Urban-Suburban Migration in the United States, 1955-2000 by Todd … · 2016. 2. 8. ·...

Urban-Suburban Migration in the United States, 1955-2000

by

Todd K. Gardner U.S. Census Bureau

CES 16-08 February, 2016

The research program of the Center for Economic Studies (CES) produces a wide range of economic analyses to improve the statistical programs of the U.S. Census Bureau. Many of these analyses take the form of CES research papers. The papers have not undergone the review accorded Census Bureau publications and no endorsement should be inferred. Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. Republication in whole or part must be cleared with the authors. To obtain information about the series, see www.census.gov/ces or contact Fariha Kamal, Editor, Discussion Papers, U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies 2K132B, 4600 Silver Hill Road, Washington, DC 20233, [email protected]. To subscribe to the series, please click here.

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Abstract

This study uses census microdata from 1960 to 2010 to look at the rates of suburbanization in the 100 largest metro areas. Looking at the racial and ethnic composition of the population, and then further breaking down these groups by income, it’s clear that more affluent people were more likely to move to the suburbs. Also, the White non-Hispanic population has long been the most suburbanized group. A majority of the White population lived in suburbs by 1960 in the 100 largest metro areas, while most of the Black non-Hispanic population lived in urban core areas as late as 2000. The Hispanic and Asian populations went from majority urban to majority suburban during this period. Keyword: suburbanization, race, ethnicity *

* This work is released to inform interested parties of ongoing research and to encourage discussion of work in progress. Any views or opinions expressed in the paper are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Census Bureau. Please direct correspondence to Todd Gardner, U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies, 4600 Silver Hill Rd., Washington, DC 20233, or via email at [email protected].

Introduction

This study uses census microdata from 1960 to 2000 to look at the urban-suburban migration in the

100 largest metro areas during this period. The population is divided into five racial/ethnic groups:

non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and other races. These groups are

then further divided based on household income.

Methodology

Income – For this study, households are categorized by income using the poverty measure for

income earned in the year preceding each decennial census. The migration figures, then, are

limited to only those households in the poverty universe. Households are divided into three

categories:

Low income – Those below the poverty threshold

Medium Income – Income above the poverty threshold but less than three times the

poverty threshold

High Income – More than three times the poverty threshold

Racial/Ethnic Categories – The resident population and the composition of the local government

workforce uses the following categories:

Hispanic – Hispanic ethnicity (see note below for how this was determined in each year) of

any race. In this study Hispanic ethnicity was determined first and treated as a mutually

exclusive category with the race groups.

White Non-Hispanic – White in 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990, and White alone in the 2000

census, and not of Hispanic origin.

Black Non-Hispanic – Black, African American, or Negro in 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990,

and Black alone in the 2000 census, and not of Hispanic origin.

Asian – For the 1960 census the only Asian nationalities explicitly listed on the

questionnaire were Japanese, Chinese and Filipino. In addition to these categories, Korean

was also included on the 1970 census questionnaire. The list also included Vietnamese and

Asian Indian on the 1980 and 1990 census questionnaires. On all forms a box was provided

to specify another race category. The box on the 1960, 1970 and 1980 forms was for any

“other” category. On the 1990 questionnaire a separate box was labeled “Other API”,

which stood for “Asian or Pacific Islander”, and a separate entry field was given for “Other

Asian” on the Census 2000 form. This study uses the categories as given in each census,

even though fewer national groups were listed on the early census forms.

Other - All other race categories not covered above, and all mulitirace categories in the

2000 census.

Hispanic Ethnicity – Since 1980 the decennial census has included questions on Hispanic origin.

In the 1970 census, the Census Bureau experimented with a few different variables to establish

Hispanic ethnicity, notably “Puerto Rican Stock,” “Spanish Origin or Descent” and “Spanish

Todd Gardner Urban-Suburban Migration in the United States, 1955-2000

CES-WP-16-08 2

Surname”, all of which are used to establish Hispanic ethnicity for 1970 in this study. The

“Spanish Surname” variable is included in the 1960 and 1970 data, although it is only coded for

residents of California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado. In this study Hispanic

ethnicity was established for 1960 by using a combination of birthplace, parental birthplace,

language spoken at home, and Spanish surname.

Metropolitan areas and central cities – This study uses the current metropolitan statistical area

definitions (as published by the Office of Management and Budget in February, 2013) of the 100

most populous metro areas as of the 2010 census. The February, 2013, definitions use counties as

the basic geographic unit, and these county definitions are applied to all years of data used in this

study. This study also tabulates figures for “traditional central cities,” which are those places that

were designated as central cities of metro areas no later than 1960 for those areas classified as

metropolitan by 1960. A few of the 100 largest metro areas did not achieve metropolitan status

until 1970 or 1980. For these areas, this study considers the cities of that were designated when the

metro area was first delineated as traditional central cities. These include San Buenaventura

(Ventura), CA, Edinburg, TX, McAllen, TX, Boise City, ID, Santa Rosa, CA, and Modesto, CA,

which were the original central cities in metro areas initially defined in 1970, and Poughkeepsie,

NY, Sarasota, FL, Bradenton, FL, Lakeland, FL, Melbourne, FL, and Titusville, FL, which were

the original central cities in metro areas initially defined in 1980.

Results

Looking at the 100 largest metro areas as they are currently defined, census data from the 1960,

1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 censuses reveal continuous suburban growth in the United States.

Using historical central city designations (that is, cities classified as “central cities” at the start of

this era) to distinguish between urban and suburban territory, the 100 largest metropolitan areas

were already majority suburban in 1960, with 56.6 percent of the population residing outside of the

central cities. By 1970 the suburban population had risen above 60 percent, and by 2000 almost 70

percent of the population of large metropolitan areas lived outside of central cities. The decline in

central city residence among the White non-Hispanic population (hereafter referred to as “White”)

was particularly dramatic, dropping from 39.1 percent of the population in 1960 to 21.3 percent in

2000. Though minority populations have grown more rapidly than the White population, Whites

constituted a majority of the metropolitan population in all regions throughout this period.

The Black non-Hispanic population (hereafter referred to as “Black”) was the most urban

population throughout this period, as 71.1 percent of the Black population lived in central cities in

1960. Even though the black population was also suburbanizing, a majority of the Black

metropolitan population (56.1 percent) lived in central cities in 2000. The South was home to

nearly half of the Black metropolitan population, while the Hispanic metropolitan population,

despite rapid growth in all regions, remained concentrated (43.7 percent) in the West at the end of

the twentieth century. The Hispanic population living in the 100 largest metropolitan areas

numbered just over 4 million in 1960 but increased to over 28 million by 2000. During that time

the Hispanic population went from majority urban to majority suburban, as the population living

outside central cities went from 37.5 percent in 1960 to 56.5 percent in 2000.


CES-WP-16-08 3

Each census from 1960 to 2000 asked respondents to identify where they lived five years before

that census. Comparing information about where respondents were living at the time of each

census with where they had lived five years before reveals that migration from central cities to

suburban areas increased every decade following the 1950s. That is, the percentage of people

reporting that they lived in a central city five years before the census and then moved to a suburban

area in the same metropolitan area by the time they filled out their census form increased from 10.3

percent in the period from 1955 to 1960, to 12.8 percent from 1965 to 1970, and then steadily

increased to 15.0 percent by the 2000 census. Of course, people were also moving in the other

direction, from suburbs to central cities, but thus migration was smaller. Although the percentage

of the people moving from suburbs to central cities rose from 2.1 percent during the period from

1955 to 1960, to 3.6 percent from 1965 to 1970, the rate fell thereafter to 3.1 percent by the 2000

census. The urban-suburban net migration rate compares the number of people moving from

central cities to suburbs with those moving in the opposite direction. The urban-suburban net

migration rate (migrants from suburbs to central cities minus migrants from central cities to

suburbs per 1000 central city residents) remained fairly consistent throughout this period. The net

migration rate for the general population from 1955 to 1960 was -69.4 per 1000 central city

residents. That is, more people were moving from central cities to the suburbs than in the opposite

direction, which results in a negative number. The outward migration even slightly increased to

-74.0 by the 2000 census.

Between 1955 and 1960 Whites by far had the highest rates of suburbanization in the United

States. This was the case in every region, although Hispanics had a higher urban-suburban net

migration (-75.7) than Whites (-61.3) in the West. Of course, the Hispanic population was

relatively small at this time. White suburbanization in the 1950s was occurring the most rapidly in

the Midwest, particularly in industrial centers, such as Cleveland, St. Louis and Detroit. In the

following decade, white suburbanization accelerated in the South, as well as in Sunbelt cities, such

as Las Vegas and Miami. Through the rest of the twentieth century, the highest rates of

suburbanization among Whites continued to be in the Sunbelt, though the suburbanization of the

White population continued in almost all of the 100 largest metro areas. In later decades

suburbanization rates among the non-White population, particularly Hispanics and Asians,

increased but White urban-suburban net migration was consistently higher than all other groups.

The suburbanization of the Black population changed dramatically in the second half of the

twentieth century. Between 1955 and 1960, the flows of Black migrants between cities and

suburbs were almost equal. In fact, in large metro areas in the South, more Blacks moved from

suburbs to central cities than the other way around. This was the case in the Midwest in the

following decade, as Black rates of suburbanization remained low. By the 1970s, however, the

Black population began to moving out to the suburbs at increasing rates, although the Black

urban-suburban net migration rate was substantially lower than among Whites in all regions except

the West. The highest rates of Black suburbanization were in the same Sunbelt metro areas that

saw rapid suburbanization of the White population in the later decades of the late-twentieth

century, particularly Miami, Las Vegas and Orlando.

Even more striking are the varying rates of suburbanization by income. Using the poverty

threshold to divide the population into low-income households (those living in poverty),

middle-income households (not in poverty but less than three times the poverty threshold), and


CES-WP-16-08 4

high-income households (incomes at least three times the poverty threshold), it’s clear that

suburbanization has been strongly correlated with income throughout the last half of the twentieth

century. In every decade the lowest urban-suburban net migration rates are among the poorest

population, and the highest rates of suburbanization are among the wealthiest households. This

pattern is evident in every region of the United States, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest,

and persisted until the end of the twentieth century. The South and West also follow this pattern,

but by the end of the twentieth century, low-income households in the South and the West have

somewhat higher rates of suburbanization than their counterparts in the Northeast and Midwest

and show less disparity with more affluent households, particularly in the West.

The suburbanization of the low-income Black population has lagged far behind the general

population. Between 1955 and 1960 slightly more low-income Blacks moved into central cities

from suburbs than moved in the opposite direction. This “reverse” net migration actually increased

during the following decade, from 0.3 to 6.5 per 1000 Black central city residents. In the 1970s,

however, the low-income Black population began to suburbanize, though at modest rates

compared to other groups. Affluent Whites, by contrast, have consistently been the most rapidly

suburbanizing population. From 1955 to 1960 the urban-suburban net migration rate of affluent

Whites was -98.9, and by the end of the 20th

century the urban-suburban net migration rate among

Whites had risen to -103.5. In later decades the suburbanization rates of affluent Hispanics and

Asians had risen to levels comparable to the affluent White population. Though affluent Blacks

were suburbanizing faster than less affluent Blacks, the urban-suburban net migration rate among

affluent Blacks continued to trail affluent households in other groups.

Conclusion

In the second half of the twentieth century, the suburban population in the 100 largest metropolitan

areas grew rapidly. Much of this growth was from people moving from central cities to areas

outside the urban core. Though all groups contributed to suburban population growth, affluent

people were more likely to migrate from central cities to suburbs than households with lower

incomes. A greater share of the White non-Hispanic population lived in suburbs throughout this

period, and the Black non-Hispanic population was the most concentrated in urban core areas.

Other than the low-income Black population, which had a net in-migration to central cities in the

1950s and 1960s, people of all groups migrated at greater rates to the suburbs than to central cities.

The low-income black population showed this same pattern beginning in the 1970s. Hispanics and

Asians, particularly those with high incomes, migrated rapidly to the suburbs in the later decades

of the twentieth century, and their numbers approached those of the White population by the end of

the century. All racial/ethnic groups other than Blacks were majority suburban by 2000.


CES-WP-16-08 5

The United StatesMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 109,352,921 129,794,190 142,786,688 160,562,259 183,630,983White 92,329,297 104,707,341 108,759,440 114,513,642 116,739,560Black 11,997,090 15,680,608 18,806,750 21,459,682 24,865,368Hispanic 4,062,666 7,836,253 11,445,342 17,628,346 28,097,482Asian 705,703 1,139,261 2,698,633 5,813,885 8,886,691

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 47,811,124 50,741,468 49,453,746 51,942,615 56,381,901White 36,123,081 34,097,312 29,118,767 27,340,732 24,917,588Black 8,533,737 11,337,595 12,639,854 13,279,665 13,946,311Hispanic 2,540,707 4,411,069 5,948,491 8,363,564 12,220,204Asian 480,545 691,125 1,303,716 2,529,856 3,466,562

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 43.7 39.1 34.6 32.4 30.7White 39.1 32.6 26.8 23.9 21.3Black 71.1 72.3 67.2 61.9 56.1Hispanic 62.5 56.3 52.0 47.4 43.5Asian 68.1 60.7 48.3 43.5 39.0

Urban and Suburban Residence, 1955-1995, and 5-year migration

Migrants from central city to suburbs orsuburbs to central city in next five years

Migrants within central city or withinsuburban area in next five years

Nonmovers (lived in the same house fiveyears later)

CC1955

SU1955

CC1965

SU1965

CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

SU1985

CC1995

SU1995

Central City (CC)/Suburban (SU) Residence in Year

0

10M

20M

30M

40M

50M

60M

70M

80M

90M

100M

Urban-Suburban Net Migration Rate by Race

White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Urba

n-Su

burb

an N

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igra

tion

Rate

Urban-Suburban Net Migration Rate by Income

Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Urba

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Rate

Low-Income Persons by Race

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Urba

n-Su

burb

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Rate

Middle-Income Persons by Race

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Urba

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Rate

High-Income Persons by Race

White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Urba

n-Su

burb

an N

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igra

tion

Rate


CES-WP-16-08 6

The Northeast RegionMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 36,241,089 40,086,568 39,387,442 40,551,255 42,879,506White 32,199,285 33,895,789 31,698,866 30,707,086 29,469,543Black 2,825,688 3,995,113 4,523,266 5,021,083 5,463,901Hispanic 1,103,915 1,948,541 2,501,225 3,457,933 4,932,242Asian 75,920 181,718 516,447 1,207,073 1,987,625

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 14,776,323 14,451,554 12,756,627 12,780,192 13,277,638White 11,677,355 9,844,675 7,472,489 6,449,283 5,419,307Black 2,120,504 2,990,695 3,199,239 3,420,719 3,536,342Hispanic 903,318 1,460,995 1,728,616 2,213,838 2,867,567Asian 55,391 122,294 282,348 621,640 971,724






CC1955

SU1955

CC1965

SU1965

CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

SU1985

CC1995

SU1995


0

5M

10M

15M

20M

25M


White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Urba

n-Su

burb

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Rate


Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Urba

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burb

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Rate


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

50

100

150

Urba

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Rate


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

50

100

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Urba

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Rate


White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

50

100

150

Urba

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Rate


CES-WP-16-08 7

The Midwest RegionMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 27,874,531 31,424,110 31,976,627 33,019,559 36,062,885White 24,578,779 26,735,518 26,103,576 26,290,099 26,769,440Black 2,920,993 3,875,975 4,479,900 4,756,850 5,333,551Hispanic 302,904 661,201 967,981 1,289,525 2,339,383Asian 43,224 88,688 285,223 545,996 904,097

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 12,740,724 12,532,024 10,969,371 10,463,500 10,580,735White 9,971,558 8,734,435 6,600,976 5,852,288 5,086,077Black 2,521,555 3,295,522 3,578,060 3,582,099 3,704,896Hispanic 197,334 409,910 601,893 744,059 1,188,685Asian 31,402 53,489 116,635 222,989 320,911






CC1955

SU1955

CC1965

SU1965

CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

SU1985

CC1995

SU1995


0

2M

4M

6M

8M

10M

12M

14M

16M

18M

20M

22M


White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Urba

n-Su

burb

an N

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igra

tion

Rate


Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180Ur

ban-

Subu

rban

Net

Mig

ratio

n Ra

te


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

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50

100

150

200

250

Urba

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Rate


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

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50

100

150

200

250

Urba

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White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

50

100

150

200

250

Urba

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Rate


CES-WP-16-08 8

The South RegionMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 25,492,778 32,560,187 40,187,175 48,211,924 58,339,983White 19,254,498 24,251,636 28,894,181 33,058,602 35,571,953Black 5,283,308 6,285,574 7,749,212 9,210,239 11,426,749Hispanic 888,689 1,872,580 2,990,713 4,836,704 8,534,575Asian 29,322 69,322 328,465 835,040 1,531,584







CC1955

SU1955

CC1965

SU1965

CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

SU1985

CC1995

SU1995


0

5M

10M

15M

20M

25M

30M


White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Urba

n-Su

burb

an N

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igra

tion

Rate


Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Urba

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burb

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Rate


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

50

100

150

200

Urba

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Rate


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

50

100

150

200

Urba

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Rate


White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

50

100

150

200

Urba

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Rate


CES-WP-16-08 9

The West RegionMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 19,744,523 25,723,325 31,235,444 38,779,521 46,348,609White 16,296,735 19,824,398 22,062,817 24,457,855 24,928,624Black 967,101 1,523,946 2,054,372 2,471,510 2,641,167Hispanic 1,767,158 3,353,931 4,985,423 8,044,184 12,291,282Asian 557,237 799,533 1,568,498 3,225,776 4,463,385

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 8,705,150 10,119,168 11,299,280 13,453,735 15,453,766White 6,782,625 7,134,811 7,096,434 7,354,423 7,091,607Black 704,932 1,051,093 1,239,717 1,350,823 1,311,792Hispanic 765,164 1,359,220 1,963,429 3,113,092 4,604,041Asian 375,953 479,653 788,349 1,433,734 1,752,282






CC1955

SU1955

CC1965

SU1965

CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

SU1985

CC1995

SU1995


0

5M

10M

15M

20M

25M


White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Urba

n-Su

burb

an N

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igra

tion

Rate


Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Ur

ban-

Subu

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Net

Mig

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

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20

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Urba

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

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20

40

60

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Urba

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White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

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20

40

60

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100

Urba

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CES-WP-16-08 10

Akron, OHMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 605,367 679,239 660,328 657,575 694,960White 559,606 618,941 592,390 581,375 593,575Black 43,436 53,916 59,972 64,509 75,440Hispanic * 4,543 3,000 3,844 5,519Asian * * * 5,938 8,877

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 290,351 275,420 237,177 223,019 217,088White 251,649 224,714 181,997 163,837 144,939Black 37,421 47,753 52,283 54,256 61,052Hispanic * 2,111 1,172 1,503 2,367Asian * * * 2,497 3,148

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 48.0 40.5 35.9 33.9 31.2White 45.0 36.3 30.7 28.2 24.4Black 86.2 88.6 87.2 84.1 80.9Hispanic * 46.5 39.1 39.1 42.9Asian * * * 42.1 35.5





CC1955

SU1955

CC1965

SU1965

CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

SU1985

CC1995

SU1995


0

50K

100K

150K

200K

250K

300K

350K

400K


White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Urba

n-Su

burb

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tion

Rate


Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Urba

n-Su

burb

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

-50

0

50

100

Urba

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

-50

0

50

100

Urba

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White

Black

Hispanic

Asian

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

-50

0

50

100

Urba

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Rate


CES-WP-16-08 11

Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NYMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 680,119 746,660 771,290 809,443 825,875White 659,658 715,890 728,702 746,592 725,874Black 16,229 23,202 28,755 38,145 49,665Hispanic 3,401 5,113 6,748 11,819 20,239Asian * * 5,074 10,337 15,385

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 278,900 256,657 226,337 220,917 206,736White 262,473 233,637 197,220 179,304 143,716Black 14,235 19,849 23,249 30,037 39,133Hispanic 1,642 1,918 3,016 5,788 10,888Asian * * 1,895 4,506 5,899

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 41.0 34.4 29.3 27.3 25.0White 39.8 32.6 27.1 24.0 19.8Black 87.7 85.5 80.9 78.7 78.8Hispanic 48.3 37.5 44.7 49.0 53.8Asian * * 37.3 43.6 38.3





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CES-WP-16-08 12

Albuquerque, NMMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 321,982 379,095 523,105 599,416 729,649White 209,337 205,918 286,730 328,089 350,056Black 4,709 6,397 9,253 13,334 15,605Hispanic 99,173 156,689 194,144 221,248 302,598Asian * * 3,372 6,794 10,602







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CES-WP-16-08 13

Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 545,057 594,124 635,481 686,688 740,395White 536,392 577,739 608,016 637,218 646,832Black 3,759 6,367 8,627 12,753 18,074Hispanic 4,408 9,004 14,954 28,383 54,022Asian * * * 7,128 11,891

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 183,755 182,252 174,177 176,518 177,961White 179,074 172,530 156,938 145,802 121,884Black 1,740 3,249 4,512 6,769 8,964Hispanic 2,680 6,058 11,239 20,935 38,998Asian * * * 2,635 4,225

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 33.7 30.7 27.4 25.7 24.0White 33.4 29.9 25.8 22.9 18.8Black 46.3 51.0 52.3 53.1 49.6Hispanic 60.8 67.3 75.2 73.8 72.2Asian * * * 37.0 35.5





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CES-WP-16-08 14

Atlanta, GAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,398,285 1,852,235 2,338,211 3,082,308 4,263,438White 1,066,329 1,426,718 1,732,399 2,193,908 2,577,355Black 327,821 406,363 561,367 775,224 1,207,400Hispanic 3,065 16,123 25,493 55,565 267,297Asian * * 11,535 49,201 132,335







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CES-WP-16-08 15

Augusta, GAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 284,926 330,905 389,511 443,205 508,032White 184,107 224,266 252,507 285,987 303,857Black 99,558 102,894 127,065 144,906 176,391Hispanic * * * 5,688 11,910Asian * * * 5,224 6,975

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 70,626 59,864 47,532 44,639 195,419White 38,566 29,470 21,689 18,730 85,491Black 31,711 29,806 25,216 24,949 97,197Hispanic * * * 468 5,583Asian * * * 279 2,937

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 24.8 18.1 12.2 10.1 38.5White 20.9 13.1 8.6 6.5 28.1Black 31.9 29.0 19.8 17.2 55.1Hispanic * * * 8.2 46.9Asian * * * 5.3 42.1City-county consolidation between Augusta and Richmond County in 1996





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CES-WP-16-08 16

Austin, TXMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 301,261 398,938 585,051 846,227 1,249,763White 212,540 284,069 414,267 572,676 758,144Black 40,086 45,940 57,734 77,331 95,078Hispanic 48,187 67,828 105,455 174,482 327,775Asian * * 4,679 17,890 43,222







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CES-WP-16-08 17

Bakersfield, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 291,984 329,162 403,089 543,477 661,645White 239,413 252,275 281,115 342,300 326,523Black 16,424 17,882 20,668 28,927 37,040Hispanic 32,747 55,018 87,119 150,558 254,059Asian * * 6,554 13,921 20,950







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CES-WP-16-08 18

Baltimore, MDMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,820,312 2,089,092 2,199,531 2,382,172 2,552,994White 1,418,335 1,570,498 1,594,555 1,692,948 1,693,115Black 389,624 490,168 555,272 611,854 690,808Hispanic 7,832 19,018 20,688 28,538 51,464Asian 2,727 5,855 20,829 40,774 68,074

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 939,024 905,759 786,775 736,014 651,154White 607,187 475,270 343,328 284,622 201,881Black 325,115 416,766 427,662 433,967 415,725Hispanic 3,850 8,662 7,804 6,997 11,101Asian 1,424 2,856 4,182 7,579 10,087






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CES-WP-16-08 19

Baton Rouge, LAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 393,937 467,346 591,383 623,853 705,973White 247,944 309,915 393,607 407,734 438,414Black 143,994 150,468 182,617 200,801 237,729Hispanic * 6,350 10,410 8,426 11,929Asian * * 2,939 5,404 9,405

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 152,419 165,970 219,419 219,531 227,920White 105,821 117,082 133,397 115,914 101,886Black 45,517 45,861 79,154 96,114 112,815Hispanic * 2,661 4,255 3,462 4,239Asian * * 1,652 3,636 5,767

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 38.7 35.5 37.1 35.2 32.3White 42.7 37.8 33.9 28.4 23.2Black 31.6 30.5 43.3 47.9 47.5Hispanic * 41.9 40.9 41.1 35.5Asian * * 56.2 67.3 61.3





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CES-WP-16-08 20

Birmingham, ALMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 812,094 833,075 930,281 956,844 1,052,238White 566,051 599,339 674,772 694,332 726,589Black 244,613 227,593 244,988 252,003 288,254Hispanic * 5,250 6,684 3,822 18,286Asian * * * 4,326 7,181







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CES-WP-16-08 21

Boise City, IDMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 191,094 280,035 319,596 464,840White * 183,133 261,036 293,134 402,031Black * * * * 2,141Hispanic * 5,787 13,504 19,412 41,719Asian * * * 3,008 5,886

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 74,990 102,451 125,738 185,937White * 73,249 97,888 119,275 167,306Black * * * * 1,386Hispanic * 1,019 2,425 3,385 8,405Asian * * * 1,450 3,379

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 39.2 36.6 39.3 40.0White * 40.0 37.5 40.7 41.6Black * * * * 64.7Hispanic * 17.6 18.0 17.4 20.1Asian * * * 48.2 57.4





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CES-WP-16-08 22

Boston, MA-NHMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 3,517,174 3,918,092 3,938,585 4,133,895 4,391,344White 3,405,662 3,717,172 3,621,284 3,598,309 3,543,987Black 85,037 131,196 168,019 215,240 244,122Hispanic 16,023 45,715 91,528 182,315 281,216Asian 7,774 18,609 41,599 116,252 201,137







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CES-WP-16-08 23

Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CTMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 653,589 792,814 807,143 827,645 882,567White 606,893 707,433 688,810 663,105 644,541Black 33,037 54,916 64,022 79,298 84,920Hispanic 12,840 27,814 45,512 67,070 104,210Asian * * 5,614 15,977 28,362







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CES-WP-16-08 24

Buffalo, NYMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,306,956 1,349,211 1,242,826 1,189,288 1,170,111White 1,208,625 1,218,948 1,099,796 1,026,646 965,907Black 82,597 107,504 113,705 120,355 134,212Hispanic 9,308 14,357 15,700 23,521 33,639Asian * * 5,595 10,702 13,999







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CES-WP-16-08 25

Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 105,216 205,266 335,113 440,888White * 90,986 182,430 296,163 361,259Black * 11,954 15,899 21,416 27,822Hispanic * * 5,897 14,849 41,993Asian * * * * *

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 27,351 36,638 45,206 48,046White * 18,822 23,879 27,133 23,453Black * 7,944 11,352 14,166 15,858Hispanic * * 1,244 3,283 6,836Asian * * * * *

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 26.0 17.8 13.5 10.9White * 20.7 13.1 9.2 6.5Black * 66.5 71.4 66.1 57.0Hispanic * * 21.1 22.1 16.3Asian * * * * *





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CES-WP-16-08 26

Charleston, SCMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 278,961 336,125 430,462 506,875 549,033White 168,258 225,537 286,957 339,953 352,130Black 109,262 105,910 132,056 152,312 166,433Hispanic * 3,124 6,143 7,150 13,333Asian * * * 5,324 7,610

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 65,925 66,934 69,510 80,414 96,086White 32,133 36,341 36,319 45,740 60,048Black 33,479 30,134 32,009 33,424 31,981Hispanic * 445 917 504 1,462Asian * * * 585 1,364






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CES-WP-16-08 27

Charlotte, NC-SCMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 835,149 985,683 1,137,438 1,341,710 1,717,372White 656,411 781,905 889,010 1,042,307 1,231,169Black 176,951 196,662 230,822 271,948 350,696Hispanic * * 8,786 10,934 81,585Asian * * * 10,990 27,245

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 201,564 241,215 314,447 396,003 542,131White 144,772 166,006 210,432 256,762 298,501Black 56,229 72,707 97,034 125,660 175,563Hispanic * * 3,091 5,261 40,008Asian * * * 6,498 17,394

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 24.1 24.5 27.6 29.5 31.6White 22.1 21.2 23.7 24.6 24.2Black 31.8 37.0 42.0 46.2 50.1Hispanic * * 35.2 48.1 49.0Asian * * * 59.1 63.8





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CES-WP-16-08 28

Chattanooga, TN-GAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 339,887 370,844 426,540 433,210 476,531White 287,816 319,272 362,631 369,000 392,954Black 51,373 49,778 59,180 57,858 65,911Hispanic * * 2,789 * 6,790Asian * * * * 4,711

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 130,009 119,897 169,550 152,488 155,509White 86,661 76,777 113,973 98,375 91,685Black 43,035 42,234 53,226 51,254 56,087Hispanic * * 1,274 * 2,703Asian * * * * 2,580

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 38.3 32.3 39.8 35.2 32.6White 30.1 24.0 31.4 26.7 23.3Black 83.8 84.8 89.9 88.6 85.1Hispanic * * 45.7 * 39.8Asian * * * * 54.8





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CES-WP-16-08 29

Chicago, IL-IN-WIMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 7,016,416 7,882,788 8,052,932 8,182,076 9,098,316White 5,847,278 6,129,350 5,701,962 5,507,085 5,395,385Black 971,462 1,328,372 1,545,131 1,531,649 1,663,501Hispanic 167,720 368,360 633,549 872,720 1,494,139Asian 22,376 42,142 141,329 249,280 385,728

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 3,728,179 3,538,074 3,157,031 2,900,372 2,998,710White 2,706,438 2,057,691 1,345,397 1,079,926 917,953Black 875,642 1,177,965 1,294,010 1,169,485 1,135,120Hispanic 121,797 262,287 434,328 541,597 758,641Asian 18,768 30,321 66,780 99,964 126,167






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CES-WP-16-08 30

Cincinnati, OH-KY-INMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,534,101 1,679,873 1,741,049 1,832,313 1,994,830White 1,388,487 1,502,625 1,535,690 1,602,929 1,691,479Black 141,019 162,888 184,634 203,017 230,159Hispanic 2,650 10,346 9,866 9,155 20,832Asian * 2,486 7,367 13,390 23,702

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 544,665 501,356 429,176 410,069 382,457White 429,241 366,461 288,007 259,468 218,293Black 113,090 128,890 134,480 142,666 146,752Hispanic 1,166 3,952 3,454 2,594 4,451Asian * 1,376 2,145 4,213 5,053

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 35.5 29.8 24.7 22.4 19.2White 30.9 24.4 18.8 16.2 12.9Black 80.2 79.1 72.8 70.3 63.8Hispanic 44.0 38.2 35.0 28.3 21.4Asian * 55.3 29.1 31.5 21.3





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CES-WP-16-08 31

Cleveland, OHMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 2,126,983 2,321,037 2,173,734 2,102,248 2,148,143White 1,834,902 1,932,625 1,752,773 1,653,483 1,602,583Black 270,167 346,208 362,160 374,130 406,323Hispanic 18,229 33,004 39,588 48,085 72,103Asian 2,468 6,023 14,218 21,036 31,131







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CES-WP-16-08 32

Colorado Springs, COMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 146,237 239,288 317,458 409,482 537,484White 133,342 205,175 266,022 335,625 412,810Black 5,059 11,755 18,810 27,452 31,058Hispanic 6,887 20,178 25,418 33,767 59,124Asian * * 4,266 8,458 12,989







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CES-WP-16-08 33

Columbia, SCMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 341,936 402,914 498,159 548,335 647,158White 225,994 280,190 335,083 362,094 403,184Black 114,482 118,420 152,645 174,449 211,410Hispanic * * 6,116 5,997 15,973Asian * * * 4,324 7,751







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CES-WP-16-08 34

Columbus, OHMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,025,822 1,218,536 1,325,649 1,462,258 1,675,013White 936,355 1,096,840 1,168,493 1,262,697 1,368,917Black 85,612 109,293 136,206 164,036 202,773Hispanic 2,242 8,544 9,286 10,399 28,807Asian * 2,294 7,372 20,326 36,782







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CES-WP-16-08 35

Dallas-Fort Worth, TXMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,781,325 2,428,838 3,034,207 4,018,778 5,204,126White 1,478,731 1,933,350 2,318,490 2,833,934 3,082,573Black 231,138 331,251 421,591 555,419 701,268Hispanic 68,253 153,948 250,448 512,764 1,120,837Asian * * 24,045 92,640 191,354

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,036,413 1,237,652 1,289,240 1,454,450 1,723,624White 797,600 843,404 760,795 736,057 656,664Black 183,971 284,228 350,965 391,500 409,866Hispanic 52,448 103,763 159,079 290,547 582,390Asian * * 9,831 28,570 45,563






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CES-WP-16-08 36

Dayton, OHMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 694,623 815,547 791,847 803,722 805,816White 622,500 714,367 675,856 674,664 649,095Black 69,696 92,693 104,794 112,670 121,673Hispanic * 5,985 5,100 5,804 8,942Asian * * 4,129 7,688 10,880

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 262,332 243,459 203,371 182,044 166,193White 204,222 167,168 125,436 105,322 87,558Black 57,225 73,600 74,749 73,606 71,646Hispanic * 1,802 1,765 1,204 2,079Asian * * 746 1,036 1,021






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CES-WP-16-08 37

Daytona Beach, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 129,885 173,941 269,675 399,413 493,175White 106,325 147,177 233,491 344,409 404,923Black 22,586 25,298 29,744 35,220 43,380Hispanic * * * 15,948 31,825Asian * * * * *

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 37,395 45,327 54,176 61,921 64,070White 25,492 30,580 35,214 40,523 38,839Black 11,596 14,228 17,451 18,916 20,503Hispanic * * * 1,708 2,275Asian * * * * *

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 28.8 26.1 20.1 15.5 13.0White 24.0 20.8 15.1 11.8 9.6Black 51.3 56.2 58.7 53.7 47.3Hispanic * * * 10.7 7.1Asian * * * * *





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CES-WP-16-08 38

Denver, COMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 868,953 1,116,060 1,450,768 1,650,489 2,157,756White 768,069 928,775 1,179,764 1,302,353 1,528,440Black 30,787 47,986 74,511 92,288 110,088Hispanic 63,057 128,418 164,821 209,041 399,097Asian 5,433 6,706 17,577 34,297 60,605







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CES-WP-16-08 39

Des Moines, IAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 337,169 363,419 392,141 416,346 481,394White 324,340 347,278 368,636 388,007 426,083Black 10,571 11,793 13,863 14,462 17,754Hispanic 1,833 3,536 4,893 6,973 19,253Asian * * * 5,702 9,526







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CES-WP-16-08 40

Detroit, MIMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 3,951,491 4,431,390 4,353,413 4,248,699 4,452,557White 3,347,597 3,595,915 3,349,546 3,160,531 3,108,612Black 560,692 754,843 883,401 936,866 1,005,844Hispanic 34,974 61,972 69,699 77,361 127,321Asian 4,967 9,902 31,971 54,305 102,114

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,670,144 1,511,336 1,203,339 1,027,974 951,270White 1,166,381 819,003 408,627 212,804 100,371Black 481,333 655,683 753,863 775,833 770,728Hispanic 17,823 27,742 28,466 27,157 47,257Asian 2,711 4,568 6,377 7,917 9,339






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CES-WP-16-08 41

El Paso, TXMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 317,413 361,663 482,627 594,525 682,966White 154,314 149,139 159,787 152,838 116,165Black 8,182 8,830 17,527 20,264 18,536Hispanic 153,119 201,573 298,785 413,127 534,490Asian * * 3,782 5,718 6,637







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CES-WP-16-08 42

Fresno, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 365,945 413,053 514,621 667,490 799,407White 273,459 279,202 318,491 341,097 316,488Black 17,205 19,649 25,147 31,673 39,659Hispanic 65,799 103,673 150,367 231,853 352,205Asian 8,261 8,450 13,960 54,901 62,579







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CES-WP-16-08 43

Grand Rapids, MIMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 529,439 617,051 695,016 791,515 930,670White 510,695 583,546 640,907 715,133 784,183Black 14,732 22,987 31,769 41,472 53,698Hispanic 3,035 8,521 14,507 22,431 59,007Asian * * * 7,600 15,723







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CES-WP-16-08 44

Greensboro-High Point, NCMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 377,646 437,350 492,308 540,030 643,430White 306,173 349,818 384,941 414,654 447,306Black 70,782 83,925 100,980 115,209 146,458Hispanic * * 3,332 3,627 27,767Asian * * * 4,027 10,351







CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 45

Greenville, SCMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 401,891 454,689 552,654 617,349 725,680White 326,693 374,871 452,940 504,150 569,663Black 74,611 78,213 93,372 104,859 122,289Hispanic * * * * 18,717Asian * * * * *

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 66,188 61,208 58,242 58,282 56,334White 46,318 41,579 36,938 36,808 34,007Black 19,681 19,198 20,589 20,452 19,199Hispanic * * * * 1,840Asian * * * * *

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 16.5 13.5 10.5 9.4 7.8White 14.2 11.1 8.2 7.3 6.0Black 26.4 24.5 22.1 19.5 15.7Hispanic * * * * 9.8Asian * * * * *





CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 46

Harrisburg, PAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 371,653 410,626 446,576 474,242 509,074White 347,696 379,322 405,055 423,371 433,043Black 22,873 27,692 33,260 37,976 45,958Hispanic * * 4,465 6,837 13,968Asian * * * * 8,556

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 79,697 67,880 53,264 52,376 49,100White 64,365 46,102 27,493 21,275 14,331Black 15,036 20,664 23,007 26,205 25,841Hispanic * * 2,113 3,738 5,780Asian * * * * 1,426

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 21.4 16.5 11.9 11.0 9.6White 18.5 12.2 6.8 5.0 3.3Black 65.7 74.6 69.2 69.0 56.2Hispanic * * 47.3 54.7 41.4Asian * * * * 16.7





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CES-WP-16-08 47

Hartford, CTMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 847,157 1,034,993 1,051,606 1,123,678 1,148,618White 804,106 950,772 926,523 939,238 888,658Black 33,343 58,641 71,840 90,493 103,599Hispanic 8,866 22,527 44,797 74,236 107,143Asian * * * 16,403 26,274







CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 48

Houston, TXMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,594,914 2,195,100 3,137,557 3,750,963 4,693,161White 1,158,271 1,533,239 2,057,568 2,186,379 2,253,516Black 315,363 420,289 563,963 659,856 779,378Hispanic 117,796 232,008 448,708 762,809 1,353,294Asian 2,787 6,349 51,345 126,576 222,029

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,005,394 1,294,220 1,657,069 1,689,744 2,012,034White 689,788 798,872 870,417 693,982 626,455Black 231,204 328,926 453,746 468,234 501,365Hispanic 81,678 159,705 291,906 455,434 746,410Asian 2,283 4,923 32,229 65,562 103,198






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CES-WP-16-08 49

Indianapolis, INMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,102,245 1,284,322 1,347,451 1,424,886 1,658,462White 992,031 1,122,664 1,161,609 1,217,146 1,347,850Black 106,097 143,998 166,543 181,417 222,738Hispanic 2,745 14,788 9,965 12,224 41,651Asian * * 5,933 10,024 18,817


PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 43.2 58.0 52.0 51.3 47.2White 38.0 53.5 46.2 45.3 39.2Black 92.1 92.4 91.1 90.5 88.8Hispanic 47.1 59.2 64.5 61.1 71.2Asian * * 65.8 64.2 54.7City-county consolidation between Indianapolis and Marion County in 1970





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CES-WP-16-08 50

Jackson, MSMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 333,429 360,643 439,331 472,447 525,346White 181,629 211,226 252,708 265,293 272,821Black 151,199 148,064 181,758 202,605 239,369Hispanic * * 3,310 * 5,944Asian * * * * 2,565

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 144,422 153,968 202,893 196,594 184,032White 92,457 92,359 105,970 85,334 50,522Black 51,557 60,998 94,426 109,376 129,521Hispanic * * 1,497 * 1,290Asian * * * * 982

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 43.3 42.7 46.2 41.6 35.0White 50.9 43.7 41.9 32.2 18.5Black 34.1 41.2 52.0 54.0 54.1Hispanic * * 45.2 * 21.7Asian * * * * 38.3





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CES-WP-16-08 51

Jacksonville, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 529,532 621,519 737,541 925,213 1,122,750White 403,236 476,442 558,262 703,233 793,439Black 122,275 133,290 156,373 182,417 237,839Hispanic 3,226 8,878 14,281 22,376 43,110Asian * * 5,560 13,452 24,956

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 201,030 528,865 540,920 635,230 735,503White 117,532 401,050 388,175 446,956 457,686Black 82,383 117,343 135,876 159,348 211,107Hispanic 889 7,715 9,879 15,572 30,414Asian * * 4,509 10,773 19,677

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 38.0 85.1 73.3 68.7 65.5White 29.1 84.2 69.5 63.6 57.7Black 67.4 88.0 86.9 87.4 88.8Hispanic 27.6 86.9 69.2 69.6 70.5Asian * * 81.1 80.1 78.8City-county consolidation between Jacksonville and Duval County in 1968





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CES-WP-16-08 52

Kansas City, MO-KSMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,247,860 1,414,786 1,482,141 1,614,534 1,811,254White 1,106,085 1,224,709 1,251,759 1,345,753 1,425,784Black 124,385 156,784 178,959 199,184 221,298Hispanic 15,144 28,524 33,963 45,347 92,318Asian * * 8,024 14,426 27,896







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CES-WP-16-08 53

Knoxville, TNMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 494,214 526,168 621,773 651,618 748,259White 463,217 493,849 578,619 604,609 681,608Black 30,100 30,289 35,145 36,940 41,013Hispanic * * 4,035 * 7,747Asian * * * 4,268 6,155

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 111,827 174,587 175,030 165,121 173,680White 90,796 151,446 146,866 136,184 137,162Black 20,663 22,172 25,318 25,716 28,163Hispanic * * 1,317 * 2,591Asian * * * 1,610 2,269

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 22.6 33.2 28.2 25.3 23.2White 19.6 30.7 25.4 22.5 20.1Black 68.6 73.2 72.0 69.6 68.7Hispanic * * 32.6 * 33.4Asian * * * 37.7 36.9





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CES-WP-16-08 54

Lakeland-Winter Haven, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 195,139 227,222 321,652 405,382 483,924White 158,321 184,653 261,666 332,891 361,079Black 35,896 38,776 48,011 53,622 62,743Hispanic * * 9,685 15,192 45,650Asian * * * * 5,733

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 41,350 41,550 47,406 70,576 78,162White 32,692 31,720 36,026 53,543 54,440Black 8,524 9,153 10,035 14,152 16,197Hispanic * * 1,044 2,171 5,050Asian * * * * 1,068

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 21.2 18.3 14.7 17.4 16.2White 20.6 17.2 13.8 16.1 15.1Black 23.7 23.6 20.9 26.4 25.8Hispanic * * 10.8 14.3 11.1Asian * * * * 18.6





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CES-WP-16-08 55

Las Vegas, NVMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 127,016 273,288 463,087 741,459 1,375,765White 111,542 230,962 368,874 559,628 827,342Black 10,975 24,443 45,650 69,200 120,132Hispanic 3,469 14,753 35,139 80,704 301,830Asian * * 7,964 23,284 70,564







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CES-WP-16-08 56

Little Rock, ARMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 334,011 396,462 494,758 535,034 610,518White 270,275 324,686 395,713 422,727 454,309Black 62,851 67,723 90,580 102,181 127,706Hispanic * 3,425 4,213 4,887 12,561Asian * * * 3,041 5,524







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CES-WP-16-08 57

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 6,746,356 8,456,849 9,410,212 11,273,720 12,365,627White 5,433,808 6,061,390 5,500,909 5,192,678 4,401,615Black 455,777 749,115 949,503 985,687 931,347Hispanic 730,760 1,418,106 2,351,225 3,863,073 5,119,938Asian 112,083 185,719 481,701 1,139,998 1,507,941

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 2,825,609 3,174,784 3,328,184 3,914,831 4,156,215White 2,092,834 2,015,815 1,679,440 1,518,977 1,246,456Black 337,871 506,522 535,156 518,000 465,782Hispanic 309,657 531,942 865,755 1,470,354 1,884,843Asian 77,486 103,190 202,460 376,094 419,522






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CES-WP-16-08 58

Louisville, KY-INMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 846,184 964,921 1,024,032 1,023,084 1,121,109White 756,211 849,830 891,078 884,533 929,704Black 88,170 105,181 121,039 124,971 144,349Hispanic * 8,151 6,080 5,249 17,649Asian * * 3,410 5,824 10,376


PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 46.2 37.5 29.1 26.3 22.9White 42.3 32.1 23.7 20.9 17.1Black 79.3 81.3 69.3 63.7 58.0Hispanic * 29.2 33.7 28.4 26.2Asian * * 26.8 33.6 30.5City-county consolidation between Louisville and Jefferson County in 2003





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CES-WP-16-08 59

Madison, WIMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 304,285 376,442 416,581 462,662 535,421White 300,565 367,863 401,629 435,807 478,805Black * 2,942 5,664 10,582 16,685Hispanic * * 3,750 5,791 15,819Asian * * 3,446 8,531 14,536

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 126,706 173,242 170,616 191,262 207,525White 123,696 166,901 159,694 171,433 170,522Black * 2,439 4,545 7,822 11,347Hispanic * * 2,451 3,614 8,638Asian * * 2,643 7,272 11,593

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 41.6 46.0 41.0 41.3 38.8White 41.2 45.4 39.8 39.3 35.6Black * 82.9 80.2 73.9 68.0Hispanic * * 65.4 62.4 54.6Asian * * 76.7 85.2 79.8





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CES-WP-16-08 60

McAllen-Edinburg, TXMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 181,535 283,229 383,545 569,463White * 38,172 51,820 54,259 59,009Black * * * * *Hispanic * 143,017 230,287 326,923 503,526Asian * * * * 3,035

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 54,799 90,356 113,906 155,074White * 15,059 22,676 22,287 23,019Black * * * * *Hispanic * 39,623 67,145 90,191 128,322Asian * * * * 2,244

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 30.2 31.9 29.7 27.2White * 39.5 43.8 41.1 39.0Black * * * * *Hispanic * 27.7 29.2 27.6 25.5Asian * * * * 73.9





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CES-WP-16-08 61

Memphis, TN-MS-ARMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 818,805 918,628 1,005,997 1,075,309 1,213,230White 474,257 551,843 584,380 615,681 630,688Black 342,424 357,114 406,030 441,209 524,334Hispanic * 7,433 9,399 7,833 27,026Asian * * 3,759 7,737 16,092







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CES-WP-16-08 62

Miami, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,497,099 2,236,614 3,220,844 4,056,100 5,007,564White 1,182,267 1,584,681 2,082,378 2,215,537 2,205,339Black 243,565 321,343 460,132 662,346 898,846Hispanic 68,472 324,099 648,425 1,120,396 1,703,772Asian * * 19,087 47,072 82,703







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CES-WP-16-08 63

Milwaukee, WIMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,278,850 1,403,688 1,397,143 1,432,149 1,500,741White 1,200,835 1,266,850 1,196,260 1,161,344 1,118,035Black 62,987 105,343 149,617 195,991 230,909Hispanic 11,259 24,235 34,993 48,276 93,877Asian * 2,723 7,665 17,765 28,278







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CES-WP-16-08 64

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WIMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,697,280 2,079,595 2,255,502 2,595,109 3,031,918White 1,661,906 2,010,684 2,139,365 2,382,351 2,575,441Black 20,573 31,562 48,896 88,012 152,230Hispanic 7,339 20,014 23,186 34,682 101,138Asian 2,889 5,682 19,059 64,499 119,463







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CES-WP-16-08 65

Nashville, TNMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 688,133 793,060 963,757 1,103,028 1,381,287White 572,414 661,112 804,539 920,160 1,093,288Black 114,218 123,903 147,020 162,769 203,596Hispanic * 6,656 6,340 7,644 42,435Asian * * 2,920 9,110 18,082


PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 24.8 56.5 47.3 44.3 39.5White 18.5 53.8 42.7 38.9 32.0Black 56.5 70.0 71.5 72.8 71.6Hispanic * 70.1 51.4 54.0 59.6Asian * * 69.3 66.2 63.2City-county consolidation between Nashville and Davidson County in 1963





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CES-WP-16-08 66

New Haven, CTMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 660,315 744,948 761,337 804,219 824,008White 618,576 669,539 661,573 664,859 616,338Black 33,712 56,263 66,103 79,196 88,667Hispanic 6,970 16,610 27,136 47,981 82,722Asian * * * 9,454 19,436







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CES-WP-16-08 67

New Orleans, LAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 987,695 1,144,130 1,303,800 1,285,270 1,337,726White 658,769 744,575 814,652 762,697 731,788Black 306,891 352,477 419,708 443,971 496,549Hispanic 20,005 44,076 51,203 52,563 59,025Asian * * 13,356 20,823 28,028







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CES-WP-16-08 68

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-PAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 15,707,449 17,506,245 16,868,198 17,413,155 18,944,519White 13,122,286 13,383,307 11,768,861 10,933,276 10,278,275Black 1,546,503 2,315,330 2,659,831 2,939,963 3,140,314Hispanic 969,417 1,654,378 2,013,156 2,645,222 3,625,242Asian 53,940 125,432 362,527 830,450 1,359,412







CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 69

Sarasota, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 217,528 350,693 489,483 589,959White * 195,084 319,065 442,458 504,604Black * 19,343 23,585 27,830 34,471Hispanic * * 6,064 15,186 38,874Asian * * * * 4,796

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 61,277 79,046 94,757 102,445White * 49,345 63,386 74,874 72,180Black * 10,675 13,196 14,285 15,858Hispanic * * 1,930 4,704 12,008Asian * * * * 970

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 28.2 22.5 19.4 17.4White * 25.3 19.9 16.9 14.3Black * 55.2 56.0 51.3 46.0Hispanic * * 31.8 31.0 30.9Asian * * * * 20.2





CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 70

Ogden, UTMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 203,402 257,363 329,295 388,284 485,401White 195,408 238,327 302,262 355,732 422,819Black 1,975 3,615 4,684 4,287 4,810Hispanic 3,272 11,809 15,412 19,621 40,584Asian * * * 5,345 6,040

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 70,197 69,485 64,407 63,909 77,240White 66,170 61,352 55,013 52,859 54,125Black 1,602 1,825 1,591 1,535 1,573Hispanic 1,663 5,209 6,375 7,553 18,369Asian * * * 1,114 981






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CES-WP-16-08 71

Oklahoma City, OKMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 591,608 723,527 871,821 971,042 1,095,421White 533,258 635,213 740,617 778,954 804,610Black 47,648 59,902 79,090 100,627 111,888Hispanic 3,674 13,241 19,308 32,898 72,399Asian * * 7,354 16,039 26,234







CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 72

Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 535,717 616,392 653,889 685,797 767,041White 503,718 566,133 590,384 609,202 642,917Black 26,221 36,622 43,645 50,517 57,737Hispanic 4,251 10,284 12,838 15,614 40,197Asian * * 3,573 6,563 10,917







CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 73

Orlando, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 394,897 522,575 804,925 1,224,852 1,644,561White 325,681 435,827 666,056 957,679 1,071,277Black 65,706 76,113 102,271 143,190 216,779Hispanic * 9,498 28,321 98,812 271,425Asian * * 4,899 19,417 41,855







CC1955

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White

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CES-WP-16-08 74

Oxnard-Ventura, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 376,430 529,174 669,016 753,197White * 291,940 384,903 442,015 426,179Black * * * 14,884 12,997Hispanic * 72,427 113,184 175,414 251,965Asian * * * 31,351 38,521

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 57,055 74,393 92,575 101,155White * 49,416 62,635 71,900 68,700Black * * * 1,522 1,256Hispanic * 6,595 9,019 15,935 24,586Asian * * * 2,361 3,019

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 15.2 14.1 13.8 13.4White * 16.9 16.3 16.3 16.1Black * * * 10.2 9.7Hispanic * 9.1 8.0 9.1 9.8Asian * * * 7.5 7.8





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CES-WP-16-08 75

Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 230,006 272,959 398,978 476,230White * 203,993 240,734 349,297 398,332Black * 20,469 23,316 30,842 37,776Hispanic * * 5,625 12,279 21,902Asian * * * 4,789 7,024

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 70,827 78,407 99,040 112,033White * 61,808 67,575 84,230 90,400Black * 7,594 8,297 9,658 10,967Hispanic * * 1,759 3,339 5,386Asian * * * 1,422 1,961

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All * 30.8 28.7 24.8 23.5White * 30.3 28.1 24.1 22.7Black * 37.1 35.6 31.3 29.0Hispanic * * 31.3 27.2 24.6Asian * * * 29.7 27.9





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CES-WP-16-08 76

Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MDMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 4,758,089 5,317,407 5,240,039 5,435,468 5,687,147White 3,987,460 4,310,899 4,103,274 4,133,579 4,019,684Black 715,585 894,236 947,891 1,002,614 1,102,565Hispanic 44,775 89,477 125,889 177,545 284,118Asian 6,590 14,979 47,472 107,148 183,665

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 2,098,336 2,028,995 1,758,405 1,657,106 1,590,214White 1,515,784 1,288,200 997,568 857,107 669,277Black 551,953 681,455 669,262 663,584 684,834Hispanic 24,932 47,903 67,630 88,995 135,451Asian 3,576 7,472 17,038 42,065 65,120






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CES-WP-16-08 77

Phoenix, AZMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 726,060 1,035,438 1,599,970 2,238,480 3,251,876White 573,226 821,816 1,279,370 1,709,722 2,139,085Black 28,459 34,460 49,671 75,335 110,888Hispanic 110,885 161,634 226,194 374,275 817,115Asian 2,719 4,410 12,598 32,566 65,685

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 439,047 581,600 789,704 983,403 1,320,994White 367,620 467,105 616,649 707,500 737,369Black 20,498 27,172 36,912 49,717 61,835Hispanic 46,491 79,620 116,875 194,118 450,423Asian 1,802 2,778 6,818 14,374 24,791






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CES-WP-16-08 78

Pittsburgh, PAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 2,769,804 2,759,443 2,648,991 2,468,289 2,431,087White 2,589,316 2,563,833 2,439,755 2,256,780 2,171,935Black 169,708 176,773 181,896 179,457 187,885Hispanic 8,261 12,826 13,143 12,045 17,628Asian * * 10,284 15,307 24,935







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CES-WP-16-08 79

Portland, OR-WAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 881,949 1,084,007 1,341,491 1,523,741 1,927,881White 853,405 1,032,498 1,242,277 1,368,890 1,573,017Black 16,624 23,139 33,315 40,187 47,041Hispanic 3,569 14,294 26,622 49,473 142,367Asian 5,877 8,498 23,180 47,373 86,224







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CES-WP-16-08 80

Providence, RI-MAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,257,976 1,393,146 1,421,795 1,509,789 1,582,997White 1,227,020 1,345,712 1,338,815 1,373,864 1,336,739Black 22,711 29,213 30,886 41,008 50,943Hispanic 5,200 11,291 29,960 56,069 109,450Asian * * 6,501 20,795 30,770







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CES-WP-16-08 81

Provo, UTMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 111,588 142,350 223,636 269,407 376,774White 109,213 138,640 213,791 255,625 337,094Black * * * * *Hispanic 1,805 2,685 5,336 7,962 25,355Asian * * * 2,637 3,881

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 54,441 78,882 126,507 154,409 189,591White 52,989 76,392 119,689 144,147 161,740Black * * * * *Hispanic 1,170 1,584 3,384 5,510 18,017Asian * * * 2,173 3,161

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 48.8 55.4 56.6 57.3 50.3White 48.5 55.1 56.0 56.4 48.0Black * * * * *Hispanic 64.8 59.0 63.4 69.2 71.1Asian * * * 82.4 81.4





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CES-WP-16-08 82

Raleigh, NCMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 260,773 317,010 401,981 541,100 797,071White 189,554 239,881 304,205 410,372 561,116Black 70,579 74,525 91,019 114,599 155,239Hispanic * * * 6,063 45,140Asian * * * 8,328 21,363

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 93,931 121,128 150,255 207,951 276,579White 71,620 92,304 105,795 142,794 166,680Black 21,867 27,317 41,077 56,947 75,346Hispanic * * * 2,454 19,522Asian * * * 5,081 8,983

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 36.0 38.2 37.4 38.4 34.7White 37.8 38.5 34.8 34.8 29.7Black 31.0 36.7 45.1 49.7 48.5Hispanic * * * 40.5 43.2Asian * * * 61.0 42.0





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CES-WP-16-08 83

Richmond, VAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 609,192 716,829 807,828 914,805 1,055,683White 417,399 502,405 552,372 620,020 673,501Black 188,523 205,613 239,775 270,638 318,847Hispanic * 5,687 7,394 8,900 23,656Asian * * 4,927 11,469 20,205







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CES-WP-16-08 84

Riverside-San Bernardino, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 809,782 1,140,166 1,558,182 2,588,793 3,254,821White 665,145 895,825 1,146,886 1,622,539 1,536,542Black 28,686 47,902 77,191 170,415 239,674Hispanic 108,384 185,455 289,803 675,918 1,229,230Asian * * 20,382 88,167 130,436







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CES-WP-16-08 85

Rochester, NYMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 819,272 981,347 992,689 1,025,220 1,062,452White 784,202 905,942 887,186 887,817 870,100Black 28,750 58,040 76,592 91,506 105,897Hispanic 5,165 13,107 19,349 29,530 46,348Asian * * 5,739 12,911 19,611







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CES-WP-16-08 86

Sacramento, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 654,893 844,425 1,099,814 1,481,102 1,796,857White 565,123 697,715 872,829 1,086,284 1,143,214Black 20,479 36,580 60,385 98,520 122,022Hispanic 48,541 80,882 105,493 168,111 277,574Asian 19,217 25,138 43,595 106,024 158,820







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CES-WP-16-08 87

St. Louis, MO-ILMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 2,248,765 2,520,639 2,485,566 2,560,517 2,675,343White 1,939,114 2,109,925 2,037,394 2,082,291 2,084,252Black 296,101 377,807 406,348 422,835 472,924Hispanic 10,511 25,377 22,749 25,623 40,206Asian * * 12,336 22,161 35,945







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CES-WP-16-08 88

Salt Lake City, UTMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 400,903 480,152 645,099 752,557 939,122White 388,040 448,644 590,317 675,111 761,653Black 2,045 2,442 4,247 5,299 8,234Hispanic 6,851 22,721 33,101 46,142 110,445Asian 2,712 3,944 7,861 14,214 23,122







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CES-WP-16-08 89

San Antonio, TXMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 797,116 951,966 1,154,648 1,407,745 1,711,703White 436,148 480,830 559,130 644,237 695,259Black 48,874 56,736 71,688 86,606 100,279Hispanic 310,162 411,127 511,741 656,470 863,116Asian 1,531 2,254 7,005 14,107 23,499

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 588,042 654,289 785,809 935,927 1,144,554White 285,721 268,926 299,270 340,798 363,870Black 40,898 47,001 56,712 63,992 72,926Hispanic 259,960 336,178 421,808 517,974 671,200Asian 1,205 1,541 4,625 9,468 17,478






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CES-WP-16-08 90

San Diego, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,033,011 1,357,782 1,861,846 2,498,016 2,813,833White 894,768 1,101,996 1,381,595 1,639,845 1,544,484Black 37,967 59,542 102,236 150,670 152,308Hispanic 83,729 168,412 274,530 498,578 750,991Asian 11,108 19,046 73,968 175,526 245,309

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 573,224 696,566 875,538 1,110,549 1,223,341White 481,202 544,205 606,631 653,368 602,799Black 33,481 50,930 76,068 100,041 91,815Hispanic 48,712 85,929 129,953 223,616 310,533Asian 7,102 11,312 48,493 119,678 164,462






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CES-WP-16-08 91

San Francisco-Oakland, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 2,648,759 3,109,519 3,250,630 3,686,592 4,123,740White 2,124,827 2,262,250 2,167,888 2,172,251 2,021,516Black 221,294 321,250 385,265 415,292 382,195Hispanic 200,847 354,286 352,189 493,017 733,344Asian 94,423 150,107 301,265 563,326 783,861

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,107,864 1,077,287 1,018,311 1,096,201 1,176,210White 784,707 613,183 480,188 444,844 432,499Black 154,773 214,950 241,818 237,584 197,073Hispanic 94,408 134,455 116,327 145,907 197,008Asian 69,787 104,548 164,916 257,145 298,378






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CES-WP-16-08 92

San Jose, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 657,711 1,082,940 1,320,076 1,534,274 1,735,819White 548,910 842,418 932,564 892,921 765,338Black 3,985 17,184 41,961 53,012 42,956Hispanic 88,377 189,327 237,837 323,754 429,592Asian 15,128 28,270 91,505 249,491 428,144







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CES-WP-16-08 93

Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 598,316 595,490 597,420 575,264 560,625White 594,974 590,125 589,791 563,668 538,610Black 1,931 2,760 3,249 5,447 7,725Hispanic * * * * 6,785Asian * * * * 3,423

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 174,994 162,311 139,668 129,328 119,538White 173,002 159,672 136,627 124,721 110,163Black 1,578 1,689 1,703 2,583 4,497Hispanic * * * * 2,445Asian * * * * 965

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 29.2 27.3 23.4 22.5 21.3White 29.1 27.1 23.2 22.1 20.5Black 81.7 61.2 52.4 47.4 58.2Hispanic * * * * 36.0Asian * * * * 28.2





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CES-WP-16-08 94

Seattle-Tacoma, WAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 1,428,803 1,832,896 2,093,112 2,559,164 3,043,878White 1,350,806 1,692,732 1,854,001 2,175,966 2,311,680Black 38,126 58,875 86,554 118,759 146,547Hispanic 9,718 31,411 45,822 71,069 161,167Asian 23,122 34,370 71,740 151,815 256,494







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CES-WP-16-08 95

Spokane, WAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 303,131 310,917 379,394 401,227 469,737White 295,230 300,450 358,906 375,861 421,425Black 2,593 3,190 4,388 5,079 6,208Hispanic * 2,778 5,462 6,474 12,364Asian 2,054 1,555 3,657 6,135 7,638

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 181,608 170,516 171,300 177,196 196,143White 176,476 164,345 160,313 163,859 171,537Black 2,134 2,191 2,736 3,317 3,762Hispanic * 1,645 2,733 2,820 5,766Asian 1,612 1,162 2,173 3,556 4,357

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 59.9 54.8 45.2 44.2 41.8White 59.8 54.7 44.7 43.6 40.7Black 82.3 68.7 62.4 65.3 60.6Hispanic * 59.2 50.0 43.6 46.6Asian 78.5 74.7 59.4 58.0 57.0





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CES-WP-16-08 96

Springfield, MAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 532,582 583,031 581,831 602,878 608,479White 513,761 546,625 523,335 510,100 475,497Black 14,587 23,938 29,125 35,117 36,555Hispanic * 10,630 24,745 47,985 74,169Asian * * * * 10,765

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 174,463 163,886 152,319 156,983 152,082White 159,906 137,797 112,608 100,305 73,933Black 12,758 20,265 24,531 29,011 29,609Hispanic * 5,420 13,917 25,642 41,359Asian * * * * 2,819

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 32.8 28.1 26.2 26.0 25.0White 31.1 25.2 21.5 19.7 15.5Black 87.5 84.7 84.2 82.6 81.0Hispanic * 51.0 56.2 53.4 55.8Asian * * * * 26.2





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CES-WP-16-08 97

Stockton, CAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 249,989 290,208 347,342 480,628 563,598White 195,183 209,881 237,799 283,873 265,960Black 11,375 15,164 18,443 25,432 35,321Hispanic 31,063 52,225 66,704 108,987 172,027Asian 11,759 11,770 17,880 56,087 63,201







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CES-WP-16-08 98

Syracuse, NYMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 563,781 636,507 642,971 659,864 650,154White 546,972 605,039 598,665 601,849 567,960Black 12,163 22,609 30,481 38,027 42,352Hispanic * 4,661 6,211 7,734 12,972Asian * * 2,881 7,279 10,518







CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 99

Tampa-St. Petersburg, FLMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 820,443 1,105,553 1,613,603 2,067,959 2,395,997White 688,299 933,924 1,375,271 1,722,299 1,821,488Black 94,247 112,905 145,717 180,624 235,500Hispanic 36,728 56,357 80,433 136,027 248,037Asian * * 6,584 21,557 44,003







CC1955

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CES-WP-16-08 100

Toledo, OHMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 558,828 607,163 616,864 614,128 618,203White 508,981 538,566 529,982 518,538 495,026Black 43,073 54,582 65,106 69,085 77,587Hispanic 6,169 12,346 16,656 18,675 27,117Asian * * 3,055 5,966 6,602







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CES-WP-16-08 101

Tucson, AZMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 265,660 351,667 531,443 666,880 843,746White 198,229 256,550 387,592 456,630 517,982Black 7,946 9,647 14,072 19,663 23,047Hispanic 55,066 80,649 111,378 161,053 247,861Asian * * 4,406 10,921 16,375







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CES-WP-16-08 102

Tulsa, OKMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 503,105 574,229 711,652 761,019 859,532White 449,770 499,759 603,253 623,951 634,395Black 39,963 46,121 55,925 61,697 74,287Hispanic 2,481 7,995 10,224 15,022 39,301Asian * * * 6,379 9,647







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CES-WP-16-08 103

(Urban) Honolulu, HIMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 500,409 629,176 762,565 836,231 876,156White 170,252 245,886 246,896 249,686 175,331Black 4,595 7,133 16,513 24,609 18,886Hispanic 11,731 20,314 54,619 54,680 58,731Asian 231,283 290,467 341,118 400,137 397,518







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CES-WP-16-08 104

Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC

MetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 736,278 1,064,551 1,209,873 1,452,549 1,580,057White 517,828 769,876 829,396 972,728 964,891Black 211,493 272,413 340,038 409,393 482,576Hispanic 4,040 13,019 18,700 31,551 48,544Asian 2,136 7,177 16,278 31,661 42,198







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CES-WP-16-08 105

Washington, DC-VA-MD-WVMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 2,314,536 3,164,346 3,426,648 4,157,327 4,837,428White 1,741,010 2,321,485 2,341,186 2,663,769 2,683,919Black 538,550 746,682 887,144 1,055,833 1,255,821Hispanic 22,805 68,890 96,303 221,151 429,341Asian 8,752 19,097 78,753 198,342 322,552







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Wichita, KSMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 442,765 449,027 475,732 519,403 579,839White 414,277 406,814 419,792 449,170 463,139Black 21,230 27,924 32,519 36,347 41,481Hispanic 5,518 11,199 13,437 19,317 40,795Asian * * 4,531 8,623 14,568







CC1955

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CC1965

SU1965

CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

SU1985

CC1995

SU1995


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Winston-Salem, NCMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 330,767 377,211 442,969 488,125 569,207White 270,663 312,001 361,646 397,752 433,173Black 59,710 62,333 76,622 83,718 95,635Hispanic * * * * 29,130Asian * * * * 4,626

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 111,135 132,901 132,419 143,852 186,626White 69,744 86,563 78,002 84,908 98,245Black 41,188 45,041 52,600 56,410 67,897Hispanic * * * * 15,869Asian * * * * 2,044

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 33.6 35.2 29.9 29.5 32.8White 25.8 27.7 21.6 21.3 22.7Black 69.0 72.3 68.6 67.4 71.0Hispanic * * * * 54.5Asian * * * * 44.2





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CC1965

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CC1975

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Worcester, MA-CTMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 651,800 722,484 738,664 812,230 860,054White 645,686 707,492 709,425 746,815 745,563Black 3,163 6,433 8,984 14,488 20,448Hispanic * * 15,525 36,779 58,371Asian * * * 11,460 19,486







CC1955

SU1955

CC1965

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CC1975

SU1975

CC1985

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CC1995

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Youngstown-Warren, OH-PAMetropolitanPopulation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 636,525 663,176 659,649 613,622 602,964White 579,507 599,823 589,149 542,593 518,279Black 51,419 55,418 60,673 60,069 62,797Hispanic 5,120 6,540 6,956 7,204 10,342Asian * * * * *

PopulationLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 226,337 203,174 172,064 146,525 128,912White 184,568 154,836 118,595 94,824 73,813Black 38,344 43,629 48,363 46,874 46,431Hispanic 3,143 4,095 4,224 3,825 4,478Asian * * * * *

PercentLiving inCentral Cities 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000All 35.6 30.6 26.1 23.9 21.4White 31.8 25.8 20.1 17.5 14.2Black 74.6 78.7 79.7 78.0 73.9Hispanic 61.4 62.6 60.7 53.1 43.3Asian * * * * *





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CES-WP-16-08 110

Urban-Suburban Migration in the United States, 1955-2000 by Todd … · 2016. 2. 8. ·...

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Transcript of Urban-Suburban Migration in the United States, 1955-2000 by Todd … · 2016. 2. 8. ·...