PowerPoint PresentationEmail: chhavi@cseindia.org
20 December, 2016
Structure of Presentation
• Reform Agenda & New Paradigm
1951 2011
Cities Population
8000 urban centre
Large cities of 20th
o In the last hundred years world population tripled
- o .... While as human use of water increased six times
-
o Worldwide, the consumption of water is doubling every 20 years which is more than twice the rate of increase in population
Growing crisis
Africa, and was average
rest of the world.
> 20 - very high.
Source: World water resources at the beginning of the 21st century” prepared in the framework of ihp unesco
Growing crisis
the world population has
> 20 - very high.
Source: World water resources at the beginning of the 21st century” prepared in the framework of ihp unesco
* Based on provisional population result of Census of India 2011
Is India Water-stressed ?
50 years (2001).
level of stress mark
(i.e.1700 cu.m) fixed by
"water-stressed” nation
Challenges to Urban Water in India Asia
• Rapid population growth including high rural urban migration ( )
• Mismanagement or lack of management ( )
• Interest in pipe lines and huge investments ( )
• No proper pricing for water ( )
• Change in land use pattern ( )
• No control on groundwater extraction ( )
• Reduction in traditional water recharging areas ( )
• Lack of on-time de-silting operations in water bodies that can enhance water storage capacity during monsoon.
Urban Water Experience
- High dependence on Septic tanks / Onsite
Sanitation ( ) - Non- existent septage management
Why Septage Management is Obligation of ULBs?
• In urban India safe disposal of human excreta is biggest
challenge
tanks
human excreta poses serious health and environment
risks
India
Economic and Sanitation Initiatives, 2010)
Important policies and legal provisions related to
sanitation
Constitutional Provisions on sanitation and water pollution
Statutory powers conferred on states to make law on water and sanitation
National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008
Mandates local governments to address behavioral change, total sanitation, 100 % safe waste disposal, and manual scavenging in addition to sewerage development, tasks state governments to draft state urban sanitation policies that in turn require cities to develop city sanitation strategies
Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992
Suggests developing relevant legislation and regulation, fiscal incentives, voluntary agreements, educational programs, information campaigns, need environmental considerations into decision making at all levels, pollution prevention at source, application of best practicable solution, ensure polluter pays for control of pollution, focus on heavily polluted areas and river stretches and involve public in decision-making
The National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, 1992
Promotes judicious and sustainable use of natural resources, preservation of biodiversity, land and water
Important policies and legal provisions related to
sanitation - contd.
The National Environment Policy, 2006
Promotes conservation national resources, protection of wild life and ecosystems, prevention of pollution, reuse and recycling of wastewater, adoption of clean technology, application of ‘polluter pay principle’ and amendment in the existing law from criminal to civil suit provisions
The water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, as Amended in 1993 and 2003
To charge cess on water consumption for polluting activities to strengthen the pollution control boards by providing financial support for equipment and technical personnel and to promote water conservation by recycling
Central Ground Water Authority
To regulate and control abstraction, development and management of groundwater resources
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
To provide for public liability- insurance for the purpose of providing immediate relief to the persons affected by accident occurring while handling any hazardous substance
Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
Legislative framework for laws enactment related to storage transport, handling and disposal of hazardous wastes
Important policies and legal provisions related to
sanitation - coned.
Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999
Rules for Municipal Solid waste Management at urban cities
Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 1994
To impose restrictions and prohibitions on the expansion and modernization of any activity or new projects being undertaken in any part of India unless environmental clearance has been accorded by the Central Government or the State Government.
73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments - Role of Local Self Government
Obliging state governments to constitute Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and transfer responsibility for water supply and sanitation services to them
Municipalities Act, District Municipalities Act or the Nagar Palika Act
Complete authority and jurisdiction over all urban amenities, including water supply and sanitation with municipality
Town Planning Act/Urban Development authorities Act
To establish development and planning authorities, having powers over any development activity in the area under their jurisdiction
National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) 2009
All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and
livable, ensure and sustain public health and environmental
outcomes for all their citizens.
Milestones for 100% Sanitation
- Totally free from open defecation;
- Sanitary collection of 100 percent human excreta and wastes
- Proper removal and treatment of all wastewater
2. Wastewater and Drainage safely managed ( )
a) All grey water collected and disposed off safely;
b) All storm water is properly managed
contd-
Steps for Achieving 100% Sanitation Key Principles
3 , 2008 ‘ ’ . :
“ , , ”.
-
NUSP - Developing State / Distt strategies and
City Sanitation Plans (CSPs)
Sanitation is a local subject and requires strong city level
institutions and stakeholders. Each state and city to
formulate its own sanitation strategy and their respective
city sanitation plans.
must issue policies and technical solutions
that address onsite sanitation, including the
safe confinement of faecal sludge
Central Public Health & Environmental
sanitation including decentralized wastewater
India is soaking up water, polluting
rivers and drowning in its own waste
( 296 pages).
survey of 71 cities, and presents an
assimilation of the survey's results
(496 pages) building on various
Previous publications:
pump, treat – from further and further away.
Flush and carry the waste out of the city – pipe,
pump, divert, treat – further and further away.
Not even single city has 24-7 water supply
The water-sewage connection
Classification of towns/cities Recommended maximum
water supply levels (lpcd)
but without sewerage system 70
Cities provided with piped water supply
where sewerage system is exists 135
Metropolitan and Mega cities provided
with piped water supply where sewerage
systems existing
Source: Ministry of Urban Development, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering
Organisation Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, Third Edition -Revised and Updated (May
1999), New Delhi.
CPHEEO Norm
More water supplied = More waste water
generated = more costs for treatment =
Unsustainable
leads to increasing cost of supply
o Leads to high distribution losses and less
water to supply at end of pipeline
o Less water means more costly water
Cities not able to recover costs of
supply, have no money to invest in
sewage
• More water = more waste
• Cities have no accounts for sewage
• Cities have no clue how they will convey waste of all,
treat it, clean rivers
Sewage : more sums
• 30% of total sewage can be treated and 31 % of
treatment capacity in Delhi & Mumbai.
• Significant population still dependent on Septic tanks
with inadequate mechanisms.
drains
Sewer
Cities plan for treatment not „sewage
• Treatment plants are not simple answers
• Can build plants to treat, but there is no waste being
conveyed for treatment
engineers/planner sell pipe-dreams of catching up with
infrastructure
• Cities do not have drains
• New growth cities are growing without drains
• Backlog and front-log impossible to fix
• As cities fix one drain, another goes under
Has 20 drains
Has 17 STP
Partial treatment = pollution
“Cities do not control pollution” and Cost of building system is high
• City can build sewerage system for few not all
• Spends on building pipes, repair and energy costs of pumping to treatment plant of this waste of some few
• Spends to treat waste of some few
• Treated waste of few gets mixed with untreated waste of majority
• The result is pollution
prices) in Rs.lakhs
• Cost of Interception & Diversion works (main trunk sewers,
SPS excl. house connections, branch and lateral sewers)
and cost of land acquisition is around Rs. 3-4 crore per mld
• Estimated Class I & II Sewage Generation in year 2020 =
45000 mld in 2009 (now Sewage quantity by 2015 increased by 30%)
• Cost would increase to the extent of Rs. 45,000 crore to
Rs. 1,32,000 crore.
Note – Rs 1 lakh = USD 1850/- , Rs 100 lakh = Rs.1 crore ( USD = 185000/-),
Rs 1 crore = Rs 10 million and Rs. 1 lakh = Rs. 0.01 crores
Current Water – Sewage Treatment
even fixed)
Wastewater Scenario
1) Cut / Reduce the length of pipeline
2) Water frugality is not poverty ( prudent / wise use must be
promoted)
3) Design systems for affordability and legal rights to ‘clean’
water for all
4) Design to treat all waste ( treat waste in open drains, do not wait to
build all drains)
5) Treat waste to recycle and reuse water and excreta ( treat
waste to generate wealth - not use water as carrier for
waste disposal)
6) Treat waste locally so that reuse is possible locally ( cut
costs of pumping / piping, treat using
microbes/separation/biotic oxidation systems etc. , treat to
reuse, not to waste)
Cannot flush – and forget
affordable and sustainable