Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America
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Transcript of Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America
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University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS
ITS Research Seminar
Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries:The Case of Latin America
Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Leeds, June 23, 2016
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Historical development and current conditions
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Country Urban Areas
Argentina 1Brazil 5Chile 1Colombia 1Costa Rica 1Mexico 3Peru 1Uruguay 1Venezuela 1
TOTAL of 15 areasPop.: 106 million PT vehicles: 230,000 Automobiles: 25 millionTrips: 204 million per day
Brazil
Argentina
Mexico
Colombia
Peru
Chile Uruguay
C. Rica Venezuela
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University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Social and economic issues
Uneven development post WWII + fast urbanization
High levels of informality (50‐60%)/exclusion/ immobility
Low level of instruction and of political education
Fragile democracies + Poor citizenship development
Highly concentrated income distribution ( min. wage USD 250/ “manager” wage USD 5,000)
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Mobility (data from the Brazilian and the Latin American Observatories)
NMT and PT serve 73% of trips
Public transport Low‐quality + priority on roads < 1% of roadsHigh cost burden on poor families (up to 30%)Longer travel times opposed to automobiles
Automobile impacts: 80% (space), 70% (energy), 68/72% (PM/CO2)
Pedestrians/cyclists correspond to 68% of fatalities
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Worrying Trends
TransportIncrease in auto (5% y.) and motorcycle (13% y.)Pressures for deregulation of public transportActions against improvement of NMT
Social/economicVery slow movement to change poverty and exclusionContinued income concentrationIncreased externalities and inequity
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Critical issues and decisions
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Q1: Efficiency or equity?equity x equality
Q2: Sustainability for whom?economic/environ/social
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Q3: Public transport isa public service? a market issue?
Q4: Subsidies arean investment ?waste of money ?
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Q5: “Small is beautiful”?economic circuits and effects
Q6: Which city?elite/middle class/democratic
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Challenges and opportunities
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Difficulties for changing mobility conditions
Transmission of myths and false “conclusions”Car as a “natural desire” and a “superior good”“ Unavoidable “ poor quality of public transportIgnorance on actual mobility impacts (“empty bus”)
Existent traffic environment is hostile to vulnerable people
High vehicle speeds (20% over 60 km/hour)Few safe crossings, poor or inexistent sidewalksBike priority < 1% of roads
Pedestrians/cyclists cannot influence policies
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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The dilemma of public transport supply ‐ Typical cycles
Wild Individual operators supply services under strict “market” rules: low quality, conflicts, chaos
Latin America, Asia and Africa
Corporate Inefficient public operator leads to chaosSão Paulo, Mexico City
Irresponsible Hired private companies ensure spatial supply/regularitybut may capture state Brazil
Virtuous Society defines and controls, private operator provides services with quality and efficiency Europe
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Challenges
Convince society that NMT and PT are the best options
Reshape the traffic environment towards NMT
Improve PT systems and make them accessible for all
Stop subsidizing the automotive system + implement restrictions
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Structural Obstacles
• Urban structure already built – will take decades to change
• No major political force sees PT as a priority
•Most financial resources tied to the automotive world
• Uneven distribution of power on policy decisions
• Continued poverty and weak citizenship
• Persistent influence of the middle classes pervasive
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Opportunities
Society level
•Work with the sustainability network + environ/health
• Produce new knowledge to challenge myths
•Work at community level
• Exploit middle class new view of the environment
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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Opportunities
Political level
• Prioritize local level, working with mayors looking for change
• At federal level, work with Environment and Health Authorities
•Middle term: push for a strong National Policy on Mobility
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
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References
ANTP, Sistema de Informação da Mobilidade Urbana, www.antp.org.br (reports in Portuguese)
CAF ‐Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, Observatorio de Movilidad Urbana – OMU www.caf.com (reports in Spanish)
Vasconcellos, Eduardo A .(2001) Urban transport, environment and equity –the case for developing countries, Earthscan, UK.
____________________(2015) Transporte urbano y movilidad – reflexiones y propuestas para países en desarrollo,UNSAM, Argentina.
____________________ (2010) Análisis de la movilidad urbana. Espacio, medio ambiente y equidad, CAF.
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016