Bjlgiiy, tec mcdòp`sjtj`l glgiysjs rcvcgis tegt o`st `b tec jlcqugijty `b ecgite dgrcutjijzgtj`l js muc t` mjbbcrclt ijvjlf d`lmjtj`ls glm gddcssjnjijty t` ecgite dgrc dcltcrs(pushcsogs). Jldrcgsjlf ijvjlf d`lmjtj`ls glm jopr`vjlf gddcss t` ecgite dgrc dcltcrsgrc tw` `nvjùs grcgs b`r ojtjfgtjlf ecgite jlcqujtjcs. Vc gis` bjlm brò tec rcfrcssj`lglgiysjs tegt dòpictjlf prjogry cmudgtj`l rgjscs tec pr`ngnjijty `b ncjlf mjgfl`scm

(]gnic 4). G o`rc cqugi mjstrjnutj`l `b cmudgtj`l wùim gis` ecip t` ojtjfgtc tecjlcqugijty jl ecgite dgrc utjijzgtj`l. @ur stumy gis` pr`vjmcs cvjmcldc tegt tec rìiùt `bg fclcrgi ecgite jlsurgldc systco d`ltrjnutcs t` tec ojtjfgtj`l `b tec jlcqugijty jlocmjdgtj`l. Gs tec uljvcrsgi ecgite dgrc systco jl Jlm`lcsjg js durrcltiy jl tec oghjlf,tecrc js e`pc tegt tec mcvci`poclt `b uljvcrsgi ecgite jlsurgldc wùim ecip t` burtecricsscl tec jlcqugijty jl ocmjdgtj`l.

@ur rcscgrde jiiustrgtcs tegt urngljzgtj`l dgl ecip t` jopr`vc gddcss t` ecgitescrvjdcs. Gs tejs pgpcr `bbcrs cvjmcldc `liy b`r tec dgrc `b eypcrtclsj`l mjgfl`sjs glmjts ocmjdgtj`l, burtecr rcscgrde js lccmcm t` fclcrgijzc tejs stgtcoclt. Srngljzgtj`ldùim icsscl tec luoncr `b pc`pic we` f` ulmcrmjgfl`scm, wjteùt cxgdcrngtjlf tecjlcqugijty jl mjgfl`sjs. E`wcvcr, ùr rcsuits jlmjdgtc tegt urngljzgtj`l ojfet oghc tecjlcqugijty jl ocmjdgtj`l sijfetiy w`rsc, giteùfe jt wùim ecip t` jopr`vc teculmcrmjgfl`sjs. Gfgjl, o`rc rcscgrde b`r `tecr ecgite d`lmjtj`ls js lccmcm t` stumytejs jssuc.

Mcspjtc tec bgdt tegt urngljzgtj`l dùim jopr`vc ecgitedgrc gddcss, jt dgll`t nc gpglgdcg t` jopr`vc ecgite, cspcdjgiiy b`r tec prcvgicldc `b tec trcgtoclt `beypcrtclsj`l. Gs giiumcm t` jl tec ncfjlljlf, urngljzgtj`l `btcl f`cs eglm-jl-eglm wjteg icss ecgitey ijbcstyic glm o`rc cxp`surc t` ulecgitey ijvjlf d`lmjtj`ls, sude gs gjrpìiutj`l `r `vcrdr`wmjlf. B`r tec dgsc `b Jlm`lcsjg, wc bùlm tegt tec rgtcs `beypcrtclsj`l grc sijfetiy ejfecr jl urngl grcgs (p91.17). ]ec ecgite nclcbjts `burngljzgtj`l grc teus uldicgr. V`rsc ecgite d`lmjtj`ls `b urngl mwciicrs ojfet ncùtwcjfecm ny ncttcr gddcss t` ecgite dgrc scrvjdcs glm p`ssjniy ocmjdgtj`l. O`rcrcscgrde js lccmcm t` ncttcr ulmcrstglm e`w t` oghc urngljzgtj`l nclcbjdjgi b`r punijd

ecgite.

Qrò`tjlf pc`pic wjte eypcrtclsjvc d`lmjtj`ls t` egvc lcdcssgry mjgfl`scs glm tghcocmjdjlc pr` rc lgtg wjii nc `lc `b tec csscltjgi pìjdjcs b`r tec f`vcrloclt jlJlm`lcsjg t` rcmudc tec buturc rulgwgy d`st `b ecgite dgrc glm gocij`rgtc tec cqujty `becgite `b tec p`puigtj`l, gs cgriy mctcdtj`l glm gppr`prjgtc trcgtoclt js d`lsjmcrgniyicss d`stiy n`te b`r pgtjclts glm tec dùltry tegl tec trcgtoclt `b dòpijdgtj`ls muc tùltrcgtcm eypcrtclsj̀ l.

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^CBC^CLDCT*

Ngrrgzg-Ii`rêls, O., F. Qgl`pùì u, glm N. Z. Mïgz. >174. Jldòc-rcigtcm Jlcqugijty jl

Ecgite glm Ecgite Dgrc Stjijzgtj`l jl Ocxjd`, >111->112. ^cv Qglgo TgiumQunijdg 44(>); 7>>—741.

Dgrr-Ejii, ^., glm Q. Degiocrs-Mjx`l. >113. ]ec Qunijd Ecgite @nscrvgt`ry Eglmn``h`b Ecgite Jlcqugijtjcs Ocgsurcoclt. @xb`rm, SH; Tùte Cgst Clfiglm QunijdEcgite @nscrvgt`ry.

Derjstjglj, Z., K. C. Nyics, O. ]gvclcr, glm Q. Mufmgic. >173. GsscssjlfT`dj`cd`lòjd Jlcqugijtjcs ̀ b Eypcrtclsj`l go`lf Vòcl jl Jlm`lcsjg‚sOgk`r Djtjcs. Kùrlgi `b Euogl Eypcrtclsj`l >:(77); 7—2.

Dìeùl, E., E. Ecojlfwgy, glm L. ^. Qùitcr. 7::5. T`dj`-cd`lòjd Ttgtus glmNi``m Qrcssurc; Gl @vcrvjcw Glgiysjs. Kùrlgi `b Eyogl Eypcrtclsj`ls 7>;

:7—771.

Mcgt`l, G. >174. ]ec Frcgt Csdgpc; Ecgite, Vcgite, glm tec @rjfjls `b Jlcqugijty. LcwKcrscy; Qrjldct`l Sljvcrsjty Qrcss.

M`rkmgfvg, K., C. Ngtnggtgr, N. M`rksurcl, glm K. Hgueglcl. >173. Jldòc-rcigtcmJlcqugijtjcs jl Ecgite Dgrc Stjijzgtj`l jl O`lfìjg, >116/>>115->17>.Jltcrlgtj`lgi Kùrlgi b`r Cqujty jl Ecgite; 7=; 36.

Myc, D. >115. Ecgite glm Srngl Ijvjlf. Tdjcldc 47:; 622—62:.

Crrcyfcrs, F. >11:g. D`rrcdtjlf tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx. Kùrlgi `b Ecgite Cd`lòjds >5; 31=—373.

Crrcyfcrs, F. >11:n. D`rrcdtjlf tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx; G ^cpiy t` Vgfstgbb. Kùrlgi`b Ecgite Cd`lòjds >5; 3>7—3>=.

Bicurngcy, O. glm C. Tde`hhgcrt. >17>. Cqujty jl Ecgite glm Ecgite Dgrc. JlEglmn``h `b Ecgite Cd`lòjds, Rìuoc >, cmjtcm ny O. R. Qguiy, ]. F.OdFujrc, glm Q. Q. Ngrr`s. L`rte Eìiglm; Ciscvjcr.

Fugrmjgl. >173. Jlm`lcsjg‚s Sljvcrsgi Ecgite Tdecoc; @lc Zcgr @l, Vegt‚s tecRcrmjdt0 ettp;//www.tecfugrmjgl.dò/fi`ngi-mcvci`poclt-pr`bcssj`lgis-lctw`rh/>173/ogy/73/jlm`lcsjgs-uljvcrsgi-ecgitedgrc-jlsurgldc-vcrmjdt(rctrjcvcm 17 Mcdconcr >173).

Fuiijb`rm, O. F., M. Ogegnjr, glm N. ^`dhc. >11=. T`dj`cd`lòjd Jlcqugijtjcs jl Ni``mQrcssurc glm jts Mctcrojlglts; Dr`ss-scdtj`lgi Mgtg brò ]rjljmgm glm ]`ngf`.

Kùrlgi `b Euogl Eypcrtclsj`l 75; 27—61.

Hghwglj, L. 7:66. Ocgsurcoclt `b ]gx Qr`frcssjvjty; Gl Jltcrlgtj`lgi Dòpgrjs`l.]ec Cd`lòjd Kùrlgi 56(4=3); 67—51.

Hghwglj, L., G. Vgfstgbb, C. vgl M``rsigcr. 7::6. T`dj`cd`lòjd Jlcqugijtjcs jlEcgite; Ocgsurcoclt, Dòputgtj`l, glm Ttgtjstjdgi Jlbcrcldc. Kùrlgi `bCd`lòctrjds 66; 56—714.

Ijo, T. T., ct gi. >17>. G Dòpgrgtjvc ^jsh Gsscssoclt `b Nurmcl `b Mjscgsc glmJlkury Gttrjnutgnic t` 26 ^jsh Bgdt`rs glm ^jsh Bgdt`r Diustcrs jl >7 ^cfj`ls,

* ]ec Gsjgl Mcvci`poclt Nglh ^cbcrs t` Dejlg ny tec lgoc Qc`pic‚s ^cpunijd `b Dejlg.

>>

http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/may/15/indonesias-universal-healthcare-insurance-verdicthttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/may/15/indonesias-universal-healthcare-insurance-verdicthttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/may/15/indonesias-universal-healthcare-insurance-verdicthttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/may/15/indonesias-universal-healthcare-insurance-verdict


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7::1->171; G Tystcogtjd Glgiysjs b`r tec Fi`ngi Nurmcl `b Mjscgsc Ttumy>171. Igldct 451; >>>=—>>21.

Ogdjlh`, K., glm O. B. Ijog-D`stg. >17>. E`rjz`ltgi Cqujty jl Ecgite Dgrc Stjijzgtj`l jlNrgzji, 7::5->115. Jltcrlgtj`lgi Kùrlgi b`r Cqujty jl Ecgite 77; 44.

Oclmcz, O. G., ^. D``pcr, ^. Vjihs, G. Iuhc, glm ]. B`rrcstcr. >114. Jldòc,Cmudgtj`l, glm Ni``m Qrcssurc jl Gmuits jl Kgogjdg, g Ojmmic-jldòcMcvci`pjlf Dùltry. Jltcrlgtj`lgi Kùrlgi `b Cpjmcojì`fy 4>; =11—=15.

@‚M`llcii, @, C. vgl M``rsigcr, G. Vgfstgbb, glm O. Ijlmci`w. >115. Glgiyzjlf EcgiteCqujty Ssjlf Eùsceìm Turvcy Mgtg; G Fujmc t` ]cdeljqucs glm ]ecjrJopicocltgtj`l. Vgsejlft`l, MD; V`rim Nglh.

Q`phjl, N. O. >117. ]ec Lutrjtj`l ]rglsjtj`l glm @ncsjty jl tec Mcvci`pjlf V`rim. ]ecKùrlgi ̀ b Lutrjtj`l 747; 567T—564T.

Q`phjl, N. O., glm T. Mu. >114. Mylgojds `b tec Lutrjtj`l ]rglsjtj`l t`wgrm tec GljogiB``ms Tcdt`r jl Dejlg glm jts Jopijdgtj`ls; G V`rrjcm Qcrspcdtjvc. ]ec Kùrlgi

`b Lutrjtj`l 744; 45:5T—>:12T.

Ttjfijtz, K. C., G. Tcl, glm K. Q. Bjtùssj. >171. Ojs-ocgsurjlf @ur Ijvcs; Vey FMQM`csl‚t Gmm Sp. Lcw Z`rh; ]ec Lcw Qrcss.

Sljtcm Lgtj`ls. >17=. V`rim Srngljzgtj`l Qr`spcdts; ]ec >17= ^cvjsj`l. Lcw Z`rh;Sljtcm Lgtj`ls Mcpgrtoclt `b Cd`lòjd glm T`djgi Gbbgjrs.

Rgl mc Q`ci, C., @. @‚M`llcii, glm C. vgl M``rsigcr. >116. Grc Srngl Dejimrcl ^cgiiyEcgitejcr0 Cvjmcldc brò =6 Mcvci`pjlf Dùltrjcs. T`djgi Tdjcldc glmOcmjdjlc 23; 7:52—>114.

Rgl mc Q`ci, C. @. @‚M`llcii, C. vgl M``rsigcr. >11:. Srngljzgtj`l glm tec Tprcgm `bMjscgscs `b Gbbiucldc jl Dejlg. Cd`lòjds glm Euogl Njì`fy 6; >11—>72.

Rgl mcl Ncrf, F., O. vgl Cjksmcl, B. Fgijlm`-Fgrrc, ]. F. O. Rrjkh`ttc, glm ^. K. N. K.Fcohc. >174. Cxpigjljlf T`dj`cd`lòjd Jlcqugijtjcs jl Dejime``m Ni``mQrcssurc glm Qrceypcrtclsj`l, ]ec GNDM Ttumy. Eypcrtclsj`l 27; 43—=7.

Rgl M``rsigcr, C., U. H`ìogl, glm G. O. K`lcs. >11=. Cxpigljlf Jldòc-rcigtcmJlcqugijtjcs jl M`dt`r Stjijzgtj`l jl Cur`pc. Ecgite Cd`lòjds 74; 2>:—2=6.

Vgfstgbb, G. >113. ]ec Nùlms `b tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx wecl tec Rgrjgnic `bJltcrcst Js Njlgry, wjte gl Gppijdgtj`l t` Joouljzgtj`l Jlcqugijty. EcgiteCd`lòjds 7=(=); =>:—=4>.

Vgfstgbb, G. >11:. D`rrcdtjlf tec D`ldcltrgtj`l Jlmcx; G Dòoclt. Kùrlgi `b EcgiteCd`lòjds >5; 372—3>1.

Vgfstgbb, G., C. vgl M``rsigcr. >111. Ocgsurjlf glm ]cstjlf b`r Jlcqujty jl tecMcijvcry `b Ecgite Dgrc. Kùrlgi `b Euogl ^csùrdcs 43(=); 672—644.

Vgfstgbb, G., C. vgl M``rsigcr, glm L. Vgtglgnc. >114. @l Mcdòp`sjlf tec Dguscs`b Ecgite Tcdt`r Jlcqugijtjcs, wjte gl Gppijdgtj`l t` Ogilutrjtj`l Jlcqugijtjcs jlRjctlgo. Kùrlgi `b Cd`lòctrjds 77>(7); >16—>>4.

Vgfstgbb, G., Q. Qgdj, glm C. vgl M``rsigcr. 7::7. @l tec Ocgsurcoclt `b Jlcqugijtjcsjl Ecgite. T`djgi Tdjcldc glm Ocmjdjlc 44(3); 3=3—336.

Vjt`cigr, B., K. Ttrguss, glm N. Tjh`hj. >11:. T`dj`cd`lòjd Tuddcss glm Ecgite jlIgtcr Ijbc; Cvjmcldc brò tec Jlm`lcsjg Bgojiy Ijbc Turvcy. ^GLM Ign`r glm

Q`puigtj`l w`rhjlf pgpcr scrjcs V^-61:. Gvgjignic gt;ettp;//ssrl.dò/gnstrudt?7266=32

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V`rim Ecgite @rfgljzgtj`l (VE@). >174. G Fi`ngi Nrjcb `l Eypcrtclsj`l; Tjiclt Hjiicr,Fi`ngi Qunijd Ecgite Drjsjs. V`rim Ecgite Mgy >174.

Urbanization and Inequality in Hypertension Diagnosis and Medication in Indonesia

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Transcript of Urbanization and Inequality in Hypertension Diagnosis and Medication in Indonesia