Urban Forestry and Water Quality Assessment Tools · Tree Canopy and Water Quality ... hydrologic...
Transcript of Urban Forestry and Water Quality Assessment Tools · Tree Canopy and Water Quality ... hydrologic...
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Urban Forestry and Water Quality Assessment Tools
Vincent VerweijAMEC Earth & Infrastructure
Contact Ian Hanou at:[email protected] or303‐742‐5320
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Tree Canopy and Water Quality
• Catches rainfall• Reduces peak flow of runoff
• Stores harmfulpollutants
• Reduces soil erosion, reducing sedimentpollution
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Overview of Models
• CITYGreen
• i‐Tree Hydro
• EPA Stormwater Management Model
• Western Washington Hydrology Model
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CITYGreen
• GIS and Excel‐based tool• Calculates the ecological and economic benefits provided by trees and other green space
• Analyzes replacement cost of urban canopy loss• Uses locally‐based reference data for benefitestimates
• Current Vs. Future condition comparison• Currently not supported for ArcGIS 10
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CITYGreen Input
• Location• Land Use• Cost for replacement of tree function
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CITYGreen Input
• Air Quality Reference City: Cincinnati
• Hydrologic Soil Type “C”
• Hamilton County Digital Elevation Model, resampled to 5-meter resolution
• Land cover raster configuration in CITYgreen and associated curve numbers (CN)
between 0 and 100 where a higher CN indicates higher imperviousness and runoff): Impervious Surfaces: Unpaved: Dirt (CN 87), Impervious Surfaces: Paved: Drain to sewer (CN 98), Cropland:
Row Crops (CN 82), Meadow: Continuous grass, generally mowed, not grazed (CN 71), Trees: Impervious
understory (CN 91), Trees: Grass/turf understory: Ground cover > 75% (CN 72), Trees: Forest litter
understory: No grazing, forest litter and brush adequately cover soil (CN 70), and Water (CN 100).
• Replacement land cover: Urban: Commercial/Business (CN 94)
• Construction cost: $3.00/cubic foot
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CITYGreen Output
Water Runoff and Pollution
Air Pollution and Carbon Storage
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i‐Tree Hydro
• Part of larger i‐Tree suite• Uses GIS and USGS elevation data to calculatehydrologic aspects of the study area
• Canopy‐oriented: Uses variety of canopycharacteristics in its calculations.
• Generates reports on Impervious flow, Sediment, heavy metal, nutrient runoff and oxygen content
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i‐Tree Hydro
• Targeted by Cincinnati Parks for adoption of several strategies to reduce peak flow rates out of the basin.
• Study examines the expected impacts of reforestation of other land cover, and improvement of understory, on flow rates
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i‐Tree Hydro Input
• Elevation Data (USGS)• Landcover Percentages• Study Area size• Percentage Evergreen Cover• Hydrologic Parameters of Study Area (optional)
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i‐Tree Hydro Input
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i‐Tree Hydro Input
Raw Data Inputs Location
WS. Area (square meters)
Percent Tree Cov. LAI
Percent Evergreen Start Date End Date
Cincinnati, Hamilton County, OH 11,002,648 47.6% 5 1.0% 2/3/2010 11/25/2010
Surface Cover Types Percent
Cover Types Beneath
Tree Cover PercentTree 47.6% Shrub 0.0%Shrub 0.5% Herbaceous 0.0%Herbaceous 21.1% Soil 90.0%Water 0.0% Impervious 10.0%Impervious 29.9% --Soil 0.9% --Total 100.0% Total 100.0%
Initial Data Inputs
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i‐Tree Hydro Output
Runoff Flow
Pollution Increase
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EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
• Full‐fledged hydrologic analysis tool• Analyzes benefits of a variety of Best Management Practices
• Returns values on stormwater runoff and pollution
• Single‐event to long‐term (continuous)• Requires significant knowledge of hydrologic modeling
• Not focused on tree canopy alone
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SWMM Input
• Area• Slope• Landcover (Impervious)• Elevation Data• Stream gauges• Weather data• Stream Network
– Width– Depth– Base Flows
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SWMM Interface
Coarse Scale - Bull Run Watershed, Fairfax, VA
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SWMM Interface
Fine Scale – Street Project
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SWMM Simulation Output
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Western Washington HydrologyModel (WWHM)
• Hydrologic model specialized to King County, home to metropolitan Seattle and Puget Sound
• Similar to SWMM in complexity• Puts more emphasis on vegetation
– Takes into regard local forest makeup
• Uses Long‐term rainfall data
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WWHM Coverage
Seattle
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WWHM Inputs
• Land Use:– Pervious: forest, pasture, lawn– Impervious: roads, roof tops, driveways, sidewalks, and parking lots
• Soil Type• Watershed• Local hydrologic parameters
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WWHM Output
Renton, WA, hydrologic analysis
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Summary
• CITYGreen– Direct dollar values, fairly minimal work
• i‐Tree Hydro– Quick simulation with runoff values with some GIS work
• SWMM– Full hydrologic analysis, requiring in‐depth expertise
• WWHM– Localized hydrologic model with focus on vegetation
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Summary/Questions
• CITYGreen– Provides report in dollar values, for easy communication, requiring relatively little expertise
• i‐Tree Hydro– Quick simulation with runoff values with some GIS workrequired. Still in Beta production
• SWMM– Full hydrologic analysis, not necessarily focused on forestry, but very powerful analysis
• WWHM– Localized hydrologic model with focus on vegetation and forestry
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