Urban Sprawl, Public Expenditure, and Their Effects on High ...growth in city between 2000-2013....
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RESULTS Figure 7: Comparison of Academic Performance per schools Suburban Growth and Public Expenditure Variation • Enrollment and per capita spending grew in every sampled district.* • The range in per pupil district spending rose by $199.55 between 2000 and 2014. Public Spending and Academic Performance • OPS had highest return from increased spending.* • Westside had a drop in graduation rates despite increased spending. U r b a n S p r a w l , P u b l i c E x p e n d i t u r e , a n d T h e i r E f f e c t s o n H i g h S c h o o l A c a d e m i c P e r f o r m a n c e i n O m a h a , N e b r a s k a José Lemus, Salfo Bikienga, and Dr. Hendrik Van Den Berg Department of Economics, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Discussion • Majority of Omaha’s urban sprawl occurred prior to 2000. • We still see a medium level of urban sprawl within the city. • Suburban districts have higher graduation rates than does OPS, despite spending less per capita. • Is there a statistically significant relationship between public spending and academic performance?* Future Work • Understand the impact of graduation levels on ZCTA income levels. • Research the economic contributions of recent graduates on the local economy. • Investigate high school graduate preparation for post- secondary education completion. References available upon request: [email protected] The author would like to thank: • Dr. Hendrik Van Den Berg , Department of Economics. UNL • Salfo Bikienga, Department of Economics. UNL • Dr. Eric Thompson, Department of Economics. UNL • UNL McNair Scholars Program Introduction • Urban sprawl significance in US. • “Average high school graduation rate in the nation’s 50 largest cities was 53%, compared with 71% in the Suburbs” (New York Times, 2009). • Current literature establishes positive relationships between secondary education public investment and economic growth (Jackson et al., 2015). • Investigating secondary-level human capital investment within Omaha, Nebraska, allows researchers to examine education provision patterns at an initial stage. Purpose 1. Understand the effects of public expenditure in secondary education on academic performance. 2. Examine the role of suburbanization within the education provision of a mid-range city. 3. Develop effective public policy to counter the suburbanization issues within growing metropolitan areas. Hypotheses 1. Consistent population migration to western edges of Omaha 2. Significant public expenditure growth at the local level. 3. Statistically significant academic improvement in lower income schools. BACKGROUND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Data Zip Code Tabulated Area (ZCTA) and school district data: • Nebraska Department of Education • United States Census • Omaha Public Schools Procedure Examine relationship between: • Urban Sprawl • Public Spending • Academic Performance Method • T-test • Simple linear regression for Academic Performance: • P= ! 1 +S" 1 + I" 2 +L" 3 +# • P= Academic Performance • S= Per Capita Public Expenditure • I = Median Family Income • L= School Percentage on Free or Reduced Lunch METHODS AND MATERIALS RESULTS Figure 5: Urban Sprawl Lorenz Curve Urban Sprawl • Population moving to western, low-density census tracts. • Medium level of urban sprawl (49.98) in 2010 • Southwestern ZCTAs demonstrate fastest population growth in city between 2000-2013. Figure 4: 10 yr. Urban Sprawl Measurement Omaha, Nebraska 10yr. Urban Sprawl Measurement Omaha, Ne 2000 2010 % of Pop. Living in Low-Density Tracts (<3,500 people) 0.46118138 0.4761986 % of Pop. Living in High- Density Tracts ( > 3,500 people) 0.538818162 0.5238014 Lopez&Hynes Sprawl Index 49.96118138 49.9761986 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Enrollment School Years 2000-2015 Omaha Public Schools Elkhorn Westside Millard Papillion 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Total Population (%) Total Land (%) Omaha MSA Urban Sprawl 2000-2010 2000 2010 Equality 5500 6500 7500 8500 9500 10500 11500 12500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Per Pupil Cost by Average Daily Attendance ($) School Years 2000-2014 Omaha Elkhorn Millard Westside Papillion-La Vista School Districts Figure 6: District Comparison of Per Capita Spending From 2000-2014 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 0 2 4 6 8 10 Graduation Rates (%) Academic Years 2000-2010 Omaha Elkhorn Millard Westside Papillion- La Vista School Districts * The results presented are tentative district results. School specific results are still being collected. We expect school specific results to follow a similar trend, and will update the relevant results sections when appropriate. City-Data.com METHODS AND MATERIALS Figure 1: Zip Code Tabulated Area (ZCTA) Map of Omaha Figure 2: Omaha Public High School Enrollment Figure 3: Greater Omaha Area Annual High School Population
Transcript of Urban Sprawl, Public Expenditure, and Their Effects on High ...growth in city between 2000-2013....
RESULTS
Figure 7: Comparison of Academic Performance per schools
Suburban Growth and Public Expenditure Variation •! Enrollment and per
capita spending grew in every sampled district.*
•! The range in per pupil district spending rose by $199.55 between 2000 and 2014.
Public Spending and Academic Performance •! OPS had highest
return from increased spending.*
•! Westside had a drop in graduation rates despite increased spending.
Urban Sprawl, Public Expenditure, and Their Effects on High School Academic Performance in Omaha, Nebraska
José Lemus, Salfo Bikienga, and Dr. Hendrik Van Den Berg Department of Economics, University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Discussion •! Majority of Omaha’s urban sprawl occurred prior to 2000. •! We still see a medium level of urban sprawl within the city. •! Suburban districts have higher graduation rates than does OPS,
despite spending less per capita. •! Is there a statistically significant relationship between public
spending and academic performance?*
Future Work •! Understand the impact of graduation levels on ZCTA income
levels. •! Research the economic contributions of recent graduates on
the local economy. •! Investigate high school graduate preparation for post-
secondary education completion.
References available upon request: [email protected] The author would like to thank: •! Dr. Hendrik Van Den Berg , Department of Economics. UNL •! Salfo Bikienga, Department of Economics. UNL •! Dr. Eric Thompson, Department of Economics. UNL •! UNL McNair Scholars Program
Introduction •! Urban sprawl significance in US. •! “Average high school graduation rate in the nation’s 50 largest
cities was 53%, compared with 71% in the Suburbs” (New York Times, 2009).
•! Current literature establishes positive relationships between secondary education public investment and economic growth (Jackson et al., 2015).
•! Investigating secondary-level human capital investment within Omaha, Nebraska, allows researchers to examine education provision patterns at an initial stage.
Purpose
1.! Understand the effects of public expenditure in secondary education on academic performance.
2.! Examine the role of suburbanization within the education provision of a mid-range city.
3.! Develop effective public policy to counter the suburbanization issues within growing metropolitan areas.
Hypotheses
1.! Consistent population migration to western edges of Omaha 2.! Significant public expenditure growth at the local level. 3.! Statistically significant academic improvement in lower
income schools.
BACKGROUND
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Data Zip Code Tabulated Area (ZCTA) and school district data: •! Nebraska Department of Education •! United States Census •! Omaha Public Schools Procedure Examine relationship between: •! Urban Sprawl •! Public Spending •! Academic Performance Method •! T-test •! Simple linear regression for Academic Performance:
•! P= !1+S"1+ I"2 +L"3+# •! P= Academic Performance •! S= Per Capita Public Expenditure •! I = Median Family Income •! L= School Percentage on Free or Reduced Lunch
METHODS AND MATERIALS
RESULTS
Figure 5: Urban Sprawl Lorenz Curve
Urban Sprawl •! Population moving to western, low-density census tracts. •! Medium level of urban sprawl (49.98) in 2010 •! Southwestern ZCTAs demonstrate fastest population growth in city between 2000-2013.
Figure 4: 10 yr. Urban Sprawl Measurement Omaha, Nebraska
10yr. Urban Sprawl Measurement Omaha, Ne 2000 2010
% of Pop. Living in Low-Density Tracts
(<3,500 people) 0.46118138 0.4761986
% of Pop. Living in High- Density Tracts
( >3,500 people) 0.538818162 0.5238014
Lopez&Hynes Sprawl Index 49.96118138 49.9761986
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* The results presented are tentative district results. School specific results are still being collected. We expect school specific results to follow a similar trend, and will update the relevant results sections when appropriate.
City-Data.com
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Figure 1: Zip Code Tabulated Area (ZCTA) Map of Omaha
Figure 2: Omaha Public High School Enrollment Figure 3: Greater Omaha Area Annual High School Population
