Urban Meteorology Rick Peltier Sangil Lee Chris Hennigan Ehsan Arhami.
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Transcript of Urban Meteorology Rick Peltier Sangil Lee Chris Hennigan Ehsan Arhami.
Urban MeteorologyUrban Meteorology
Rick Peltier
Sangil Lee
Chris Hennigan
Ehsan Arhami
The Urban Heat The Urban Heat IslandIsland
Urban Heat IslandUrban Heat Island The increased air temperatures in urban areas as The increased air temperatures in urban areas as
contrasted to the cooler surrounding rural areas.contrasted to the cooler surrounding rural areas.
Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.
Rapid UrbanizationRapid Urbanization
• Lack of surface water (soil water) and vegetation.
• Low short-wave reflectivity (albedo).
• increased heat release.
Source: EPA & Rice University
Mesoscale circulation and convectionMesoscale circulation and convection
Source: NASA Global Hydrology and Climate Center
Stagnant condition Gradient wind condition
Mesoscale circulation and convectionMesoscale circulation and convection
Source: NASA Global Hydrology and Climate Center
Convective precipitation associated with the excess heat.
Mesoscale circulation and convectionMesoscale circulation and convection
Source: NASA Global Hydrology and Climate Center
• Increased precipitation (7 ~ 50% greater).
• Maximum rainfall rates (48 ~116 % greater) downwind of major cities.
Mean monthly rainfall during the warmer season (May ~ Sept.) from 1998~2000.
Air Quality IssuesAir Quality Issues
Urban heat islands are not only uncomfortably hot, they are also smoggier.(i.e., the incidence of smog increases by 3% per °F above 70°F.)
Source: Heat Island Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. & NASA Global Hydrology and Climate Center
Topographical Effects of Urban Topographical Effects of Urban AreaArea
Urban Pollution Urban Pollution DispersionDispersion
Picture from: corbis.com
OverviewOverview
Effect of Topography on FlowEffect of Topography on Flow
Urban Boundary LayerUrban Boundary Layer
Urban CanopyUrban Canopy
Geographically Modified FlowGeographically Modified Flow
Internal Boundary Layer
fetch
Pictures from: Stull book
Urban Boundary LayerUrban Boundary Layer
Picture from: Fisher et al. report
Sketch of Urban Boundary Layer Sketch of Urban Boundary Layer and Urban Plumeand Urban Plume
Pictures from: Stull book
Layers Within The Urban Boundary Layers Within The Urban Boundary LayerLayer
Picture from: Stull book
What Happens to Wind Profile What Happens to Wind Profile Between the BuildingsBetween the Buildings
Wind Velocity Pollutant Distribution
2 m/s Recirculation eddy
10% of free stream velocity
Pictures from: Gerdes et al., paper
Pollutant Dispersion in Urban Pollutant Dispersion in Urban Street CanopiesStreet Canopies
Large reverse
Pictures from: Xia et al., paper
Identical Building UpstreamIdentical Building Upstream
Low Building Low Building
High BuildingHigh Building
Pictures from: Xia et al., paper
Urban Meteorology – Urban Meteorology – case studiescase studies
Tehran, IranTehran, Iran Graz, AustriaGraz, Austria Sydney, AustraliaSydney, Australia Atlanta, GAAtlanta, GA
Tehran, IranTehran, Iran
From www.lonelyplanet.com
Tehran, IranTehran, Iran
From www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/tehran_iran_1947.jpg
Alborz Mountains
City center
From Asadollah-Fardi
Tehran PollutionTehran Pollution
Valley Pollution DispersionValley Pollution Dispersion
From www.uoregon.edu/dpardue/overheads/mainpage/overheads-entire.html
Valley CirculationValley Circulation
From http://bigmac.civil.mtu.edu/public_html/classes/ce459/study.html
Graz, AustriaGraz, Austria
From www.siteatlas.com
Graz, AustriaGraz, Austria
From www.atlapedia.com
Graz PollutionGraz Pollution
Pollution Event – January 7, 1991Pollution Event – January 7, 1991
PollutantPollutant Max Max ConcentrationConcentration
NONO 0.350 ppm0.350 ppm
NO2NO2 0.110 ppm0.110 ppm
COCO 8 ppm8 ppm
SO2SO2 0.03 ppm0.03 ppm
From Sturm, Almbauer, Kunz
Mountain Lee PhenomenonMountain Lee Phenomenon
From www.atsb.gov.au/public/facts/turbulence.cfm
Sydney, AustraliaSydney, Australia
From http://www.ga.gov.au/map/images.html
Sydney, AustraliaSydney, Australia
From www.ga.gov.au/map.images.html
Sydney PollutionSydney Pollution From 1980 to 1992, Sydney averaged 20 days per year with From 1980 to 1992, Sydney averaged 20 days per year with
peak Opeak O33 > 80 ppb > 80 ppb Diurnal ODiurnal O33 variation variation
From Physick
Sea BreezeSea Breeze
From USA Today
Atlanta, GAAtlanta, GA
50
40
30
20
10Fin
e A
ero
sol M
ass
, µ
g m
-3
7/7/01 7/9/01 7/11/01 7/13/01 7/15/01
Local Time
PM2.5 Sulfate
19:00
19:00
19:00
16:00
19:00
14:00
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32.0
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0
Griffin
Atlanta
coal burning power plants
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fin
e A
ero
so
l M
ass, µ
g m
-3
8/17/99 8/19/99 8/21/99 8/23/99 8/25/99 8/27/99 8/29/99 8/31/99
Eastern Standard Time
4cB
2s3s
4s
3cC
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fin
e A
ero
so
l M
ass, µ
g m
-3
8/5/99 8/7/99 8/9/99 8/11/99 8/13/99 8/15/99
Eastern Standard Time
1s
1c2c
A PM2.5Sulfate OC*1.4 EC
Atlanta Supersite, 1999
UGA Agricultural Research Station –
Griffin, GA
The Urban Environment The Urban Environment - Overview- Overview
Regional and local scale models often Regional and local scale models often do not predict very local conditionsdo not predict very local conditions
Urban-Specific ProblemsUrban-Specific Problems
Indoor/Outdoor correlationsIndoor/Outdoor correlations
Socioeconomic status (SES)Socioeconomic status (SES)
Urban ModelingUrban Modeling
Urban ModelingUrban ModelingN
E
S
W8.5 17
Urban-Specific ProblemsUrban-Specific Problems
Local (unmodelled/unmeasured) Local (unmodelled/unmeasured) ExposuresExposures
Urban Heat IslandUrban Heat Island Humidity/Heat IndexHumidity/Heat Index
StressStress Pollutant Specifics and the Urban Pollutant Specifics and the Urban
EnvironmentEnvironment
Urban Health – Air ToxicsUrban Health – Air Toxics
Typically increased (small) local Typically increased (small) local sources of air toxicssources of air toxics• 1,3-Butadiene, benzene, etc1,3-Butadiene, benzene, etc
Very source specificVery source specific
Indoor/Outdoor “Meteorology”Indoor/Outdoor “Meteorology”
Harsh Urban Environment Mitigation Harsh Urban Environment Mitigation (A/C, etc.)(A/C, etc.)
Meteorology drives people inside/outsideMeteorology drives people inside/outside
Meteorological Phenomena Meteorological Phenomena sensitivitysensitivity
Urban Health - SESUrban Health - SES
Urban sites typically populated by Urban sites typically populated by many low-SES familiesmany low-SES families
Low SES = increased susceptibilityLow SES = increased susceptibility
Tehran – ~12,000 persons/sq kmTehran – ~12,000 persons/sq km Graz – 4730 persons/sq kmGraz – 4730 persons/sq km Sydney – 2474 persons/sq kmSydney – 2474 persons/sq km Atlanta – 1303 persons/sq kmAtlanta – 1303 persons/sq km
Our Urban Environment?
Summary/ConclusionsSummary/Conclusions
Urban Heat IslandUrban Heat Island Urban TopographyUrban Topography Case Studies of the Urban Case Studies of the Urban
EnvironmentEnvironment Applications in the Urban Applications in the Urban
EnvironmentEnvironment
ReferencesReferences
1.1. Stull R. B.,Stull R. B., An introduction to boundary layer meteorology An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, Kluwer Academic , Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988, 596-612.Publishers, 1988, 596-612.
2.2. Fisher B., Kukkonen J. and Schatzmann M., Fisher B., Kukkonen J. and Schatzmann M., Meteorology applied to urban air Meteorology applied to urban air pollution problems COST 715pollution problems COST 715, Report from atmosphericenvironment website., Report from atmosphericenvironment website.
3.3. Gerdes, F., Olivari, D., 1999. Gerdes, F., Olivari, D., 1999. Analysis of pollutant dispersion in an urban street Analysis of pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyoncanyon, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 82, 105-124., Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 82, 105-124.
4.4. www.corbis.comwww.corbis.com
5.5. Xia J. and LeungXia J. and Leung D.Y.C., Pollutant dispersion in urban street canopies D.Y.C., Pollutant dispersion in urban street canopies, , Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 2033-2043.Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 2033-2043.
6.6. Asadollah-Fardi, G. “Air Quality Management in Tehran,” www.unescap.orgAsadollah-Fardi, G. “Air Quality Management in Tehran,” www.unescap.org
7.7. Physick, W.L. “Photochemical smog studies in Australian cities,” Physick, W.L. “Photochemical smog studies in Australian cities,” Urban Air Urban Air Pollution, Volume 2Pollution, Volume 2. ed. H. Power and N. Moussiopoulos. Computational . ed. H. Power and N. Moussiopoulos. Computational Mechanics Publications, 1996.Mechanics Publications, 1996.
8.8. Sturm, P.J., R. A. Almbauer, and R. Kunz. “Air quality study for the city of Graz, Sturm, P.J., R. A. Almbauer, and R. Kunz. “Air quality study for the city of Graz, Austria,” Austria,” Urban Air Pollution, Volume1Urban Air Pollution, Volume1. ed. H. Power, N. Moussiopoulos, and . ed. H. Power, N. Moussiopoulos, and C.A. Brebbia. Computational Mechanics Publications, 1994.C.A. Brebbia. Computational Mechanics Publications, 1994.
9.9. Heat Island Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. & NASA Global Hydrology Heat Island Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. & NASA Global Hydrology and Climate Centerand Climate Center
Questions?Questions?
Classmates – Free!Classmates – Free! Dr Wang - $5 per questionDr Wang - $5 per question