Urban Development Housing Department CDP Sasaram.pdfSahastrabahu. Sasaram was also the birthplace of...
Transcript of Urban Development Housing Department CDP Sasaram.pdfSahastrabahu. Sasaram was also the birthplace of...
2011
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN – 2030
Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Urban Development & Housing Department Government of Bihar
Support Programme for Reforms in Bihar (SPUR)
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
E.1 BACKGROUND
In the last few years, the policy environment in Bihar has gone under significant change
with the formulation of several ‘reform oriented’ policies conducive to long term
development. The impact of these policies has not been as desired, largely on account
of limitations in implementing abilities. As a result, Bihar has continued to lag behind
other states.
In this effort, Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar in
association with SPUR (DFID supported programme) for the betterment of the local
populace, has initiated the process of a planned and integrated development in the
State. One of the major initiatives in this direction is formulation of a City Development
Plan for various Urban Local Bodies across the State. Egis India has been appointed as
Consultants for the preparation of Sasaram cITYDevelopment Plan.
E‐2 CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN (CDP)
A City Development Plan (CDP) is to think systematically of the future of the city and to
determine how it wishes to shape that future. It sets a vision for the city to be achieved
within a stipulated period of time, in sync with the character of the city and in
consensus with its stakeholders. It charts out the course of action so that the city is
enabled to reach the set goal within the target period. A CDP helps in enhancing the
livability, sustainability and manageability of the city. The objectives of preparation of
CDP include:
Define the growth directions and service up‐gradations in relation to the activity
mix/ growth;
Assess the demand‐supply gap in services to estimate and prioritize project
requirements;
Define specific rehabilitation and capital improvement needs with regards to
priority city infrastructure in both slums and other areas;
Define revenue enhancement and revenue management improvements
required to sustain the investment proposed;
Reforms required in local administration and service delivery to ensure financial
sustainability and improvements in service levels;
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Suggest changes required at the local level to improve O & M of assets including
use of different institutional and PPP models and address common growth and
infrastructure issues
E.3 PREPARATION OF CDP: A MULTISTAGE EXERCISE
The City Development Plan is a multi stage exercise to be carried out in close
collaboration with the concerned ULBs. Four stages have been followed for the
preparation of City Development Plan. These are i) Inception ii) Interim Report iii) Draft
CDP and iv) Final CDP.
During the preparation of CDP, the participation of the stakeholders, who know their
city best, is ensured at every stage of formulating the CDP. For this purpose, workshops
have been organized details of which are shown in Table E‐1.
Table E‐1: Workshop Details
Workshop Stages Date
Ist Workshop Inception Report 4th September 2010
IInd Workshop Interim Report 7th February 2011
IIIrd Workshop Draft Report 7th May 2011
E‐4 TOWN PROFILE: SASARAM
E‐4.1 INTRODUCTION
Sasaram is believed to be named after the sage Parashurama and the legendary King
Sahastrabahu. Sasaram was also the birthplace of Sher Shah Suri, who ruled Delhi from
1540 to 1545 AD. Sher Shah developed Sasaram into a successful administrative unit. It
was an important trading post and often people came here to buy horses. Later, Sher
Shah built a mint here. He was a great reformer and during his short tenure of
emperorship he evolved the system of revenue administration. His currency reform was
followed by the Mughals and maintained by the Britishers.
E‐4.2 LOCATION AND REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY
Sasaram is located at 24°57’N and 84°02’E. Sasaram is a town located in western part of
Bihar and district head quarter of Rohtas district. It is situated on NH‐2 regionally
connected with Delhi at a distance of 925 kms and with Kolkata at a distance of 537
kms. The NH‐2 runs east to west and divides the town into two parts. The town is
connected to Patna, Capital of Bihar located on NH‐30 via Arrah through SH‐12 emerges
from NH‐2. Patna is 160 kms from Sasaram. The town is also lined with Varanasi on the
west and Gaya and Bodhgaya on the east through NH‐2. Sasaram is an important
railway station on the Grand Chord Broad Gauge Line of the Eastern Railway and is
linked by rail to all the major cities in India.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 3
E‐4.3 DEMOGRAPHY
Sasaram Municipal Area is spread over an area of 10.9 sq.km divided into 25 municipal
wards, housing population of 131172 as per Census, 2001. The population density of
Sasaram is 120 ppha. Ward no. 21 has maximum population i.e. 3786, whereas, Ward
no. 38 has minimum population of 2785.
Sex ratio of Sasaram in 2001 was 882 females per 1000 males which is lower than
district’s and state. Literacy rate in Sasaram is 76.2 percent. Out of total literates in
Sasaram, males are 58.6 percent and females are 41.4 percent.
E‐4.4 PROJECTED POPULATION
Population of the town has been increasing at a very fast pace during the last few
decades. Population has been projected by consultants through various statistical
methods based on population trends in previous years assuming compounded annual
annual growth rate of population in future. Out of various nethods, population
estimated from exponential growth rate method has been adopted for planning
purposes with which the estimated population for 2011 is 178719 and for 2030 will be
322191.
E‐4.5 ECONOMY
Occupational structure of the populace is the primary indicator of nature of economy
and economic base of the town. Workforce participation in Sasaram is 22.7 which is
lower than states and districts. Out of total working population, 88% workers are main
workers, of which 92.5% are male workers showing marginal number of working
females in Sasaram town. The occupational structure of the town reveals that 89.8% of
the workers are ‘Other Workers’ which includes number of secondary and tertiary
sector activities and 5% are engaged in household industries.
Trade and Commerce
Sasaram’s economy is mainly based on trade and commerce activities. Economic base
of the town is mainly dependent on it. It acts a trading center for food grains,
agriculture products and agricultural equipments. The main commodities of the local
trading centre are food grains, cloths, ornaments, building materials, medicines etc. The
major commercial areas in the town are Gandhi Path, Chaukhandi, Gola Market,
Navratan Bazaar, fish and vegetable market. These are all situated in the southern
portion of the city. In addition to that a town has agriculture market yard for marketing
of food grains and its storage in the north of Sasaram.
Tourism
Sasram and its surrounding has famous tourist sites viz. Sher Shah Suri Tomb, Tomb of
Hasan Khan Suri, Rohtasgarh/Rohtas Fort, Chaurasan Mandir, Tomb of Chandan
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 4
Shaheed, Ashokan Inscription and a Rock‐cut Cave, Tara Chandi Hill Temple etc. Due to
lack of development of these places and tourist infrastructure, it is not playing an
important role in economic activity.
Industrial Activities
Few industrial activities like food processing industries such as rice polishing etc. are
present in Sasaram. It is also famous for production of stone chips and stone quarrying
covering primary sector.
E‐5 CITY VISION
Developing a shared and unanimous City Vision is central to the preparation of City
Development Plan (CDP). A vision is a statement where the city wishes to go, within a
given timeframe, and often expressed in clear expectations. The statement summarises
the future city and helps visualize the future destination for the city so that all efforts,
strategies, actions are oriented towards it without losing focus.
Vision defines the potential of the city and reflects its unique attributes in terms of
comparative and competitive advantages, values and preferences of the city’s
residents, its place in the larger spectrum of settlements at local, regional, national and
international levels. The unanimously agreed vision statement is as under:
“Sasaram is visualized to be tourist destination prominently
appearing on the tourism map of the Bihar, with a Regional Service
cum commercial Centre with well defined Heritage & leisure
destination with thriving sustained economy based on tourism,
handloom and allied activities supported by quality all basic physical
& social infrastructure for citizenry and visiting tourist.”
E‐6 SECTORAL ISSUES AND STRATEGIES
Studying the existing infrastructure availability, issues and findings have been derived
and strategies have been formulated to achieve the vision of the city. Further to
implement the strategies projects have been identified.
E‐6.1 ECONOMY
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Unorganized markets or commercial centers.
Poor infrastructure facility such as loading unloading facilities, storage facilities etc.
Lack of Shopping & Commercial centers with parking facilities.
Encroachments & Informal activities along main road.
Potential of tourism based economy viz. residential accommodation, restaurants etc.
Lack of diversification in economic activities
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 5
STRATEGIES
Development of organised commercial complexes in the town.
Promotion of Small Scale industries
Agricultural produce processing units will be encouraged to get established in
organized sector with all infrastructural facilities.
Development of tourist infrastructure such as hotels, restuarents to increase the
economic activities
MAJOR PROJECTS
Development of organised commercial complexes;
Industrial sheds for promotion small scale industries (along with storage facilities)
Organized Platforms for Weekly Market/ Vegetable (3 nos.)
E‐6.2 WATER SUPPLY
EXISTING STATUS
Ground water is the only source of water. Present supply is 25‐30 lpcd with 30%
coverage and about 4 hours/day supply. Present water supply is 6.7 MLD with only
chlorination as treatment. There are 3 OHTs with capacity of 5 lakh gallon. Length of
distribution system is 52 kms.
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Ground water is the only source.
Inadequate and inequitable distribution of water supply
Less coverage and short duration of water supply
Existing distribution network is old, leading to high water losses and contamination
Lack of infrastructure viz. storage, pumping station and treatment plant
There is no meter billing and high illegal connections
STRATEGIES
All dwelling units accessible to existing water distribution lines need to be
connected urgently.
All illegal connections to be regularized on priority.
Condition of the present water supply network need to be assessed.
Ground water recharging through rain water harvesting, recharging, etc
Recycling of treated waste water for reuse (non drinking purposes)
Non revenue water will be brought down to less than 20% in phases
O & M cost will be recovered through water charges and connection charges.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
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Detail project Report for Integrated water supply scheme should be prepared for
the city.
MAJOR PROJECTS
Upgradation of existing line (52 km) and Distribution line for water supply (Main
line – 10 Km. & Distributory line ‐49 Km)
Water Filtration /Treatment Plant (60 MLD of capacity)
7 nos. of Overhead reservoirs (10 lakh capacity each)
4 nos. of Underground Tanks (20 lakh capacity each)
E‐6.3 SEWERAGE & SANITATION
EXISTING STATUS
70% of households are connected to sanitary toilets. In absence of organised sewerage
system, waste water flows into drains and disposed of in Sher Shah Suri Canal and other
open areas. Present waste generation is estimated to be 14.29 MLD and in 2030, 34.8
MLD.
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Lack of sanitation facilities (individual and community toilets) leads to open
defecation;
In absence of underground sewerage system and flow of waste water into open
drains;
Intermixing of wastewater with storm water in drains;
Falling of untreated waste into Sher Shah Suri Canal and open areas creates pollution
in city.
STRATEGIES
Approach towards providing 100% access to toilets, to eradicate open defecation;
Installation of wastewater treatment plant at suitable location;
A Comprehensive (100%) Sewerage Network shall be laid which will ensure that all
wastewater is collected, treated and disposed off easily.
Provision of community toilet blocks particularly in slums and EWS housing areas
Encourage pay and use public conveniences through PPP arrangements.
Promotion of recycled waste water for non drinking purposes.
MAJOR PROJECTS
50 km of Sewerage Network Line installation (10 km Main line and 91 km Secondary
line)
1 nos. of Treatment Plant of 50 MLD capacity
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 7
10 nos, of community toilets and 2 nos.of public toilets.
E‐6.4 DRAINAGE
EXISTING STATUS
Presently 20% of town is covered with drainage network of 7.65kms of which 60% are
pucca drains. Incidence of water logging in old market areas, areas south of railway line
and low lying areas along Gandhi Path, Bauliya Road, GT Road and Bus Stand areas.
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Inadequate coverage of drainage network.
Clogging of open drains due to collection of solid waste and encroachments;
Intermixing of wastewater and storm water creates pollution;
Water logging in various parts of the town;
Discharging of untreated waste into Sher Shah Suri Canal and other open areas;
STRATEGIES
To convert open and kutcha drains into covered and pucca drains
100% network coverage will be achieved with the adequate capacity
Installation of waste treatment plant at suitable locations to avoid emptying the
untreated waste water into canal as a short term measure
Water logging will be taken care on priority.
MAJOR PROJECTS
Strengthening and construction of Drainage network system (Strengthening of
existing drain‐7.65 km., construction of Main Drain line‐10 Km., and Secondary /
Tertiary drain line‐184.35 Km.)
Installation of 2 nos. of Waste Water Treatment Plant 5 MLD capacity each
E‐6.5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
EXISTING STATUS
Present waste generation is 44.67 MT/Day. 40% of waste is being collected which is
being dumped in open areas near Rohtas stadium and other areas outside town.
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Absence of door to door collection
Inefficient secondary collection
Inadequate waste management infrastructure including vehicles
Absence of designated dumping ground and disposal in open areas at various places
Absence of scientific disposal system
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 8
STRATEGIES
Door to door collection and segregation at source shall be practiced;
Adequate infrastructure would be procured
Scientific waste disposal system viz. sanitary landfill site will be developed
Private participation will be preferred;
Involvement of NGOs and organizing IEC Campaigns.
MAJOR PROJECTS
Procurements of Vehicles and Equipments
Landfill site development.
E‐6.6 ROADS AND TRANSPORTATION
EXISTING STATUS
Total road length in town is 86 kms of which 53% are pucca roads. NH‐2 and SH‐12
passes through the town connecting the town with regional road network. Bus service
is present for inter city movement. Cycle and walk are the preffered mode for intracity
movement. Shared autos also run in town as para transit mode.
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Inadequate coverage of roads with inadequate width, along with encroachment.
Lack of maintenance of existing roads
Unplanned intersections along without signals and lighting
Railway line and NH passing through the center of the city acts as a physical barrier
Unorgaised bus stand and in absence of truck terminal facility and off parking lots
loading unloading of trucks, and parking takes place on commercial roads leading to
congestion.
STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLAN
Up gradation, strengthening of existing roads and development of new roads;
Intersection improvement inluding installation of traffic signals, signages etc.;
Development of pedestrian infarstructure on priority to improve the pedestrian
safety and improve vehicular traffic movement;
Organised parking spaces near major activity centers will be developed;
Up gradation of bus terminal and development of truck terminal;
Preparation of Comprehensive Mobility Plan
Installation of sufficient street lights and reduction in energy consumption by use of
CNG, LED system.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 9
MAJOR PROJECTS
Upgradation of 40 kms of existing roads and construction of 22.5kms of new roads;
Improvement of 8 intersections Gandhi/Dharmshala Chauk, Bauliya Chauk, Post
office chauk, Masjid Chauk, Shersah Suri Intersection etc.
Construction of 20 kms of footpaths and 2 foor over bridges
Development of 4 parking lots, 1 truck terminal and upgradation of bus stand
Preparation of Comprehensive Mobility Plan
E‐6.7 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
EXISTING STATUS
There are 6 colleges for higher education and 1 Govt. hospital and 1 Medical college and
hospital. There are 2 Play ground/Mela ground, 2 parks as recreational facilities. Other
community facilities includes 1 Multi purpose hall, 3 Public Libraries, 3 police stations.
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Lack of recreational spaces and community facilities;
Inadequate infrastructure for fire fighting;
Lack of technical educational facilities;
Lack of hospitals for specialized diseases.
STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLAN
Development of adequate recreational facilities and green spaces for improve the
quality of life in Gaya city;
Improvement of community facilities important from socio‐cultural reasons;
Provision of fire services in town.
MAJOR PROJECTS
Development of 2 city level parks and 7 neighbourhood parks
Development 1 recreational center (stadium) and 1 playground
Construction of 4 multipurpose halls and 1 nightshelter
Development of 2 sub fire stations in town
E‐6.8 URBAN SLUMS & POOR
EXISTING STATUS
There are 92 slums in Sasaram in which 41119 populations is residing. Basic
infrastructures such as water supply, sanitation, roads, drainage are grossly inadequate.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 10
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Approx one‐third population of Sasaram resides in slums
Basic infrastructure services are grossly inadequate
Only 21% of slum households have sanitation facility, showing high rate of open
defectaion
Most of the slums are dependent on public stand posts and handpumps
Total of 24 kms of roads are present in 92 slums
Absence of solid waste management practices
STRATEGIES
Provision of affordable houses for poor
Since the slum pockets are spread all over the city, it is proposed that the basic
services for slums will be treated at par with rest of the town
Provision of community toilets and low cost individual toilets in slums
E‐6.9 HERITAGE & TOURISM
EXISTING STATUS
Sasaram is most famous for Sher Shah Suri Tomb/ Mausoleum. The town also has Sukha Roza
(Tomb of Sher Shah’s father), Chandan Shaheed, Gurudwara Taksal Sangat. Apart from these,
there are a lot of other tourist destinations around Sasaram, such as, Tarachandi temple,
Chaurasan Mandir, Rohtas fort, Gupteshwar, Bhaluni Dham, Deo Markandaya, etc
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Sasaram has World Heritage Sites but its not part of existing tourist circuit;
Lack of maintenance of tourist sites to attract more tourists;
Lack of recreational development around tourist attraction like gardens, eateries
Lack of tourist infrastructure such as residential accomdations, restaurents
Lack of environmental conservation especially for water bodies
STRATEGIES
Development of tourist circuit network and interlinking all heritage sites
Conservation and development of Sher Shah Suri Tomb and Salim Shah Tomb and
Sukha Roja as major tourist attractions (landscaping, water front, pathways etc.)
Preservation of water bodies and recreational development.
Restoration of all other heritage/tourist sites;
Development of recreational spaces around all tourist sites
Development of infrastructure, such as accommodation, restaurants etc.at tourist
sites
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 11
MAJOR PROJECTS
Conservation and development of Sher Shah Suri Tomb and Salim Shah Tomb and
Sukha Roja as major tourist attractions
Presevation and recreational facilities around other water bosies viz. behind Nagar
Parishad Office, north of Railway Station, along NH‐2 near Gandhi Chowk, etc.
Presevation, landscaping, pathways, access road along Shehr Shah Suri canal;
Redevelopment of religious places such as Tarachandi, Taksaal Sangat, and Jama
Masjid etc.
E‐6.10 URBAN GOVERNANCE AND REFORM
EXISTING STATUS
Presently, only 6 computers are available in SNP for computerised database creation
related to birth death certificate, BPL/APL Cards etc. No initiatives have been taken for
Double Entry System of Accounting, IT applications (GIS & MIS). Levy of reasonable user
charges is mainly for water tax & marginal amount from consolidated tax. SNP is not
able to spend from local budgets on basic services for urban poor.
Revenue income is 59.3% per year. The tax revenue has a growth rate of 20.07% per
annum. The rise of non‐tax income is 19.96% per year. The growth of total income
including capital grants 59.3% per year. The average growth rate of ‘own resources’ (tax
and non‐tax together) of Sasaram Nagar Parishad is 20.02%.
Expenditure growth is 2.35% per year. The wage and salaries increases per year at the
rate of rate of 2.48%. The rise of non‐development expenditure is nearly 2.17% per year.
The expenditure on O & M increases at the rate of 5.37%.
ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Lack of technical & skilled manpower in Nagar Parishad 23 technical posts are
vacant.
Lack of funds for data base creation & management of GIS
Poor O & M cost recovery;
94.60% as non‐development expenditure and only 5.40% as development
expenditure.
Average surplus with SNP is 47.07% in last 3 decades;
The share of ‘own source’ in total income is around 20.02%;
The fiscal gap of Sasaram Nagar Parishad is ‐23.08%.
STRATEGIES
Filling all sanctioned posts, if need be increase no. of some critical posts.
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|Executive Summary 12
Procurement of software and organizing training for double entry system of
accounting;
Procurement of computers, software for GIS & MIS and infrastructure and
property mapping into GIS and MIS data base creation in addition to training
programs;
Development of 3 nos. of decetralised complaint redressed centers
Capacity building & training programme for local body staff.
Revision of user charges phase wise.
E‐7 CITY INVESTMENT PLAN
Investment Plan proposed for the overall development of the town includes
development of water supply system, sewerage system, drainage system, solid waste
management infrastructure, roads and transportation, heritage conservation, social
facilities, housing and basic services for urban poor and slums, e‐governance and urban
reforms implementation. Overall investment for city and sector wise investment
estimated is presented in Table E‐2.
Table E‐2: City Investment Plan
Sectors
Investment Required (Rs. Crore)
Total (%) Share Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
(2011‐16) (2016‐21) (2021‐30)
Economic Development 23.20 9.80 33.00 7.06
Water Supply 46.66 26.41 73.07 15.63
Sewerage and Sanitation 27.80 34.15 5.25 67.20 14.38
Drainage 34.50 6.25 40.75 8.72
Solid Waste Management
17.68 1.98 1.19 20.85 4.46
Roads and Transportation
64.52 38.00 0.00 102.52 21.93
Street Lights and Power 6.50 3.40 0.97 10.87 2.33
Social Infrastructure 9.12 1.14 6.20 16.46 3.52
Services to Urban Poor 25.00 20.00 14.54 59.54 12.74
Heritage and Conservation
39.20
39.20 8.39
E‐gove & Municipal Reforms
3.95
3.95 0.84
TOTAL 298.13 141.12 28.15 467.41 100.00
% Share 63.78 30.19 6.02 100.00
E‐8 FINANCIAL OPERATING PLAN
Funding pattern has been developed keeping in view government policy and
programmes. Overall funding pattern for all 3 phases is presented below (Table E‐3, E‐4,
& E‐5):
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 13
As mentioned in Table E‐2 total investments proposed for overall development of the
town is Rs. 467.41 Crores of which maximum (21.93% of total investment) required is
for roads and transportation, followed by water supply (15.63%) and sewerage and
sanitation system (14.38%). Sasaram being a major service centre for district, traffic,
and transportation play an important role in the economic development of the town
and hence needs to be improved on priority in addition to water supply, as it is the
most important basic infrastructure required for living in any city.
E‐9 FUNDING PATTERN
An optimum funding pattern has been shown in Table E‐3. The funding pattern has
been developed keeping in view of government policy and programmes.
Table E‐3: Funding pattern of all phases: 2011 – 2030
Sector Project Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB Beneficiary PPP
Water Supply All 80 10 10 0 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 80 10 10 0 0
Public Toilets 0 0 0 0 100
Drainage All 80 10 10 0 0
SWM
Vehicles 0 0 0 0 100
All others 80 10 10 0 0
Transport
New Bus Truck Terminus
0 0 0 0 100
Parking lots 0 0 0 0 100
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge, Over bridge, Junction,
80 10 10 0 0
Footpath, shed, road improvement
0 90 10 0 0
CMP 0 90 10 0 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
80 10 10 0 0
Social Infrastructure
Rest 0 90 10 0 0
Recreation Hall 0 0 0 0 100
Urban Poor All 80 10 10 0 0
E‐Governance All 0 90 10 0 0
Economic Development
Industrial Shed 60 30 0 0 10
Rest 0 0 100 0 0
Street Light All 0 90 10 0 0
Heritage and conservation All
80 10 10 0 0
The requirement of fund from different sources for the projects to be undertaken in the
three phases. Based on sectoral priorities and financial health of the local body and
funding patterns, the investment plan has been prepared and proposed to be
implemented in three phases. The phases are as follows:
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 14
Phase‐I: 2011‐2016
Phase‐II: 2016‐2021 and
Phase‐III: 2021‐2030
The requirement of funds has been shown sector‐wise and project‐wise.
Table E‐4: Funding pattern of Phases – I; (2011 – 2016)
Sector Project Amount (Rs Crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Water Supply 46.66 37.328 4.666 4.666 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 27.7 22.16 2.77 2.77 0
Public Toilets 0.1 0 0 0 0.1
Drainage All 34.5 27.6 3.45 3.45 0
SWM Vehicles 3.95 0 0 0 3.95
All others 13.73 10.984 1.373 1.373 0
Transport New Bus Truck Terminus
17.5 0 0 0 17.5
Parking lots 5 0 0 0 5
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge, Over bridge, Junction,
2.5 2 0.25 0.25 0
Footpath, shed, road improvement
39.4 0 35.46 3.94 0
CMP 0 0 0 0 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
0.12 0.096 0.012 0.012 0
Social Infrastructure
Rest 7.62 0 6.858 0.762 0
Recreation Hall 1.5 0 0 0 1.5
Urban Poor All 25 20 2.5 2.5 0
E‐Governance All 3.95 0 3.555 0.395 0
Economic Development
Industrial Shed 15 9 4.5 0 1.5
Rest 8.2 0 0 8.2 0
Street Light All 6.5 0 5.85 0.65 0
Heritage and conservation
All 39.2 31.36 3.92 3.92 0
Total 298.13 160.528 75.164 32.888 29.55
Table E‐5: Funding pattern of Phases – II; (2016 – 2021)
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Water Supply All 26.41 21.128 2.641 2.641 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 34.15 27.32 3.415 3.415 0
Public Toilets 0 0 0 0 0
Drainage All 6.25 5 0.625 0.625 0
SWM Vehicles 1.97 0 0 0 1.97
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 15
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
All others 0 0 0 0 0
Transport
New Bus Truck Terminus
0 0 0 0 0
Parking lots 5 0 0 0 5
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge, Over bridge, Junction,
23.7 18.96 2.37 2.37 0
Footpath, shed, road improvement
8.7 0 7.83 0.87 0
CMP 0.5 0 0.45 0.05 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
0.1 0.08 0.01 0.01 0
Social Infrastructure
Rest 1.135 0 1.0215 0.1135 0
Recreation Hall 0 0 0 0 0
Urban Poor All 20 16 2 2 0
E‐Governance All 0 0 0 0 0
Economic Development
Industrial Shed 0 0 0 0 0
Rest 9.8 0 0 9.8 0
Street Light All 3.4 0 3.06 0.34 0
Heritage and conservation
All 0 0 0 0 0
Total 141.12 88.488 23.4225 22.2345 6.97
Table E‐6: Funding pattern of Phases – III; (2021 – 2030)
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Water Supply All 0 0 0 0 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 5.25 4.2 0.525 0.525 0
Public Toilets 0 0 0 0 0
Drainage All 0 0 0 0 0
SWM Vehicles 1.19 0 0 0 1.19
All others 0 0 0 0 0
Transport New Bus Truck Terminus
0 0 0 0 0
Parking lots 0 0 0 0 0
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge, Over bridge, Junction,
0 0 0 0 0
Footpath, shed, road improvement
0 0 0 0 0
CMP 0 0 0 0 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
0 0 0 0 0
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 16
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Social Infrastructure
Others 6.2 0 5.58 0.62 0
Recreation Hall 0 0 0 0 0
Urban Poor All 14.54 11.632 1.454 1.454 0
E‐Governance All 0 0 0 0 0
Economic Development
Industrial Shed 0 0 0 0 0
Rest 0 0 0 0 0
Street Light All 0.97 0.000 0.873 0.097 0.000
Heritage and conservation
All 0 0 0 0 0
Total 28.15 15.832 8.432 2.696 1.19
The requirement of fund for the total investment for the period 2011‐2030 from the
Government of India, Government of Bihar, Nigam etc. The total investment under PPP
mode has also been shown in the table. The table shows more than 57% investment is
expected from GoI, nearly 24% from GoB and 12% from the ULB and 6% from private
sector.
Table E‐7: Assessment of Requirement of Funds from Sources
Phase Period Total Investment (Rs
crore) Share in Rs crore
GoI GoB Nigam PPP
1 (2011‐2016) 298.1 160.5 75.2 32.9 29.6
2 (2016‐2021) 141.1 88.5 23.4 22.2 7.0
3 (2021‐2030) 28.2 15.8 8.4 2.7 1.2
Total 467.4 264.8 107.0 57.8 37.7
Phase Period Total Investment (Rs
crore) Share (%)
GoI GoB Nigam PPP
1 (2011‐2016) 298.1 53.8 25.2 11.0 9.9
2 (2016‐2021) 141.1 62.7 16.6 15.8 4.9
3 (2021‐2030) 28.2 56.2 30.0 9.6 4.2
Average Share (%) 57.6 23.9 12.1 6.4
E ‐ 10 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP CONSIDERING PAST TRENDS (ALTERNATE‐I)
The projections are based on the data obtained from the Table E‐8. This may also be
mentioned that actual data of income and expenditure are only for the years 2008‐09
and 2009‐10. The data for 2010‐2011 is also an estimated one, vide SPUR data sheet.
Consequently, the projections of income and expenditure have limitation and a
projection for 20 years based on three years base data lacks consistency. Under given
situation the conservative estimate of SPUR surplus is considered for funding purposes
since margins of error is higher in trend‐based estimation.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 17
Table E‐8: Trend‐based Projection of Revenue and Expenditure
Rs in Lakh
Year Income Expenditure Surplus
2011‐12 451.73 91.90 359.83
2012‐13 544.11 93.97 450.14
2013‐14 636.49 96.03 540.46
2014‐15 728.87 98.10 630.77
2015‐16 821.25 100.16 721.09
2016‐17 913.63 102.23 811.40
2017‐18 1006.01 104.29 901.72
2018‐19 1098.39 106.36 992.03
2019‐20 1190.77 108.42 1082.35
2020‐21 1283.15 110.49 1172.66
2021‐22 1375.53 112.55 1262.98
2022‐23 1467.91 114.62 1353.29
2023‐24 1560.29 116.68 1443.61
2024‐25 1652.67 118.75 1533.92
2025‐26 1745.05 120.81 1624.24
2026‐27 1837.43 122.88 1714.55
2027‐28 1929.81 124.94 1804.87
2028‐29 2022.19 127.01 1895.18
2029‐30 2114.57 129.07 1985.50
E‐11 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP BASED ON SPURs ASSUMPTION (ALTERNATE‐II)
Assumptions for Estimating SNP’s Financials
SPUR has considered certain assumptions for different sources of income and
expenditure to estimate the income and expenditure in next five years (2011‐2016) of
SNP which are presented in Table E‐9.
Table E‐9: Alternative Scenario: Assumptions based on past trend and projection by SPUR
SN PARTICULARS REMARKS
TOTAL RECEIPTS
1 Total Tax Revenues double in 2011‐12,triple in 2013‐14,quartiplate in 2015‐16
2 Total Non‐Tax Revenues double in 2011‐12,triple in 2013‐14,quartiplate in 2015‐16
3 Total Own Income / Internal Revenues / Self‐Generated Income ( 1+2)
4 Assigned Revenues Assuming 5% growth
5 Revenue Grants (Include. Salary and Assuming 4% growth form FY 2011‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 18
SN PARTICULARS REMARKS
Matching grants) 12(Matching grant 3 to 7%) 6 Other Income Assuming 5% growth
7 Total Capital Grants Assuming 5% growth
TOTAL EXPENDITURE
1 Establishment Expenditure Assuming 5% growth except in 2011‐12 is 10%due to restructuring
2 O & M Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
3 Programme Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
4 Administration Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
5 Finance & Interest Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
6 Misc Expenditure Assuming 5% growthSource: SPUR;
E‐12 FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS
The position of Corporation in revenue generation and revenue expenditure for the
period 2011‐2030 is given below Table E‐10. The expected income and expenditure
projection estimation is based on the projected figures for 2011‐12 to 2015‐16 obtained
from SPUR (Annexure IV). Based on data from 2011‐12 to 2015‐16 given by SPUR the
expected income and expenditure estimations of SNP for the rest of the period (from
2016‐17 to 2029‐30) has been calculated.
Table E‐10: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad
YEAR EXPECTED INCOME BASED
ON TRENDEXPECTED EXPENDITURE
BASED ON TRENDSURPLUS
2011‐12 312 98 214
2012‐13 357 103 254
2013‐14 402 108 294
2014‐15 448 113 335
2015‐16 494 118 376
2016‐17 539 123 416
2017‐18 585 128 457
2018‐19 630 133 497
2019‐20 676 138 538
2020‐21 721 143 578
2021‐22 767 148 619
2022‐23 812 153 659
2023‐24 858 158 700
2024‐25 903 163 740
2025‐26 949 168 781
2026‐27 994 173 821
2027‐28 1040 178 862
2028‐29 1085 183 902
2029‐30 1131 188 943
During all the years of investments of Parishad under its usual course of operations and
those under JNNURM put together are expected to get covered by the surplus of
City Development Plan, Sasaram
|Executive Summary 19
revenue incomes over revenue expenses sufficiently. The existing financial obligations
in the form of capital incomes and expenditures have been adequately covered.
Growth rates of revenue income and revenue expenses are estimated very
conservatively. Table E‐11 shows that under expected income and expenditure pattern
the SNP will be in position to contribute its share in funding investment. The projected
pattern of income‐expenditure is expected to generate sufficient surplus to cover its
share of investment.
The requirement of Rs 3288.8 lakh in phase ‐ I as its share in investment is found to be
available from its generation of surplus in year 2015‐16. The additional requirement of
funds Rs. 2223 lakh in phase ‐II and Rs 269.6 lakh in phase‐ III will also be covered by
surplus generated in 2021‐22 and 2029‐30 respectively.
Table E‐11: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Year Surplus Cumulative Surplus Requirement of
Fund by Nigam for investment
Balance After Investment
2011‐12 214 214
3288.8 2012‐13 254 468
2013‐14 294 762
2014‐15 335 1097
2015‐16 376 1473 ‐1816 2016‐17 416 ‐1400
2223
‐1400 2017‐18 457 ‐943 ‐943 2018‐19 497 ‐446 ‐446 2019‐20 538 92 92 2020‐21 578 670 670 2021‐22 619 1288 ‐935 2022‐23 659 ‐276
269.6
‐276 2023‐24 700 424 424 2024‐25 740 1164 1164 2025‐26 781 1944 1944 2026‐27 821 2765 2765 2027‐28 862 3627 3627 2028‐29 902 4529 4529 2029‐30 943 5472 5202
E‐12 COMPARISION OF ALTERNATE‐I and ALTERNATE‐II
The following Table E‐12 shows that in an average past three years trend‐based surplus
estimation by Alternate‐I is very higher than surplus estimated based on SPUR’s
assumption and projection of income during 2011‐2015 in Alternate‐II. Hence, the
funding of future projects and expected income and expenditure pattern of SNP has
been considered based Alternate‐II.
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|Executive Summary 20
Table E‐12: Comparison of Financials of SNP by Two Alternatives
Rs in Lakh
Year Surplus Income of SNP based on
Alternate‐ISurplus Income of SNP Based on
Alternate‐II 2011‐12 359.83 214 2012‐13 450.14 254 2013‐14 540.46 294 2014‐15 630.77 335 2015‐16 721.09 376 2016‐17 811.40 416 2017‐18 901.72 457 2018‐19 992.03 497 2019‐20 1082.35 538 2020‐21 1172.66 578 2021‐22 1262.98 619 2022‐23 1353.29 659 2023‐24 1443.61 700 2024‐25 1533.92 740 2025‐26 1624.24 781 2026‐27 1714.55 821 2027‐28 1804.87 862 2028‐29 1895.18 902 2029‐30 1985.50 943
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Table of Contents i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐1 1.2 BACKGROUND ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐1 1.3 ABOUT ‘SPUR’ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐2 1.4 CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN (CDP) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐3 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐4 1.6 SCOPE OF THE WORK ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐4 1.7 METHODOLOGY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐4 1.8 FRAMEWORK OF URBAN GOVERNANCE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐6 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF TOWN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐2 2.1 STATE BIHAR: AT A GLANCE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐2 2.1.1 Introduction ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐2 2.1.2 Physical Features ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐2 2.1.3 Demographic Features ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐3 2.1.4 Work Participation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐4 2.2 DISTRICT ROHTAS: AN OVERVIEW ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐4 2.2.1 Location ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐4 2.2.2 Demographic Features ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐4 2.2.3 Work Participation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐5 2.2.4 Administrative set up ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐5 2.2.5 Economy ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐5 2.3 SASARAM: TOWN PROFILE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐5 2.3.1 Historical Importance ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐5 2.3.2 Location and Regional linkages ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐6 2.3.3 Physiography and Natural slope ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐6 2.3.4 Climate and Vegetation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐6 2.3.5 Existing Spatial Growth ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2‐6 3 DEMOGRAPHY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐1 3.2 SASARAM NAGAR PARISHAD AREA AND POPULATION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐1 3.3 GROWTH TREND ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐1 3.4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐2 3.5 POPULATION DENSITY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐3 3.6 HOUSEHOLD SIZE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐3 3.7 SEX RATIO ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐4 3.8 LITERACY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐4 3.9 SOCIAL COMPOSITION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐5 3.10 POPULATION PROJECTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐5 3.11 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐6 4 ECONOMY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐1 4.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐1 4.2 ECONOMIC BASE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐1 4.3 AREAS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐3 4.3.1 TRADE AND COMMERCE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐3
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4.3.2 Formal and Informal Commercial ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐4 4.3.3 INDUSTRIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐5 4.3.4 TOURISM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐5 4.3.5 SERVICES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐5 4.4 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐5 4.5 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐5 4.6 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐6 4.6.1 Primary Sector ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐6 4.6.2 Agriculture ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐6 4.6.3 Trade and Commerce ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐7 4.6.4 Handicrafts and Handloom ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐7 4.6.5 Industrial ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐7 4.7 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐7 5 PHYSICAL PLANNING AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT (LAND USE) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐1 5.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐1 5.2 EVOLUTION OF TOWN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐1 5.3 EXISTING SPATIAL GROWTH ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐1 5.4 SPATIAL GROWTH TRENDS AND EXISTING LAND USE ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐2 5.4.1 Sasaram Nagar Parishad Area ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐2 5.4.2 Residential Use: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐3 5.4.3 Commercial use: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐3 5.4.4 Industrial use: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐3 5.4.5 Public Semi Public ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐3 5.4.6 Transport and Communication: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐3 5.4.7 Others: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐3 5.5 GROWTH DIRECTIONS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐4 5.6 PROPOSED LAND USE DISTRIBUTION, 2030 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐4 6 WATER SUPPLY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐1 6.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐1 6.2 EXISTING STATUS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐1 6.2.1 Sources of Water Supply ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐1 6.2.2 Coverage ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐2 6.2.3 Quantity of Water Supply ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐2 6.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐2 6.3.1 Water distribution System zonewise: Northern & Southern Zone ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐3 6.3.2 Water Distribution Arrangements ‐ Tube Wells ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐4 6.3.3 Over Head Tanks/ Reservoirs: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐4 6.3.4 Distribution Network: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐5 6.3.5 Water treatment facility: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐5 6.4 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS (AS PER UDPFI AND CPHEEO
GUIDELINES) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐5 6.5 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐6 6.6 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐6 6.7 SECTOR VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐7 6.7.1 Vision & Goals ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐7 6.7.2 Development Strategies ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐7 6.8 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐8
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7 SANITATION AND SEWERAGE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐1 7.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐1 7.2 EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐1 7.3 HOUSEHOLD TOILETS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐1 7.4 MEANS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐2 7.5 PUBLIC TOILETS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐2 7.6 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS (AS PER UDPFI GUIDELINES)7‐3 7.7 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐3 7.8 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐4 7.9 VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐4 7.9.1 Vision ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐4 7.9.2 Goals ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐5 7.9.3 Development Strategies ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐5 7.10 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐6 8 DRAINAGE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐1 8.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐1 8.2 NATURAL SLOPE OF TOWN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐1 8.3 EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐1 8.4 HIERARCHY OF DRAINS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐1 8.4.1 Length of drains and Coverage ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐2 8.4.2 Flood Prone Area / Water logging areas ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐2 8.4.3 Household accessibility to drains ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐2 8.5 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐3 8.6 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐3 8.7 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐3 8.8 VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐4 8.8.1 Vision ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐4 8.8.2 Development Strategies ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐4 8.9 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐5 9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐1 9.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐1 9.2 EXISTING STATUS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐1 9.2.1 Quantity of Waste Generated and Collected ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐1 9.2.2 Transportation and Disposal ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐2 9.2.3 Vehicles and Staff ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐3 9.2.4 Reuse / Recycling ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐3 9.3 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐3 9.4 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐4 9.5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐4 9.6 CITY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLAN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐5 9.6.1 Vision ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐5 9.6.2 Development Strategies ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐6 9.7 PROJECT IDENTIFIED ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐6 10 ROAD AND TRANSPORTATION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐1 10.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐1 10.2 REGIONAL LINKAGE TO THE CITY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐1 10.3 EXISTING ROAD NETWORK OF SASARAM TOWN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐2
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10.4 INTERSECTIONS/ CHOWKS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐4 10.5 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐4 10.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐5 10.7 STREET LIGHT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐6 10.8 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐6 10.9 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐7 10.10 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐7 10.10.1 Vision ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐7 10.10.2 Development Strategies ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐7 10.11 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐8 11 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐1 11.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐1 11.2 EXISTING STATUS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐1 11.2.1 Education ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐1 11.2.2 Health ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐2 11.2.3 Other Socio Cultural Facilities ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐2 11.3 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐3 11.4 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐3 11.4.1 Vision ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐3 11.4.2 Development Strategies ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐3 11.5 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐4 12 SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐1 12.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐1 12.2 EXISTING STATUS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐1 12.2.1 Existing Slums in Sasaram ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐1 12.2.2 General Characteristics of Slums in Sasaram ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐2 12.2.3 Land Ownership/ Tenure Status ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐2 12.3 URBAN BASIC SERVICES IN SLUMS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐2 12.3.1 Socio‐Economic Characteristics of Slum Population ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐2 12.3.2 Basic Infrastructure and Environmental Conditions ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐2 12.3.3 Drainage ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐3 12.3.4 Pavements/Roads ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐3 12.3.5 Sanitation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐3 12.3.6 Solid Waste Management ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐3 12.3.7 Water Supply ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐4 12.3.8 Community Facilities and Institutional Structures ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐4 12.4 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐4 12.5 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐5 12.6 SECTOR VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐5 12.6.1 Vision ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐5 12.6.2 Goals and Service Outcomes ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐5 12.6.3 Development Strategies ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐6 12.7 PROJECTS IDENTIFIED ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐6 13 HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐1 13.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐1 13.2 PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST: SASARAM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐1 13.2.1 Sher Shah Suri Tomb / Mausoleum ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐1
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13.2.2 Tomb of Hasan Khan Suri ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐2 13.2.3 Rohtasgarh/Rohtas Fort ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐2 13.2.4 Chaurasan Mandir:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐3 13.2.5 Tomb of Chandan Shaheed:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐3 13.2.6 Ashoka Inscription and a Rock‐cut Cave:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐3 13.2.7 Tara Chandi Hill Temple:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐3 13.2.8 Gurudwara Taksal Sangat ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐3 13.2.9 Dhurwan Kund & Gupta Dham/ Gupteshwar:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐3 13.2.10 Deo Markandeya:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐4 13.2.11 Bhaluni Dham:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐4 13.2.12 Akbarpur:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐4 13.2.13 Shergarh:‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐4 13.3 EXISTING STATUS OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS/AREAS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐4 13.4 TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE TOWN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐5 13.5 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐6 13.6 SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐6 13.7 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐6 13.8 FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐7 14 ENVIRONMENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐1 14.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐1 14.2 POLLUTION LEVELS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐1 14.2.1 Air Pollution ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐1 14.2.2 Noise Pollution ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐2 14.2.3 Water Pollution ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐2 14.2.4 Land Pollution ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐3 14.3 CITY GREEN SPACES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐3 14.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐3 14.5 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14‐5 15 URBAN GOVERNANCE AND REFORMS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐1 15.1 MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐1 15.2 MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN BIHAR ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐2 15.3 FUNCTIONS OF ULBS IN BIHAR ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐3 15.4 FUNCTIONS OF SASARM NAGAR PARISHAD ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐5 15.5 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SNP ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐5 15.6 FINANCIAL POSITION OF SASARAM MUNICIPAL COUNCIL ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐8 15.7 URBAN REFORM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐8 15.8 MANDATORY REFORMS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐9 15.8.1 Reforms at Urban Local Body / Parastatal ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐9 15.8.2 Reforms at State Level ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐9 15.9 OPTIONAL REFORMS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐10 15.10 ADOPTION OF MUNICIPAL REFORMS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐10 15.10.1 Status of Mandatory Reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐11 15.10.2 Status of Optional Reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐12 15.11 ISSUES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐13 15.12 CITY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES AND IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐13 16 CITY VISION, GOALS AND STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16‐1 16.1 BACKGROUND ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16‐1
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16.2 CITY LEVEL SWOT ANALYSIS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16‐1 16.3 CITY LEVEL VISION 2030 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16‐2 16.4 DEVELOPMENT GOALS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16‐3 16.5 SECTORAL STRATEGIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16‐3 17 CITY INVESTMENT PLAN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐1 17.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐1 17.2 BASIS FOR PROJECT IDENTIFICATION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐1 17.3 CITY INVESTMENT PLAN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐1 17.4 SECTORWISE AND PHASEWISE PROJECTS AND INVESTMENT PLAN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐2 17.4.1 Water Supply ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐3 17.4.2 Sewerage ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐3 17.4.3 Drainage ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐4 18 FINANCIAL OPERATING PLAN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐1 18.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐1 18.2 FINANCIAL PROFILE : EXISTING SCENARIO ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐1 18.2.1 Sources of Revenue ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐1 18.2.2 Revenue Income ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐1 18.2.3 Growth of Income ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐2 18.2.4 Structure of Revenue ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐2 18.2.5 Efficiency in Tax Collection‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐3 18.3 REVENUE EXPENDITURE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐3 18.3.1 Growth of Expenditure ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐4 18.3.2 Structure of Expenditure ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐4 18.3.3 Surplus/Deficit ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐4 18.3.4 Financial Sustainability ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐5 18.4 INVESTMENT REQUREMENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐6 18.5 FUNDING PATTERN ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐7 18.6 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP CONSIDERING PAST TRENDS (ALTERNATE‐I) ‐‐ 18‐10 18.7 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP BASED ON SPURs ASSUMPTION (ALTERNATE‐II)18‐11 18.7.1 Assumptions for Estimating SNP’s Financials ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐11 18.8 FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐12 18.9 COMPARISION OF ALTERNATE‐I and ALTERNATE‐II ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐13 19 PLAN MONITORING AND REVIEW ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 19‐1 19.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 19‐1 19.2 MONITORING UNIT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 19‐2 19.3 PLAN REVIEW ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 19‐2 19.4 CONVERTING DREAMS INTO REALITY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 19‐2 20 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20‐1 20.1 INTRODUCTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20‐1 20.2 STAGES OF STAKEHOLDERS’ WORKSHOP ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20‐1 20.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE THREE WORKSHOPS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20‐2 20.4 OUTCOMES OF THE WORKSHOP ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20‐3
City Development Plan, Sasaram
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List of Tables
Table 3.1:Population growth trends ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐1 Table 3.2: Population Size Distribution ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐3 Table 3.3: Number of households with different household size ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐3 Table 3.4: Sex ratio in last three decades‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐4 Table 3.5: Literacy rate in Sasaram Nagar Parishad area ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐4 Table 3.6: Social Composition of population in Sasaram ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐5 Table 3.7: Growth Rate and Projected Population; Sasaram City ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐5 Table 4.1 : Work‐Force participation rate ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐2 Table 4.2: Occupational structure of the Town, 2001 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐2 Table 4.3: Trade and commercial activity, Sasaram ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐3 Table 4.4: SWOT Analysis of Economic Base ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐5 Table 4.5: Identified Projects for Economic Base: Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐7 Table 5.1: Land Use as per UDPFI Guideline for future scenario : Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐5 Table 6.1:No. of piped water connection, hand pumps and public stand posts in Sasaram ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐2 Table 6.2: Details of Tube‐Wells in Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐3 Table 6.3: Details of Over head water tanks reservoirs and water sumps ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐4 Table 6.4: Distribution network line in Sasaram Nagar Parishad‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐5 Table 6.5: Gap in Water Supply: Sasaram, City ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐6 Table 6.6: SWOT Analysis of Water Supply ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐6 Table 6.7: Service Level Benchmarking‐ water Supply: Sasaram City ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐7 Table 6.8: Identified Projects for Water Supply: Sasaram City ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6‐8 Table 7.1: Sewerage future Generation, 2030: Sasaram City ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐3 Table 7.2: SWOT Analysis of Sewerage and Sanitation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐3 Table 7.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking – Sewerage and Sanitation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐4 Table 7.4: Identified Projects for Sewerage System: Sasaram City ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 7‐6 Table 8.1: Demand and Supply Gaps of Drains: Sasaram town ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐3 Table 8.2: SWOT Analysis of Drainage‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐3 Table 8.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking –Storm water Drains & water Bodies8‐4 Table 8.4 : Identified to improve the drainage system of the Sasaram town ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8‐5 Table 9.1: Type and Number of Vehicles ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐3 Table 9.2: SWOT Analysis of Solid Waste Management ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐4 Table 9.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking –Solid Waste Management ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐5 Table 9.4: Projects Identified for Solid Waste Management ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9‐6 Table 10.1: Major Roads within the City ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐3 Table 10.2: Length of Road Network ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐3 Table 10.3: Status of Street Lighting ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐6 Table 10.4: SWOT Analysis of Transportation: Sasaram Town ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐7 Table 10.5: Proposed Projects and Estimated Cost: Sasaram town ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10‐8 Table 11.1: Existing Educational Facilities, 2010: Sasaram town ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 11‐2 Table 12.1: SWOT Analysis of Slums Sasaram Town ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐5 Table 12.2: Goals and Service Outcomes‐Basic Services for Poor ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12‐5 Table 13.1: Identified Projects for Heritage / Tourism: Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 13‐7
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Table 15.1: Sate‐wise compliance of provisions of 74th Constitutional Amendment, Act, 1992. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐2 Table 15.2 : Details of manpower resources in Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐6 Table 15.3: Identified Projects ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐14 Table 17.1: City Investment Plan: 2011‐2030 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐1 Table 17.2: Economic Development ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐2 Table 17.3: Water Supply ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐3 Table 17.4: Sewerage & Sanitation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐4 Table 17.5: Drainage ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐4 Table 17.6: Solid Waste Management ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐5 Table 17.7: Traffic & Transportation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐5 Table 17.8: Street Lights & Power ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐5 Table 17.9: Social Infrastructure ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐6 Table 17.10: Services to Urban Poor ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐6 Table 17.11: Heritage and Conservation ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐6 Table 17.12: E Governance ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17‐7 Table 18.1:Income of SNP (Rs. In Lakh) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐2 Table 18.2: Growth rate of SNP (In %)‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐2 Table 18.3: Growth rate of SNP (In %)‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐2 Table 18.4: Efficiency of tax collection ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐3 Table 18.5: Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐3 Table 18.6: Growth rate of Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐4 Table 18.7: Structure of Expenditure (In %) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐4 Table 18.8: Surplus and Deficit (Rs. In Lakh) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐5 Table 18.9: Financial Sustainability ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐5 Table 18.10: Fiscal Gap ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐6 Table 18.11: City Investment Plan: 2011‐2030 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐6 Table 18.12: Funding pattern of all phases: 2011 – 2030 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐7 Table 18.13: Funding pattern of Phases – I; (2011 – 2016) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐8 Table 18.14: Funding pattern of Phases – II; (2016 – 2021) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐8 Table 18.15: Funding pattern of Phases – III; (2021 – 2030) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐9 Table 18.16: Assessment of Requirement of Funds from Sources ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐10 Table 18.17: Trend‐based Projection of Revenue and Expenditure ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐11 Table 18.18: Alternative Scenario: Assumptions based on past trend and projection by SPUR ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐11 Table 18.19: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐12 Table 18.20: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐13 Table 18.21: Comparison of Financials of SNP by Two Alternatives ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐14
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Multistage Exercise ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐3 Figure 1.2: Multistage Exercise ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐5 Figure 1.3 : Framework for SWOT Analysis ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1‐6 Figure 3.1: Population Growth Trend, 1901‐2001: ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐2 Figure 3.2: Sex Ratio from 1981 to 2001 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐4
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| Table of Contents ix
Figure 3.3: Literacy rate ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐5 Figure 3.4: Projected Population by Various Methods ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3‐6 Figure 4.1 : Type of Vendor's activities ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 4‐4 Figure 5.1:Existing Land use distribution of Sasaram Nagar Parishad ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 5‐2 Figure 15.1:Organisational Structure‐Sasaram Municipal Council ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15‐6 Figure 18.1 : Establishment costs by own resources. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 18‐5
List of Maps
Map 2.1: Map of Bihar Map 2.2: Location of Sasaram
Map 2.3: Regional Network Map 2.4: City Map Map 3.1: Ward Map Map 4‐1: Commercial Activity Map 10.1: Strategic location of Sasaram Map 10.2: Road and Transportation Map 10.3: Proposed Transportation Infrastructure List of Annexure
Annexure I : Status of Basic Infrastructure of Slums In Sasaram Annexure II: Income & Expenditure For The FY 2008‐09 Annexure III: Income & Expenditure For The FY 2009‐10 Annexure IV: Financial Projection Report Annexure V: List of Participants
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1‐1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1‐1 1.2 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 1‐1 1.3 ABOUT ‘SPUR’ ........................................................................................................ 1‐2 1.4 CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN (CDP) .......................................................................... 1‐3 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT ........................................................................ 1‐4 1.6 SCOPE OF THE WORK ............................................................................................ 1‐4 1.7 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 1‐4 1.8 FRAMEWORK OF URBAN GOVERNANCE ............................................................... 1‐6
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Multistage Exercise ........................................................................................ 1‐3 Figure 1.2: Multistage Exercise ........................................................................................ 1‐5 Figure 1.3 : Framework for SWOT Analysis ..................................................................... 1‐6
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction 1‐1
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION
This assignment seeks to provide support to various urban local bodies (ULBs) of Bihar
in preparing City Development Plan (CDP). This report will provide a comprehensive
long term strategy (Vision‐2030) further divided as immediate term (5 years), short
term (10 years), medium term (15 years) and long term (20 years) as well as City
Investment Plan (CIP). Based on these plans, the concerned ULBs will access funds
under GoI/GoB schemes, from SPUR supported by DFID as well as from their own as
well as other sources based on priority actions and projects identified in the CDP. The
CDP will also provide operational strategies for various sectors and present
implementable action plans for each viable sector. It will also provide a Financial
Operating Plan (FOP) to direct the ULBs for mobilizing various financial resources to
implement the identified projects. The CDP preparation is done through consultative
process as defined in the JNNURM’s City Development Plan preparation revised
toolkit.
1.2 BACKGROUND
In the last few years, the policy environment in Bihar has gone under significant change
with the formulation of several ‘reform oriented’ policies conducive to long term
development. The impact of these policies has not been as desired, largely on account
of limitations in implementing abilities. As a result, Bihar has continued to lag behind
other states. The urban sector in Bihar is small, with only 10 percent of the state’s
population classified as urban, but surprisingly, the state has as many as 138 urban local
bodies. The characteristics of majority of these bodies are mentioned below:
Deficiencies in the availability and accessibility of infrastructure and service
provisions;
Severely cash starved and highly dependent on grants, even for the payment of
staff salaries;
Coping with poverty pockets that are excluded from service networks and
Severely restricted in technical capabilities to utilize available funds for
infrastructure creation. The priorities for infrastructure creation are many and
require prioritization. It is the absence of a holistic approach that is severely
constraining the sustainability of interventions.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction 1‐2
The overall scope of this assignment is the preparation of City Development Plans and
City Investment Plans for three urban local bodies, namely, Gaya Municipal
Corporation, Aurangabad Nagar Parishad and Sasaram Nagar Parishad. These three
towns have been identified for technical and investment support under the ongoing
Department for International Development (DFID, Government of United Kingdom) for
SPUR‐Support Programme for Urban Reforms in Bihar. Hence, Egis India Consulting
Engineers Pvt. Ltd., Faridabad has been appointed to prepare CDP and CIP for above
mentioned ULBs.
1.3 ABOUT ‘SPUR’
The SPUR is based on the premise that effective urban centres play a significant role in
economic growth and poverty reduction by providing the nuclei for greater economic
activity and services that can contribute to pro‐poor development. Over 60 percent of
India’s economic growth and 90 percent of government revenues in recent decades are
attributed to urban areas.
SPUR’s goal is “significantly accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction in
Bihar by 2014”. Its purpose is to “significantly enhance the ability of identified ULBs’ to
provide urban services and to attract private investments.”
The project will cover 28 urban centres, expected to become hubs for economic
activities, benefitting the wider state. It will directly improve the quality of services
received by 6.36 million urban citizens, of who 2.83 million are poor. It is also expected
that the programme will benefit large number of people from nearby rural areas who
depend on these urban centres. The project will promote state level institutions and
improve financial and managerial capacities, as well as accountability, of Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs). SPUR will achieve its purpose by delivering five mutually reinforcing
outputs:
effective policies and stronger institutions to promote and manage urban
development in place;
state and ULBs mobilize significantly increased resources for urban development
and manage them more effectively;
identified ULBs plan, implement and manage urban infrastructure and services
more effectively;
increased municipal capacity to attract private investment in urban areas;
empowered poor communities and socially excluded groups, increased access to
urban resources and livelihood opportunities
The above mentioned five outputs will strengthen key components (state level
institutions and their links with the centre; links between the state level institutions and
the ULBs; and links between the ULB governance structures, executive and the citizens’
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction 1‐3
Figure 1.1: Multistage Exercise
groups including private sector entities and citizens’ organizations) and functional areas
(policy making; planning; implementation; monitoring and evaluation; communication
and feedback mechanisms) that constitute the broad delivery chain leading to impacts
on the poor urban citizens.
Therefore, the CDP will draw strategic links with the ongoing SPUR programme, of
which supports following five thematic areas:
urban governance and planning;
municipal finance and accounting;
municipal infrastructure;
local economic development;
social development, poverty alleviation and livelihoods
1.4 CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN (CDP)
The City Development Plan prepared is both a
perspective and a vision for the future
development of a city. It presents the current stage
of the town’s development, sets out the directions
of growth and the thrust areas, and suggests
alternative routes, strategies, and interventions for
bringing about the change. It provides a framework
and vision within which projects need to be
identified and implemented. It establishes a logical
and consistent framework for the evaluation of
investment decisions.
The City Development Plan emphasizes on issues of priority of local concerns for urban
renewal and infrastructure like water supply; sewerage and solid waste management;
construction and improvement of drains/storm water drains, electricity,
construction/up gradation of roads, highways/expressways; parking lots/spaces;
sanitation, sports and cultural sites, capacity building of local bodies; disaster
management; development of heritage sites, preservation of water bodies, education,
health and other social infrastructure.
Cities with rapid growth in population are putting heavy pressure on services and the
urban local bodies are not been able to meet the demands and expectations. To
address the present and emerging infrastructure needs and services delivery gaps in
Sasaram town area the city development plan needs to be prepared. The key objective
of the plan is to formulate a development strategy for meeting the emerging challenges
of infrastructure, address the problems of urban mobility and create enabling
environment for the growth of economy.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction 1‐4
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT
The broad objective of this assignment is to visualize the town in the next 20 years.
Specific objectives of preparation of CDP include:
Define the growth directions and service up‐gradations in relation to the activity
mix/ growth;
Assess the demand‐supply gap in services to estimate and prioritize project
requirements;
Define specific rehabilitation and capital improvement needs with regards to
priority city infrastructure in both slums and other areas;
Define revenue enhancement and revenue management improvements
required to sustain the investment proposed;
Reforms required in local administration and service delivery to ensure financial
sustainability and improvements in service levels;
Suggest changes required at the local level to improve O & M of assets including
use of different institutional and PPP models and address common growth and
infrastructure issues
1.6 SCOPE OF THE WORK
The scope of the study and the activities to be carried out shall be as indicated in the
Terms of Reference. However, the scope of work defined in the TOR shall not be a
limiting factor for the CDP preparation. The CDP to be a meaningful document which
can be translated on the ground and help achieve development goals effectively, it has
to be contextual and close to the ground realities and priorities.
The City Development Plan is a multi stage exercise to be carried out in close
collaboration with the ULBs. Following are the various stages in the preparation of City
Development Plan for Sasaram City:
Inception Report
Interim Report
Draft CDP
Final CDP
1.7 METHODOLOGY
The City Development Plan (CDP) preparation is mostly based on the secondary data
collected from concerned departments and public reports. Some conclusions are also
based on site inspection and discussions with officials of concerned departments
engaged in providing and maintaining various infrastructure facilities and residents of
city area.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction 1‐5
The City Development Plan presents the urban development issues, deficiency analysis
and a management framework outlining strategies and guidelines for future growth.
The CDP ‐ considered as an multi‐stage exercise ‐ takes into account the existing
situation including assessing the status of municipal services, its fiscal status,
operational and management procedures. (Figure 1.2).
The CDP also takes into consideration the works and plans of government and quasi‐
government agencies contributing towards the growth and development of the town.
The whole methodology is furthue classified into six major stages as indicated in the
Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2: Multistage Exercise
Strategies for Development
City Assessment
SWOT Analysis
Demand Supply Gap
Future Perspective & Vision
Parameters
Demography
Economic Base
Financial assessment of ULBs
Physical and Environment features
Infrastructure
Institutions
Provision of Basic Services especially to the urban poor
Multi Stakeholder
Consultations
City Investment Plan & Financial Alternatives
Prioritization & Phasing of Projects/Investments
Funding options
Financial Operation Plan
Revenue & Asset Management
Direction of Change & Expectations
Options and Strategies
Link with Reform Agenda
Criteria for Prioritisation
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction 1‐6
1.8 FRAMEWORK OF URBAN GOVERNANCE
Land, housing, urban development and provision of civic infrastructure are State subject
and under the purview of the State Government, under the constitution of India. The
State Government is empowered to enforce and enact necessary laws and frame
policies that support its governing function. However, Central Government plays a
significant role through allocation of funds and devolution of resources within the
national five‐year plans for development. The government of India introduced the
Constitution Amendment Act (74th ) in 1991. The constitution (74th Amendment Act),
1992 (CAA 74) refurbished the whole system of urban‐local self‐governance by
implanting a new structure of economy, municipal authorities with additional
devolution of functions, planning responsibilities and new system of fiscal transfers. It
accorded constitutional status to urban local bodies (ULBs) and prescribed a near
uniform local government structure valid across the country.
Figure 1.3 : Framework for SWOT Analysis
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Introduction 1‐7
The twelfth schedule of the CAA74 has listed 18 function and responsibilities to Local
Bodies listed as below:
Urban Planning including town planning
Regulation of land‐use and construction of buildings.
Planning for economic and social developments
Roads and bridges.
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management.
Fire services.
Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological
aspects.
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the
handicapped and mentally retarded.
Slum improvement and up‐gradation.
Urban poverty alleviation.
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds.
Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric
crematoriums.
Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public
conveniences.
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries”.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Features of town i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF TOWN ..................................................................... 2‐2 2.1 STATE BIHAR: AT A GLANCE ............................................................................... 2‐2 2.1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2‐2 2.1.2 Physical Features ................................................................................................ 2‐2 2.1.3 Demographic Features ....................................................................................... 2‐3 2.1.4 Work Participation ............................................................................................. 2‐4 2.2 DISTRICT ROHTAS: AN OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 2‐4 2.2.1 Location .............................................................................................................. 2‐4 2.2.2 Demographic Features ....................................................................................... 2‐4 2.2.3 Work Participation ............................................................................................. 2‐5 2.2.4 Administrative set up ......................................................................................... 2‐5 2.2.5 Economy ............................................................................................................. 2‐5 2.3 SASARAM: TOWN PROFILE ................................................................................. 2‐5 2.3.1 Historical Importance ......................................................................................... 2‐5 2.3.2 Location and Regional linkages .......................................................................... 2‐6 2.3.3 Physiography and Natural slope ........................................................................ 2‐6 2.3.4 Climate and Vegetation ...................................................................................... 2‐6 2.3.5 Existing Spatial Growth ...................................................................................... 2‐6
List of Maps
Map 2.1: Map of Bihar Map 2.2: Location of Sasaram
Map 2.3: Regional Network Map 2.4: City Map
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Features of town 2‐2
Map 2.1: Map of Bihar
2 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF TOWN
2.1 STATE BIHAR: AT A GLANCE
2.1.1 Introduction
Bihar is located in the eastern part of the country. It is an entirely land‐locked state,
although the outlet to the sea through the
port of Kolkata is not far away. Bihar lies
mid‐way between the humid West
Bengal in the East and the sub humid
Uttar Pradesh in the West which provides
it with a transitional position in respect of
climate, economy and culture. It is
bounded by Nepal in the north and by
Jharkhand in the South.
The Bihar plain is divided into two equal
halves by the river Ganga which flows
through the middle from west to east. Location of Bihar is Latitude (24°‐ 20'‐10" ~
27°‐31'‐15" N) and Longitude (82°‐19'‐50" ~ 88°‐17'‐40" E).
During most of British India, Bihar was a part of the Presidency of Bengal and was
governed from Calcutta. As such, this was a territory very much dominated by the
people of Bengal. All leading educational and medical centers were in Bengal. When
separated from the Bengal Presidency in 1912, Bihar and Orissa comprised a single
province. Later, under the Government of India Act of 1935, the Division of Orissa
became a separate province and the Province of Bihar came into being as an
administrative unit of British India. At Independence in 1947, the State of Bihar with the
same geographic boundary formed a part of the Republic of India until 1956. At that
time, an area in the south‐east, predominantly the district of Purulia, was separated
and incorporated into West Bengal as part of the Linguistic Reorganization of Indian
States. Patna is currently the capital of Bihar.
2.1.2 Physical Features
Bihar lies in the tropical to sub tropical region. Rainfall here is the most significant factor
in determining the nature of vegetation. Bihar has a monsoon climate with an average
annual rainfall of 1205mm.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Features of town 2‐3
The topography of Bihar can be easily described as a fertile alluvial plain occupying the
Gangetic Valley. The plain extends from the foothills of the Himalayas in the north to a
few miles south of the river Ganges as it flows through the State from the west to the
east. Rich farmland extended throughout the State. The major crops of the State are
paddy, wheat, lentils, sugarcane, jute, etc. Sugar cane is also grown in the West
Champaran. The principal fruits are mangoes, banana, jack fruit and litchis. This is one
of the very few areas outside China which produces litchis.
Bihar is richly endowed with water resources, both the ground water resource and
surface water resource. Not only does Bihar get good rainfall but it has considerable
water supply from the rivers which flow within the territory of the State. Ganga is the
main river which is joined by tributaries with their sources in the Himalayas.
Some of them are Saryu (Ghagra), Gandak, Budhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla‐Balan and
Mahananda. Among the wildlife, prominent are deer, bears, numerous species of birds,
wild owl and last but not the least, tiger. The forest around Valmiki Nagar, West
Champaran is one of the last remaining refuges of this highly endangered species.
Bihar is truly a splendid home for wildlife. There are a total of 21 wildlife sanctuaries
and 2 national parks in Bihar that makes it the best in the country for witnessing the
wonders of the nature. The area covered by each of them is quite huge which gives
ample space for the creatures to thrive in natural habitats. The state has taken special
initiatives to take care of the animals and maintain the fragile ecosystem. The wildlife
sanctuaries here are also renowned because they are home to some endangered
species whose number has increased over the last few years. Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary
and Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary are the most famous of all the sanctuaries in Bihar.
2.1.3 Demographic Features
The state has a total geographical area of 94163 sq. km. and a population size of
39754714 (2001 Census) giving a density of 422 persons per sq. km. The details of the
total population of the State, as per 2001 Census.
In the State of Bihar 52 percent of total population is male and the rest (48 percent) is
female. It is also clear from the above table that 90 percent of the population of the
State resides in rural areas and the rest (10 percent) resides in urban areas.
As per Census 2001, the figures for sex‐ratio, population density per sq km and
percentage decadal growth rate are 921, 422 and 28.43, respectively, for the State of
Bihar.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Features of town 2‐4
2.1.4 Work Participation
The work participation in the State is 33.7 percent and non workers are 66.3 percent.
The work participation rate amongst males and females is 47.4 percent and 18.8
percent, respectively. Importantly, the work participation rate amongst the women is
also high that is 18.8 percent. It is interesting to note that the women of the State
participate in economic activities.
2.2 DISTRICT ROHTAS: AN OVERVIEW
2.2.1 Location
Located at 24‐30” – 25‐20" N latitude and 83‐14” – 83‐20”E longitude Rohtas district
has an area of about 3850 Sq.Kms and lies at a height of 108 m from the sea level.
Rohtas started functioning as an independent district in 1972 before which it was a part
of the Shahabad district. Sasaram is the headquarters of the Rohtas District. Rohtas is
surrounded by Bhojpur and Buxar district in the North, by Plamu and Garwah district in
the South, by Aurangabad and a part of Gaya district in the East and by Kaimur district
in the West. The important river flowing through the district is Sone. The location of
Rohtas district is presented below.
Map 2.2: Location of Sasaram
2.2.2 Demographic Features
Rohtas district covers an area of 3,847 sq. km. and has a total population of 24,50,748
(As per census 2001) giving a density of 698 persons per sq. km. which is much higher
than the corresponding figure of the state 422 persons per sq. km.
The district has 2450748 persons, out of which 1283485 (52 percent) are males and
1167263 (48 percent) are females. It is also worth mentioning here that 87 percent of
the total population of the district resides in rural areas and the rest (13 percent) in the
GayaAurangabad
Rohtas
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Features of town 2‐5
urban areas. As per Census 2001, the district has a sex ratio of 909 which is worse than
the state’s 921. The literacy level in Rohtas district is 49.2%, a little higher side from
states i.e. 47.53 %.
2.2.3 Work Participation
As per census 2001 the overall work participation rate of Rohtas is 30.4 percent and non
workers are 69.6 percent. The work force participation rate amongst males and females
is 45.7 percent and 13.5 percent, respectively. The work force participation rate for
main workers is 22.23 percent and that for marginal workers is 8.14 percent.
2.2.4 Administrative set up
Sasaram city is the administrative head quarters of the Rohtas district. The district is
divided into 4 Sub‐Divisions, 19 Blocks, 244 Panchayats and 2088 Villages. The district
has 2 Nagar Parished, 4 Nagar panchayats and 1 zila parishad. It has 2 parliamentary
constituency and 7 assembly constituency.
2.2.5 Economy
Rohtas district has predominantly agricultural economy. Major crops produced in the
district include paddy and wheat. Agro‐based industries include vegetable oil mills.
Other industries include cement and paper mills.
2.3 SASARAM: TOWN PROFILE
2.3.1 Historical Importance
Sasaram is believed to be named after the sage Parashurama and the legendary King
Sahastrabahu. Sasaram was also the birthplace of Sher Shah Suri, who ruled Delhi from
1540 to 1545 AD. Hasan Khan and his father Ibrahim Khan Suri came to India and were
granted jagirs (land lordship) in Punjab. Their fortunes swayed with those of their
masters and latar Hasan moved to Jaunpur and finally to Sasaram. Sher Shah was born
in Narnaul and spent his childhood at Sasaram. The most important status was enjoyed
during 1539 AD to 1545 AD when sher shah after defeating the Mughal emperor
Humayun in 1539 became the emporer of India. Sher Shah developed Sasaram into a
successful administrative unit. It was an important trading post and often people came
here to buy horses. Later, Sher Shah built a mint here. He was a great reformer and
during his short tenure of emperorship he evolved the system of revenue
administration. His currency reform was followed by the Mughals and maintained by
the Britishers.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Features of town 2‐6
2.3.2 Location and Regional linkages
Sasaram is located at 24°57’N and 84°02’E. Sasaram is a town located in western part of
Bihar and district head quarter of Rohtas district. It is situated on NH‐2 (Shershah Suri
Marg) regionally connected with Delhi at a distance of 925 kms and with Kolkata at a
distance of 537 kms. The NH‐2 runs east to west and divides the town into two parts.
The town is connected to Patna; Capital of Bihar located on NH‐30 via Arrah through
SH‐12 emerges from NH‐2. Patna is 160 kms from Sasaram. The town is also lined with
Varanasi on the west and Gaya and Bodhgaya on the east through NH‐2.
Sasaram has a railway station which is located in the centre of the city on the Grand
Trunk Road. Sasaram railway station is an important on the Grand Chord Broad Gauge
Line of the Eastern Railway and is linked by rail to all the major cities in India. Major
train routes are crossing through Sasaram Railway Junctions. The trains which stop in
Sasaram include the Kalka mail, Purushottam Exp, Mahabodhi Exp, Kolkata Mail,
Jodhpur Exp, and Chambal Exp. Etc. (Refer Map 2.3, Regional Linkages of the town).
2.3.3 Physiography and Natural slope
The Town is situated at an altitude of 101 meters (331 ft) above mean sea level. The
kaimur hills are located at a distance of 12 Km forms the southern fringe of the town
and Kudra River runs at the southern side of the town.
The southern portion of the town has a rough topography with a slope from north to
south which including area such as Tara Chandi Hill Temple and Chandan Shaheed or
Peer while the northern and central town area is almost plain.
2.3.4 Climate and Vegetation
The average rainfall in Sasaram town is 900mm. The maximum and minimum
temperature of the town is 45OC and 5OC, respectively. The town enjoys a tropical
climate with May and June as the hottest months, December and January the coldest
and July and August as rainy months.
2.3.5 Existing Spatial Growth
Sasaram is located on the Grand Trunk Road; the famous Indian Highway built in the
reign of Sher Shah Suri in the mid 16th century also known as NH‐2. This road runs on
East‐West direction. At present the inter city as well as intra city traffic moves through
GT road and thus it is a highly congested road. One Bypass road for the Golden
Quadrilateral is proposed but not yet built. The town is growing linearly along GT Road.
The growth of the town is also observed towards south. Sone canal is acting as a
physical barrier for the growth of the town in northern and western side of the town.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Features of town 2‐7
The GT Road is dividing the town into two parts. The northern part of the city is mainly
developed along Arrah road. Again a railway line running parallel to the GT Road passes
through the town from west to east. The town is divided into 25 municipal wards as per
census 2001 out of which 3 wards are located to the north of railway line and the
remaining 22 wards are located to the south. Further Sasaram divided into 40 municipal
wards at present.
The town has number of water bodies which includes canal and water bodies around
heritage sites. Sone canal is outlining the northern and western boundary of the town.
(Map 2.4: Sasaram Nagar Parishad Map). The impressive structure of Sher shah Suri
tomb is standing in the middle of an artificial lake which is fed by Sone canal. There are
around 5 small water bodies in the town.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Demography i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3 DEMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 3‐1 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3‐1 3.2 SASARAM NAGAR PARISHAD AREA AND POPULATION ..................................... 3‐1 3.3 GROWTH TREND ................................................................................................ 3‐1 3.4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION .............................................................................. 3‐2 3.5 POPULATION DENSITY ........................................................................................ 3‐3 3.6 HOUSEHOLD SIZE ............................................................................................... 3‐3 3.7 SEX RATIO ........................................................................................................... 3‐4 3.8 LITERACY ............................................................................................................. 3‐4 3.9 SOCIAL COMPOSITION ....................................................................................... 3‐5 3.10 POPULATION PROJECTION ................................................................................. 3‐5 3.11 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ........................................................................................ 3‐6
List of Tables
Table 3.1:Population growth trends ................................................................................ 3‐1 Table 3.2: Population Size Distribution ........................................................................... 3‐3 Table 3.3: Number of households with different household size ................................... 3‐3 Table 3.4: Sex ratio in last three decades ........................................................................ 3‐4 Table 3.5: Literacy rate in Sasaram Nagar Parishad area ................................................ 3‐4 Table 3.6: Social Composition of population in Sasaram ................................................ 3‐5 Table 3.7: Growth Rate and Projected Population; Sasaram City ................................... 3‐5
List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Population Growth Trend, 1901‐2001: ......................................................... 3‐2 Figure 3.2: Sex Ratio from 1981 to 2001 ......................................................................... 3‐4 Figure 3.3: Literacy rate ................................................................................................... 3‐5 Figure 3.4: Projected Population by Various Methods ................................................... 3‐6
List of Maps
Map 3.1: Ward Map
Map 3.2: Ward Map
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Demography 3‐1
3 DEMOGRAPHY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The demographic characteristic, a major component in the formulation of a City
Development Plan, is analyzed in terms of the pattern of population growth and its
spatial spread within the city. The analysis reflects its population growth as excessive by
natural increase, in‐migration, and jurisdictional increase. The social composition of the
city’s population has been analyzed through indicators like population below poverty
line, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population, age and sex structure and labour
force.
3.2 SASARAM NAGAR PARISHAD AREA AND POPULATION
Sasaram Nagar Parishad spreaded over an area of 10.9 sq.km with a population of
131,172 with a population density of 12034 persons per sq.km. Sasaram is administered
by a Municipal Council (Nagar Parishad) as local body. As per census 2001, Sasaram
Municipal Council Area is divided into 25 wards whereas presently it has been further
redistributed into 40 wards (Map 3‐1).
3.3 GROWTH TREND
As per census 2001, the population of Sasaram is 131172. Population of the city has
been increasing steadily. In the year 1921, population of the city was 22,308 persons.
Upto end of the year 2001, Population was increased to 131,172 persons. The average
decadal growth rate for last three decade (1971‐2001) was 39.8%, which is much above
the national growth rate of 21.34%. The highest growth rate was observed in the
decade of 1971‐1981 i.e. 52.14%. Since 1951 to 2001, the population of Sasaram has
been increasing at a brisk pace. Population change of Sasaram town and its growth rate
in last 10 decades which is shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1:Population growth trends
S.N Year Population Growth (in %)
1 1901 23,644
2 1911 23,097 ‐2.37
3 1921 22,308 ‐3.42
4 1931 25,175 12.85
5 1941 27,201 8.05
6 1951 29,265 7.59
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Demography 3‐2
S.N Year Population Growth (in %)
7 1961 37,782 29.1
8 1971 48,282 27.79
9 1981 73,457 52.14
10 1991 98,122 33.58
11 2001 131,172 33.68 (Source: Town Directory, 2001)
Figure 3.1: Population Growth Trend, 1901‐2001:
The population growth trend of the city shows decrease in growth rate in initial two
decades i.e. from 1901 to 1911 and 1911 to 1921. It has been observed from Table 3.1
and Figure 3.1 that population of Sasaram town is increasing since 1931 but the rate of
growth is very slow till 1951. From 1961‐2001, the growth of the town is very fast with a
growth rate ranging from 28‐52%. However the growth rate increased tremendously
during the last three decades (1971‐2001). The highest growth rate has been observed
in 1971 ‐1981 decade i.e. 52%. Sasaram is a tourist place as well as administrative
headquarter of Rohtas district. Other than that it has been functioning as an important
service cum commercial centre for its hinterland. This is indicated by the fact that
nearly 10 to 12 % of floating population visits the town daily to avail these facilities.
3.4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Sasaram is administered by Nagar Parishad as local body. The administrative limits of
Sasaram city encompass an area of 10.9 square kilometer. As per census 2001, there
were 25 municipal wards with population size of 131172. Further for election purposes
wards has been redistributed into 40 wards. Population in 40 elected wards varies from
2785 to 3786 (Map‐3‐2). Population size of each of the ward has been distributed into 3
ranges which are shown in Table 3.2.
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population
Population growth trend
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Demography 3‐3
Table 3.2: Population Size Distribution
Sr.
No.
Population Size
Distribution
Number of
Wards Ward Numbers
1 2500 to 3000 13 2,3,11,18,19,20,34,35,36,37,38,39, & 40
2 3000 to 3500 14 1,5,6,8,9,10,23,24,25,26,27,28,29, & 33
3 > 3500 13 4,7,12,13,14,15,16,17,21,22,30,31, & 32
(Source: Spur cell)
Lowest population size of 2785 is of Ward no. 38 and the highest population size 3786 is
of Ward No. 21. It can be observed from the above table that there is not much
variation in the distribution of population in all the 40 wards.
3.5 POPULATION DENSITY
Sasaram is a class I town with a population density of 12034 persons person/ sq.km.
(120 P/Hact.). The southern part of the town (Old/Main town area) is very densely
populated. The eastern and western development along NH‐2 is sparsely populated and
the northern Sasaram is having medium density.
3.6 HOUSEHOLD SIZE
As per census 2001, there were 18225 household in Sasaram Nagar Parishad, for a total
population of 131172. Therefore the average household size in Sasaram works out to be
7.2 which are higher than the average house hold size of urban areas in the country
which is about 5. The number of household with different household sizes in Sasaram is
given below in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Number of households with different household size
Household size Total No. of Households in
Sasaram Nagar Parishad Percentage
6 ‐ 6.5 3743 20.5
6.5 ‐ 7 3986 21.9
7 ‐ 7.5 3889 21.3
7.5 ‐ 8 5092 27.9
8 + 1515 8.3
Total 18225 100.0 (Source: Based on Census of India 2001)
Approximate 28% of households are having household size in between 7.5 to 8 and
8.3% of household are having household size above 8.The higher household size is the
reflective of the prevalent joint family system in the city, it also indicate the lack of
housing facility in the city. As per the recent information from SPUR Cell and Sasaram
Nagar Parishad the total number of household in Sasaram are 28785.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Demography 3‐4
3.7 SEX RATIO
Sex ratio is an important indicator of health and social status of women in society which
has direct and indirect bearing on other key indicators like child mortality. Thus, the sex
ratio in last three decades is shown in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4: Sex ratio in last three decades
Town Sex Ratio in 1981 Sex Ratio in 1991 Sex Ratio in 2001
Sasaram 877 890 882
(Source: Town Directory, 2001)
Figure 3.2: Sex Ratio from 1981 to 2001
(Source: Town Directory, 2001)
Sex ratio of Sasaram Municipal Council Area increased from 1981‐1991 and further
reduced in 2001, which is not a good indicator. Sex ratio of Sasaram town in 2001, 882
females per 1000 males is lower than the districts and states sex ratio of 909 females
per 1000 males and 921 females per 1000 males respectively hence there is a need to
improve the social status of the female in town.
3.8 LITERACY
Literacy rate is an important indicator of the socio‐economic status of the area. Overall
literacy rate along with male and female literates are shown in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Literacy rate in Sasaram Nagar Parishad area
Area Literates
Literacy Rate Male Female Total
Sasaram Nagar
Parishad
48997 34595 8359276.2%
58.6% 41.4% 100%
(Source: Census, 2001)
870
875
880
885
890
895
Female/1000 M
ale
Years
Sex Ratio
19911981 2001
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Demography 3‐5
Above table shows that out of the total number of literates in SNP, approximate 59 %
are male and 41% are females. Overall literacy rate of SNP is 76.2% higher than states
and districts average 47.5% and 51.1% respectively.
Figure 3.3: Literacy rate
3.9 SOCIAL COMPOSITION
Social Composition of town represents the percentage of Schedule Caste and Schedule
Tribe out of the total population. As per census 2001, 7% and 1% of the total population
are SC and ST respectively, which is also represented in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6: Social Composition of population in Sasaram
Social Composition Population Percentage of population
SC 9108 7%
ST 1775 1%
Others 120289 92%
Total Population of Town 131172 100%
(Source: Census 2001)
3.10 POPULATION PROJECTION
Growth rate of the city has registered steady increase during the last few decades from
1971 to 1981. Population has been projected as per all growth trend methods
(Arithmetic Method, Geometric Method and Exponential /Induced Growth Method) as
under:
There has been 33.68% growth rate of urban population in Sasaram city during decade
1991‐2001; Considering exponential growth method, it is calculated that the city will
grow with the grow from 178719 to 243208 during the decade 2011‐ 2021 and 322191
persons in the target year 2030.(Table 3.8 and Figure 3.5)
Table 3.7: Growth Rate and Projected Population; Sasaram City
S. N. Year Arithmetic Method Geometric
Method
Exponential / Induced
Method
1 1961 37,782 37,782 37,782
2 1971 48,282 48,282 48,282
59%
41% Literatecy Male
Literacy Female
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Demography 3‐6
S. N. Year Arithmetic Method Geometric
Method
Exponential / Induced
Method
3 1981 73,457 73,457 73,457
4 1991 98,122 98,122 98,122
5 2001 131,172 131,172 131,172
6 2011 169809 175430 178719
7 2021 247083 234621 243208
8 2030 351403 305868 322191
Source: Based on Census of India, 2001 and Statistical Calculation by EGIS INDIA
Figure 3.4: Projected Population by Various Methods
Source: Based on Census of India, 2001 and Statistical Calculation by EGIS INDIA
3.11 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
As discussed earlier Sasaram has shown tremendous growth in the decades from 1971
to 2001 i.e. (Decadal @ 52.14%, 33.58% and 33.68% respectively). Thus integrated
planning, development and service delivery of the town including physical and social
infrastructure needs to be done to bridge the existing gap and to fill the future
requirement of the estimated population. The main issues and findings related to
demography of the town are as under‐
Population of Sasaram is increasing with a dynamic rate about more than 50%.
Thus, provision of infrastructure especially housing, water supply and sanitation
is crucial.
The sex ratio in Sasaram is 882 females per 1000 males, which is lower than the
states and districts sex ratio.
Work force participation rate in Sasaram is only 22.68%.
Literacy levels are lower. Only 58.6% of male and 41.4% of female are literate.
131172
169809.0
247083.1
351403.2
175430.3
234621.7
305868.34
178719.7
243208.4
322191.1
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000ArithmeticMethod
GeometricMethod
ExponentialGraphicalMethod
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 ECONOMY ................................................................................................... 4‐1 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 4‐1 4.2 ECONOMIC BASE ............................................................................................... 4‐1 4.3 AREAS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ....................................................................... 4‐3 4.3.1 TRADE AND COMMERCE .................................................................................. 4‐3 4.3.2 Formal and Informal Commercial ..................................................................... 4‐4 4.3.3 INDUSTRIES ....................................................................................................... 4‐5 4.3.4 TOURISM ........................................................................................................... 4‐5 4.3.5 SERVICES ........................................................................................................... 4‐5 4.4 SWOT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 4‐5 4.5 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ...................................................................................... 4‐6 4.6 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ............................................................................. 4‐6 4.7 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 4‐7
List of Tables
Table 4.1 : Work‐Force participation rate ....................................................................... 4‐2 Table 4.2: Occupational structure of the Town, 2001 ..................................................... 4‐2 Table 4.3: Trade and commercial activity, Sasaram ........................................................ 4‐3 Table 4.4: SWOT Analysis of Economic Base ................................................................... 4‐5 Table 4.5: Identified Projects for Economic Base: Sasaram Nagar Parishad ................... 4‐7
List of Figures
Figure 4.1 : Type of Vendor's activities ............................................................................ 4‐4
List of Maps
Map 4‐1: Commercial Activities
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy 4‐1
4 ECONOMY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Development is a multi‐dimensional phenomenon. Some of its major dimensions
include: the level of economic growth, level of education, level of health services,
degree of modernization, status of women, level of nutrition, quality of housing,
distribution of goods & services, and access to communication. In Bihar, the progress of
economic development among districts and their urban centers are not uniform. This
study examines the existing variability of development and thereby identifying the
indicators responsible for the diversity in development.
The economic base is reference to the key sectors that drive the city’s economy. The
analysis has been focused for identifying the lead sectors of economy of the city, and
examining if the growth within the lead sectors likely to be maintained in plan period of
2010‐2030.
4.2 ECONOMIC BASE
Occupational structure of the populace is the primary indicator of nature of economy
and economic base of the town. Maximum working population is engaged in tertiary
sector mainly trade and commerce. The trade and commercial activities forms the
backbone of Sasaram town and the major commodities handles are Stone Chips, food
grains, clothing, ornaments, hardware, building materials, medicines etc. It is because
of the location of these economic activities that Sasaram has been serving as the
regional service center for its Hinterland and also in Rohtas district.
Sasaram has a rich heritage sites (including Shersah Suri Tomb, a world heritage site)
and various historical and important religious places. Bihar Government has also given
tourism, the status of an industry. Development works in this pursuit have been
undertaken.
Workforce participation rate (WFPR) in Sasaram Town is 22.7% which is much lower
than states and districts WFPR of 33.7% and 36.8% respectively. The detailed workforce
participation rates of Sasaram Nagar Parishad are shown in Table 4.1.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy 4‐2
Table 4.1 : Work‐Force participation rate
Total
Pop
Total Workers WFPR Main Workers
Main
Workers
Marginal
Workers Total
Male Female Total
131172 26224
(88%)
3533
(12%)
29757
(100%) 22.68
24269
(92.5%)
1955
(7.5%) 26224
(Source: Census 2001)
Above table shows that out of the total population about 23% is working showing that
economic activities and workforce participation level need to increase to improve the
employment level and hence to develop the town. Further it can be observed that 88%
of the working population are main workers, out of total main workers a little
contribution of females in the economy of the town.
Occupational structure of the population is the primary indicator of nature of economy
and economic base of the town. Occupational structure of the Sasaram Nagar Parishad
is being classified into four fold classification as per census 2001, primary census
abstract. Since main workers are major contributors to the economy of town, detailed
classification of main and marginal workers is shown in Table 4‐2.
Table 4.2: Occupational structure of the Town, 2001
Category of
Workers Main Workers Percentage
Marginal
Workers Percentage
Cultivator 708 2.6 152 4.30
Agricultural Workers 668 2.5 348 9.84
Household Industry
Workers 1328 5% 450 12.73
Other Workers 23520 89.8% 2583 73.11
Total 26224 100 3533 100
(Source: Census 2001)
The occupational structure of the main workers of the
town reveals that 89.8% of the workers are ‘Other
Workers’ which are from the segment of other activities
(which constitute all Government servants, Municipal
employees, teachers, factory workers, construction
workers, those engaged in trade and commerce, business,
transport, banking, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment, artists,
all excluding agricultural and household industry workers and 5% are engaged in
household industries.
Though agriculture related industries forms one of the major economic bases of the
town because of the fertile land around the town but Cultivators and Agricultural
workers of the city constituted very less portion. But Hinterland areas are main source
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy 4‐3
of agricultural productivity and Sasaram is act as economic and business center for
them.
4.3 AREAS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Sasaram is primarily an administrative headquarter, but the main backbone of its
economy is trade and commerce. It has been functioning as important service cum
commercial center for its hinterland. As per the UIDSSMT scheme report for Sasaram,
nearly 10‐12 % floating population visits the town daily to avail of these facilities.
As discussed earlier Trade and Commerce is the major economic base of the town. Also
agriculture related industries like rice polishing is one of the major economic activities
of the town. Because of the fertile land around the town it acts like a local trading
center for food grains, agricultural products, agricultural equipments etc. This region is
also known as ‘Dhan Ka Katora’ (a bowl of food grains). The rice collected through the
open market in Sasaram is sold in the markets of Kolkata and New Delhi also (Map 4.1).
4.3.1 TRADE AND COMMERCE
The town has emerged as major trade and commercial centre of the district. People are
mostly engaged in trade and commerce, selling agriculture produce and apparel,
basically of rice, tussar silk etc.
Sasaram acts as a regional service cum commercial centre
for its hinterland and for the whole district. The main
commodities of the local trading centre are Stone Chips,
food grains, cloths, ornaments, building materials,
medicines etc. The major
centers are Gandhi Path,
Chaukhandi, Gola Market, and Navratan Bazaar. These are
all situated in the southern portion of the city. In addition to
that a town has agriculture market yard for marketing of
food grains and its storage in the north of Sasaram. The type
of trade and commercial activity is given below in Table 4.2.
Table 4.3: Trade and commercial activity, Sasaram
Activity Type of Product
Whole Sale Agricultural products
Retail Clothes/Household products etc
Commercials Clothes, Food, Fruits and vegetable, medicines etc
(Source: Census 2001)
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy 4‐4
4.3.2 Formal and Informal Commercial
Street vending is one of the means of earning livelihood, as it requires minimal financial
input and the skills requirement are also low. A large section of street vendors in urban
areas comprises those people who migrated to cities from
rural areas in search of employment. Street Vendors, on the
other hand are self‐employed and self income generators.
Sasaram today is growing very rapidly receiving large chunk
of migrants from the district. In such a circumstance street
vending will be a major source of livelihood. The total
numbers of vendors in Sasaram are 1980 out of which 65.25 percent are fixed and
34.74 percent are mobile. Around 16% percent sell fruits and 28% vegetable, 16% sell
Non Veg. items etc, 23% sell processed food, 8% cloths and 9% percent falls under
other’s category.
Figure 4.1 : Type of Vendor's activities
Source: SPUR Cell
Other than this, there are informal commercial markets and shops in the form of
encroachment. Most of these commercial activities are concentrated near station or
bus stand area, along NH‐2, all Major Roads and Chauks of the city i.e. mainly on GT
Road (NH‐2), Gandhi Path, Bauliya Road, Shersah Suri Road, etc.
28%
16%
16%
8%
23%
9%
Type of Vendor's activities
Vegetable
Fruit
Non Veg
Cloth
Food
Others
65%
35%
Type of locations
Totalfixed
Totalmoving
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy 4‐5
4.3.3 INDUSTRIES
Sasaram has agriculture processing industries like rice
polishing, flour mills etc Apart from that Stone crushing is
another important activity which is popular here. Town has
around 400 small and medium stone crushers units. There
are also few small units for Tyre moldings, Tractor and
vehicle repairing units etc also as part of economic activities
in the town.
4.3.4 TOURISM
There are many monuments in the town of Sasaram. These monuments are of historical
importance. A world heritage site Sher Sah Suri tomb dedicated to the great emperor
Sher Shah Suri is the chief attraction in Sasaram. The tomb is located right in the midst
of an enormous lake, which is manmade. There are other sites also included Hasan Sur
Khan tomb, Sher Shah Suri’s father, Sukha Rauza, Samrat Ashoka Pillar and Maa Tara
Chandi’s temple, Gurudwara Taksal Sangat, Deo Markendya, Bhaluni Dham etc.
The town has many economic activity related to tourism and religion like hospitality
industry, eateries, and local products etc. They mainly sell their products locally which
need to be promoting outside. People sell these products through middle men which
reduces the profits of the product maker. Sasaram should be developing in the way that
this attracts the tourists coming to Gaya, Bodhgaya, Nalanda and Rajgir.
4.3.5 SERVICES
Almost 45 % of the total workers of the city are included in the service sector. Service
sector mainly includes Government servants, Municipal employees, teachers, banking,
political and public representatives or social workers, etc.
4.4 SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 4.4: SWOT Analysis of Economic Base
Strengths Opportunities
Agriculture rich hinterland.
Strong Connectivity of road through to
NH‐2 (GT Road) and railway.
Availability of large skilled and non‐skilled
labourers/ human resources.
Strong potential to promote agro
processing units/industries in the town.
Opportunity to promote stone
mining/crushing industries.
Potential of Heritage Tourism.
Weakness Threats
Unorganized market base or commercial
centers.
Encroachments by shops in all market and
Lack of employment opportunities within
the city.
Encroachments and pollution is major
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy 4‐6
bazaar road.
Informal activities along main road
congesting roads.
apprehension.
Deterioration of heritage and tourist
sites.
4.5 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Work force participation is very low and it shows
lack of opportunity in Sasaram.
Demand for commercial services is steadily
increasing, but in absence of adequate initiatives
to develop organised commercial areas, the
informal sector in the form of street vending is encroaching upon road space
along major roads and footpaths leading to traffic congestion including
pedestrians.
Poor and weak infrastructure facility unable to support economic base.
There are no special commodity based markets and wholesale markets in
Sasaram. Commercial activities are concentrated only along GT Road and few
major busy congested stretches.
There is a need to facilitate the informal sector activities in the town which is
present in city to a significant extent in a more organised manner.
4.6 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Sasaram today is growing very rapidly receiving large chunk of migrants from the
district. Need to organize street vendors so that they have specific vending zone and
access to the basic services.
Promotion of tourism due to presence of number of historical sites specially
presence of world heritage sites. In addition to this other historical and religious
sites to support the local economy.
Organised commercial areas (commercial complexes) should be developed in a
decentralized manner to decongest the busy streets. This will also meet the
higher order commercial needs of the town as a well as its hinterland.
More incentives should be given to promote Household industry.
Provision of Industrial and Export Promotion Zones for enhance trade leading to
economic development.
New and modern techniques should be introduced in hand embroidery, stone
art ware and wood inlay to revive its market and produce quality product to
compete with market.
Modern communication facilities like internet and e‐marketing should be made
available and common facility centers and R& D Centers should be developed
for household industries to tap the market opportunities.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Economy 4‐7
Agricultural produce processing units (Agro based Industries) may be
encouraged to get established in organized sector with all infrastructural
facilities.
Industrial promotion zone to be developed at appropriate sites to promote
household industries.
Private Participation should be promoted in developing commercial and
industrial areas.
4.7 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
Table 4.5: Identified Projects for Economic Base: Sasaram Nagar Parishad
S.N PROJECTS
Phase – I
(2011‐16)
Phase ‐ II
(2016‐21)
Phase – III
(2021‐30)
Qty. Qty. Qty.
a Renovation of existing Nagar Parishad
Markets 3 Nos. 2 Nos. ‐
b
Sheds & Promotion Zone to accommodate
household and small scale Units/
industries etc.
1 Nos.
(75 Sheds) ‐ ‐
c Shopping / Commercial Complexes 1 Nos. 1 Nos. ‐
d Platforms for Weekly Market/
Vegetable/fruits. 1 Nos. 2 Nos. ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Planning and Growth Management i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5 PHYSICAL PLANNING AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT (LAND USE) ................... 5‐1 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5‐1 5.2 EVOLUTION OF TOWN ......................................................................................... 5‐1 5.3 EXISTING SPATIAL GROWTH ................................................................................ 5‐1 5.4 SPATIAL GROWTH TRENDS AND EXISTING LAND USE ANALYSIS ........................ 5‐2 5.4.1 Sasaram Nagar Parishad Area .............................................................................. 5‐2 5.4.2 Residential Use: ................................................................................................... 5‐3 5.4.3 Commercial use: .................................................................................................. 5‐3 5.4.4 Industrial use: ..................................................................................................... 5‐3 5.4.5 Public Semi Public ................................................................................................ 5‐3 5.4.6 Transport and Communication: ........................................................................... 5‐3 5.4.7 Others: ................................................................................................................. 5‐3 5.5 GROWTH DIRECTIONS ......................................................................................... 5‐4 5.6 PROPOSED LAND USE DISTRIBUTION, 2030 ........................................................ 5‐4
List of Tables
Table 5.1: Land Use as per UDPFI Guideline for future scenario : Sasaram Nagar Parishad ......................................................................................................................... 5‐5
List of Figures
Figure 5.1:Existing Land use distribution of Sasaram Nagar Parishad ............................ 5‐2
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Planning and Growth Management 5‐1
5 PHYSICAL PLANNING AND GROWTH
MANAGEMENT (LAND USE)
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Land and its use form the base of any development. Land is the most crucial economic
tool for planned development of the urban areas and achievement of social objectives
through its judicious allocation for future use.
5.2 EVOLUTION OF TOWN
Sasaram is a town located in western part of Bihar. It is the district headquarters of
Rohtas district of Bihar. Sasaram is the largest town of Rohtas district in terms of
population and second largest in terms of area. It has always remained a major growth
centre of the district. Sasaram is the 18th largest city of Bihar in terms of area and is
13th most populous city of the State.
Traditionally it is believed to be named after the sage Parashurama and the legendary
King Sahastrabahu. Sasaram was also the birthplace of Shershah Suri, who ruled Delhi
from 1540 to 1545 AD. Earlier in 16th century Shershah Suri developed Sasaram into a
successful administrative unit.
5.3 EXISTING SPATIAL GROWTH
Sasaram is developed along all the major corridors passing through the city. The NH‐2
and Grand chord line of eastern Railway divide the Sasaram town in two parts such as
northern and southern zone. Approximately one third of the town is located in the
northern part and two third portions are located in the southern part. Major Roads are
Sasaram‐Bikramganj‐Arrah Road (SH‐12) is running in north south direction and enters
the town from north similarly; and Kochas‐ Sasaram Road are also running in the north‐
south direction and enters the city from its northern fringe. The town has number of
water bodies which includes canal and lakes. Sone canal is outlining the northern and
western boundary of the town. Major portion of the town is located on southern side of
GT Road. The northern part of the city is mainly developed along SH‐12.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Planning and Growth Management 5‐2
5.4 SPATIAL GROWTH TRENDS AND EXISTING LAND USE ANALYSIS
5.4.1 Sasaram Nagar Parishad Area
Sasaram is a class I town spread over an area of 10.9 sq.km with a population of
131,172 with a population density of 12034 persons per sq.km. Sasaram is administered
by a Municipal Council (Nagar Parishad) as local body. As per census 2001, Sasaram
Municipal Council Area is divided into 25 wards whereas presently it has been further
redistributed into 40 wards.
The town has grown in an organic way without any Master plan or comprehensive
development plan. Therefore the land use of the city has been analyzed through
recognition survey by the consultants. Like any other Indian cities major portion of the
city is under residential land use. Major residential development can be seen along SH‐
12, and Kochas‐Sasaram Road. The southern part of the town contains mainly
commercial areas like Gandhi Bazar, Choukhandi, Gola market, Navratan bazaar, Fish
and vegetable market etc. In addition this portion also contains the Main hospital and
90% of the total educational institutions. One major commercial activity in the northern
part of the town is the Agriculture market yard. All the government offices are located
along NH‐2 i.e. District Collectorate, Sub Divisional offices, Deputy Police
superintendent office, Nagar Parishad office, central government offices etc. NH‐2 is
also serving as the major commercial Road as well as all the recreational facilities are
also located along NH‐2 comprising of 3 cinema halls, 1 stadium and 1 municipal park
(Nehru Park close to Sasaram Railway station). The bus stand is located between the
north of NH‐2 and south of Grand chord Railway line and is served by the SH‐12 (Arrah‐
Sasaram Road). The famous Sher Shah Mausoleum lies in the heart of the city but in
southern of NH‐2.
The approximate percentage of existing land use distribution is given below in figure 5.1
as per Sasaram Nagar Parishad.
Figure 5.1:Existing Land use distribution of Sasaram Nagar Parishad
(Source: Sasaram Nagar Parishad)
65%7%
10%
14%
1%1%2% Residential
Commercial
Transportation
Public/Semi Public
Industrial
Recreational
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Planning and Growth Management 5‐3
5.4.2 Residential Use:
Residential land use in the town is about 65 % of the total area of town. According to
the UDPFI guidelines, 35‐45% of the area should be under residential land use. These
areas need to be well planned to accommodate future growth. Most of the residential
development is concentrated in wards located in town core and southern part of the
town area and along the major Old G.T Road areas.
5.4.3 Commercial use:
Presently under commercial use is 7.0 % to total area, which is inadequate as
recommended under UDPFI Guidelines (4 ‐ 5 % of the total land area can be brought
under commercial use). Market areas of the town are mainly consisting of retail
activities. Some commercial activities in the town have come up after encroachment
along roads and some are in the form of mixed land use.
5.4.4 Industrial use:
Around 1.0 % to total area is under industrial, which is inadequate and very low as
recommended under UDPFI Guidelines (10‐ 12 % of the total land area can be brought
under industrial use). The town has a number of industries and industrial estates,
mainly of consumer goods. There is lot of land available for industries in the town in
the form of vacant land and open spaces. Some tract of this land could be developed as
industrial zone.
5.4.5 Public Semi Public
Almost 14 % area of the town comes under Public Semi Public as compared to
recommended 12‐14%.
5.4.6 Transport and Communication:
About 10% area of the town has been under transportation use. It is not adequate as
per the recommended 12‐14% in the UDPFI guidelines for large cities. The roads of the
town except all highways and major roads have widths varying between 3.0 to 18.0 mts.
There are also encroachments on the roads. There is need of improvement and
strengthening of existing transportation network, Bus Terminals and truck terminal, etc.
5.4.7 Others:
2% is under other category which includes vacant land and water bodies. This area
needs to be conserved as Sasaram is a drought prone area.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Planning and Growth Management 5‐4
5.5 GROWTH DIRECTIONS
It is clear that the Land use distribution in Sasaram is not as per standards. The
percentage of residential and commercial land use i.e. 65% and 7% resp. is higher than
the standards which should be 40 to 45 % and 3 to 4% resp. The major concern is
Recreational Land use which is just 1%, much lesser than the standards i.e.18 to 20%.
The unplanned distribution of land use has resulted in congestion, poor quality of
Infrastructure in Sasaram city.
The major part of the city is located on the southern part of the GT Road and it
comprises of high density residential area, congested streets and crowded market
places. The area of the town is not increased from last many decades thus because of
the unavailability of land and congestion in southern part of the city, there is less
growth prospects in this area in future.
On the other hand, if we look after the overall image of the town, its growth is taking
place in linear pattern along NH‐2 (GT Road). This growth is not systematic and is in
haphazard manner which will create problem in providing Infrastructure facilities. As
discussed earlier the Sasaram city is growing along major corridor i.e. along NH‐2 in
eastern and western direction and in Northern direction mainly along SH‐12
(Bikramganj‐Arrah Road). But because of the Sone canal outlining the western and
northern boundary of the town it is acting as a constraints for future growth in these
direction. Thus maximum growth prospect is in Eastern, North eastern and south
eastern area of the town.
5.6 PROPOSED LAND USE DISTRIBUTION, 2030
Sasaram should have Master Plan for the year 2030 with clear strategy of land use
development on the ground.
The location and provision of various land uses in the City Development Plan should be
based on the following considerations ‐
By the year 2016, total population of the town will be increased to about
225917 persons from 131172 persons in the year 2001 and further to 287614
persons in the year 2021 and 411009 persons in the year 2030.
By the end of the year 2030 as population of the town will approximately of 5
lakhs. Considering the density guidelines, as per UDPFI guidelines, the average
density of the town should be 60‐90 ppha.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Physical Planning and Growth Management 5‐5
Sasaram has unique characteristics that it has tremendous potential for
development of heritage tourism based economy and also as an agro based
industrial and regional growth service center.
Table 5.1: Land Use as per UDPFI Guideline for future scenario : Sasaram Nagar Parishad
SN Land use UDPFI (% to Total)
1. Residential 35‐45
2. Commercial 4‐5
3. Public Semi Public 14‐16
4. Recreation 18‐20
5. Transportation 12‐14
6. Industrial 10‐12
7. Agricultural Existing
8. Vacant & Barren Land Balanced
9. Water Bodies Balanced
Total 100 Source: Based on UDPFI Guidelines
Thus keeping the above factors in mind, the land use distribution for the year 2030 has
been proposed according to the UDPFI guidelines. (Table 5.1)
The above land uses have been proposed as per the UDPFI guidelines. It is thus seen
that the vacant land will be completely utilized by the year 2030. About 35‐45 % of the
total area is proposed under residential use; commercial area will be established in a
planned manner with the help of some market places. It would help to plan more
commercial facilities in a limited place. Therefore, area under commercial should be
from 4% to 5% of town area.
The transportation sector of the town needs to be organized to facilitate its apparent
growth in planned manner. Existing transportation network of the town will be
strengthened. The kutcha pathways and minor roads will be developed as pedestrian
friendly. Available vacant land and some area from open spaces would be planned
under industrial and recreational use. Land under recreation has been proposed 18%
need for recreational facilities for sustainable tourism in the town region.
About 12% of the land area has been allotted for industrial use, as Sasaram has huge
potential to be developed as a trade center for the entire region.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6 WATER SUPPLY ............................................................................................ 6‐1 6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 6‐1 6.2 EXISTING STATUS .............................................................................................. 6‐1 6.2.1 Sources of Water Supply................................................................................... 6‐1 6.2.2 Coverage ........................................................................................................... 6‐2 6.2.3 Quantity of Water Supply ................................................................................. 6‐2 6.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS ......................................................... 6‐2 6.3.1 Water distribution System zonewise: Northern & Southern Zone .................. 6‐3 6.3.2 Water Distribution Arrangements ‐ Tube Wells ............................................... 6‐4 6.3.3 Over Head Tanks/ Reservoirs: .......................................................................... 6‐4 6.3.4 Distribution Network: ....................................................................................... 6‐5 6.3.5 Water treatment facility: .................................................................................. 6‐5 6.4 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS (AS PER UDPFI AND CPHEEO
GUIDELINES)...................................................................................................... 6‐5 6.5 SWOT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 6‐6 6.6 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ...................................................................................... 6‐6 6.7 SECTOR VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES .............................. 6‐7 6.7.1 Vision & Goals ................................................................................................... 6‐7 6.7.2 Development Strategies ................................................................................... 6‐7 6.8 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 6‐8
List of Tables
Table 6.1:No. of piped water connection, hand pumps and public stand posts in Sasaram ........................................................................................................... 6‐2
Table 6.2: Details of Tube‐Wells in Sasaram Nagar Parishad .......................................... 6‐3 Table 6.3: Details of Over head water tanks reservoirs and water sumps ..................... 6‐4 Table 6.4: Distribution network line in Sasaram Nagar Parishad .................................... 6‐5 Table 6.5: Gap in Water Supply: Sasaram, City ............................................................... 6‐6 Table 6.6: SWOT Analysis of Water Supply ..................................................................... 6‐6 Table 6.7: Service Level Benchmarking‐ water Supply: Sasaram City ............................. 6‐7 Table 6.8: Identified Projects for Water Supply: Sasaram City ....................................... 6‐8
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐1
6 WATER SUPPLY
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The quality and adequacy of urban infrastructure directly influence the quality of life of
the residents. The infrastructure profile refers to the status of infrastructure and utility
systems in the city. Its analysis has been indicated the adequacy or inadequacy of
infrastructural services in terms of coverage, quantity, and quality. The gap between
demand and supply of different infrastructural services has been measured. The cost of
delivering services and recoveries made from them has also been reviewed.
Urban growth both spatially and population wise puts pressure on infrastructure,
particularly water supply, sewerage, solid waste, drainage, electricity, road network etc.
Unless infrastructure is improved to the required level, quality of life suffers. Most
importantly, it influences economic development of the city and investment climate.
Public Health Engineering Department (P.H.E.D.) is responsible for planning, design and
construction of major works, and for operation of the water supply system, while
Sasaram city constructs hydrant points, regulates permits for connections and
collection of water tariffs. Repairs and replacement are carried out as a part of
government funded projects, rather than out of own sources.
In absence of any perennial source of water, water is being supplied in town from
ground water with the help of tube wells. Water supply system has been divided into
two parts for convenience of infrastructure development for north side and south side.
A detailed analysis has been done by consultants to study the service level of the
present water supply scheme and requirement of system to serve the population till
2030 by understanding the existing water supply system, present gap and future
requirement which has explained in subsequent sections.
6.2 EXISTING STATUS
6.2.1 Sources of Water Supply
At present source of water supply in Sasaram is ground water i.e.
piped water supply and bore wells (Hand pumps and Power bores).
Households are connected to tap water supply hand pumps, tube
wells, and also from unprotected sources like wells, canal, springs,
& other sources and therefore is subjected to water born diseases.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐2
Quality of Water at source
The ground water quality in is assessed to be average. Sodium Hydrochlorides and
Bleaching powder is used as a disinfectant for water purification. There is no treatment
plant for treatment of water. Water supplied directly from ground.
6.2.2 Coverage
At present about 30% of population is covered with piped water supply at the rate of
only 25 to 30 LPCD. There is severe problem of water supply in town. Around 70% of
the town is not having access to water. Large number of population is dependent on
their own connection, community connection and other sources.
Above that untreated ground water is being supplied due to which various diseases are
common in the town. Number of public hand pumps and public stand posts are given
below in Table no. ‐ 6.1
Table 6.1:No. of piped water connection, hand pumps and public stand posts in Sasaram
Description Quantity
Total number of households with direct water supply connection 7044
Total number of public hand pumps (Nos.) 510
Total number of public hand pumps in slums (Nos.) 210
Total number of public stand posts (including slums) 225
Total number of public stand posts in slums (Nos.) 60
Total number of power bores/ Tube wells (Nos.) 9
Average hours of pressurized supply per day (n Hrs.) 4 Source: PHED Sasaram, SPUR Cell
The total hand pumps in town is 510 in which 210 in slum areas and 225 public stand
posts in town out of 60 in slums. Sasaram is divided in to 4 major water distribution
zones such as northern zone and southern zone.
6.2.3 Quantity of Water Supply
As per SPUR, 4.38 MLD of water is supplied every day in town in 4 zones but broadly in
2 zone such as northern zone and southern zone through tube wells. The rate of supply
is about 25‐30 LPCD. The average hours of pressurized supply per day to each zone are
4 hours
6.3 WATER DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS
The city is divided broadly into 2 zones for the purpose of water supply (northern zone
and southern zone). The railway line divides the whole town in to two parts‐ the north
part and the south part. The north side of railway line covers very few wards and
supplied by Baijala pumping plant where southern part is covered almost most of the
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐3
Photo 6‐1: Water Tankers at PHED
wards which is mainly supplied by Karwandia pumping plant. The water is supplied
through reservoirs as well as direct pumping. The water is supplied directly in Baijala,
DM Colony and New area mohalla.
Water crisis is faced mostly by people in northern side of railway due to inadequate
water pumping facilities and lack of distribution system.
Table 6.2: Details of Tube‐Wells in Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Name of the Tube well Size Discharge (Gallons per
hour)
Year of Installation
Daily Hours of operation
Pump No‐6 Karwandia 14*12 35000 1985 18
Pump No‐7 Karwandia 14*12 35000 1985 18
Pump No‐8 Karwandia 14*12 35000 1985 18
Pump No‐9 Karwandia 18*12 45000 2003 18
New Pump
Pump No‐1 14*12 40000 2008 18
Pump No‐2 14*12 40000 2008 18
Pump No‐3 14*12 40000 2008 18
Baijala pump 12*8 15000 1990 8
Fazalganj 10*6 4000 1985 12Source: P.H.E.D, UIDSMT Report, 2007 Sasaram Nagar Parishad
6.3.1 Water distribution System zonewise: Northern & Southern Zone
Sources of Water Supply system/ Pumping Station
In northern side Baijala pumping station is the main source where as in
southern side the main source of water is Karwandia pumping station.
Number of H.Y. Tub well (functioning)
Only 1 tube well is available for pumping in northern zone but in southern side
there are 4 tube wells available for water pumping.
Quantity of water supplied (in percentage of total supply)
Southern zone (5837 KLD) has more than 7 times higher quantity of water
supply than northern zone (730 KLD).
Population coverage
Total coverage is 30 % at town level and
out of which only 26 % of populations are
covered in northern zone and 74% of
population covered in southern zone.
Pump capacity at source
In northern area only 1 pump is available
for water pumping and capacity of pump is
only 15 H.P. where as in southern area 4 nos. of pumps are available with the
capacity of 265 H.P.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐4
Storage reservoir
In northern area there is no reservoir available but in southern zone there are 3
water reservoirs available with the capacity of 350000 Gallon (Sump House),
50000 Gallon (Over head tank) and 100000 Gallon (Over head tank) capacity.
Level of water supply
Water supply in entire town is about 30 LPCD. There uneven distribution and
inadequate supply of water per capita in northern and southern zone such as
62.76 LPCD in southern zone and only 20.75 LPCD.
Distribution system existing
Distribution system in northern area is 4.3 km long, ranging from 300 mm dia to
100 mm dia, whereas, in southern area it is 25 km ranging from 350 mm dia to
80 mm dia.
6.3.2 Water Distribution Arrangements ‐ Tube Wells
There are 4 no. of high yield Tube well functioning within their service life at the south
side of Railway since 1985. Three new pumps have been installed in the city in the year
2008 with the discharge capacity of 40000 gallon per hour. The Fazalgunj tube well has
the lowest discharging capacity. The details of the tube wells in Sasaram Nagar Parishad
are given above in Table 6.2.
6.3.3 Over Head Tanks/ Reservoirs:
Water is distributed through gravity from overhead
reservoirs. Since Sasaram is at a higher altitude than
the water source, initially this water is to be pumped
to these overhead reservoirs. This pumping has been
consuming a huge power supply, thus increasing the
financial burden over the Sasaram Nagar Parishad.
There are four storage reservoir exists in Sasaram.
Total 7lakh gallon water is supplied through reservoirs by supplying 3.5 lakh gallon two
times a day. Capacity and location of the storage reservoir are given below in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3: Details of Over head water tanks reservoirs and water sumps
S.N. Location Capacity (gallon)
1 P.H.E.D Campus 1,00,000
2 Hospital Campus 1,00,000
3 Nurat Ganj 1,00,000
5 Gola Market 50000 Source: P.H.E.D, UIDSMT Report, 2007 Sasaram Nagar Parishad
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐5
6.3.4 Distribution Network:
Total 47.3 km of water supply pipe line is available for town’s supply. The details of
distribution network are given below in Table 6.4. The rising main is 10 Kms in length
with 18” dia and distribution line is 25 Kms in length with 14” dia. Other than that 8 Kms
separate line known as jail pipeline with 6” dia and 4.3 Kms pipeline with 3” to 12” dia
Lalganj (Baijala) pipeline has been also laid in the city.
Table 6.4: Distribution network line in Sasaram Nagar Parishad
S.N. Type of Pipe line Length Diameter1 Rising Main 10 Kms 18”
2 Distribution Line 25 Kms 14”
3 Jail Pipeline (Separate line) 8 Kms 6”
4 Lalganj (Baijala) Pipe line 4.3 Kms 3” – 12” Source: P.H.E.D, UIDSMT Report, 2007 Sasaram Nagar Parishad
6.3.5 Water treatment facility:
No special water treatment facility exists in Sasaram Nagar Parishad only sodium
hypochlorite and bleaching powder also are used as a disinfectant for the ground water.
6.4 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS (AS PER UDPFI AND CPHEEO
GUIDELINES)
At present water is supplied at 25‐30 liters/capita/day which are less than the desired
minimum standard for city like Sasaram. According to the UDPFI guidelines, the
desirable amount is about 135 litres /capita /day for cities. Therefore, all the projections
for water supply network are done as per requirement for cities i.e. 135 litres
/capita/day.
According to the CPHEEO Guidelines, 135 litres /capita /day are required for the cities
with piped water and where sewerage system is existed. Since the sewerage system will
be laid in the city in near future, water demand of the city is assumed as 135 litres
/capita/ day.
For meeting the current demand to cover entire population of 178719 persons, 17.87
MLD water is required at the standard rate of 100 LPCD for first phase. Since, the City
has present supply of 4.38 MLD, presently there is gap of 13.49 MLD in water supply
(Table 6.5). In the future, water demand will further increase with increase in the
population. For the projected population of 243208 persons for the year 2021, 32.83
MLD will be required and 322191 persons for the year 2030, 43.49 MLD will be
required. Thus additional supply of 39.11 MLD is required by the year 2030.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐6
Table 6.5: Gap in Water Supply: Sasaram, City
Description Estimated population Water Demand Availability Deficit
In No. MLD MLD MLD
Base Stage (2011) 178719 17.87 @100 LPCD 4.38 MLD ‐ 13.49Second Phase (2021) 243208 32.83 @135 LPCD ‐ ‐ 28.45Target Stage (2030) 322191 43.49 @135 LPCD ‐ ‐ 39.11
6.5 SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 6.6: SWOT Analysis of Water Supply
Strengths Opportunities
Ground water quality is good and confirms the
drinking water standards.
Willingness of PHED department and Sasaram
Nagar Parishad to strengthen the water
supply system of Sasaram.
Water quality is comparatively better
than other towns.
Weakness Threats
Present supply of water is only 25‐30 LPCD Distribution system is very old and need
replacement and renovation Low efficiency of tariff collection
Sasaram comes under drought prone
zone because of low rainfall.
Continuous depletion of ground water
Deteriorating quality of ground water
Absence of perennial source of water
6.6 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
The key issues and concerns regarding water supply in Sasaram City are:
Inadequate Coverage in city.
At present water is provided at the rate of only 25‐30 LPCD.
High distribution Losses (50 %).
Limited water supply duration (only 4 hrs Supply /day).
Distribution network is very old, thus leading to high losses and contamination
of the water.
Illegal connections.
Lack of awareness.
No provision for efficient collection of user charges (No separate charges for
water supply; included in house tax)
No metered connections.
Weak water management System.
Inadequate staff.
Absence of data recording and updating system.
Quality of ground water is deteriorating due to over exploitation and
contamination.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐7
6.7 SECTOR VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
6.7.1 Vision & Goals
“To enhance the coverage and access to piped water supply in the city area to 100%
and 24 hours a day to create a system for continuous quality water in an equitable,
efficient, and sustainable manner.”
The whole city including slum areas should be covered with water supply network.
Supply of 100 LPCD of safe drinking water should be accomplished by the end of phase‐I
(2016) and supply of 135 LPCD should be accomplished in later phases. 24 hrs water
supplies may not be the priority during the year 2016 but is a goal for the year 2021 and
2030. Quality of water should be good and safe for its users. (Table 6.7).
Table 6.7: Service Level Benchmarking‐ water Supply: Sasaram City
SN Components Benchmark Existing Status
(2010‐11) Phase‐I(2011‐16)
Phase‐II (2016‐21)
Phase‐III(2021‐30)
1 Coverage of Water Supply Connections
100% 30 % 80% 100% 100%
2 Per capita availability of water at consumer end
135 LPCD 25‐30 LPCD 100 LPCD 135 LPCD 135 LPCD
3 Extent of metering of water connections
100% 0 % 40 % 80% 100%
4 Extent of non revenue water
20% 50 % 30% 25% 20%
5 Continuity of Water Supply
24 hrs 4 hrs 10 hrs 12‐16 hrs 20‐24 hrs
6 Quality of Water Supplied
100% 70‐80 % 80 % 90% 100%
7 Efficiency in redressed of customer complaints
80% 50 % 80 % 100% 100%
8 Cost recovery in water supply services
100% 30 % 60% 80% 100%
9 Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges
90% 30 % 60 % 80% 100%
6.7.2 Development Strategies
All dwelling units accessible to existing water distribution lines need to be
connected urgently.
All illegal connections to be regularized on priority.
Condition of the present water supply network need to be assessed.
Need for improvement and up gradation of pumping station and
establishment of Treatment Plant for supplying water for drinking purpose.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Water Supply 6‐8
Construction of Overhead Tanks to meet the future demand and present
deficit for water storage.
Efforts should be made to reduce water losses in transmission and
distribution. (The contingency provision of 15‐20% to be made to account for
the losses).
The old water pipelines need to be replaced as these are damaged exposed
and have leakage problem at many places.
Water tankers service need to be initiated to cover outer areas and those
areas where water supply scheme is not accessible, to avoid spread of water
borne diseases.
Provisions to be made for storage and treatment of rain water to reduce
dependence on ground water which is depleting and recharge ground water
table.
Detail project Report for Integrated water supply scheme should be prepared
for the city.
Rooftop rainwater harvesting should be made mandatory in building bye‐laws
and necessary amendment in the bye laws may be initiated accordingly.
Metering coupled with improved recovery of revenue will certainly help to
reduce the revenue expenditure gap.
Tariff for the recycled treated wastewater should be fixed to encourage its
non‐potable use such as gardening, horticulture and other uses.
Installations of meters at all strategic locations on the main trunk line will
help in detection and subsequently removal of theft.
Public Private Partnership
6.8 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
Table 6.8: Identified Projects for Water Supply: Sasaram City
S.N. Identified Projects Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
Qty Qty Qty
1 Main W/S pipeline 10 Km ‐ ‐
3 Up gradation of Existing Pipeline 52 Km ‐ ‐
4 New distribution W/S pipeline 34 Km 15 Km ‐
6 Construction of underground Tank, Pump house with 4 no. of pump sets (Raw water)
1 Nos. ‐ ‐
7 Overhead reservoirs (10 lakh liters capacity each) 4 Nos. 3 Nos. ‐
8 Underground reservoirs (20 ML) 2 Nos. 2 Nos. ‐
9 Filtration / Treatment works (60 MLD) 1 Nos. ‐ ‐
10 Operation & Maintenance and other Charges LS LS LS
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Sanitation and Sewerage i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7 SANITATION AND SEWERAGE ......................................................................... 7‐1 7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 7‐1 7.2 EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................. 7‐1 7.3 HOUSEHOLD TOILETS ........................................................................................... 7‐1 7.4 MEANS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL ............................................................................ 7‐2 7.5 PUBLIC TOILETS .................................................................................................... 7‐2 7.6 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS (AS PER UDPFI GUIDELINES) 7‐3 7.7 SWOT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 7‐3 7.8 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ......................................................................................... 7‐4 7.9 VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ................................................. 7‐4 7.9.1 Vision ................................................................................................................... 7‐4 7.9.2 Goals .................................................................................................................... 7‐5 7.9.3 Development Strategies ...................................................................................... 7‐5 7.10 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS .......................................................................................... 7‐6
List of Tables
Table 7.1: Sewerage future Generation, 2030: Sasaram City ......................................... 7‐3 Table 7.2: SWOT Analysis of Sewerage and Sanitation ................................................... 7‐3 Table 7.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking – Sewerage and Sanitation .............. 7‐4 Table 7.4: Identified Projects for Sewerage System: Sasaram City ................................. 7‐6
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Sanitation and Sewerage 7‐1
7 SANITATION AND SEWERAGE
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Sanitation is vital for human health, generates economic benefits, contributes to dignity
and social development, and helps the environment. Sanitation is important to have
healthy and hygienic conditions in the town. Sanitation is means of hygiene reflecting
the quality of life of residents of any town. Sewerage, the core element of physical
infrastructure, determines the environmental status of any settlement. Development of
appropriate sewerage carriage system with efficient treatment acts as a prerequisite for
facilitating balanced and harmonized development. Augmentation of existing systems/
treatment facilities as well as adoption of new technologies of waste treatment is now
being focused to cover its total population under sewerage network system.
Governments’ limited spending on sanitation often reflects general awareness, apathy
which is, more than technical or economic, constraints in the context of competing
demands for resources.
Sewerage, the core element of physical infrastructure, determines the environmental
status of any settlement. Development of appropriate sewerage carriage system with
efficient treatment acts as a prerequisite for facilitating balanced and harmonized
development. Augmentation of existing systems/ treatment facilities as well as
adoption of new technologies of waste treatment is now being focused to cover its total
population under sewerage network system.
7.2 EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Presently there is lack of sewerage network system in
Sasaram. There is no underground or piped sewer system in
Sasaram. The waste water flows into the road side small
open channels and ultimately discharges into drains,
Shersah Suri canal and Nallahs. As per standard norms,
waste water generated is 80% of the water supply. With this approximately 37.09 MLD
of waste water is generated per day in Sasaram city.
7.3 HOUSEHOLD TOILETS
As per latest information collected from SPUR in 2010, out of the total 20028
households, 77.60% of the households have access to septic tank type of sanitary
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Sanitation and Sewerage 7‐2
toilets. Rest of the households are having insanitary toilets, using community toilets or
defecating in open.
In the year 2001 as per the Census of India, almost 17 % (3011 HH) of the total
households had no latrines and 83 % (14573HH) households have access to latrine
facilities in Sasaram city.
In the year 2001 as per the Census of India, 58% (10178 HH) households had individual
water closet. Other than this, almost 10 % (1791 HH) of the total households had pit
latrines and almost 15 % (2604 HH) had other low cost latrines. 17% of households had
no latrines.
Thus above mentioned status of access to toilets in 2001 and 2010 shows that,
sanitation condition got deterioted in Sasaram town from 2001(83 %) to 2010 (77%)
showing that a special attention has to be given to improve the health and hygiene by
improving sanitation in city.
7.4 MEANS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
The septic tank system prevails in Sasaram for Sewage disposal. The septic tanks are
connected either to soak pits or drains. Sullage overflows
from the household septic tank into open drains, which are
further disposed off into other drains, Shersah Canal, Nallah
or any low lying areas. Most of these drains are chocked due
to disposal of garbage into them, and they also overflow
during the monsoon. Only 27 % of the total households are
connected to closed drains for disposal of waste water. These
are mainly high end government housing along the main
transportation corridor. 63% of the total households are
connected to open drains and 9% of the total households are not having any type of
drainage connectivity and hence their waste water was flowing outside on roads
creating unhygienic conditions.
7.5 PUBLIC TOILETS
Public toilets are important to be provided on public
places like commercial areas, near government offices,
bus stand etc. As per data provided by SPUR Cell, there
are 3 public toilets in Sasaram Nagar Parishad. Although
the city has facility of public or community toilets, there is
need of more public toilets near highly crowded public
areas or market areas, bus stand, such as Bauliya Chauk, Gandhi Chauk (Dharmshala
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Sanitation and Sewerage 7‐3
Chauk), Railway Station, Shershah Suri Tomb area, etc. The individual houses have soak
pits for waste disposal. About 23% of the total households of the town do not have
access to toilets or defecate in the open which creates unhygienic condition due to
unavailability of latrines. These households are part of slums. Thus, there is an urgent
need of more community toilets for the slums also.
7.6 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS (AS PER UDPFI GUIDELINES)
As per CPEEHO manual, sewage generated is considered as 80% of the water supply. In
the year 2011, total population is around 178719 persons, thus @80LPCD about 14.29
MLD of sewage was generated. The total amount generated will increase to 26.26 MLD
by the year 2021 and about 34.79 MLD by the year 2030. Since there is no sewerage
system in the city at present, and as the population will increase, the city will become
more congested, thus there is an urgent need to lay down underground sewer network.
To meet the demand for the projected population as well as present population total
capacity of approximate 34.79 MLD sewage network will be required. (Table 7.4)
Table 7.1: Sewerage future Generation, 2030: Sasaram City
Description Estimated population Sewerage Generation @ 80% of
water supply
Base Stage (2011) 178719 14.29
Intermediate Phase (2021) 243208 26.26
Target Stage (2030) 322191 34.79
In addition to sewerage network, a Sewerage Treatment Plant of 50 MLD capacity will
be required to sustain the future demand.
7.7 SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 7.2: SWOT Analysis of Sewerage and Sanitation
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES
Willingness of Sasaram Nagar Parishad to develop sewerage network and to improve sanitation condition in the city.
Easy availability of funds from various funding agency including State and Central Govt. grants under various schemes.
WEAKNESS THREATS
Lack of awareness towards environmental sustainability.
Absence of sewerage system. Lack of Public and community
toilets.
Increase in pollution level during rainy season. Unhygienic condition prevails in public places. Open defecation along open drains, water bodies
and Shersah canal. Intermixing of waste water with storm water Flowing of untreated waste water into drains, water
bodies and Shersah canal.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Sanitation and Sewerage 7‐4
7.8 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Sasaram is growing at a rapid pace, and this necessitates provision of underground
sewer system. Analysis from the sewerage sector reveals that sewerage network
coverage needs to be introduced in the city area. The major key issues and findings are
as under –
Lack of sanitation facility in individual households as well as community or public
toilets (only 3) in town leads to open defecation along open drains, water bodies
and Shersah Canal causing pollution.
No existing sewerage system.
Household waste water flows into open and closed drains and finally enters into
Shersah Canal and creates unhealthy condition. This result in clogging of the
storm water drains and leads to health hazard for the whole community.
Wastewater recycling and reuse is negligible and there is no provision of
collection and treatment of waste water before disposing.
7.9 VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
7.9.1 Vision
“To make city free from open defecation and to provide healthy environment for all
their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities.”
In order to achieve the above Vision have been set which have been detailed in Table
7.3.
Table 7.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking – Sewerage and Sanitation
S.N. INDICATORS BenchmarkPresent Status
(2010‐2011)
Goals Phase‐I (2011‐16)
Phase‐II (2016‐21)
Phase‐III (2021‐30)
1 Coverage of Toilets 100% 70% 80% 100% 100%
2 Coverage of Sewerage Network Services
100% 0% 70% 90% 100%
3 Collection Efficiency of Sewerage Network
100% ‐ 60% 90% 100%
4 Adequacy of Sewage treatment capacity
100% ‐ 70% 80% 100%
5 Quality of sewage treatment
100% ‐ 80% 90% 100%
6 Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage
20% ‐ 5% 10% 20%
7 Efficiency in redressed of customer complaints
80% ‐ 20% 60% 80%
8 Extent of cost recovery in sewage management
100% ‐ 20% 40% 80%
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Sanitation and Sewerage 7‐5
S.N. INDICATORS BenchmarkPresent Status
(2010‐2011)
Goals Phase‐I (2011‐16)
Phase‐II (2016‐21)
Phase‐III (2021‐30)
9 Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges
90% ‐ 20% 40% 80%
The overall goal is to transform Sasaram town into community driven, totally sanitized,
healthy, and livable city.
7.9.2 Goals
Awareness Generation and Behaviour Change:
Achieving Open Defecation Free City:
Integrated City‐Wide Sanitation
Mainstream thinking, planning and implementing measures related to
sanitation in all sectors and departmental domains as a cross‐cutting issue,
especially in all urban management actions;
Extending access to proper sanitation facilities for poor communities and
other un‐served settlements;
7.9.3 Development Strategies
Approach towards providing 100% access to toilets would be adopted to
eradicate open defecation.
A comprehensive sewerage network shall be laid as long term strategy. 100%
network coverage will be achieved in the first phase (presently developed areas)
and future geographical expansion of the town will be covered under phase‐II.
As a short term strategy, wastewater treatment plant should be installed on
major drain at suitable location wherein all other drains will also be connected
before disposing.
Considering the sizeable number of different types of non‐compatible toilets
existing in Sasaram, there will be provisions of community toilet blocks
particularly in slums and EWS housing areas connected to sewerage system.
Access to sewerage network to all the households, community and public toilet
blocks will be ensured to avoid flowing of waste into open drains.
The sewerage network proposed will be a comprehensive system which will
ensure that all wastewater is collected, treated and disposed off easily.
For effective service delivery, the system will function in a decentralised manner
and also for ease of operation and maintenance.
Effort will be made to encourage pay and use public conveniences through PPP
arrangements.
Community toilets shall be maintained through community participation.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Sanitation and Sewerage 7‐6
Consultants recommend an integrated planning and implementation of water
supply‐drainage‐sewerage‐SWM to optimize the benefits including recycling and
reuse of water.
Recycling of treated waste water with separate lines for potable water and
recycled water for non drinking purposes in big hotels, industrial units, air
conditioning of large buildings, and irrigation of parks/green areas. For this, dual
pipe supply system shall be introduced.
All non‐residential buildings having a discharge of over 10,000 litres a day should
incorporate waste water recycling.
Master Plan for Sewerage System for the whole city needs to be prepared on
the priority basis.
To accommodate 100% city area and 100% households projected for the year
2030. Charges can be adjusted with property tax/ house tax.
7.10 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
Table 7.4: Identified Projects for Sewerage System: Sasaram City
S.N. IDENTIFIED PROJECTS PHASE‐I PHASE‐II PHASE‐III
Qty Qty Qty
SEWERAGE 1 Main Pipe line installation 10 km ‐ ‐
2 Secondary & Collector line 50 km 26 km 15 km
3 Treatment plant of 50 MLD capacity ‐ 1 No. (50 MLD) ‐
SANITATION 4 Community Toilets 8 Nos. 2 Nos. ‐
5 Public Toilets 2 Nos. ‐ ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Drainage i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8 DRAINAGE ..................................................................................................... 8‐1 8.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 8‐1 8.2 NATURAL SLOPE OF TOWN ................................................................................ 8‐1 8.3 EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................. 8‐1 8.4 HIERARCHY OF DRAINS ...................................................................................... 8‐1 8.4.1 Length of drains and Coverage .......................................................................... 8‐2 8.4.2 Flood Prone Area / Water logging areas ............................................................ 8‐2 8.4.3 Household accessibility to drains ....................................................................... 8‐2 8.5 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS ............................................. 8‐3 8.6 SWOT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 8‐3 8.7 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ........................................................................................ 8‐3 8.8 VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ............................................. 8‐4 8.8.1 Vision .................................................................................................................. 8‐4 8.8.2 Development Strategies ..................................................................................... 8‐4 8.9 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ......................................................................................... 8‐5
List of Tables
Table 8.1: Demand and Supply Gaps of Drains: Sasaram town ...................................... 8‐3 Table 8.2: SWOT Analysis of Drainage ............................................................................. 8‐3 Table 8.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking –Storm water Drains & water Bodies8‐4 Table 8.4 : Identified to improve the drainage system of the Sasaram town ................. 8‐5
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Drainage 8‐1
8 DRAINAGE
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Drainage is an important element of physical infrastructure and constitutes removal
and disposal of surplus rainwater from the land. Since urban expansion is inevitable,
increase run‐off would require remodeling of the existing drains. Provision of
new/supplementary drains. Provision of appropriate drainage in marginal settlements
consisting of slum clusters; informal/unauthorized colonies etc require special
attention.
8.2 NATURAL SLOPE OF TOWN
The southern part of town has uneven topography with a slope from north to south
while the northern portion of the town has a slope towards south west. The southern
part has some rugged terrain towards Tara Chandi Temple and Chandan Peer Hill.
Central town area and area along NH‐2 (Old GT road) is almost plain.
8.3 EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Only 20% of the existing road network of the city is
covered with drainage which includes both pucca
and kutcha drains. Drainage system is almost absent
in Sasaram. Present system is majorly comprises of
open kutcha drains running along the major Roads
only. Further 80% of the town is not having even
small drains. The total road length including pucca
and kutcha; of Sasaram is about 88 Km and there
will be requirement of 176 kms of drainage network including both sides of roads. But
out of 176 kms, only about 8 Km of drains have been laid in the city. About 80% of roads
are still devoid of drainage network.
Total length of the drains for the whole city is 8 kms out of which length of major drain
is 5 and length of other drain is 3 kms.
8.4 HIERARCHY OF DRAINS
There is no proper hierarchy of drains in the city. Primary and secondary drains of the
city are not getting complete outfall of tertiary drains. Many of the tertiary or
secondary drains are directly disposed off into the Nallah.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Drainage 8‐2
8.4.1 Length of drains and Coverage
Total length of the drains for the whole city is 7.65 kms out of which length of pukka
drain is 4.65 and length of kutcha drain is 3 kms. Only 20% of town is covered with
drainage facility which is also in a very poor condition.
8.4.2 Flood Prone Area / Water logging areas
Areas lying south of Railway line and Old GT road have
inadequate drainage system and remains water logged.
Gandhi road to Gola bazaar, Bus stand areas, Railway
station areas, stadium etc are problematic areas in terms of
water logging during rainy season. Further colonies on
southern areas have no drainage.
Thus absence of drainage system in substantial amount of area causes water logging
and flooding is a serious issue. In addition to that drain over flows due to silting, solid
waste disposal clogging and encroachment by shopkeepers. Thus overall drainage
system of the town needs to be improved.
8.4.3 Household accessibility to drains
As per the household census of India 2001, the connectivity of houses to waste water
outlet of Sasaram Nagar Parishad, 91% of household were having accessibility to waste
water outlet out of which 64 % are connected to open drains and only 27% are
connected to closed drains. 9% of household was not having accessibility to drains.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Drainage 8‐3
8.5 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS
Total existing road length of the city is 86 kms but existing length of drains is only 7.65
km. Thus there is a gap of 164.35 km. in the drainage network in the city as compared
to the road network.
Table 8.1: Demand and Supply Gaps of Drains: Sasaram town
Categories Length
Existing Drainage (In Km) 7.65
Pucca Drainage (In Km) 4.65
Kutcha Drainage (In Km) 3.0
Gaps and Requirement of Drainage (In Km) 164.35
Additional proposed drains as per new proposed road (In Km) 30
Total Drainage in the City (In Km) 194.35Source‐ SPUR Cell
8.6 SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 8.2: SWOT Analysis of Drainage
Strengths Opportunities
Drainage system available in few wards
Areas available to construct drainage network in most of the wards
Political will and administrative machinery have positive thinking to deal this problem
Weakness Threats
Drains are clogged with garbage Canal is using for disposal of waste Water logging and flooding in low
lying areas and most of the wards Cleaning of drain through
conventional methods
Increase in pollution and unhygienic condition during rainy season.
Spread of water borne diseases Topography of the town does not support natural
flow of drainage at northern and north‐eastern part of the city.
8.7 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Negligible coverage by drainage system in the city
is a major area of concern.
Water logging and flooding in low lying areas, i.e.
common in northern part and southern area of GT
Road such as Gandhi Path, Bouliya Road, Gola
Bazar, Jani Bazar, Bus Stand area, Railway station
and stadium area etc.
Most of the drains are clogged with garbage, due to lack of awareness amongst
people and no regular cleaning system.
Encroachment into water bodies and blocking of natural drainage channels need
to be prevented.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Drainage 8‐4
Sher Sah Suri Canal has turned into nallahs and has become a source of pollution
for the city.
The north and north‐eastern slope of the city is naturally obstructed creates
problem of water logging.
80% of total drains are open drains.
Only 9% of kutcha and pucca Roads are provided with drainage facility.
9% of households are not having accessibility to waste water outlet.
Low lying areas mentioned above are water logged during rainy season.
Drains are acting as sewer lines. Storm water drains, open drains and storm
outfall carries septic tank effluent and even untreated sewage from many parts
of the city.
The construction of unplanned colonies in the town has been further
aggravating the water logging in the recent past.
The town has poor capacity for effective periodic maintenance of the drains in
terms of cleaning and desilting and poor maintenance due to limited resources.
Disposal of solid waste into open drains results in chocking of drains.
8.8 VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
8.8.1 Vision
“To align, develop and manage the existing drainage network and to cover the entire
city integrating with Main Canal and Nallah”.
The priority should be Rehabilitation of Existing Nala’s and water Bodies so that they
can be used as water recharging structures. (Table 8.3)
Table 8.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking –Storm water Drains & water Bodies
S.N. Indicators Benchmark Present Status(2010‐2011)
Phase‐I (2011‐16)
Phase‐II (2016‐21)
Phase‐III (2021‐30)
1
Coverage of storm water drainage network
100% 20%
100%(In
developed area)
100% for Future Geographical Growth)
2 Incidence of water logging /flooding
0%
Water logging areas‐ Gandhi road to Gola bazaar, Bus stand areas, Railway station areas, stadium etc
100% Controlled
‐
8.8.2 Development Strategies
Repairing and strengthening of existing drains.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Drainage 8‐5
To convert open and kutcha drains into covered and pucca drains will avoid
silting and blockage of drains due to waste dumping into open drains and
open defecation along drains.
100% network coverage will be achieved with the adequate capacity in the
first phase (presently developed area) and future geographical expansion of
the town will be covered under phase‐II.
Water logging especially in low lying areas will be taken area on priority.
Consultants recommend an integrated planning and implementation of water
supply‐drainage‐sewerage‐SWM to optimise the benefits including recycling
and reuse of water.
Installation of waste water treatment plant at suitable locations to avoid
emptying the untreated waste water into river as a short term measure
Public Private Partnership.
8.9 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
To achieve the set goals and to fulfil the vision, detailed projects have been identified to
improve the drainage system of the Sasaram town which is shown in Table 8.4
Table 8.4 : Identified to improve the drainage system of the Sasaram town
S.N. Identified Projects Phase‐I(2011‐16)
Phase‐II (2016‐21)
Phase‐III (2021‐30
Qty Qty Qty
1 Strengthening of existing drains 7.65 kms ‐ ‐
2 Main Drain 10kms ‐ ‐
3 Secondary and Tertiary Drains 154.35 kms 30 kms ‐
4 Construction of Waste Water Treatment Plant of 5 MLD capacity each
1 1 ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 9‐1 9.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 9‐1 9.2 EXISTING STATUS ................................................................................................ 9‐1 9.2.1 Quantity of Waste Generated and Collected ..................................................... 9‐1 9.2.2 Transportation and Disposal .............................................................................. 9‐2 9.2.3 Vehicles and Staff ............................................................................................... 9‐3 9.2.4 Reuse / Recycling ............................................................................................... 9‐3 9.3 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS ............................................. 9‐3 9.4 SWOT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 9‐4 9.5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS ...................................................................................... 9‐4 9.6 CITY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLAN .................................................. 9‐5 9.6.1 Vision .................................................................................................................. 9‐5 9.6.2 Development Strategies ..................................................................................... 9‐6 9.7 PROJECT IDENTIFIED .......................................................................................... 9‐6
List of Tables
Table 9.1: Type and Number of Vehicles ..................................................................................... 9‐3 Table 9.2: SWOT Analysis of Solid Waste Management .............................................................. 9‐4 Table 9.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking –Solid Waste Management .......................... 9‐5 Table 9.4: Projects Identified for Solid Waste Management ....................................................... 9‐6
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management 9‐1
9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management, an obligatory function of city is poorly performed resulting in
problems of health, sanitation, and environmental degradation in most of the cities.
Unless concerted efforts are made to improve the flow of resources to solid waste
management and build up systems that incorporate the basic requirements of a proper
waste management practice, the problem will keep aggravating.
9.2 EXISTING STATUS
9.2.1 Quantity of Waste Generated and Collected
Generation
As per latest information collected from SPUR Cell, presently about 90 MT of Domestic
solid waste is being generated every day and collection is only 40 % i.e. 36 MT within
the administrative jurisdiction of Sasaram. The local residents of the city generate solid
waste at the rate of about 500 grams per capita per day on an average, which is very
high as per the standard/norm of 250‐ 350 grams per capita per day prescribed in the
manual of Municipal Solid Waste Management, CPHEEO. Since the city is not fully
developed, presently solid waste generation is high. But it would increase in the future
as the city is supposed to be fully developed with time. Solid waste generation in
Sasaram has been almost doubled from 2001 to 2011.
Solid waste generation for the future population 322191 in 2030 has been designed on
the basis of SPUR and CPHEEO norms and standards. Total solid waste generation for
the 2030 will be 112.76 MT/Day (@350 gram per capita).
The average generation of solid waste includes waste generated by local inhabitants,
Vegetable and fruit markets, meat and fish and slaughterhouse, construction and
demolition and hospital wastes (non – infectious and non‐hazardous). The major source
of waste generation in the city is the domestic sector which generates almost about
60% of the total municipal solid waste, followed by waste generated by commercial.
Waste Storage and Segregation
The scientific and systematic storage of waste at source is not in practice and in the
absence of the desirable system of storage of waste at source; the waste is thrown on
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management 9‐2
the streets, treating streets as receptacle of waste. There are no vermicompost pits in
the whole city of decomposition of organic waste.
Collection
In Sasaram, the systematic collection of waste is still primitive. 40 % of waste (about 36
MT) is collected per day by Sasaram Nagar Parishad. The primary collection of waste is
effected through depositing of wastes by waste
producers and by the sweepers appointed by
Sasaram Nagar Parishad into the community waste
bins.
There are only 25 community bins installed in the
city and 40 % of waste is collected per day by
Sasaram Nagar Parishad. Thus, solid waste collection
system should be enhanced by the city to enable
100% collection of the solid waste.
The process of street sweeping of waste is still in primitive nature in the city. The
Sanitary workers collect heaps of solid waste strewn on the street. These heaps of solid
waste are then taken to the nearest temporary waste storage point. Apart from these,
there is weak system of street sweeping. In practice the streets are swept once in a day
by sweepers of Municipal Corporation. Lack of door to door collection system in all
wards.
Apart from this only few wards major roads are maintained by Sasaram Nagar Parishad.
9.2.2 Transportation and Disposal
After collection of solid waste from community bins and streets, it is taken to the open
dumping and for land filling site by the tractors & trucks of Sasaram Nagar Parishad. The
disposal site of the city is located at Rohtas Stadium area along GT Road outside the
town Road and southern side of the city towards the southern direction. There is no any
disposal ground has been allotted to Sasaram Nagar Parishad. Bio‐medical wastes are
collected separately.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management 9‐3
9.2.3 Vehicles and Staff
About 90 MT of waste is generated per day in the town. Total capacity of vehicles and
supporting infrastructure to manage solid waste is about 36 MT. The city has 3 tractors,
1Polyloader, 40 Hand Rickshaw and 40 Thela, 6 Bailgadi, 5 Tipper and 1 Hydrolic Tipper
for collection of solid waste (Table 9.5). In these vehicles, solid waste is fed by staff
members of the municipality. The numbers of sweepers are 231 for this purpose is
inadequate. Thus, 36 MT of solid waste is collected every day. (Table 9.5)
Table 9.1: Type and Number of Vehicles
S. N. Vehicle available For SWM Quantity in Numbers
1 Tractors 3
2 Polyloader 1
3 Hand Rickshaw 40
4 Thela 40
5 Bailgadi 6
6 Tipper 5
7 Hydrolic Tipper 1
Total 92 Source: Sasaram Nagar Parishad
9.2.4 Reuse / Recycling
Sasaram town has adopted only the dumping and land filling as the method of disposal
of waste as on today. Currently, neither the waste is treated in a systematic and
scientific manner while disposing nor it is recycled or reuse. As a result the whole area
in and around the disposal site is unhygienic and posing serious threat to the
environment and public health.
9.3 PRESENT & FUTURE DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAPS
As per both CPHEEO and UDPFI Guidelines, residential solid waste is generated at the
rate of 350 grams /capita /day. Thus estimate of solid waste generation for the city is
done on the basis of CPHEEO and UDPFI standard. Present and future demand & supply
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management 9‐4
gaps are calculated for Sasaram Nagar Parishad after comparative analysis with the
UDPFI and CPHEEO Guidelines.
In Sasaram, the city area with projected population of 322191persons is estimated to
generate around 112.76 MT of solid waste per day at 350 Kg/cap/day by the year 2030
as per UDPFI and CPHEEO Norms. The future demand assessment is carried out based
on the projected population. Presently collection is only 40 % (36 MT). The current gap
is around 60 % (54 MT) and for the year 2030, it will be target to achieve 100 % of
collection and disposal of waste
Such a high volume of waste generation demands a strategic approach for disposal in
addition of the need for initiating steps to reduce, recover, reuse and recycling
strategies. The future demand assessment is carried out based on the projected
population. The average quantity of waste generation based on the design population
of Sasaram in various horizon years is as follows.
9.4 SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 9.2: SWOT Analysis of Solid Waste Management
Strengths Opportunities
Availability of land for development
of scientific solid waste disposal
arrangement.
Willingness of the Nagar Parishad for
implementing collection, transportation,
and disposal of solid waste under solid
waste management.
Weakness Threats
Absence of organized sanctioned
dumping site.
Dumping of solid waste on available
open spaces within the town.
Shersah Canal and drains/Nallahs are
using as solid waste disposal points.
Drains are clogged with garbage.
Inefficient collection and
transportation of waste.
Lack of awareness towards
environmental pollution and its adverse
effects.
Absence of scientific disposal of waste
Intermixing of hazardous waste with
other waste because of no segregation
practice may affect the health of the
residents.
9.5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS
Storage and segregation at source is generally absent in Sasaram.
Waste generated from the major markets in the city lack adequate storage
facilities.
The collection system is inadequate, only 40% of the waste generated is
collected.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management 9‐5
The wastes are not treated in a systematic and scientific manner while
disposing.
The habit of dumping of waste in streets and on open and vacant plots may
cause not only health hazard and fire but also a potential breeding ground for
vectors and diseases.
It may also contaminate ground water. The solid waste dumped on the edges of
road and Nallah. Canal’s and pond’s water is contaminating the water, thereby
posing threat to the aqua ecosystem, and also degrading the natural beauty.
Most serious hazard posing as of today is the non segregation of hospital waste
into the solid waste before disposing it off.
Inefficient collection and transportation system of solid waste in the city.
Treatment and disposal of waste is not as per SWHR.
9.6 CITY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLAN
9.6.1 Vision
“To provide environment friendly and sustainable waste management system with
waste reduction and recovery mechanisms.”
A Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan has to be prepared for Sasaram Nagar
Parishad Area. To achieve the vision, certain goals have been set to streamline the
implementation of waste management practices which are shown in Table 9.3.
Table 9.3: Goals and Service Level Benchmarking –Solid Waste Management
S.N. Indicators BenchmarkPresent Status (2010‐2011)
Phase‐I (2011‐16)
Phase‐II (2016‐21)
Phase‐III (2021‐30)
1 Household level coverage of SWM services
100% 0% 100% 100% 100%
2 Efficiency of collection of solid waste
100% 40% 100% 100% 100%
3 Extent of segregation of solid waste
100% 0% 100% 100% 100%
4 Extent of solid waste recovered
80% 0%
5 Extent of scientific disposal of solid waste
100% 0% 100% 100% 100%
6 Efficiency in redressed of customer complaints
80% 50% ‐ ‐ ‐
7 Extent of cost recovery in SWM services
100% 0% 40% 80% 100%
8 Efficiency in collection of user charges
90% 0% 40% 80% 90%
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management 9‐6
9.6.2 Development Strategies
Door to door collection should be practiced in entire town.
Local body should make sincere efforts to ensure 100% segregation at source.
Inadequate transportation vehicles and equipments used for collection,
transportation and disposal of waste.
Manual handling of waste should be reduced and adequate safety measures
should be taken care by Sanitary workers
Scientific disposal of waste shall be practiced like development of sanitary
landfill site shall be done on priority.
Waste to entry projects and compost plants are strongly recommended as soon
as the garbage reaches the threshold to support such projects on PPP basis.
Entire SWM system shall be reorganized and adequate provisions have been
proposed to ensure best practices of collection, segregation, transportation and
scientific disposal are adopted for complete operation including cost recovery.
NGOs, environmental organizations should be involved to raise awareness of
better SWM practices right from collection to disposal.
Capacity building and educating workers.
IEC campaigns to be initiated for awareness among residents especially among
urban poor and slum dwellers towards better SWM Practices.
Public Private Partnership
Private organizations need to be involved for collection, segregation, storage
and disposal and they may be permitted to use waste material for recycling or
otherwise for commercial purposes.
9.7 PROJECT IDENTIFIED
To achieve the goals set to improve the quality of life of the residents of Sasaram,
detailed projects have been identified for improved solid waste management systems
which are detailed in Table 9.5.
Table 9.4: Projects Identified for Solid Waste Management
SN Projects Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
1 Solid Waste Management (Operational Cost from
Collection to Disposal) ‐ ‐
2 Vehicles and Equipments
a) Community Bins 225 200 100
b) Closed Trailers for Waste Storage Depot 50 22 15
c) Containers for domestic hazardous waste 20 10 5
b) Containerized Handcarts 210 80 60
c) Containerized Tricycle 100 50 25
d) Seamless handcart for silt removal 177 25 25
e) Asphalt/Concrete of Flooring at the waste storage 9 6 5
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Solid Waste Management 9‐7
SN Projects Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
Depot
g) Tractors/Trailers/Trippers 2 1 1
h) Small Van 2 1 1
k) Bulldozers 1 1 1
l) Loaders 1 1 1
m) Excavators 1 1 1
n) Compactors 1 1 1
o) Water Tankers 1 1 1
3 Landfill site development ‐ ‐ ‐
4 Miscellaneous ‐ ‐ ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10 ROAD AND TRANSPORTATION .................................................................. 10‐1 10.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 10‐1 10.2 REGIONAL LINKAGE TO THE CITY .................................................................... 10‐1 10.3 EXISTING ROAD NETWORK OF SASARAM TOWN ........................................... 10‐2 10.4 INTERSECTIONS/ CHOWKS.............................................................................. 10‐4 10.5 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................. 10‐4 10.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................... 10‐5 10.7 STREET LIGHT .................................................................................................. 10‐6 10.8 ISSUES AND FINDINGS .................................................................................... 10‐6 10.9 SWOT ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 10‐7 10.10 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ........................................................................... 10‐7 10.10.1 Vision .............................................................................................................. 10‐7 10.10.2 Development Strategies ................................................................................. 10‐7 10.11 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ..................................................................................... 10‐8
List of Tables
Table 10.1: Major Roads within the City ........................................................................... 10‐3 Table 10.2: Length of Road Network ................................................................................. 10‐3 Table 10.3: Status of Street Lighting ................................................................................. 10‐6 Table 10.4: SWOT Analysis of Transportation: Sasaram Town .......................................... 10‐7 Table 10.5: Proposed Projects and Estimated Cost: Sasaram town .................................. 10‐8
List of Maps
Map 10.1: Strategic location of Sasaram Map 10.2: Road and Transportation Map 10.3: Proposed Transportation Infrastructure
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐1
10 ROAD AND TRANSPORTATION
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Transport infrastructure forms the backbone of any economy and plays an important
role in the development of a city. The objectives to study the transport sector are to
understand and analyze the present scenario of the system, its potentials and scope of
development to make it reliable, efficient and affordable system.
A well planned road network accompanied by efficient transport system is the key to
the growth of the town. It not only brings down the aggregate cost of intra urban
mobility, but also optimizes aggregate travel time spent in performing innumerable
units of urban activities. Sasaram is well connected to the rest of India and some parts
of the world by roadways and railways. This chapter will include the regional
connectivity, road network of the town, transport infrastructure, issues and findings
and SWOT Analysis on roads and transportation in Sasaram.
10.2 REGIONAL LINKAGE TO THE CITY
Sasaram town is regionally well connected with the regional road network within the
state and to various metropolises in country. Sasaram is regionally connected with NH‐2
leading to New Delhi (at a distance of 925 kms) via Mughalsarai, Varanasi, and
Ghaziabad etc. Also Sasaram is connected to Kolkatta by NH‐2 at a distance of 537 kms.
Regional Connectivity of Sasaram is represented in Map 2.3 (Chapter‐2).
Sasaram town is regionally connected to Patna;
Capital of Bihar located on NH‐30 via Arrah,
Bikramganj through SH‐12 emerges from NH‐2 (Old
GT Road). The town has regional bus service station
and most important links carrying bus traffic are
NH–2 (G.T. Road) which connects Sasaram to all
important cities and towns in district and state as well as out of the state. State
Highway‐ 12 (Arrah Road) and Kochas Road which links northern parts of district as well
as Ramgarh, Bikramganj, Buxar etc and in eastern side to Dehri, Aurangabad, Bodhgaya,
Gaya etc through NH‐2.
Further Sasaram is regionally connected to 3 metropolis, namely, New Delhi, Kolkata
and Mumbai through broad gauge railway line. It is the one of the important station in
Bihar.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐2
Nearest Airport from Sasaram is Gaya International Airport. It is connected to Colombo,
Sri Lanka; Bangkok, Thailand; Singapore, and Bhutan. Gaya Airport is served by Indian
Airlines for domestic flights and Sri Lankan Airlines, Mihin Lanka, Drukair, Jet airways
and Air India for international flights.
Map 10.1: Location and Connectivity of Sasaram
10.3 EXISTING ROAD NETWORK OF SASARAM TOWN
National Highway ‐2 and State highway – 12 pass through the City (Map No. 10.1).
Sasaram is well connected with road network with surrounding areas and towns
through major roads of the city. NH‐2 passing through the heart of the city connects
Sasaram to Kolkata on the east of the town via Dehri, Aurangabad, and Gaya etc and
also to Delhi on the west via Mugalsarai, Varanasi etc. Further towards north, Patna,
state capital is on NH‐30 via SH‐12 which emerges from the Sasaram town through
Bikramganj, Arrah etc.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐3
Apart from that all major roads of the town carries large volume of local & through
traffic connect with NH‐2 (Old GT road). In addition to this highest amount of traffic
volume is on Old GT Road. Shersah Suri Marg or road runs to the famous world heritage
site Shersah Suri Tomb. Gandhi Path mainly connect to southern town area which is
mainly commercial based and old town and Bauliya Road also run towards southern
direction and meet to NH‐2 again near Tarachandi Hill Temple. SH‐12 runs towards bus
stand in northern side and leads to Patna through Bikramganj and Arrah.
Major Internal Roads including PWD and Nagar Nigam Roads are generating main
transportation webs within the city where traffic volumes are highest in peak hours
cause congestion. Other important road networks inside the Sasaram town area are
mentioned in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1: Major Roads within the City
Old GT Road Bank Colony Road
Gandhi Path Station Road
Bouliya Road Bus Stand Road
Sher Sah Suri Road Rauja Road
Prabhakar Road Post Office Road
Total road length including pucca and kutcha in Sasaram Nagar Parishad area is 86 km
out of which 46 Km is surfaced (Pukka) Roads and 40 Kms is unsurfaced (kutcha) Road
which is given in Table 10.2.
Table 10.2: Length of Road Network
ROAD SURFACE LENGTH (KMS) PERCENTAGE
Surfaced Road (Pucca) 46 53
Old NH‐2 (GT Road) 8 9
SH‐12 (To Bikramganj‐Arrah) 4 5
Kochas Road 4 5
Gandhi Path to Gola Bazar 3 3
Gola Bazar to Jani Bazar 3 3
Bauliya Road to Ghanki Jamun (Towards Tara Chandi) 5 6
Gola Bazar to Post Office 4 5
Rauja Road 2 2
Town Road 13 15
Sub Total 46 53
Un‐surfaced Road (Kutcha) 40 47
GRAND TOTAL 86 100
(Source: PWD and Sasaram Nagar Parishad)
The Road system in the inner city/old city area consists of narrow carriage way due to
encroachments along the road such as Old GT road (mainly stretch from Bauliya Chauk
to Town Hall) , Gandhi road, Bauliya Road, SH‐12 and Shersah Suri road. These are also
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐4
main roads which cater to most of the traffic of the town. Width of the major roads
varies from 3 m to 12 m. Parking along the roads due to commercial activities further
reduce the effective space available for movement of traffic.
10.4 INTERSECTIONS/ CHOWKS
Most of the intersection and Chauks are congested due to
encroachments, informal activities and unorganized parking
such as Dharmshala or Gandhi Chauk, Bouliya Chauk, Gola
Bazar Chauk, Post Office Chauk, Rauja Chauk, Bus Stand
Chauk, Dak Bungalow Chauk etc.
These junctions are mainly located in the core of the city and most of the time remains
congested with traffic. Existing road network highlighting important road, intersections,
transport infrastructure etc are represented in Map 10.2.
10.5 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
Non‐motorized transport contributes in a large amount to
the traffic of the town especially cycle and cycle rickshaw as
para transit mode. Cycle and pedestrian together are the
modal choice for 75 % of the households.
In the City area, vehicular speeds are low, because of the
high traffic volume and mixed traffic. The speed is about 10‐
15 km/hr on city roads. Higher speed is available on highway
roads and major road inside the City boundary. Here, the
speed is about 20‐25 km/hr. Outside the City boundary, the
speed on National Highway and State Highway increases to
about 60‐80 Km/hr.
According to the field analysis the total number of trips generated per day in Sasaram is
very high with an average trip length of 2 ‐ 4 Km. Approximate 75% of trips are
generated for work and business purposes.
Though there is lot of pedestrian traffic but their
safety is yet to be recognized in the network planning
and implementation. Only a few stretches have
sidewalks but those are encroached by informal
activities. Most of the roads including NH‐2 (Old GT
road) don’t have pedestrian crossings, increasing the
risks of accidents. Hence mixed traffic is available
everywhere.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐5
Accidents
On all highways, there are a few accident‐prone spots where frequency of accidents is
very high. All these fall on the stretch of the NH‐2 (Gaya Bodhgaya Highway), SH‐
12(Patna highway), Kochas Road. These highways have high traffic density and volume
with all vehicles proceeding to Gaya, Bodhgaya, Jehanabad and Patna.
Within the internal roads of city the faulty road geometrics and the mixed traffic
volumes are the main causes of accidents. Major places of accidents are mainly GT
road, (NH‐2) and other major roads. Violation of traffic rules & regulation, Negligent
and rash driving are the other causes of accidents.
Several small accidents involving pedestrians have occurred because of the low traffic
awareness level among the pedestrians and riders. Two wheelers ridership is very high
in number and they generally do not follow any safety measures, such as, overtaking,
use of helmet etc.
10.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Public Transport infrastructure is the engine and stimulating factor of growth of town.
There is 1 Bus Stand in Sasaram. This is situated along SH‐12 on Arrah road. There is no
truck terminal facility available in the city, due to which all the trucks come to the city,
do loading and unloading on major commercial roads of the city creating congestion
mostly along the GT road which is the main spine in town road network.
Parking
One of the main problems in the City is
the lack of adequate off‐street parking
spaces. The main
City road edges
are used for parking which increases congestion. The effective
carriageway available to traffic is consequently decreased.
Vehicle Population
Vehicle population includes 2‐wheelers, cars, taxis, autos, trucks, etc. Maximum
increase is seen in number of private service vehicles. Other than this, significant
increase is observed in number of motor cars, tractors, and 2 wheelers or scooters.
Besides, animal driven vehicles are also plying on city roads creating congestion, delays,
and cause for accidents.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐6
10.7 STREET LIGHT
The main source of light in Sasaram town is mainly electricity and Generator as a
secondary source. Street lighting is important on roads from safety and social security
point of view. There is general inadequacy of street lights in town. Only few major roads
and junctions (Chauks) have facilities of street lighting and high mast lamp posts. There
are 27 street lights and 3 high masts light in the town.
Table 10.3: Status of Street Lighting
S.N Name Status
1 High Mast Lights (in number) 3
2 Central Lighting (in number) 27
(Source: SPUR Cell)
There is lack of maintenance of street lighting in Sasaram Nagar Parishad. Only few
major roads and junctions (Chauks) have facilities of street lighting and high masts lamp
posts. There are 27street lights and 3 high mast lights are present in the town. As per
the guidelines 1 streetlight/ 30m is required for the future. At present the total Road
length in Sasaram is 86 Km. Therefore at present the street lights required with 30 m of
spacing is 2870. The present Gaps in street lighting in entire town area are about 2840.
Thus future requirement of streetlights including new link roads (15kms) will be 3340 in
Sasaram.
10.8 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Passing of National Highway and State highway from the heart of the city puts
high pressure on the city roads, as through traffic also passes through the city.
Inadequate road width (internal roads varies from 3.5 to 7m), along with
encroachment on roads leads to major traffic congestion in the core areas such
as Gandhi Bazar, Chaukhandi etc and along major roads.
Only 53% of the roads are surfaced, still 47% of the roads are unsurfaced kutcha
roads.
On street parking and encroachment reduces the actual space available for
movement of traffic.
Traffic conflicts at intersections because of poor geometry, non‐functional traffic
Signals, poor networks and mixed traffic.
Speed of traffic in city area is low, due to the high traffic volume, and
congestion. The speed is about 10‐15 km/hr on major roads.
Lack of traffic management in the city viz. traffic signalisation, markings etc.
Cycle and pedestrians are the major composition of the traffic in Sasaram.
Inadequate pedestrian footpaths/sidewalks on major roads.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐7
In absence of truck terminal facility, loading, unloading activities and parking
takes place on important road (mainly along GT road and SH‐12) of the city
creating congestion.
Lack of street light poles at junctions, reduces the social security and increases
accidents at night hours.
Non‐conventional source for energy generation has not been explored.
Lack of public transport available in Sasaram.
Lack of awareness among people regarding road safety and traffic rules.
10.9 SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 10.4: SWOT Analysis of Transportation: Sasaram Town
10.10 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
10.10.1 Vision
“To create safe, efficient, reliable and affordable transportation system for the town.”
10.10.2 Development Strategies
Upgradation, strengthening of existing roads and development of missing road
links in the present road network will be taken up in Phase‐I. This will smoothen
the traffic inside the city
Development of new roads for future expansion of the city will be taken up in
Phase‐II
Organised parking spaces near major activity centers will be developed.
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES
Sasaram is at strategic location and well connected to major cities with road and rail network.
NH‐2, SH‐8 and SH‐12 passes through the town connecting the city with regional road network
Railway station is present in Sasaram town connected to all major cities.
Improved public transport facility will increase tourist and commercial activities and hence improve the economy.
Improved transport infrastructure such as bus terminal, truck terminal will also help reducing traffic congestion and boost up commercial activities in city.
WEAKNESS THREATS
Inefficient public transport system Inadequate road widths and higher percentage
of unsurfaced roads in city Absence of footpaths Lack of parking facilities. Absence of Truck Terminal Poor traffic management system Lack of Signage, Traffic signals and other traffic
safety measure.
Encroachment along the road creates congestion.
Absence of parking spaces and truck terminal creates congestion and pollution in city.
Mixed traffic system Poor drainage system caused degradation
of road especially during rainy season.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐8
Upgradation of bus terminal and development of truck terminal will improve the
economic activities in the city.
Improvement of junctions, installation of traffic signals, signages etc. shall be
done on priority basis to improve the traffic management in city.
Development of sidewalks/foorpaths and foot over bridges shall be developed
on priority basis to facilitate pedestrian movement and improve vehicular traffic
movement.
Comprehensive Mobility Plan for the city should be developed in Phase‐I for
planned development of the roads and transportation which is a key
infrastructure for the city.
Encroachment along highways, bus stands and railway stations on all roads
needs to be removed for better flow of traffic especially on the internal market
roads.
Street lights, signage, Zebra crossings & Subway / Foot Over Bridges and road
markings to be introduced along roads and on intersections to improve visual
appeal.
Conversion of existing tube lights in to retro fits.
In addition, emphasis should be given for promoting non‐conventional energy
resources such as solar energy to meet a part of the power demand for uses like
street light.
Provision of parking need to be evenly distributed in all city areas.
Reduction in Energy Consumption by use of CNG, LED system.
Public Private Partnership.
10.11 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
Following are the identified projects for traffic & transportation in Sasaram Nagar
Parishad (Map 10.3).
Table 10.5: Proposed Projects and Estimated Cost: Sasaram town
S.N. MAJOR PROJECTS IDENTIFIED PHASE‐I PHASE‐II PHASE‐III
Qty Qty Qty
1 Up gradation of Bus Terminal 1 Nos. ‐ ‐ 2 Truck Terminal 1 Nos. ‐ ‐ 3 Footpaths 10 Km. 10 Km. ‐ 4 Parking lots (4 nos.) 2 Nos. 2 Nos. ‐ 5 Passenger sheds 6 Nos. 2 Nos. ‐
6 Up gradation and Strengthening of roads within the city and for missing links.
40 Km. ‐ ‐
7 New Road Construction and linking
‐ 15 Km. ‐
8 Repairing of the city Road 33 Km. 13 ‐ 9 Signage, Road Markings and 6 Nos. 5 Nos. ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Road and Transportation 10‐9
S.N. MAJOR PROJECTS IDENTIFIED PHASE‐I PHASE‐II PHASE‐III
Qty Qty Qty
Pedestrian Crossing etc
10 Foot Over Bridge 1 Nos. 1 Nos. ‐
11 Junctions and Traffic signal improvement
5 Nos. 3 Nos. ‐
12 Comprehensive Mobility Plan ‐ 1 ‐
13 Street Light Conventional Street Lights 1500 Nos. 800 Nos. 190 Nos.
Solar Lights 500 Nos. 250 Nos. 100 Nos.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Social Infrastructure i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
11 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................................... 11‐1 11.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 11‐1 11.2 EXISTING STATUS ......................................................................................... 11‐1 11.2.1 Education ..................................................................................................... 11‐1 11.2.2 Health ........................................................................................................... 11‐2 11.2.3 Other Socio Cultural Facilities ...................................................................... 11‐2 11.3 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ................................................................................. 11‐3 11.4 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ........................................................................ 11‐3 11.4.1 Vision ........................................................................................................... 11‐3 11.4.2 Development Strategies .............................................................................. 11‐3 11.5 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS .................................................................................. 11‐4
List of Tables
Table 11.1: Existing Educational Facilities, 2010: Sasaram town .................................. 11‐2
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Social Infrastructure 11‐1
11 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
11.1 INTRODUCTION
Social infrastructure has been recognized as a growth‐stimulating and sustaining route
to development of town. The effectiveness of social infrastructure in achieving the
objective of city development plan would depend upon its capacity to contribute to
improvement in the quality of life, enhanced self‐dependency, and City’s sustainability,
creation of livable City through reducing the sense of alienation among the residents
with less dependence on other settlements for basic infrastructure. The analysis is
based on facilities available through government and government‐aided institutions.
Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation guidelines have been also
used to analyze and identify needs & requirements of social infrastructures in the city
such as education, health, safety, etc. in sustainable view point.
Social Infrastructure in Sasaram town area caters to the demand and requirements of
the city as well as its neighbouring areas. For future proposals the surrounding
settlements are taken into the influence zone of Sasaram.
11.2 EXISTING STATUS
11.2.1 Education
Education is an important factor influencing the quality of life of the people and future
development of an area. It empowers them with skills and
knowledge and helps them to lead better life and to access
best of the employment opportunities available in the market.
This in turn will impact the work force participation rate and
economy of the area. There are 45 nursery, 16 primary schools,
17 middle schools, 4 High schools, 2 higher secondary school
and 4 colleges which are insufficient to serve the population of
the Sasaram town as well surrounding small towns and villages.
There are 4 colleges within city including 1 women college such as Sri Shankar
Mahavidyala, S. P. Jain College, Shershah College and 1 women college "Rohtas Mahila
Maha Vidyalaya. 1 ITI is 5 km away from town and Narayan Medical College & Hospital
is present 9 kms from Sasaram on GT road near village 'Jamuhar' in Sasaram.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Social Infrastructure 11‐2
11.2.2 Health
As far as health facilities are concerned, 1 General
Hospitals with 100 bedded capacities are present in
town. In addition to that 1 dispensary and 1 health
center and 1 family welfare center is present in
town. For specialised treatment people have to go to
Patna. In addition to that there are number of
private clinics and nursing homes of various specializations in Sasaram. There is 1
veterinary hospital in the whole City.
Presently, as per UDPFI guidelines these health facilities are insufficient for the City. In
the City area, most common diseases are fever, malaria, Syphilis, tuberculosis and
Gastroenteritis. These are mostly water borne diseases. Poor drainage system,
untreated water, and malnutrition are main causes of such disease.
Table 11.1: Existing Educational Facilities, 2010: Sasaram town
S.N. Health Facilities Institutes
Nos.
1 General Hospital 1 (100 bed capacity)
2 Dispensary 1
3 Primary Health Center 1
4 Veterinary Hospital 1
5 Family Welfare Center 1 Source: SPUR Cell, 2011
11.2.3 Other Socio Cultural Facilities
Police Station: There are 5 police stations in Sasaram town named as Town
Thana, P. S. Sagar, P. S. Mufatshaheed (on Old GT Road), Model Thana and
Police Chauki.
Fire Fighting: There is only 1 fire station in Sasaram
which serves the whole town as well as surrounding
areas.
Post Offices: There are 3 post offices in town one head
office at city level and 2 general post offices which are
inadequate to serve the whole town.
Parks, Gardens and Open Spaces: There are only 2
parks including 1 Municipal Park in the town named
Nehru Children Garden and Shersah Park (Map 11‐1).
Other community Facilities: There is 1 stadium, 3 cinema halls such as Anandy,
Sahu while Nishant is non‐functional. 1 Multipurpose community Hall, 3 public
libraries (such as Nishant Niketan, Ojha Library (town hall), Khudabakhs at
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Social Infrastructure 11‐3
Chaukhandi Road) and 1 Telephone Exchange, 14 Banks, 2 Mela/ Festival ground
like Mahavir Sthan Ground (Nahar) and Surya Mandir ground. Sometimes Rauja
Ground is also used for cultural events and purposes. 2 cremation ground mainly
Bauliya Road and Nahar area. 1 Idgah near Rauja, 8 temples, 8 mosques, and 7
petrol pumps located in Sasaram Town.
11.3 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
The social infrastructure components have the potential to contribute to the
development of effective population absorbing capacity of the City. Apart from the
conventional components of health and education infrastructure, recreation facilities,
open spaces, and social security like fire fighting, crime management infrastructure are
some of other important aspects which is not at satisfactory level in Sasaram.
There is lack of professional and vocational training institutions.
There is lack of parks and playgrounds.
There is lack of recreational facilities such as stadium and recreational centers.
There is lack of community/multipurpose halls for organizing various socio‐
cultural activities.
Present fire fighting facilities are insufficient.
There is requirement of night shelters.
Cremation grounds and Idgah are not well developed as per requirement.
A welcome gate shall be developed for identification of the town.
11.4 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
11.4.1 Vision
“To provide social infrastructure including recreational and other community facilities
to enhance quality of life of the residents of Sasaram.”
11.4.2 Development Strategies
Development of recreational facilities like sports complex, indoor stadiums and
other recreational centers.
Provision of Regional Park/ City Park shall be developed. Development of neighbourhood level parks and playgrounds.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Social Infrastructure 11‐4
Provision of nursing home and primary health centers. More number of
dispensaries are also proposed, which will serve the town as well as surrounding
villages.
Development of schools / technical institutes / colleges / research centre with
hostel and auxiliary housing to cater the needs of Sasaram and also of surrounding
areas.
Training institutes/vocational training centers for skilled manpower for various
sectors like industry, trade and service sectors including telecom, retail,
hospitality, health insurance, electronics and automobiles.
Community/multipurpose halls shall be developed for various performing
community activities in the town.
Welcome Gates/Entry and exit Gate of Sasaram shall be developed as identity of
Sasaram town. These entry gates are to be beautifully landscaped.
Up gradation of cremation ground and Idgah shall be done.
Provision of night shelters for beggars and homeless people.
Fire extinguishing facilities shall be enhanced in the town.
11.5 IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
PHASE‐I (2011‐16)
PHASE‐II (2016‐21)
PHASE‐III (2021‐30)
Qty (Nos.) Qty (Nos.) Qty (Nos.)
RECREATION
Multipurpose Community Hall 2 1 1
Playgrounds 1 ‐ ‐
Neighbourhood parks 3 2 1
Recreational Centers 1 ‐ ‐
City Park 1 ‐ 1
OTHERS
Night Shelters, Beggar’s Home 1 ‐ ‐
Welcome Gate/ Check post 2 1 ‐
Fire Station 1 ‐ 1
Cremation Ground 3 2 1
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Services to the Urban Poor i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
12 SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR ................................................................. 12‐1 12.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 12‐1 12.2 EXISTING STATUS ............................................................................................ 12‐1 12.2.1 Existing Slums in Sasaram ............................................................................... 12‐1 12.2.2 General Characteristics of Slums in Sasaram ................................................. 12‐2 12.2.3 Land Ownership/ Tenure Status ..................................................................... 12‐2 12.3 URBAN BASIC SERVICES IN SLUMS ................................................................. 12‐2 12.3.1 Socio‐Economic Characteristics of Slum Population ...................................... 12‐2 12.3.2 Basic Infrastructure and Environmental Conditions....................................... 12‐2 12.3.3 Drainage .......................................................................................................... 12‐3 12.3.4 Pavements/Roads ........................................................................................... 12‐3 12.3.5 Sanitation ........................................................................................................ 12‐3 12.3.6 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................. 12‐3 12.3.7 Water Supply .................................................................................................. 12‐4 12.3.8 Community Facilities and Institutional Structures ......................................... 12‐4 12.4 ISSUES AND FINDINGS .................................................................................... 12‐4 12.5 SWOT ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 12‐5 12.6 SECTOR VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ............................ 12‐5 12.6.1 Vision .............................................................................................................. 12‐5 12.6.2 Goals and Service Outcomes .......................................................................... 12‐5 12.6.3 Development Strategies ................................................................................. 12‐6 12.7 PROJECTS IDENTIFIED ..................................................................................... 12‐6
List of Tables
Table 12.1: SWOT Analysis of Slums Sasaram Town ..................................................... 12‐5 Table 12.2: Goals and Service Outcomes‐Basic Services for Poor ................................. 12‐5
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Services to the Urban Poor 12‐1
12 SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR
12.1 INTRODUCTION
Poverty connotes a helpless situation of a person who finds it difficult to sustain
livelihood of self or his family has limited access to earning, nutrition, shelter and health
care ‐ a poor person, in spite of his backward socio‐economic status, still earns by
whatever means, that never becomes sufficient to accrue any surplus or capital. For the
rural migrants coming to Cities, in search of jobs, affordable housing becomes one of
the major problems, as the options available are beyond his affordability limits. A lot of
rural migrants come to the City from surrounding villages. As a result in Sasaram,
population lives in slum settlements making a living with minimal informal resources
that is available to them. Slums are essentially the products of urban poverty.
Population living in slums lacks access to basic services like safe water supply,
sanitation, solid waste disposal, drainage, access roads, street lights, and neighborhood
amenities like safe play area for children and community facilities, and electricity
connection, health and education facilities.
Urban poverty and slums are result of an unorganized fast growth of the town without
development of basic infrastructure facilities. In the Slum Area Act, 1956 Government
of India has defined slum areas as those areas where buildings are unfit for human
habitation. These slums lack the basic infrastructure facilities that are required for a
decent quality of life. The term ‘Slum’ describes a wide range of low income
settlements or poor living conditions in settlements.
12.2 EXISTING STATUS
12.2.1 Existing Slums in Sasaram
There are 92 slum pockets in all wards with a population
of 41119 and 5954 households. The population and no.
of households of all the notified slums. (The ward wise
slum pocket with number of
household and population
are given in annexure‐I).
Maximum no. of slum pocket is in Mogalpura (Ward‐9),
Sai Tola (Ward‐2), Fazalganj (Ward‐2), Karan Sarai (Ward‐
3), Gandhinim (Ward‐5), Gudri (Ward‐6), Ansarganj
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Services to the Urban Poor 12‐2
(Ward‐7), Chik Toli (Ward‐15), Adamkhani (Ward‐4), Mochi Tola (Ward‐21), Laskariganj
(Ward‐22), with total households above 70. The maximum no. of Households is in
Mogalpura i.e. 80 and population resides are 594 (Map 12‐1).
12.2.2 General Characteristics of Slums in Sasaram
Sasaram is characterized by a very significant presence of the urban poor, with a
growing poverty profile. Slum settlements have multiplied over decades and the living
conditions of the poor have not improved. They are mainly construction labourers,
rickshaw pullers, daily wage earners, etc. with low incomes. Earlier slums started only
on the periphery of the town. However, during last few decades, the growth of slums
has been reported in the inner areas as well and since last few years slums have spread
all over the town. Slums are mainly inhabited on Government/private lands, near
heritage sites (encroachments), along Shersah Suri Canal/Nallah, Near Railway station
and southern part of towns etc.
Environmental decline, inadequate basic services and infrastructure in the poor
settlements hit the poor hardest. Slums are scattered across the City, with high
population densities and the number of people inhabiting them is estimated to be
around 41119 persons.
12.2.3 Land Ownership/ Tenure Status
As per the survey conducted under SPUR Programme in June 2010, 92 slum pockets,
land ownership of slum pockets are under state government, central government and
others or private. Slum pockets are also developed on the Nagar Parishad land.
12.3 URBAN BASIC SERVICES IN SLUMS
12.3.1 Socio‐Economic Characteristics of Slum Population
Presently there are 92 slum pockets inhabited by 41119 persons where civic condition is
very poor because the city has not been able to provide basic civic amenities in these
slum areas. Almost 75% of the slum’s families are living below poverty line.
12.3.2 Basic Infrastructure and Environmental Conditions
The environmental conditions in some slums are very poor
and lack basic civic amenities like dust proof roads,
drainage, protected water supply, street lights and
adequate number of community toilets. The common
diseases prevalent in slums are the water‐borne diseases.
At some places basic infrastructure like construction of side
drains, pavement of lanes, toilets, primary health centers etc have been provided.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Services to the Urban Poor 12‐3
However they are deficient in quality and quantity. Following problems are common in
all slums.
Congested and inadequate Road networks
Poor sanitary conditions
No sewerage connection
No arrangement for Solid waste disposal
Bad condition of buildings
12.3.3 Drainage
Major part of the city does not have adequate drainage and in some part, the existing
drainage needs immediate overhauling. Drains are chocked in some slum areas
resulting in overflow of the drains and environmental degradation. Also the slums
mostly lie in low lying areas, leading to water logging and unhygienic conditions during
monsoon. This is also necessary as roads cannot be maintained unless and until proper
drainage network cover the whole city. The drainage project initially should cover the
major part of the old city and newly grown up colonies by identification of sites, which
are in dire necessity of modifying/ constructing new drains.
12.3.4 Pavements/Roads
Several slum pockets need paved roads as the inhabitants find it difficult even to reach
their houses during rains. Surface drains are also proposed for these areas. The kutcha
roads become water logged and also breeding ground for many vectors. Total
percentage coverage of pucca roads in slums are only 28 %.
12.3.5 Sanitation
It is the one of the most important basic services. Particularly in slum areas, it is the
primary amenity, which is to be provided by the local body. Some of the slums have
very poor sanitary conditions. Only 3 community toilets are available in slums.
12.3.6 Solid Waste Management
Similarly, there is no provision for dumping solid waste
generated by the residents and it is dumped at any open space
available, usually on a vacant plot, corners of the street, open
Nallah mainly along Shersah Suri Canal etc. Out of the 92 slums
14 slums are dumping their waste in open areas and drains or
canal area because of no designated space for dumping of waste. As far as garbage
collection is concerned, only in only few slums, waste collection is in practice. This
creates unhygienic situation in these slum pockets.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Services to the Urban Poor 12‐4
12.3.7 Water Supply
Provision of safe drinking water in slum areas is essential
because prevailing sanitary condition in these areas are not
satisfactory and there is every possibility of water borne
disease like Cholera, E‐Hepatitis, and Gastroenteritis.
Presently, slum dwellers are mostly dependent for their need of drinking water and for
other purpose on hand pumps, stand posts and canals.
12.3.8 Community Facilities and Institutional Structures
The community facilities in the slums comprise of schools,
Aanganwadi, community grounds etc. There are negligible
facilities for education, health, social and economic welfare of
people living in slum areas of Sasaram.
12.4 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
25% of the population is residing in slum areas, which are spread in all wards
and town locations.
There are 92 slum pockets distributed in wards with 5954 households and 41119
populations.
Water is being mainly supplied by 60 public stand posts and 210 hand pumps
installed in slum pockets.
There are just 3 public conveniences in 92 slum pockets which are negligible.
The ground water is contaminated due to open defecation, thus exposing the
inhabitants to risk of various water borne diseases.
Most of the slums are dependent on public stand posts and hand pumps.
Absence of solid waste management practices.
There is poor electricity connection in the slums only 1145 households have this
facility; even the schools and community buildings lack this facility.
In absence of proper strategy and policies to create affordable housing stock for
urban poor in the city, the growth of new slums will remain unabated.
Lack of comprehensive urban poverty reduction policy.
Weak management resource base.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Services to the Urban Poor 12‐5
12.5 SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 12.1: SWOT Analysis of Slums Sasaram Town
12.6 SECTOR VISION, GOALS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
12.6.1 Vision
“To provide affordable housing and basic services to urban poor”
Improving the living condition of the poor is important to make the identity of the city
and improve the overall condition of the town. Thus special attention shall be given to
the poors and infrastructure provision for them should be at par with rest of the city.
12.6.2 Goals and Service Outcomes
By the end of this project that is by the end of the year 2030; all facilities like network
coverage, Provision of sanitation facilities i.e. community toilets linked to main sewer
line, lighting, proper road connectivity, pucca houses and education to all is to be fully
provided. (Table 13.2)
Table 12.2: Goals and Service Outcomes‐Basic Services for Poor
S.N. Goal 2016 2021 2030
1 Network Coverage for Slum households 90% 100% 100%
2 Construction of Community Toilets and linking them to the proposed Sewer Network.
100% 100% 100%
3 UGD Coverage for Slum Households 90% 100% 100%
4 Adequately Lit Slum 100% 100% 100%
5 Adequate Road Link for the Slum 100% 100% 100%
6 Pucca houses for all Slum Households 50% 80% 100%
7 Education for all in Slums 100% 100% 100%
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES
Availability of large number of skilled and non skilled human resources
There is willingness and special attention of Central and State Government to improve the condition of poor. Thus, funds are available under various schemes viz. DFID, IHSDP etc.
WEAKNESS THREATS
Slum pockets are distributed all over the town in various wards.
Absence of basic infrastructure facilities
Lack of educational facilities.
Lack of Health facilities for the slum dwellers.
Unhygienic condition of housing and amenities.
Encroachment of slums in an unorganized manner.
Continuous increase in slum settlements and unavailability of infrastructure.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Services to the Urban Poor 12‐6
12.6.3 Development Strategies
As per National Slum Policy the objectives to formulate strategy are:
To integrate slum settlements and communities residing within them into the
urban areas as a whole by creating awareness amongst the public and in
Governance of underlying principles that guide process of slum development
and improvement and the options that are available for bringing about the
integration.
To strengthen the legal and policy framework to facilitate the process of slum
development and improvement on a sustainable basis and
To establish a framework for involving all stakeholders for the efficient and
smooth implementation of policy objectives.
Key Strategies
Provision of affordable houses for poor living in dilapidated houses or having no
house.
Since the slum pockets are spread all over the city, it is proposed that the basic
services for slums will be treated at par with rest of the town and will be taken
care on priority basis for development.
Integrated development of slums including both housing and basic services shall
be done, wherever relocation of slums is required;
Insitu development of slums wherever possible;
Provision of community toilets and low cost individual toilets in slums
Provision of piped connection with minimum fixed prices
12.7 PROJECTS IDENTIFIED
There is requirement of 5954 houses in slums, which is also recommended by IHSDP.
This will be proposed in phase wise.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Heritage and Conservation i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
13 HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION ............................................................... 13‐1 13.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 13‐1 13.2 PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST: SASARAM .................................................... 13‐1 13.2.1 Sher Shah Suri Tomb / Mausoleum ............................................................... 13‐1 13.2.2 Tomb of Hasan Khan Suri .............................................................................. 13‐2 13.2.3 Rohtasgarh/Rohtas Fort ................................................................................ 13‐2 13.2.4 Chaurasan Mandir:‐ ....................................................................................... 13‐3 13.2.5 Tomb of Chandan Shaheed:‐ ......................................................................... 13‐3 13.2.6 Ashoka Inscription and a Rock‐cut Cave:‐ ..................................................... 13‐3 13.2.7 Tara Chandi Hill Temple:‐ .............................................................................. 13‐3 13.2.8 Gurudwara Taksal Sangat .............................................................................. 13‐3 13.2.9 Dhurwan Kund & Gupta Dham/ Gupteshwar:‐ ............................................. 13‐3 13.2.10 Deo Markandeya:‐ ......................................................................................... 13‐4 13.2.11 Bhaluni Dham:‐ .............................................................................................. 13‐4 13.2.12 Akbarpur:‐ ..................................................................................................... 13‐4 13.2.13 Shergarh:‐ ...................................................................................................... 13‐4 13.3 EXISTING STATUS OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS/AREAS ..................................... 13‐4 13.4 TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE TOWN ............................................................ 13‐5 13.5 ISSUES AND FINDINGS ................................................................................... 13‐6 13.6 SWOT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 13‐6 13.7 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ......................................................................... 13‐6 13.8 FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ................................... 13‐7
List of Tables
Table 13.1: Identified Projects for Heritage / Tourism: Sasaram Nagar Parishad......... 13‐7
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Heritage and Conservation 13‐1
13 HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION
13.1 INTRODUCTION
Heritage is the cultural, social and spiritual legacy that we inherit from our past and
pass on to the future. Heritage is unique in its reverence for Mother Nature in all her
manifestations. Ancient traditions, rituals and practices have embedded this reverence
in religion and even in normal day‐to‐day living.
Sasaram is one of the most prominent historical centers in India. Sasaram has very
famous heritage site named Sher Sah Suri mausoleum/ Tomb.
13.2 PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST: SASARAM
Rohtas has a rich history which starts right from the pre‐historic era. It has remnants of
different empires from different time periods. It was under great rulers like Mauryan
kings, Harshavardhan, Babur, Sher Shah Suri and Akbar. Therefore it is quite natural
that the district is home to numerous historical monuments associated with some of
the greatest of the rulers of the country. Besides the historical and cultural
masterpieces Rohtas has also some very famous and holy religious sites. These sites
have great relevance in the religious life of the people of Bihar as well as other parts of
the country. Though Tourism Industry has not yet played an important role in the
economy of the town, followings are many potential tourist spots in and around the
Sasaram (Map 13‐1).
13.2.1 Sher Shah Suri Tomb / Mausoleum
Sher Shah Suri is truly regarded as one of the brilliant national heroes of India. His
father Hasan Shah was a Jagirdar of Sasaram. Sher
Shah was born in 1472 AD. Because of his high
personal qualities, starting his career as a small
jagirdar, he ascended the throne of Delhi in 1540 AD
after driving away Humayun, the Mughal emperor.
But unfortunately he could rule the nation for a very
short spell of five years.
Sher Shah was a great builder too. He built a new city on the bank of Yamuna River near
Delhi of which the sole survivor is the Old fort (Purana Qila) and the mosque within it
known for its lavishness of decoration. But his most outstanding contribution to the
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| Heritage and Conservation 13‐2
field of architecture is the construction of his own tomb at Sasaram, Bihar which
combines soberness with elegance.
The tomb is regarded as one of the noblest specimens of Afghan architecture in India. It
is an imposing brick structure partly veneered with stone standing in the middle of a
fine square tank measuring about 305 mts and rising above a large stone terrace. The
9.15 mts high terrace is enclosed by a parapet wall with octagonal domed pavilions at
four corners.
In the middle of the terrace stands the mausoleum proper on a low octagonal plinth.
The building consists of a very large octagonal chamber surrounded by a 3.10 mts wide
verandah. Each arm of the octagon measures about 17.00 mts externally. Surrounding
the main dome are eight pillared cupolas on the corners of the octagon. The total
height of the tomb above the terrace measures 37.57 mts.
The interior of the tomb is sufficiently well ventilated and lighted through large
windows on the top portion of the walls. In a small arched recess above the mihrab on
the western wall is an inscription in two lines recording the completion of the tomb by
Salim Shah on the 7th day of Jumada, A.H. 952 (16th August 1545 AD), some three
months after the death of Sher Shah Suri. The tomb of his father Hassan Shah and that
of his son Salim Shah are some other monuments of architectural as well as
archaeological interest at Sasaram.
13.2.2 Tomb of Hasan Khan Suri
Hasan Khan Sur’s Tomb is also known as Sukha Rauza. It is
situated in the heart of the Sasaram town. It is the
mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri’s father. It is also an example of
Afghani culture.
13.2.3 Rohtasgarh/Rohtas Fort
Rohtas Fort is located in Dehri sub‐division 38 Kms south
of Sasaram. It is situated
along the western bank of
the river Sone. According to
local folklore the Fort got
its name from prince
Rohitashva, the son of the famous Puranic King
Harishchandra. Within this structure there are many important buildings like Baradari,
Rangmahal, Shish Mahal, Phool Mahal and grave of Mohammedan saint named Sheikh
Shah Babal.
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| Heritage and Conservation 13‐3
13.2.4 Chaurasan Mandir:‐
This temple of Lord Shiva is one kilometer from Rohtas Fort. This place is known as
Bawan Talab which was once surrounded by 52 ponds, having no trace as of now. This
Chaurasan Mandir is believed to have been built by King Harishchandra.
13.2.5 Tomb of Chandan Shaheed:‐
On the summit of the Chandan Shaheed hill this tomb is situated. At the foot of the hill
there is a mosque having an inscription which refer to its construction during the reign
of Mughal ruler Jehangir.
13.2.6 Ashoka Inscription and a Rock‐cut Cave:‐
These structures are near the top of Chandan Shaheed Hill near Sasaram. The rock cut
cave situated there seems to be of Ashok’s period. There is an inscription of 8 lines
written in Brahmi character on a rock inside the cave.
13.2.7 Tara Chandi Hill Temple:‐
One km away from Chandan Shaheed Hill, lies Tara Chandi Hill
named after a local goddess Tara Chandi. The image of this
goddess is craved on a rock and worshipped by the local people.
The image represents a woman sitting on a man’s knee having
resemblance with Shiva‐Parvati image.
13.2.8 Gurudwara Taksal Sangat
This is a very prominent Gurudwara for the Sikhs of Sasaram.
This Gurudwara was built on the
instructions of Guru Tegh Bahadur ji.
When he (Guru Tegh Bahadur ji)
visited this place, tobacco was
cultivated here and his horse stopped here. He instructed the
local Sikh community to build a Gurudwara here.
13.2.9 Dhurwan Kund & Gupta Dham/ Gupteshwar:‐
Inside the Gupteswar cave of Kaimur Hill lays the Gupta Mahadev temple. This site is
situated in the Chenari Block of Rohtas District. Local legend links this temple with the
mythological story of Bhashmasur who after being blessed by Shiva chased him to test
the power of the blessing. At Gupteswar Vishnu came to the rescue of Shiva and killed
Bhashmasur cleverly. Gupteswar cave consists of two caves. The main cave is known
Patalganga among the local people. Inside the main cave there are numerous
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| Heritage and Conservation 13‐4
stalagmites on which limestone dissolved with water drips regularly and has taken pillar
shape and hence local people worship it as Gupteswar Mahadev.
13.2.10 Deo Markandeya:‐
Deo Markandeya village is situated north of Nasirganj in Bikramganj sub‐division of
Sasaram district. This place is famous for temples of lord Vishnu and Sun.
13.2.11 Bhaluni Dham:‐
Bhaluni Dham is famous for Parvati Temple. It is at Bhaluni village near Bikramganj.
Local stories say that the Yajna performed here by Parvati’s father was destroyed by
Shiva after not being invited.
13.2.12 Akbarpur:‐
On the foothill of Kaimur and five km away from Rohtas Fort lies Akbarpur. It is named
after Mughal ruler Akbar. It contains the tomb of Malik Wishal Khan.
13.2.13 Shergarh:‐
The village is situated 13 kilometers south of chenari. It was a military cantonment
during the regime of Sher Shah. It has a ruin of fortress.
13.3 EXISTING STATUS OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS/AREAS
The ASI has long demanded removal of illegal constructions around the tomb.
According to ASI guidelines, no construction can be allowed within a 100‐metre radius
of a historical monument as well as construction beyond a certain height within a radius
of 200 metres. However, the rules have been violated time and again.
Also, the tanks around the five‐storey tomb were filled with domestic and other
discharge. Sasaram Nagar Parishad already issued notices seeking explanations from all
those who have constructed illegal structures in the vicinity of the tomb. Ruling on
public interest litigation (PIL) filed by a Sasaram resident, who contended the state
government was not taking adequate steps to preserve the World Heritage Site and
tomb, the court had expressed unhappiness about the monument's condition due to
years of neglect and exposure to pollution.
Early this year, district authorities banned discharge of polluted water, immersion of
idols and bathing in the tank. The ban was imposed early this year by the high court,
after the ASI warned of the threats to the tomb as the tank's water had turned acidic,
and the water level had gone down.
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| Heritage and Conservation 13‐5
The historical tomb was declared a National Heritage site under the Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, and the ASI given the
responsibility for its preservation and protection.
13.4 TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE TOWN
One of the famous tourist places of Bihar Sasaram owes its wide fame to its historical
significance. It is basically a small town located in the Rohtas District of Bihar. Sher Shah
Suri made Sasaram a key trade centre; he also built several monuments at Sasaram. The
magnificent Sher Sah Suri Tomb is a World Heritage Site under UNESCO. The samples of
Indo – Mughal – Afghan – British architecture that can be seen at Sasaram take tourists
to its glorious past. The Grand Trunk Road, Tomb of Hasan Sur Khan, Tomb of Sher
Shah Suri, Rohtaas Fort, Tara Chandi Temple, Chaurasan Mandir, Tomb of Chandan
Shaheed, Ashoka Inscription and a Rock‐cut Cave, Gurudwara Taksal Sangat, Dhurwan
Kund & Gupta Dham/ Gupteshwar, Deo Markandeya, Bhaluni Dham etc. are some of
the major attractions in and around Sasaram. Visitors can also go for cave exploration at
Kaimur hill.
Sasaram will be another tourist destination for people who visit Bodhgaya, Gaya,
Nalanda, Rajgir etc. Therefore Sasaram should be developing in the way that this
attracts the tourists coming to Gaya, Bodhgaya, Nalanda and Rajgir. Domestic and
foreign tourist arrivals in Gaya from 1991 to 2009 increased rapidly. In 2008 and 2009,
the maximum number of domestic tourist’s arrival is in the month of September and
onwards i.e. during Pitrapaksh Mela. So, the target will be set to that level to attract
tourists to addition of Sasaram in their tourist network circuit.
Possibility of Tourist Circuit
Sasaram will be the next cultural and heritage destination along with Sufi tourist circuit
and destination. The Centre proposes to develop ‘Sufi circuit' in Bihar. The Bihar Sharif
mazar at Phulwarisharif, Manersharif, the mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri at Sasaram and
dargahs at Munger and Jamui were the proposed destinations of the Sufi Circuit in
Bihar.
As mentioned earlier, The Centre Government proposes to develop ‘Sufi circuit'
including Sasaram. All the important places of the town and nearby areas are to be
developed in the form of a chain / packages according to expenses or time duration of
visit of tourists to keep in mind affordability level of tourists. The objective of having a
tourist circuit is to increase the total number of visits to all the destinations on the
circuit on one hand and to provide to the tourist the attraction of all the destinations
located on the circuit. Different types of tourist circuits (time based), i.e. of short
duration, medium duration & long duration, could be planned for tourism.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Heritage and Conservation 13‐6
All the destinations for tourist circuits will be selected on the basis of its tourism
potential. These circuits must have well defined entry and exit. At the same time they
must not be separated by a large distance such that a tourist would not like to cover
them in a sequence.
A tourist who enters at the entry point should get motivated to visit all the places
identified on the circuit.
13.5 ISSUES AND FINDINGS
Since, the city and the whole state have potential for Heritage tourism, cultural tourism,
and Pilgrim Tourism etc., State government should take initiatives to publicize and
develop its rich heritage.
Major heritage issues of the town are:
There is no integrated tourist development plan.
Community participation in development of heritage sites is missing.
Redevelopment needed for area in and around all heritage and tourist places/
sites.
Ignorance of heritage importance and values.
Need of water front development for recreation and beautification (especially
for Shersah Suri Canal).
13.6 SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength Weakness
Sasaram is the place of historical
importance.
Sasaram has World Heritage sites.
Lack of proper physical infrastructure like
water supply, drainage, solid waste
management etc may affect the tourism
economy.
Opportunity Threats
High tourism potential (Domestic &
International)
Willingness and interest of People and
Authority.
Lack of maintenance.
Ignorance of heritage importance and
value.
13.7 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Conservation of Heritage sites, water bodies, and development of its
surroundings as tourist spots shall be done to attract tourists.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Heritage and Conservation 13‐7
Environmental conservation of Waterbodies and for that matter entire Sasaram
town needs to be pollution free to attract more tourists.
Quality of tourist infrastructure such as accommodation facilities need to be
improved so that tourist prefers to stay in Sasaram which will also help in
economic development of the town.
The rate of private sector participation will be promoted.
Sponsor maintenance of monuments, museums and parks and provision of public
convenience and facilities.
Involve the local community in tourism projects and ensure that the benefits of
tourism accumulate to them in right measure.
13.8 FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
Table 13.1: Identified Projects for Heritage / Tourism: Sasaram Nagar Parishad
S. N Identified Projects Phase – I
(2011‐16)
Phase – I
(2016‐21)
Phase – I
(2021‐30)
1
Conservation & development of Heritage Sites
and Tombs (Shersah Suri Tomb, Hasan Sah Suri
& Rauja; Conservation, Street Scaping /
Landscaping, Water body development,
Pathways etc.)
Phase‐I ‐ ‐
2
Redevelopment & Up gradation of all other
religious & tourist places (Tarachandi, Taksaal
Sangat, Jama Masjid, Chandan Peer & Others
(Landscaping, Organised Recreational Spaces
etc.)
Phase‐I ‐ ‐
3 Preservation of Shersah Suri Canal
(Bioremediation, landscaping, Pathways etc.) Phase‐I ‐ ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Environment i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
14 ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................... 14‐1 14.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 14‐1 14.2 POLLUTION LEVELS ...................................................................................... 14‐1 14.2.1 Air Pollution ................................................................................................. 14‐1 14.2.2 Noise Pollution ............................................................................................. 14‐2 14.2.3 Water Pollution ............................................................................................ 14‐2 14.2.4 Land Pollution .............................................................................................. 14‐3 14.3 CITY GREEN SPACES ..................................................................................... 14‐3 14.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 14‐3 14.5 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ........................................................................ 14‐5
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Environment 14‐1
14 ENVIRONMENT
14.1 INTRODUCTION
Creation of a sustainable physical and social environment for improving quality of life is
one of the major objectives of this development plan. All plants and animals adjust to
the environment in which they are born and live. A charge in any component of the
environment may cause discomfort and affect normal life. Any unfavorable change or
degeneration in the environment is known as ‘Environmental Pollution’. We need to
protect our environment to live happily.
14.2 POLLUTION LEVELS
For better environment, all its components should be protected from pollution and the
surroundings should be clean. We need to take good care of our land, water resources,
forests, and atmosphere. But our environment has been facing following environmental
problems:
Air Pollution
Noise Pollution
Water Pollution
Land Pollution
14.2.1 Air Pollution
All the major cities/towns in Bihar have seen significant increase in number of industries
in the last decade. Also the number of vehicles has increased during this decade. Due to
lack of power supply generator systems are more common in all commercial and
residential and public semi public places. As a result, there has been a significant
change in the quality of air in most of the urban centers. The quality of air is determined
in terms of identified parameters such as Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur
dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon mono‐oxide (CO), Lead (Pb), Respiratory
Particulate Matter (RPM), etc. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) notified
National Ambient Air Quality Standard (April, 1994) with regard to SPM, SO2, NO2, CO,
Pb, RPM for Industrial area, Residential, Rural & other areas and for Sensitive areas.
Detailed air quality report for Sasaram is not available, as there are no stations located
in the city.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Environment 14‐2
14.2.2 Noise Pollution
Major noise level can be attributed to motor vehicles, air‐horn, and loudspeakers.
1. Day time is reckoned in between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m.
2. Night time is reckoned in between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m.
3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 meters around such premises as hospitals,
educational institutions, and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the
Competent Authority.
4. Mixed categories of areas should be declared as one of the four above mentioned
categories by the Competent Authority and the corresponding standard shall apply.
14.2.3 Water Pollution
The existing scenario of water pollution essentially deals with the availability of water
resources of acceptable quality in the city. It also depends upon the precipitation and
re‐charges potential of ground water reserves and the water availability from the
adjoining areas of the city by way of surface water flow through canals or tube wells.
In the core area of the city, the environment is spoiled due to absence of efficient
sewerage, drainage, and solid waste disposal system. Open drains result in unhygienic
living conditions. In rainy season, these drains overflow and pollute the local
environment.
1. Practices of rain water harvesting and artificial recharge and revival of traditional
methods for enhancing groundwater recharge need to be supported.
2. Need to prepare and implement a comprehensive strategy for regulating use of
ground water by large commercial establishment based on a careful evaluation of
aquifer capacity and annual recharge.
3. Suitable sites for dumping the toxic waste material may be identified and remedial
measures may be taken to prevent the movement of the toxic waste in the ground
water.
4. Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides are the main non point source
of the pollution. These pollutants contribute to the pollution of the ground water as
well as surface water. Therefore the optional utilization of fertilizers, pesticides and
insecticides should be encouraged for improving the water quality.
Ground Water Quality
The ground water quality indicates that it is suitable both for drinking and irrigation
purposes but from past recent years it is started contaminated.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Environment 14‐3
Surface Water
As per discussion with PHED and Water Supply Department, Water shows little amount
of Fluoride in some areas. Even indicators of organic pollutants, BOD value is also
under the permissible limit.
Most of the parameters are within limit . Water supplied from underground contains
impurities like Fluoride etc. therefore, it is required water treatment before its supply
to the city.
14.2.4 Land Pollution
This is the important aspect of environment, which needs immediate attention. There
are various factors by which land gets polluted such as emergence of slums,
indiscriminate disposal of garbage, low lying areas/ water‐ logging areas etc. a number
of vacant plots in various colonies have been turned into garbage disposal points
thereby leading to unhygienic living conditions. These garbage disposal points and
water logging have became the breeding sites for the mosquitoes and various other
pathogens, which lead to a number of disease like Cholera, Malaria, Typhoid, gastro‐
intestinal infection etc.
Many slums, which are present in the city, are classified into notified and un‐notified
slums. The un‐notified slums are in bad state. They do not have good living conditions,
no sewerage system, no pucca roads, and other facilities. These slums spoil the
environment because of unhygienic conditions due to garbage dumping, open drains
and water logging.
14.3 CITY GREEN SPACES
Out of total area of the city, only few areas of the city come under green spaces and
open spaces as per UDPFI Guideline comparison. Presently, Nehru Children Park and
religious places are main recreational area in city. Since, this area is not sufficient for
the entire city, more area should be added to green organized spaces of the city.
14.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Human settlements are frequently affected by natural disasters, which take heavy toll
on human lives, destroy buildings and infrastructure and have far‐reaching economic
and social consequences for the community. Among all the natural disasters that
Sasaram may face, earthquake and wind hazards are the most devastating ones.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Environment 14‐4
Seismic Hazard Map of India (BIS)
WIND
As far as wind hazard is concerned, few houses consist of semi‐permanent structures
and temporary. Semi‐permanent and temporary structures of the total structures are
very slightly prone to wind hazard because Sasaram is not in the destructive zone.
FLOOD
Sasaram is a drought prone area and not getting heavy rains which can cause floods.
Major problems in the city are water logging and water stagnant. However, the
temporary structures (mainly slum’s houses) have slightly risky during rains.
EARTHQUAKE
Rohtas District is located on Seismic zone IV.
This zone has just high risk during
earthquakes. Again temporary structures
(mainly slum’s houses) have risk of
devastation during earthquakes.
Bihar is vulnerable to different kinds of
disaster due to its geographical and
topographical location; it is prone to Flood,
Drought, Fire and Earthquake. According to
seismic zoning, some parts of the State are in
Zone‐IV & Zone‐V, which can cause
destruction.
Earthquake and Flood Zones in Bihar
Wind and Cyclone Zones in Bihar
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Environment 14‐5
From the above figures it is clear that Sasaram being under moderate Zone is not
subjected much to disaster like Flood, Earthquake and cyclone but falls under draught
prone areas of Bihar. The districts usually affected under this disaster are Kaimur,
Rohtas, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Jamui and Banka.
In the year 2010 Bihar cabinet declared 28 out of 38 districts in Bihar as draught hit in a
view of acute shortfall in rain which also includes Rohtas. Also in the year 2009, Rohtas
was one of the 26 draught suffered districts including Gaya and Aurangabad.
14.5 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Following are suggestions to reduce the levels of environment pollution:
Sasaram city should undertake monitoring of compliance with management
plans.
Measures should be taken to encourage the city to annually report their
environment performance to their governing bodies.
Consider creation of an Environment Restoration Fund.
Construction of public toilets in areas where sewerage network is not available,
especially in slum pockets.
An integrated approach to energy conservation and adoption of renewable
energy technologies need to be adopted.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Environment 14‐6
Viable models of public‐private partnerships for setting up and operating secure
landfills, incinerators, and other appropriate techniques for the treatment and
disposal of toxic and hazardous waste, both industrial and biomedical, on
payment by users, taking the concerns of local communities into account should
be explored and implementation.
Capacities of local bodies for segregation, recycling, and reuse of municipal solid
wastes and setting up and operating sanitary landfills, in particular through
competitive outsourcing of solid waste management services need to be
strengthened.
Heritage sites considered to have “Incomparable Values” would merit stricter
standards than otherwise comparable situations, and particular attention should
be paid to monitoring and enforcement of environmental standards in their
case.
Promote adoption of clean technologies by industry, in particular in the small and
medium sector, through regulatory and fiscal measures, and standards setting.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
15 URBAN GOVERNANCE AND REFORMS ....................................................... 15‐1 15.1 MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE.............................................................................. 15‐1 15.2 MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN BIHAR .............................................................. 15‐2 15.3 FUNCTIONS OF ULBS IN BIHAR ....................................................................... 15‐3 15.4 FUNCTIONS OF SASARM NAGAR PARISHAD ................................................... 15‐5 15.5 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SNP .......................................................... 15‐5 15.6 FINANCIAL POSITION OF SASARAM MUNICIPAL COUNCIL ............................ 15‐8 15.7 URBAN REFORM ............................................................................................. 15‐8 15.8 MANDATORY REFORMS .................................................................................. 15‐9 15.8.1 Reforms at Urban Local Body / Parastatal ...................................................... 15‐9 15.8.2 Reforms at State Level .................................................................................... 15‐9 15.9 OPTIONAL REFORMS .................................................................................... 15‐10 15.10 ADOPTION OF MUNICIPAL REFORMS ........................................................... 15‐10 15.10.1 Status of Mandatory Reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad .......................... 15‐11 15.10.2 Status of Optional Reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad .............................. 15‐12 15.11 ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 15‐13 15.12 CITY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES AND IDENTIFIED PROJECTS ................................ 15‐13
List of Tables
Table 15.1: Sate‐wise compliance of provisions of 74th Constitutional Amendment, Act, 1992. .............................................................................................................. 15‐2
Table 15.2 : Details of manpower resources in Sasaram Nagar Parishad ..................... 15‐6 Table 15.3: Identified Projects .................................................................................... 15‐14
List of Figures
Figure 15.1:Organisational Structure‐Sasaram Municipal Council ................................ 15‐6
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐1
15 URBAN GOVERNANCE AND REFORMS
15.1 MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE
Urban local bodies/municipalities play an important role in the planning and
development of urban areas. However, most studies undertaken to assess the
functioning of municipalities in India point out that the performance of municipalities in
the discharge of their duties has continued to deteriorate over time. It is noted that
municipalities in India are confronted with a number of problems, such as inefficiency in
the conduct of business, ineffective participation by the weaker sections of the
population in local governance, weak financial condition, lack of transparency in the
planning and implementation of projects, etc. which affect their performance adversely.
An important initiative of the Government of India to strengthen municipal governance
is the enactment of the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act (CAA) in 1992. Until the
recent amendment, local governments in India were organised on the basis of the ‘ultra
vires’ principle [beyond the powers or authority granted by law] and the state
governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive
decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions. Through this initiative, an
attempt is being made to improve the performance ability of municipalities, so that
they are able to discharge their duties efficiently.
While most of the state governments have ratified the 74th CAA, they find it difficult to
implement its provisions in totality. The main problem is that functional devolution to
ULBs hasn’t been supported by adequate transfer of revenue sources. Further, the
financial autonomy of ULBs has been undermined as they have to seek state
government approval for enhancement in tax rates and user charges beyond the limits
mentioned in municipal laws. Furthermore, ULBs have limited powers to institute new
taxes. The 74th CAA also introduces schedule 12th in the Constitution, which lists 18
subjects coming under the jurisdiction of municipalities. The 18 subjects/ functions
mentioned under the 12th schedule include the following:
Urban planning including town planning
Regulation of land use and construction of buildings
Planning for economic and social development
Roads and bridges
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management
Fire services
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐2
Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological
aspects
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the
handicapped and mentally retarded
Slum improvement and upgrading
Urban poverty alleviation
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens and
playgrounds
Promotion of cultural educational and aesthetic aspects
Burials and burial grounds: cremations, cremation grounds and electric
crematoriums
Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
Public amenities including street lighting parking lots, bus stops and public
conveniences; and
Regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries
15.2 MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN BIHAR
The organization of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Bihar, like in any other states where
74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is implemented, is done on the basis of three
tier system viz. Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils and Municipal Panchyats. Its
functioning is largely guided by Bihar Municipal Act, 2007.
As far compliance of 74th CAA, 1992 is concerned. On the basis of certain indicators like
constitution of ULBs, reservation of seats, regular conduct of election, constitution of
Ward Committees (WCs), District Planning Committees (DPCs) and Metropolitan
Planning Committees (MPCs) and State Finance Commission (SFC), Bihar state has
successfully complied with all except WC and MPC.
Table 15.1 given below, presents the State‐wise compliance of the 74th Constitutional
Amendment Act provisions.
Table 15.1: Sate‐wise compliance of provisions of 74th Constitutional Amendment, Act, 1992.
State/UT
Constitutio
n of ULBs
Reservatio
n of seats
Regular
conduct of
election
Constitutio
n of WCs
Constitutio
n of DPCs
Constitutio
n of MPCs
Constitutio
n of SFCs
Andhra
Pradesh
Arunachal
Pradesh
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐3
State/UT
Constitutio
n of ULBs
Reservatio
n of seats
Regular
conduct of
election
Constitutio
n of WCs
Constitutio
n of DPCs
Constitutio
n of MPCs
Constitutio
n of SFCs
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal
Pradesh
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya
Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttaranchal
Uttar
Pradesh
West Bengal
15.3 FUNCTIONS OF ULBS IN BIHAR
ULBs in Bihar are functioning under ‘The Bihar Municipal Act, 2007’. Chapter VI (section
45) of the said Act defines functions of the ULBs as under:
Core Municipal Functions:
45 (1) Every Municipality shall‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐4
Provide on its own or arrange to provide through any agency the following
core municipal services:‐
water‐supply for domestic, industrial, and commercial purposes,
drainage and sewerage,
solid waste management,
preparation of plans for development and social justice,
communication systems, construction and maintenance of roads,
footpaths, pedestrian pathways, transportation terminals, both for
passengers and goods, bridges, over‐bridges, subways, ferries, and inland
water transport system,
transport system accessories including traffic engineering schemes,
street furniture, street lighting, parking areas, and bus stops,
community health and protection of environment including planting and
caring of trees on road sides and elsewhere,
markets and slaughterhouses,
promotion of educational, sports and cultural activities, and
Aesthetic environment.
Perform such other statutory or regulatory functions as may be provided by
or under this Act or under any other law for the time being in force.
Further, section 46 mentions about some additional functions assigned by the
government in the following words:
“The Municipality may, subject to the underwriting of the costs by, and approval of, the
Central Government or the State Government, as the case may be, undertake any
function belonging to the functional domain of the Central Government or the State
Government, as the case may be, and such functions may include primary education,
curative health, transport, supply of energy, arrangements for fire prevention and fire
safety, and urban poverty alleviation.”
In addition to its core functions, ULBs are expected to discharge some educational,
health, poverty etc. related functions as directed by the governments to facilitate
implementation of various sponsored schemes.
Moreover, Section 47 (Other Functions) of Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 further says, after
having discharged satisfactorily its core functions, subject to its technical, managerial
and financial capabilities, A Municipality may undertake or perform or promote the
performance of, any of functions in the sphere of:
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐5
town planning, urban development, development of commercial
infrastructure;
protection of environment;
public health and sanitation;
education and culture;
public welfare; and
Community relations.
Apparently, these optional functions based on the capabilities of particular ULBs have
been kept under the preview of law in the light of 74th CAA, 1992.
15.4 FUNCTIONS OF SASARM NAGAR PARISHAD
Based on the preliminary information collected and reconnaissance survey done by the
Consultants team, major functions being discharged by Sasaram Municipal Council
(SMC) are as follows:
Collection of taxes (property tax, house tax, water tax, cleaning tax,
professional tax, toll tax)
Birth and death registration,
Rickshaw and Thela registration and Tax Collection
Building permission and maps approval,
Water‐supply,
Drainage
Solid Waste Management and Sanitation
Roads (partially),
Street lighting,
Slaughterhouses,
Slum Development,
Development of Parks and Playground,
In addition to above core functions, like any other ULB, SMC is implementing various
government sponsored prorammes and schemes like ILCS, BPL surveys etc. SMC also
undertake some self financing schemes like development of markets and shopping
complexes etc.
15.5 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SNP
There are two wings in Sasaram Nagar Nigam i.e. Elected wings headed by Chairperson
and Executive wings headed by Executive Officer. The SNP functions through various
divisions within it. There are four major divisions in SNP such as General administration
and Accounts, Revenue and Tax Collection, and Health (Refer figure 20.1 organizational
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐6
structure of SNP). In general Administration and Engineering Division staffs are on
additional charge. More post should be sanctioned for Sasaram Nagar Parishad for
technical staffs.
Table 15.2 shows the strength of SNP in terms of manpower resources showing details
of sanctioned positions for various grades.
Table 15.2 : Details of manpower resources in Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Designation Department Sanctioned Existing Vacant post Contract
E.O. General 1 1 0 0
J.E. Engineering 1 0 1 0
Head Clerk cum accountant
General Administrative & Accounts
1 0 1 0
Senior Assistant General Administrative & Accounts
2 1 1 0
U.D.C General Administrative & Accounts
2 2 0 0
L.D.C General Administrative & Accounts
16 8 8 0
Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Elected Executive
Chairman
Deputy Chairman
Ward Councilors
Executive Officer
HealthEngineering Tax Collection
& Revenue
General
Administration
& Account
Sanitary Inspector
Ward Jamadarr
EE JE AE (EE & AE are on deputation)
Tax Inspector
Cashier Circle Staff Tax Collector Toll Collector
Figure 15.1:Organisational Structure‐Sasaram Municipal Council
Head Clerk Senior Asst. UDC LDC
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐7
Designation Department Sanctioned Existing Vacant post Contract
Peon General Administrative & Accounts
34 21 13 0
Court Peon General Administrative & Accounts
2 2 0 0
Computer operator
General Administrative & Accounts
0 0 0 1
Typist General Administrative & Accounts
1 0 1 0
Ameen General Administrative & Accounts
1 1 0 0
Gardener General Administrative & Accounts
2 2 0 0
Night Guard General Administrative & Accounts
1 1 0 0
Tax Daroga Tax Collection & Revenue 1 0 1 0
Cashier Tax Collection & Revenue 1 0 1 0
Tax Collector Tax Collection & Revenue 11 4 7 0
License Inspector
Tax Collection & Revenue 1 0 1 0
Ward Munshi Tax Collection & Revenue 10 3 7 0
Conservancy supervisor
Tax Collection & Revenue 2 0 2 0
Sanitary Inspector
Sanitation 1 1 0 0
Labour Sanitation 242 106 136 0
Annotator Sanitation 1 1 0 0
Raj Mistri Sanitation 1 0 1 0
Pay loader driver
Sanitation 0 0 0 1
Tipper Driver Sanitation 0 0 0 1
Pay loader & Tipper Helper
Sanitation 0 0 0 2
Rickshaw ,Thela puller & Safai Labor
Sanitation 0 0 0 90
Road Coolie Sanitation 2 2 0 0
Daily labour Sanitation 0 0 0 58
Driver Sanitation 1 0 1 0
Varak Sarkaar General 1 1 0 0
Carpenter General 2 0 2 0
Light Inspector Public Safety 2 0 2 0
Total 343 157 186 153
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐8
It is evident from the table 20.2 and Figure 20.1 that there are very few technical
positions sanctioned; for example, there is only one post each sanctioned for Executive
Engineer, Assistant Engineer and Junior Engineer. Importantly, manpower for essential
services like sanitation, fire service, electrical, chowkidar etc. are inadequate. Such
posts are real cause of concern as they directly affect the city dwellers and city
landscape. Actually ULBs incur more expenses on O&M of service with temporary and
adhoc arrangements than a trained team which goes long way to improve the capacity
of ULBs for future.
In addition to the above described manpower resources with SMC, various other line
departments and prastatal agencies are also involved in the provisioning of services and
utilities in SMC area. Prominent among such organizations from outside SMC include‐
PWD, NHAI, PHED, BSEB, Police (traffic), ASI etc.
15.6 FINANCIAL POSITION OF SASARAM MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
The chapter Financial Operating Plan explained the over view of Income & Expenditure
of Sasaram Nagar Parishad.
After assessment of various sectors, it is envisaged at this stage that major capital
investments are required to be made on basic urban services. Such capital demanding
infrastructure facilities include water supply system, drainage and sewerage system,
roads and transportation infrastructure, solid waste management, slums development
etc.
The Consultants has been analysed all relevant sectors in detail and formulate
strategies to address all related sectoral issues to identify priority projects along with
financial aspects.
15.7 URBAN REFORM
The main thrust of the revised strategy of urban renewal is to ensure improvement in
urban governance so that Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and para‐statal agencies become
financially sound with enhanced credit rating and ability to access market capital for
undertaking new programmes and expansion of services. In this improved environment,
public‐private participation models for provisioning of various services would also
become feasible. To achieve this objective, State Governments, Urban Local Bodies and
para‐statal agencies will be required to accept implementation of an agenda of reforms.
The proposed reforms shall broadly fall into two categories:‐
Mandatory reforms
Optional reforms
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| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐9
All the mandatory and optional reforms shall be implemented by the State/ ULB/ Para‐
Statals within the Scheme period.
15.8 MANDATORY REFORMS
There will be two sets of mandatory reforms. Core reforms at ULB/ Parastatal level aim
at process re‐engineering through deployment of technology to enable more efficient,
reliable, timely services in a transparent manner. The other set of reforms are
framework related at State Level.
15.8.1 Reforms at Urban Local Body / Parastatal
Adoption of modern, accrual – based double entry system of accounting in
Urban Local Bodies / Parastatals.
Introduction of system of e‐governance using IT applications like, GIS and MIS
for various services provided by ULBs / Parastatals.
Reform of property tax with GIS, so that it becomes major source of revenue for
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and arrangements for its effective implementation so
that collection efficiency reaches at least 85% within next seven years.
Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs / Para‐statals with the objective that
full cost of operation and maintenance or recurring cost is collected within next
seven years. However, cities/towns in North East and other special category
States may recover at least 50% of operation & maintenance charges initially.
These cities/towns should graduate to full O&M cost recovery in a phased
manner.
Internal earmarking within local body, budgets for basic services to the urban
poor.
Provision of basic services to urban poor including security of tenure at
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring
delivery of other already existing universal services of the Government for
education, health, and social security.
15.8.2 Reforms at State Level
Implementation of decentralization measures as envisaged in 74th Constitution
Amendment Act. States should ensure meaningful association/engagement of
ULBs in planning function of para‐statals as well as delivery of services to the
citizens.
* Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act.
* Reform of Rent Control Laws balancing the interests of landlords and tenants.
Rationalization of Stamp Duty to bring it down to no more than 5% within next
seven years.
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| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐10
Enactment of Public Disclosure Law to ensure preparation of medium‐term fiscal
plan of ULBs/ Parastatals and release of quarterly performance information to
all stakeholders
Enactment of Community Participation Law to institutionalize citizen
participation and introducing the concept of Area Sabha in urban areas.
Assigning or associating elected ULBs with “city planning function”. Over a
period of seven years, transferring all special agencies that deliver civic services
in urban areas to ULBs and creating accountability platforms for all urban civic
service providers in transition.
* Note: In respect of schemes relating to water supply and sanitation, the under
mentioned State level mandatory reforms may be taken as optional
reforms:
Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling Act
Reform of Rent Control Act
15.9 OPTIONAL REFORMS
Revision of bye‐laws to streamline the approval process for construction of
buildings, development of sites, etc.
Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of agricultural
land for non‐agricultural purposes.
Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.
Earmarking at least 20‐25% of developed land in all housing projects (both
Public and Private Agencies) for EWS/LIG category with a system of cross
subsidization.
Introduction of computerization process of registration of land and property.
Revision of bye‐laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory in all buildings
and adoption of water conservation measures.
Bye‐laws for reuse of recycled water
Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment by bringing out voluntary
retirement schemes, non‐filling up of posts falling vacant due to retirement etc.,
and achieving specified milestones in this regard.
Structural reforms
Encouraging Public Private Partnership
Note: Any two optional reforms to be implemented together by State & ULBs /
Parastatals in each year.
15.10 ADOPTION OF MUNICIPAL REFORMS
Since these reforms are envisaged to be implemented in all the local bodies in the
country, instead of dictated by the Central and State government, the Local body needs
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐11
to adopt a proactive approach to undertake the implementation of some of the
reforms. This will facilitate the local body to improve their managerial, financial and
service delivery functions in an efficient and effective manner, make urban governance
citizen friendly and also provide transparent urban governance.
15.10.1 Status of Mandatory Reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad
With the Stakeholder consultation of all officials of Sasaram Nagar Parishad and
observations on functioning of the Urban Local Body, it has been established that the
urban local body has made efforts to implement some of the mandatory reforms. In
view of the Memorandum of Understanding signed by State Govt. with Government of
India, Govt. of Bihar is committed to implement state/parastatal/ULB level reforms in a
time‐bound manner access funds under the Urban Reforms Incentive Fund (URIF).
Agenda‐wise status of mandatory reforms at urban local body as under:‐
a) Accrual‐based double entry system of accounting: Presently Sasaram Nagar
Parishad is yet to initiate the double accounting system and computerized and
online tax collection system. Sasaram Nagar Parishad not developed and prepared
the Website for Sasaram Nagar Parishad where online tax payment system will be
develop and request and complain system will be also incorporated. At the present
situation Sasaram Nagar Parishad is used single entry cash basis accounting system
records transactions only on receipt and payment of cash (for income and
expenditure items) and not when such income and expenses accrue to ULBs. As a
result, an analysis of the true and fair view of the activities of the ULBs is not
possible as income accrued and expenditure incurred, are not clearly reflected in
the financial statements of the ULBs. Whereas, under double entry system all
income and expenses relating only to a particular accounting period are recorded
clearly and separately, whether these have been actually received or paid. This
system of accounting is well accepted by the Financial Institutions, lending agencies
and all other outside bodies.
It was reported that Nagar Parishad personnel were started to given training by
SPUR with State Government’s permission on Budgeting, Revenue Generation
Agendas and Urban Reform but accrual based double entry accounting system will
start later. There are lacks of human resources especially technical staff. Sasaram
Nagar Parishad has many vacant posts in all departments which need to be filled
and provide infrastructure and technical resources. Thus the efficiency level will
increase.
b) E‐governance using IT applications like, GIS and MIS for various services: Sasaram
Nagar Parishad has partially been computerised. Sasaram Nagar Parishad is able to
create only few important data‐bases and implement some of the MIS activities
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| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐12
with the help of limited employed. The Nagar Parishad Information System (MIS) is
an accurate database giving all the details of the Nagar Parishad services, personnel
and financial status of the municipalities. The SNP has partially computerised the
billing section of Sasaram Nagar Parishad. The Urban Local Body has already realised
direct good results of computerisation.
The capacity building activity started recently in Sasaram Nagar Parishad is yet to
yield results. There has been lack of motivation on part of municipal employees.
This poses a challenge for the municipal management authorities and needs to be
taken care of on urgent basis.
c) Reform of property tax with GIS: As regard to GIS application in Sasaram Nagar
Parishad functions, SNP is yet to make any headway. GIS mapping of properties and
utilities need to be done to manage municipal affairs spatially including property tax
collection.
d) Levy of reasonable user charges: There is no water meters installed in Sasaram
Nagar Parishad. SNP also collects some marginal amount as consolidated tax (for
cleaning, fire fighting and street lighting) apart from the water tax. Local body
officials are of the view that levying any further taxes are not feasible due to socio‐
political reasons.
e) O&M cost recovery in a phased manner: Municipal officials reported an
approximate loss in water supply. Very small percentage of total O&M cost on
water supply is recovered through levying water tax. A marginal cost is recovered
through consolidated tax.
f) Earmarking within local body, budgets for basic services to the urban poor: SNP is
not able to spend amount from local budget on basic services for urban poor.
g) Provision of basic services to urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation etc.: Due to financial scarcity,
SNP is not able to take up any development works from its internal budget and
implements only government sponsored projects targeting urban poor.
15.10.2 Status of Optional Reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Sasaram Nagar Parishad is not able to take up optional reforms due to lack of human
resources, financial scarcity, weak operation and maintenance system, lack of E‐
governance system etc. It has been mentioned earlier that the local body is facing lot of
difficulties due to shortage of qualified, skilled manpower as various technical post are
lying vacant. Out of 343 sanctioned or approved post, 186 posts are vacant and rest
157 posts are in working.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐13
15.11 ISSUES
The issues related to Urban Reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad are as under:
Various mandatory reforms at local body level are not being implemented
because of shortage of qualified and skilled manpower in the organisation;
Computerisation of the database is in place only for few of the aspects;
Capacity building activities have been recently started;
Levying user charges to recover O&M cost is a typical problem in any municipal
organisation of this size. It further gets complicated due to socio‐political
interference;
GIS mapping of properties and utilities to improve tax collection and
management could not be taken up yet due to lack of funds to create database;
There are no formal City Civic Centres for citizens of Sasaram at convenient
places. If such city civic centres are established at strategic locations along with
improved basic service provisions, it will directly improve image of the local
body on one hand instill confidence in citizenry on the other which in turn raise
willingness to pay increased user charges thereby improving cost recovery of
basic services offered by SNP.
Small size of budget doesn’t permit local body to take up any welfare projects
for urban poor from its own resources.
Efforts have been started to implement the mandatory reforms whereas SNP yet
to take any way forward for implementing optional reforms.
15.12 CITY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES AND IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
While appreciating efforts made by SNP towards taking up municipal reforms in the
past, we strongly recommend further making renewed sincere efforts to implement
reforms. It is in the interest of local body to implement reforms to access funds
available with central and state governments. With a view to strengthen and enable the
local body to implement reform agenda, following proposed projects are expected to
bring in the desired reforms at Sasaram Nagar Parishad.
The strategy to implement recommended reforms shall be to fund following projects
enabling local body to manage its affairs efficiently and in transparent manner. These
efforts along with refurbished and provisioning of adequate basic infrastructure
facilities are expected to strengthen the financial status of local body and shall make
the entire ULB functions sustainable. This will increase confidence of citizenry in
capabilities of SNP.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Urban Governance and Reforms 15‐14
Table 15.3: Identified Projects
S.N. Identified Projects Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
Qty Qty Qty
1 Double Entry Accounting System (software
& training) Phase‐I ‐ ‐
2 E‐Governance (IT application‐GIS, MIS) Phase‐I ‐ ‐
3 Capacity Buildings and Training
Programmes Phase‐I ‐ ‐
4 Decentralised Complaint Redressed Phase‐I ‐ ‐
5 Contingencies Phase‐I ‐ ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Vision, Goals and Strategies i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
16 CITY VISION, GOALS AND STRATEGIES ...................................................... 16‐1 16.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. 16‐1 16.2 CITY LEVEL SWOT ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 16‐1 16.3 CITY LEVEL VISION 2030 .................................................................................. 16‐2 16.4 DEVELOPMENT GOALS .................................................................................... 16‐3 16.5 SECTORAL STRATEGIES .................................................................................... 16‐3
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Vision, Goals and Strategies 16‐1
16 CITY VISION, GOALS AND STRATEGIES
16.1 BACKGROUND
On the basis of detailed sectoral analysis, SWOT and vision for the Sasaram town
discussed during multiple stakeholders’ consultations in stages, every time modifying
the statement incorporating the feedback and aspirations of the various stakeholders as
a strategy to achieve an understanding on common vision; this chapter is intended to
show city level SWOT, city vision and city level goals and strategies in comprehensive
manner. The detailed sectoral analysis, SWOT, Sectoral vision and sectoral goals and
strategies have been discussed in all respective chapters.
Developing a shared and unanimous City Vision is central to the preparation of City
Development Plan (CDP). A vision is a statement where the city wishes to go, within a
given timeframe, and often expressed in clear expectations. The statement summarizes
the future city and helps visualize the future destination for the city so that all efforts,
strategies, actions are oriented towards it without losing focus. Therefore, a vision
aligns stakeholders’ energies to work cohesively for the development of the city. All
objectives, strategies, programmes and projects must be aligned with the vision of the
city.
Vision defines the potential of the city and reflects its unique attributes in terms of
comparative and competitive advantages, values and preferences of the city’s
residents, its place in the larger spectrum of settlements at local, regional, national and
international levels. A realistic city vision is also a statement of intent which evolves
within the physical and historical constraints of the city.
Developing a shared and unanimously accepted City Vision is a real challenge. Balancing
the demands arising out of competing sectors of activities, different interest groups of
the town and various environmental constraints, which generally gets neglected by
individual stakeholders’, requires significant efforts of consensus building.
16.2 CITY LEVEL SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES
Strategic location and strong road, rail link with the all major settlement within the district and state and national level corridors.
Strong potential for development of commercial and industrial Regional Center.
Intensive Tourism Base as it is a Historical center.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Vision, Goals and Strategies 16‐2
Major heritage and cultural destination.
Availability of large skilled and non skilled human resource.
Huge potential for water harvesting and ground water recharge.
High willingness and interest of People and Authority towards commercialization and trade & commerce.
WEAKNESS THREATS
Encroachments, Unorganized market base or commercial centers.
Water logging in low lying areas and drains are clogged with garbage.
Lack of organized city level public transportation and road network system (parking, medians, footpaths, signals, road marking etc.)
Over stressed infrastructure at city level. Increasing pollution level (Water, Air and
Land).
Pollution of Shersah Suri Canal in the city. Poverty is major problem.
Large Slum population without basic amenities.
16.3 CITY LEVEL VISION 2030
In order to ensure peoples’ participation in City Development Planning and
implementation, wide scale consultations with stakeholders’ were held at Sasaram
town. Open discussions on tentative vision statement, incorporating desired
modifications at each stage of consultations based on feedback, have helped in evolving
the city vision for Sasaram. The unanimously agreed vision statement is as under:
“Sasaram is visualized to be tourist destination prominently appearing on the
tourism map of the Bihar, with a Regional Service cum commercial Centre with
well defined Heritage & leisure destination with thriving sustained economy
based on tourism, handloom and allied activities supported by quality all basic
physical & social infrastructure for citizenry and visiting tourist.”
Supporting the above vision, a set of development objectives has been formulated.
These objectives put forward specific targets that Sasaram city wishes to achieve in a
given timeframe. Sector goals have been set based on the benchmarks for each of the
core sectors keeping in focus the agreed vision. To achieve the goal set for each sector,
alternative strategies have been formulated and debated during stakeholders’
consultations resulting in identification of priority projects.
The ‘Vision‐2030’ envisages Sasaram primarily a major regional economic and education
center with pilgrimage in the tourist circuits of Bodhgaya, Nalanda and Rajgir and
eventually establishes itself on tourism map of the country. The efforts being made by
the Bihar Tourism Development Corporation and Sasaram Nagar Parishad in this
direction are appreciable which is reflected in continuous increase in tourist arrival.
Development and conservation efforts for rich religious and pilgrimage center and
historical structures at Gaya indicate promising future for tourism industry.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Vision, Goals and Strategies 16‐3
The future prospects of industries (Agro based, handloom etc.) at Sasaram is one of the
important economic activity suggested by majority of the stakeholders. The handloom
industry with immense potential is being viewed central to overall development of
Sasaram which can trigger the development of other associated developing sectors
including tourism.
To optimize and reap the development benefits of economic sector activities like
manufacturing industry, tourism adequate, improved and well coordinated physical and
social infrastructure will be a pre‐requisite and also to support life and economy of
Sasaram on sustainable basis. Therefore, the emphasis on basic infrastructure
development such as water supply, sewerage, drainage, road, transportation and
communication etc. is well placed.
One of the basic functions of Sasaram city, in addition to its fast developing economic
activities, is to serve its rural hinterland as a ‘Regional Service Centre’. Sasaram offers
almost all service centre functions to the surrounding rural settlements including
agricultural marketing facility, trade and commerce, agricultural inputs, administrative
headquarters, judicial court, educational facilities like industrial training institute,
handloom training centre, higher secondary schools etc.
Thus, Sasaram is expected to strengthen its economy based on tourism and industry,
serve the rural surroundings with its improved and higher level facilities as regional
growth centre.
16.4 DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Sectoral development goals have been set considering various important factors which
have bearing on its achievements resulting into realization of city vision by the horizon
year 2030. Development goals have been detailed out independently discussed for all
sectors in respective chapters on the basis of priority. While formulating the City goals,
which are based on sectoral goals and consultations with the city stakeholders, it has
been ensured that they are socially beneficial, contextual, environmentally sustainable,
financially viable, institutionally executable and politically acceptable.
16.5 SECTORAL STRATEGIES
The gap between existing status of Sasaram and the city visualized by 2030 is to be
bridged. There may be different strategies to achieve the sector goals to realize the city
vision. Each strategy will have its own advantages and disadvantages. Alternative
strategies for meeting the gap are evaluated and selected on the basis of their
contributions to its goal, objectives and the reform agenda.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Vision, Goals and Strategies 16‐4
Selection of right strategy to achieve the corresponding sectoral goal is as important as
developing a vision for the city for CDP. Therefore, the Consultants through multiple
consultations with key stakeholders and in‐depth SWOT analysis of the existing status
of various sectors and experience of planning and development management of similar
towns have selected the sector strategy to achieve the set goals. While doing so, the
focus has been on the optimization of benefits to the larger population particularly the
disadvantaged sections, potential beneficiaries and target groups. Therefore, selection
of a strategy aims at ensuring maximum impact.
Formulation of development strategy aims at achieving the vision and expected
outcomes. Expected outcomes of any service provision are to ensure universal access to
a minimum level of services. Therefore, sector strategies have been formulated keeping
in view its adaptability in the given context, sustainability, acceptability, financial
viability and to ensure institutional efficiency and efficacy to achieve the vision.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
17 CITY INVESTMENT PLAN ........................................................................... 17‐1 17.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 17‐1 17.2 BASIS FOR PROJECT IDENTIFICATION ............................................................ 17‐1 17.3 CITY INVESTMENT PLAN ................................................................................ 17‐1 17.4 SECTORWISE AND PHASEWISE PROJECTS AND INVESTMENT PLAN ............. 17‐2 17.4.1 Water Supply ................................................................................................. 17‐2 17.4.2 Sewerage ....................................................................................................... 17‐3 17.4.3 Drainage ........................................................................................................ 17‐4 17.4.4 Solid Waste Management ............................................................................. 17‐5 17.4.5 Road and Transportation .............................................................................. 17‐5 17.4.6 Social infrastructure ...................................................................................... 17‐6 17.4.7 Urban Poor .................................................................................................... 17‐7 17.4.8 Heritage and Conservation ........................................................................... 17‐7 17.4.9 E‐Governance ................................................................................................ 17‐8
List of Tables
Table 17.1: City Investment Plan: 2011‐2030 ................................................................. 17‐1 Table 17.2: Economic Development ............................................................................... 17‐2 Table 17.3: Water Supply ............................................................................................... 17‐3 Table 17.4: Sewerage & Sanitation ................................................................................. 17‐4 Table 17.5: Drainage ....................................................................................................... 17‐4 Table 17.6: Solid Waste Management ............................................................................ 17‐5 Table 17.7: Traffic & Transportation .............................................................................. 17‐6 Table 17.8: Street Lights & Power .................................................................................. 17‐6 Table 17.9: Social Infrastructure ..................................................................................... 17‐6 Table 17.10: Services to Urban Poor .............................................................................. 17‐7 Table 17.11: Heritage and Conservation ........................................................................ 17‐7 Table 17.12: E Governance ............................................................................................. 17‐8
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐1
17 CITY INVESTMENT PLAN
17.1 INTRODUCTION
City Development Plan prepared for development of the City, various priority wise
projects are identified under physical & social infrastructure, heritage/ conservation,
economic development, slum improvement, etc.
17.2 BASIS FOR PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
All the above projects have been finalized after physical survey of the City, Analysis
work with keeping in mind the need and urgent requirement of city and after
discussions in workshop and department wise with the concerned officials from Gaya
Municipal Corporation, public representatives and citizens.
17.3 CITY INVESTMENT PLAN
The total investments of Rs 467.41 crore are required during a period from 2011 and
2030. Out of these investments Rs 298.13 crore i.e. nearly 64% are allocated in the
phase‐1, that is, the period up to 2016. Investments for Urban poor and Slum
development will cover housing and civic utilities. These amounts are derived at current
level of prices.
A Summary of the investment plan for the five years from 2011 to 2030 is given below
in Table 17.1 along with phase‐wise and sector‐wise distribution. The investment in the
phase‐1 is likely to take place within the period of 2011‐2016. The investment in the
second phase is expected to materialize within the period of 2016‐201 and the third
phase is 2021‐2030. The highest (21.93%) investment has been planned in the roads
and transportation (Rs 102.52 crore) followed by water supply Rs 73.07 crore and
sewerage Rs 67.20 crore.
Table 17.1: City Investment Plan: 2011‐2030
SECTORS
Investment Required (Rs, crore)
Total
Sector‐wise
Distribution
(%)
Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
(2011‐2016) (2016‐2021) (2021‐2030)
Economic Development 23.20 9.80 ‐ 33.00 7.06
Water Supply 46.66 26.41 ‐ 73.07 15.63
Sewerage and
Sanitation 27.80 34.15 5.25 67.20 14.38
Drainage 34.50 6.25 40.75 8.72
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐2
SECTORS
Investment Required (Rs, crore)
Total
Sector‐wise
Distribution
(%)
Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
(2011‐2016) (2016‐2021) (2021‐2030)
Solid Waste
Management 17.68 1.98 1.19 20.85 4.46
Roads and
Transportation 64.52 38.00 0.00 102.52 21.93
Street Lights and Power 6.50 3.40 0.97 10.87 2.33
Social Infrastructure 9.12 1.14 6.20 16.46 3.52
Services to Urban Poor 25.00 20.00 14.54 59.54 12.74
Heritage and
Conservation 39.20 ‐ ‐ 39.20 8.39
E‐governance and
Municipal Reforms 3.95 ‐ ‐ 3.95 0.84
TOTAL 298.13 141.12 28.15 467.41
100.00 Phase‐wise Distribution
(%) 63.78 30.19 6.02 100.00
17.4 SECTORWISE AND PHASEWISE PROJECTS AND INVESTMENT PLAN
The project identification has been done through a demand supply gap analysis of the
infrastructure and services, feedbacks of stakeholder’s workshops, consultations with
senior citizens of the town and officials of local body, reconciliation of already identified
projects as part of various detailed engineering studies, decentralized planning taken up
by local body. A Financial Operating Plan sector‐wise and total for investment for the
period 2011‐2030 has been shown below.
Table 17.2: Economic Development
S.N ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Project
Total Cost Phase I
(2011‐16) Phase II (2016‐21)
Phase III (2021‐30)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Renovation of existing Nagar Parishad Markets
2 1.2 0.8 ‐
2
Construction of Sheds & Promotion Zone to accommodate household and small scale Units/ industries
15 15 ‐ ‐
3 Shopping / Commercial Complex 10 5 5 ‐
4 Platforms for Weekly Market/ Vegetable
6 2 4 ‐
Total 33 23.2 9.8 ‐
17.4.1 Water Supply
Existing water supply infrastructure is inadequate condition, due to which frequency of
water supply is less. Further, due to lack of planned detailed design gives very low
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐3
pressure of water causing inconvenience to users. In order to improve the overall
coverage of water supply, frequency, quantity and quality of water supplied
rehabilitation of existing system and new proposals for augmentation of water supply
system to serve the population of town up to 2030 has been proposed and detailed
projects identified and investment plan proposed has been shown in Table 18.3 which
will be invested in phases.
Table 17.3: Water Supply
SN WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS Total Cost
Phase I (2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III (2021‐2030)
(Rs. crore)
1 Main W/S pipeline 2.5 2.5 ‐ ‐
fixtures and fittings 0.5 0.5 ‐ ‐
2 Up‐gradation of Existing Pipeline
5.2 5.2 ‐ ‐
3 New distribution W/S pipeline 7.35 5.1 2.25 ‐
fixtures and fittings 1.47 1.02 0.45 ‐
4 Underground Tank, Pump house with 4 no. of pump sets
1.6 1.6 ‐ ‐
5 Overhead reservoirs (10 lakh capacity each)
14 8 6 ‐
pumps and pumping station 2.8 1.6 1.2 ‐
fixtures and fittings 3.36 1.92 1.44 ‐
6 Underground reservoirs 6.4 3.2 3.2 ‐
7 Filtration / Treatment works 21.24 11.776 9.472 ‐
8 O & M, Contingency Charges 6.64 4.2416 2.4012 ‐
Sub Total 73.07 46.65 26.41 ‐
Out of the overall investment of Rs. 73.07 Crores planned for Sasaram town water
supply system, Rs. 46.65 Crores is planned to invest in phase‐I and Rs 26.41 Crores is
planned to invest in phase‐II to cover the future development of the town.
17.4.2 Sewerage
In absence of any sewerage system in town, wastewater from households flows into
open drains and finally enters canal and Nallah creating unhygienic condition in town
and polluting the water. In view of the huge investment required for various
infrastructure developments in the town, it is proposed by the consultants to install a
waste water treatment plant on main drain to treat the waste water entering into river
and channels preparation of detailed project report for the sewerage system of the
town will be prepared on priority basis in Phase‐I till 2016. Major projects, overall
investment, and their phasing for development of sewerage system have been shown in
Table 17.4.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐4
Table 17.4: Sewerage & Sanitation
To achieve the purpose a investment of Rs. 139.85 Crores will be required in two
phases and each phases will be required amount of 20.49 crore (Phase‐I) and 16.94
crore (Phase‐II).
17.4.3 Drainage
On analyzing, it has been observed by consultants that the existing drainage network is
sufficient but has inadequate capacity due to which flooding is a major issue in a large
number of areas. In addition, during rainy season most of the roads of the town is
submerged and the entries to town are blocked specially on Old GT Road, MG Road,
and Nawadih Road. To improve the drainage condition of the town and to conserve the
storm water, drainage system will be improved and rainwater harvesting is proposed to
be adopted. To achieve the goal of 100% coverage of drains and to eliminate the
problem of flooding from the town drainage system has been planned mainly in two
phases for which overall investment proposed has been shown in Table 17.6.
Table 17.5: Drainage
S. N. DRAINAGE Project Total Cost
Phase I (2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III (2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Main Drain line (In km) 3 3 ‐ ‐
2 Secondary & Tertiary drains , length (In km)
36.87 30.87 6 ‐
3 strengthening of existing drain (In km)
0.3825 0.3825 ‐ ‐
4 Waste Water Treatment Plant 5 MLD capacity each (In nos.)
0.5 0.25 0.25 ‐
Total 40.7525 34.5025 6.25
S. N. SEWERAGE & SANITATION
Project
Total Cost
Phase I (2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III (2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Main Pipe line installation 10 10 ‐ ‐
2 Secondary & Collector line 31.85 17.5 9.1 5.25
3 Treatment plant of 80 MLD (2 nos, 40 MLD each)
25 ‐ 25 ‐
4 Community Toilet Blocks with bath facility
0.25 0.2 0.05 ‐
5 Public Toilet without bath facility
0.1 0.1 0 ‐
Total 139.85 67.2 27.8 34.15
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐5
17.4.4 Solid Waste Management
One of the important basic infrastructures required to improve the quality of life of
people in town is solid waste management, which is commonly poor in Sasaram town.
Absence of door‐to‐door collection and ineffective secondary collection creates filthy
condition in town as waste is always being spread around dustbins and in open spaces.
In addition to inefficient collection system, there is lack of transportation vehicles and
equipments for collection of waste and scientific disposal system is absent. In order to
achieve the goal of clean city and 100% waste management, door to door collection on
pilot basis, segregation, storage and transportation in addition to sanitary land fill site
for scientific disposal of waste is being proposed for which overall investment planned
is Rs. 20.85 Crores which has been represented in Table 17.6.
Table 17.6: Solid Waste Management
S. N. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS
Total Cost
Phase I (2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III (2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (Operation & Management)
13.69 13.69 ‐ ‐
2 Vehicles and Equipments 7.12 3.95 1.97 1.19
3 Land Fill site development (1 no.)
0.04 0.04 ‐ ‐
Total 20.85 17.68 1.97 1.19
17.4.5 Road and Transportation
Roads and transport infrastructure becomes important for the town as it supports the
economy of the town. Even though all the important roads of the town are double
laned, but due to huge inflow and outflow of goods traffic and commercial
establishments along the important roads makes existing road inadequate. Due to
presence of large number of slow moving Rickshaw, animal cart for goods
transportation in town further reduces the capacity of roads. In addition to that, due to
lot of industrial and commercial activities, there is requirement of loading and
unloading facility and storage facility in the town. Thus to provide industrial
infrastructure to the town, Truck Terminal have been proposed at strategic location on
the important approach roads of the town. Parking has been proposed at 4 locations
which can be developed on PPP.
To achieve the goals and to implement the strategies finalized the investment plan of
Rs. 102.52 Crores has been proposed for roads and transport infrastructure
development in town. Project wise investment and phasing has been represented in
Table 17.7.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐6
Table 17.7: Traffic & Transportation
S. N. TRAFFIC TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS
Total Cost
Phase I (2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III (2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Up gradation of Bus Terminal 2.5 2.5
2 Truck Terminal 15 15
3 Footpaths (Rs. 1000 / sq. m.) 3 1.5 1.5
4 Parking lots (4 nos.) 10 5 5 0
5 Construction of passenger sheds
0.8 0.6 0.2
6
Up gradation and Strengthening of roads within the city and for missing links.
20.8 20.8 0
7 New Road Construction and linking
22.5 22.5 0
8 Repairing of the city Road 23 16.5 6.5
9 Signage, Road Markings and Pedestrian Crossing etc
0.22 0.12 0.1
10 Foot Over Bridge 1 0.5 0.5
11 Junctions and Traffic signal improvement
3.2 2 1.2
12 Comprehensive Mobility Plan 0.5 0.5
Total 102.52 64.52 38 0
Table 17.8: Street Lights & Power
S. N. STREET LIGHTS & POWER
PROJECTS
Total
Cost
Phase I
(2011‐2016)
Phase II
(2016‐2021)
Phase III
(2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Conventional Street Lights 7.47 4.5 2.4 0.57
2 Solar Lights 3.4 2 1 0.4
Total 10.87 6.5 3.4 0.97
17.4.6 Social infrastructure
Social Infrastructure is an important factor affecting the quality of life of the people. For the
development of social infrastructure in town major projects identified includes projects
proposed under decentralized planning, as social needs of the town depends largely on the
requirement of the stakeholders. Total investment estimated for social infrastructure
development in Sasaram is estimated to be Rs 10.45, which are detailed in Table 17.9.
Table 17.9: Social Infrastructure
S.N SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
PROJECTS
Total Cost
Phase I(2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III(2021‐2030)
(Rs. crore)
RECREATION
1 Multipurpose Community Hall 2 1 0.5 0.5
2 Playgrounds 0.2 0.2
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐7
3 Neighbourhood parks 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.25
4 Recreational Centers 1.5 1.5 0 0
5 City Park 0.8 0.4 0.4
Sub Total 6 3.85 1 1.15
OTHERS
1 Night Shelters, Beggar’s Home 0.05 0.05 0 0
2 Welcome Gate/ Check post 0.105 0.07 0.035 0
3 Fire Station 10 5 5
4 Cremation Ground 0.3 0.15 0.1 0.05
Sub Total 10.455 5.27 0.135 5.05
One of the important projects proposed includes the development of the parks of the
and Recreational Centers to harness the beauty of the town. In addition to that
development of night shelters, cremation ground and welcome gate have been
proposed. It will improve the overall beauty of the town.
17.4.7 Urban Poor
Development of housing and basic infrastructure services for urban poor and slum
inhabitants is the focus of the State Government and Central Government. In this view
special programmes under like BSUP, IHSDP, and different DFID programmes with state
governments are under implementation in various small towns in Bihar and India wide.
Overall investment proposed for urban poor and slums is estimated to be Rs 59.54
Crores, which represented in Table 17.10.
Table 17.10: Services to Urban Poor
S. N. SERVICES TO URBAN POORS
Project
Total
Cost
Phase I
(2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐
2021)
Phase III
(2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Provision of Housing (HH) 59.54 25 20 14.54
Total 59.54 25 20 14.54
17.4.8 Heritage and Conservation
Sasaram is a tourist destination famous for World Heritage Site Sher Shah Suri Tomb
along with other religious sites in Sasaram which needs to renovated, conserved as
heritage sites and developed to attract tourists. Thus overall investment required to be
invested for heritage conservation and tourism development is Rs. 39.2 Crores, details
of which are presented in Table 17.11.
Table 17.11: Heritage and Conservation
SN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION
Project
Total Cost
Phase I (2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III (2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Conservation of Heritage Sites and Tombs, Shersah Suri Tomb, Hasan Sah Suri & Others (Conservation,
30 30 ‐ ‐
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐8
SN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION
Project
Total Cost
Phase I (2011‐2016)
Phase II (2016‐2021)
Phase III (2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
Street Scaping / Landscaping, Water bodies development, Pathways etc.)
2
Redevelopment & Up gradation of Temples and all Religious places, Tarachandi, Taksaal Sangat, Jama Masjid & Others (Pathways, Landscaping, Organised Recreational Spaces etc.)
3.2 3.2 ‐ ‐
3 Preservation of Shersah Suri Canal (Bioremediation, landscaping, Pathways etc.)
6 6 22 ‐
Total 39.2 39.2 ‐ ‐
17.4.9 E‐Governance
Development of E‐governance system and implementation of reforms are important to
develop the capacity of the municipalities to implement the development projects
proposed and to maintain the infrastructure developed. In this view, an investment
plan of Rs. 3.94 Crores has been proposed which is represented in Table 17.12.
Table 17.12: E Governance
S. N. E Governance
Project
Total
Cost
Phase I
(2011‐2016)
Phase II
(2016‐2021)
Phase III
(2021‐2030)
(Rs. In Crore)
1 Double Entry Accounting
System (software & training) 0.25 0.25
‐
2 E‐Governance (IT application‐
GIS, MIS) 0.82 0.82 ‐ ‐
3 Capacity Buildings and
Training Programmes 2 2 ‐ ‐
4 Decentralised Complaint
Redressed 0.22 0.22 ‐ ‐
5 Contingencies 0.658 0.658 ‐ ‐
Total 3.948 3.948 ‐ ‐
As mentioned in Table 17.12 major projects identified for E‐governance and reforms
implementation is development of double entry accounting system, computerization
including development of GIS and MIS database and organizing capacity building
programmes for department of general administration, water and sanitation, health,
accounts etc. which will help the better implementation of projects and maintenance of
infrastructure which are proposed to be implemented in Phase‐I requiring an
investment of Rs. 3.94. Development of decentralized complaint redressed system will
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| City Investment Plan 17‐9
be implemented once all other GIS and MIS database will be well implemented.
Development of database in GIS and MIS for all the properties and infrastructure will
contribute in increasing the efficiency of user charges collections and property tax
collection, which in turn will strengthen the economic status of municipality
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
18 FINANCIAL OPERATING PLAN ........................................................................... 18‐1 18.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 18‐1 18.2 FINANCIAL PROFILE : EXISTING SCENARIO ....................................................... 18‐1 18.2.1 Sources of Revenue .......................................................................................... 18‐1 18.2.2 Revenue Income ............................................................................................... 18‐1 18.2.3 Growth of Income ............................................................................................ 18‐2 18.2.4 Structure of Revenue ....................................................................................... 18‐2 18.2.5 Efficiency in Tax Collection ............................................................................... 18‐3 18.3 REVENUE EXPENDITURE ................................................................................... 18‐3 18.3.1 Growth of Expenditure ..................................................................................... 18‐4 18.3.2 Structure of Expenditure .................................................................................. 18‐4 18.3.3 Surplus/Deficit .................................................................................................. 18‐4 18.3.4 Financial Sustainability ..................................................................................... 18‐5 18.4 INVESTMENT REQUREMENT ............................................................................ 18‐6 18.5 FUNDING PATTERN .......................................................................................... 18‐7 18.6 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP CONSIDERING PAST TRENDS (ALTERNATE‐I) .... 18‐10 18.7 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP BASED ON SPURs ASSUMPTION (ALTERNATE‐II)18‐11 18.7.1 Assumptions for Estimating SNP’s Financials ................................................. 18‐11 18.8 FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS ............................................................................... 18‐12 18.9 COMPARISION OF ALTERNATE‐I and ALTERNATE‐II ....................................... 18‐13 List of Tables Table 18.1:Income of SNP (Rs. In Lakh) ...................................................................................... 18‐2 Table 18.2: Growth rate of SNP (In %) ....................................................................................... 18‐2 Table 18.3: Growth rate of SNP (In %) ....................................................................................... 18‐2 Table 18.4: Efficiency of tax collection ....................................................................................... 18‐3 Table 18.5: Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh) ......................................................................................... 18‐3 Table 18.6: Growth rate of Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh) ................................................................ 18‐4 Table 18.7: Structure of Expenditure (In %) ............................................................................... 18‐4 Table 18.8: Surplus and Deficit (Rs. In Lakh) .............................................................................. 18‐5 Table 18.9: Financial Sustainability ............................................................................................ 18‐5 Table 18.10: Fiscal Gap ............................................................................................................... 18‐6 Table 18.11: City Investment Plan: 2011‐2030 .......................................................................... 18‐6 Table 18.12: Funding pattern of all phases: 2011 – 2030 .......................................................... 18‐7 Table 18.13: Funding pattern of Phases – I; (2011 – 2016) ....................................................... 18‐8 Table 18.14: Funding pattern of Phases – II; (2016 – 2021) ...................................................... 18‐8 Table 18.15: Funding pattern of Phases – III; (2021 – 2030) ..................................................... 18‐9 Table 18.16: Assessment of Requirement of Funds from Sources .......................................... 18‐10 Table 18.17: Trend‐based Projection of Revenue and Expenditure ........................................ 18‐11 Table 18.18: Alternative Scenario: Assumptions based on past trend and projection by SPUR ............ 18‐11
Table 18.19: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad ......................... 18‐12 Table 18.20: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad ......................... 18‐13 Table 18.21: Comparison of Financials of SNP by Two Alternatives ........................................ 18‐14
List of Figures
Figure 18.1 : Establishment costs by own resources. .................................................... 18‐5
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐1
18 FINANCIAL OPERATING PLAN
18.1 INTRODUCTION
The Financial Operating Plan (FOP) has been prepared to ensure the financial feasibility
and sustainability of projects and to care of the changing government fiscal and
economic policies. The Financial Operating Plan has two parts – the first part is the
examination of financial conditions of Sasaram Nagar Parishad with the help of financial
data obtained from the budgetary statements for the period from 2008‐09 to 2010‐11
and the other part is forecasting of income and expenditure to determine the level of
monetary support the Sasaram Nagar Parishad may render from their own sources for
different projects to be undertaken under the aegis of Nagar Nigam. The second part
also includes the capital budgeting of the projects are to be undertaken. There are
various urban sectors which need detailed planning for effective implementation of
projects.
18.2 FINANCIAL PROFILE : EXISTING SCENARIO
The examination of financial conditions is done by analyzing data on income and
expenditure for the period 2008‐09 to 2010‐11obtained from SPUR.
18.2.1 Sources of Revenue
The Sasaram Nagar Parishad has broadly two sources of income, viz. revenue, and
transfer from the government. The income from revenue sources can be considered as
“own source” or own resource and it has two components – tax and non‐tax. The Nagar
Nigam has several sources of revenue income. The income of Nagar Nigam as transfer
from government includes aid, grants and scheme‐specific allocation.
18.2.2 Revenue Income
Broadly, the revenue of Sasaram Nagar Parishad can be categorized into –Tax and Non
Tax income. Besides, SNP receives grant from the State and Central Governments under
various schemes. A major source of tax revenue is Tax collection.
Table 18.2 below shows the revenue receipts for the last 3 years. The total revenue
income in the year 2008‐09 was Rs 81.24 lakh which reached to Rs 453.67 lakh in 2009‐
10. A steady increase in tax income is not observed. The rise in tax income was highest
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐2
in 2009‐10 but after that it fell down to Rs 266.00 lakh in 2010‐11. The rise in non‐tax
income was steady except 2009‐10.
Table 18.1:Income of SNP (Rs. In Lakh)
Year Tax Non‐tax
Total (Owned income)
Assigned Rev, Rev Grants and
Other income
Total (Revenue income )
Capital Grants
Total
Income
2008‐09 40.82 37.56 78.39 2.85482 81.24 0 81.24
2009‐10 120.52 52.91 173.43 280.23 453.67 0 453.67
2010‐11* 61.00 56.00 117.00 149.00 266.00 0 266.00Source: SPUR Cell; *Estimated
18.2.3 Growth of Income
The growth of total revenue income is 59.3% per year. The tax revenue has a growth
rate of 20.07% per annum. The rise of non‐tax income is 19.96% per year. The growth of
total income including capital grants 59.3% per year. The average growth rate of ‘own
resources’ (tax and non‐tax together) of Sasaram Nagar Parishad is 20.02%.
Table 18.2: Growth rate of SNP (In %)
Annual Growth Rates
Tax Non‐tax
Total (Owned income)
Assigned Rev, Rev Grants and Other income
Total (Revenue income )
Total income
20.07 19.96 20.02 197.74 59.3 59.3 * Growth rate has been estimated with semi‐log model
18.2.4 Structure of Revenue
Table 18.4 gives the share of components of revenue in percentage. The average share
of tax component in total income is 33.25%, the share of the non‐tax component is
26.32%. The share of ‘own source’ in total income is around 60%. The ratio of transfer
and own income components in total income is 40:60.
Table 18.3: Growth rate of SNP (In %)
Year Tax Non‐tax
Total (Owned income)
Assigned Rev, Rev Grants and
Other income
Total (Revenue income )
Capital Grants
Total
2008‐09 50.25 46.23 96.49 3.51 100 0 100
2009‐10 26.57 11.66 38.23 61.77 100 0 100
2010‐11 22.93 21.05 43.98 56.02 100 0 100
Average 33.25 26.32 59.57 40.43 100 0 100Source: SPUR Cell
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐3
18.2.5 Efficiency in Tax Collection
The efficiency in tax collection is measured as ratio of actual yield and potential yield.
The tax yield has been estimated on the basis of ARV approach. Table 18.5 shows that
tax efficiency is 9.18%, which means actual there is enough scope to improve the tax
collection efficiency.
Table 18.4: Efficiency of tax collection
Particulars POTENTIAL ACTUAL
Total properties to be taxed 29,732 11,987
Average ARV of properties 16,197 8,098
Total ARV of all properties 48,15,66,123 9,70,74,911
Holding Tax Liability= Tax Rate times Total ARV 4,33,40,951 87,36,742
Tax Collection 90% 41%
Tax Yield 3,90,06,856 35,82,064
Total Efficiency of Tax collection= (Actual Yield / Potential Yield)
9.18
Source: SPUR; ARV = Annual Rental Value
18.3 REVENUE EXPENDITURE
Table 18.6 shows the revenue expenditure pattern of Sasaram Nagar Parishad. The
expenditure in the head of salary and wage exhibits a rising trend over time. In 2008‐09
the expenditure of wage and salaries was Rs 78.98 lakh increased to Rs 83.00 lakh in
2010‐11. But during the same period the total non‐development expenditure increased
from Rs1.45 lakh to Rs 2.00 lakh. The total expenditure was Rs 85.87 lakh in 2008‐09
and increased to Rs 87.45 lakh in 2009‐10 but again increased to Rs 90.00 lakh in 2010‐
11. The expenditure on schemes is found absent.
Table 18.5: Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh)
Year
NON‐DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE
Total
Expenditure
Establishmen
t
Administration
Expen
diture
Finance
&
Interest
Expen
diture
Misc
Expen
diture
Total
O & M
Expen
diture
Program
me
Expen
diture
Including capital
expen
diture,
project
investmen
t
Total
2008‐09 78.98 1.45 0 0.95 81.38 4.49 ‐ 85.87 85.87
2009‐
10*
80.99 1.72 0 0.00 82.71 4.74 ‐ 87.45 87.45
2010‐
11*
83.00 2.00 0 0.00 85.00 5.00 ‐ 90.00 90.00
Source: SPUR; *Estimated
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐4
18.3.1 Growth of Expenditure
The growth of total expenditure is 2.35% per year. The wage and salaries increases per
year at the rate of rate of 2.48%. The rise of non‐development expenditure is nearly
2.17% per year Table 18.7. The expenditure on O & M increases at the rate of 5.37%.
Table 18.6: Growth rate of Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh)
Year
Non‐development Expenses Development Expenditure
Total
Expenditure
Establishmen
t
Administration
Expen
diture
Finance &
Interest
Expen
diture
Misc Expen
diture
Total
O & M
Expen
diture
Program
me
Expen
diture
Including
capital
expen
diture, project
investmen
t Total
Annual
Growth
Rate (%)
2.4
8
16.0
7 ‐ ‐ 2.17 5.37 ‐ 2.35 2.35
* Growth rate has been estimated with semi‐log model
18.3.2 Structure of Expenditure
The expenditure on wage and salaries is more than 92% of total expenditure. The share
of administrative and miscellaneous expenditure is nearly 2% totaling 95% of
expenditure as non‐development expenditure. The average O &M cost is 5%. There is
no expenditure on programmes/projects or new asset formation (vide Table18.8)
Table 18.7: Structure of Expenditure (In %)
Year
Non‐development Expenses Development Expenditure
Total Expenditure
Establishment
Administration
Expenditure
Finan
ce &
Interest
Expenditure
Misc
Expenditure
Total
O & M
Expenditure
Program
me
Expenditure
Including capital
expenditure,
project
investment
Total
2008‐09 91.98 1.69 0.00 1.11 94.77 5.23 0.00 100.00 100.00
2009‐10 92.61 1.97 0.00 0.00 94.58 5.42 0.00 100.00 100.00
2010‐11 92.22 2.22 0.00 0.00 94.44 5.56 0.00 100.00 100.00
Average 92.27 1.96 0.00 0.37 94.60 5.40 0.00 100.00 100.00
Source: SPUR;
18.3.3 Surplus/Deficit
Table 18.9 below shows that the average surplus of Sasaram Nagar Parishad is 47%. In
2008‐09 no surplus was generated, next year it was 80.72% followed by 66.17%
generation of surplus.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐5
Table 18.8: Surplus and Deficit (Rs. In Lakh)
Year Revenue income Revenue Expenditure Surplus/Deficit Ratio (%)
2008‐09 81.24 85.87 ‐4.63 ‐5.69
2009‐10 453.67 87.45 366.22 80.72
2010‐11 266.00 90.00 176.00 66.17
Average 47.07
18.3.4 Financial Sustainability
The financial sustainability has been examined by determining the percentage of local
expenditure, that is, non‐development expenditure and O & M costs financed by own
resources, that is, income from tax and non‐tax sources. Table 18.10 shows that the
average financing rate is 39.27%, that is, in an average nearly 40% of local expenditure
is financed by own resources of Sasaram Nagar Parishad.
Table 18.9: Financial Sustainability
Year Total Own
Resource Income (Rs Lakh)
Total Non‐development and O & M
Expenditure (Rs Lakh)
Percentage Expenditure Financed by own resources (%)
2008‐09 78.39 85.87 ‐9.54 2009‐10 173.43 87.45 50.42 2010‐11 117.00 90.00 76.92
Average 39.27
It is observed from the Figure 18.1 below that even establishment costs are covered by
own resources.
Figure 18.1 : Establishment costs by own resources.
The fiscal gap of Sasaram Nagar Parishad in 2008‐09 was 9.54%. The difference
between total expenditure and income from own resources/revenues when measured
as percentage of total expenditure is called fiscal gap. Table 18.11 shows that the fiscal
gap of Sasaram Nagar Parishad did not exist in 2009‐10 and 2010‐11.
78.98 80.99 83.0078.39
173.43
117.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11
Own Income
Estblishment
Year
Rs in Lakh
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐6
Table 18.10: Fiscal Gap
18.4 INVESTMENT REQUREMENT
Total investment proposed for the overall development of the town includes
development of water supply system, sewerage system, drainage system, solid waste
management infrastructure, roads and transportation, social infrastructure facilities,
housing and basic services for urban poor and slums and E‐governance and municipal
reforms implementation. Overall investment for city and sector wise investment
estimated has been represented in Table 18.11.
Table 18.11: City Investment Plan: 2011‐2030
SECTORS Investment Required (Rs, crore)
Total Sector‐wise Distribution
(%) Phase‐I Phase‐II Phase‐III
(2011‐2016) (2016‐2021) (2021‐2030)
Economic Development 23.20 9.80 ‐ 33.00 7.06
Water Supply 46.66 26.41 ‐ 73.07 15.63
Sewerage and Sanitation
27.80 34.15 5.25 67.20 14.38
Drainage 34.50 6.25 40.75 8.72
Solid Waste Management
17.68 1.98 1.19 20.85 4.46
Roads and Transportation
64.52 38.00 0.00 102.52 21.93
Street Lights and Power 6.50 3.40 0.97 10.87 2.33
Social Infrastructure 9.12 1.14 6.20 16.46 3.52
Services to Urban Poor 25.00 20.00 14.54 59.54 12.74
Heritage and Conservation
39.20 ‐ ‐ 39.20 8.39
E‐governance and Municipal Reforms
3.95 ‐ ‐ 3.95 0.84
TOTAL 298.13 141.12 28.15 467.41 100.00 Phase‐wise Distribution
(%) 63.78 30.19 6.02 100.00
As mentioned in Table 18.11 total investments proposed for overall development of the
town is Rs. 467.41 Crores of which maximum (21.93% of total investment) required is
for roads and transportation, followed by water supply (15.63%) and sewerage and
sanitation system (14.38%). Sasaram being a major service centre for district, traffic,
and transportation play an important role in the economic development of the town
Year Total Own Resource Income (Rs Lakh)
Total Non‐development and O&M Expenditure
(Rs Lakh)Fiscal Gap(%)
2008‐09 78.39 85.87 9.54 2009‐10 173.43 87.45 ‐49.58
2010‐11 117.00 90.00 ‐23.08
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐7
and hence needs to be improved on priority in addition to water supply, as it is the
most important basic infrastructure required for living in any city.
18.5 FUNDING PATTERN
An optimum funding pattern has been shown in Table 18.12. The funding pattern has
been developed keeping in view of government policy and programmes.
Table 18.12: Funding pattern of all phases: 2011 – 2030
Sector Project Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB Beneficiary PPP
Water Supply All 80 10 10 0 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 80 10 10 0 0
Public Toilets 0 0 0 0 100
Drainage All 80 10 10 0 0
SWM Vehicles 0 0 0 0 100
All others 80 10 10 0 0
Transport
New Bus Truck Terminus
0 0 0 0 100
Parking lots 0 0 0 0 100
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge, Over bridge, Junction,
80 10 10 0 0
Footpath, shed, road improvement
0 90 10 0 0
CMP 0 90 10 0 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
80 10 10 0 0
Social Infrastructure
Rest 0 90 10 0 0
Recreation Hall 0 0 0 0 100
Urban Poor All 80 10 10 0 0
E‐Governance All 0 90 10 0 0
Economic Development
Industrial Shed 60 30 0 0 10
Rest 0 0 100 0 0
Street Light All 0 90 10 0 0
Heritage and conservation All
80 10 10 0 0
Tables 18.13, 18.14 and 18.15 show the requirement of fund from different sources for
the projects to be undertaken in the three phases. Based on sectoral priorities and
financial health of the local body and funding patterns, the investment plan has been
prepared and proposed to be implemented in three phases. The phases are as follows:
Phase‐I: 2011‐2016
Phase‐II: 2016‐2021 and
Phase‐III: 2021‐2030
The requirement of funds has been shown sector‐wise and project‐wise.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐8
Table 18.13: Funding pattern of Phases – I; (2011 – 2016)
Sector Project Amount (Rs Crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Water Supply 46.66 37.328 4.666 4.666 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 27.7 22.16 2.77 2.77 0
Public Toilets 0.1 0 0 0 0.1
Drainage All 34.5 27.6 3.45 3.45 0
SWM Vehicles 3.95 0 0 0 3.95
All others 13.73 10.984 1.373 1.373 0
Transport New Bus Truck Terminus
17.5 0 0 0 17.5
Parking lots 5 0 0 0 5
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge, Over bridge, Junction,
2.5 2 0.25 0.25 0
Footpath, shed, road improvement
39.4 0 35.46 3.94 0
CMP 0 0 0 0 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
0.12 0.096 0.012 0.012 0
Social Infrastructure
Rest 7.62 0 6.858 0.762 0
Recreation Hall 1.5 0 0 0 1.5
Urban Poor All 25 20 2.5 2.5 0
E‐Governance All 3.95 0 3.555 0.395 0
Economic Development
Industrial Shed 15 9 4.5 0 1.5
Rest 8.2 0 0 8.2 0
Street Light All 6.5 0 5.85 0.65 0
Heritage and conservation
All 39.2 31.36 3.92 3.92 0
Total 298.13 160.528 75.164 32.888 29.55
Table 18.14: Funding pattern of Phases – II; (2016 – 2021)
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Water Supply All 26.41 21.128 2.641 2.641 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 34.15 27.32 3.415 3.415 0
Public Toilets 0 0 0 0 0
Drainage All 6.25 5 0.625 0.625 0
SWM Vehicles 1.97 0 0 0 1.97
All others 0 0 0 0 0
Transport
New Bus Truck Terminus
0 0 0 0 0
Parking lots 5 0 0 0 5
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge,
23.7 18.96 2.37 2.37 0
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐9
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Over bridge, Junction, Footpath, shed, road improvement
8.7 0 7.83 0.87 0
CMP 0.5 0 0.45 0.05 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
0.1 0.08 0.01 0.01 0
Social Infrastructure
Rest 1.135 0 1.0215 0.1135 0
Recreation Hall 0 0 0 0 0
Urban Poor All 20 16 2 2 0
E‐Governance All 0 0 0 0 0
Economic Development
Industrial Shed 0 0 0 0 0
Rest 9.8 0 0 9.8 0
Street Light All 3.4 0 3.06 0.34 0
Heritage and conservation
All 0 0 0 0 0
Total 141.12 88.488 23.4225 22.2345 6.97
Table 18.15: Funding pattern of Phases – III; (2021 – 2030)
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Water Supply All 0 0 0 0 0
Sewerage and Sanitation
All 5.25 4.2 0.525 0.525 0
Public Toilets 0 0 0 0 0
Drainage All 0 0 0 0 0
SWM Vehicles 1.19 0 0 0 1.19
All others 0 0 0 0 0
Transport New Bus Truck Terminus
0 0 0 0 0
Parking lots 0 0 0 0 0
Ring road, new road, RCC bridge, Over bridge, Junction,
0 0 0 0 0
Footpath, shed, road improvement
0 0 0 0 0
CMP 0 0 0 0 0
Signage, Foot Bridge, Signal Improvement
0 0 0 0 0
Social Infrastructure
Others 6.2 0 5.58 0.62 0
Recreation Hall 0 0 0 0 0
Urban Poor All 14.54 11.632 1.454 1.454 0
E‐Governance All 0 0 0 0 0
Economic Industrial Shed 0 0 0 0 0
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐10
Sector Project Amount
(Rs crore)
Funding Structure (%)
GoI GoB ULB PPP
Development Rest 0 0 0 0 0
Street Light All 0.97 0.000 0.873 0.097 0.000
Heritage and conservation
All 0 0 0 0 0
Total 28.15 15.832 8.432 2.696 1.19
Table 18.16 shows the requirement of fund for the total investment for the period
2011‐2030 from the Government of India, Government of Bihar, Nigam etc. The total
investment under PPP mode has also been shown in the table. The table shows more
than 57% investment is expected from GoI, nearly 24% from GoB and 12% from the
Nigam and 6% from private sector
Table 18.16: Assessment of Requirement of Funds from Sources
Phase Period Total Investment (Rs
crore) Share in Rs crore
GoI GoB Nigam PPP
1 (2011‐2016) 298.1 160.5 75.2 32.9 29.6
2 (2016‐2021) 141.1 88.5 23.4 22.2 7.0
3 (2021‐2030) 28.2 15.8 8.4 2.7 1.2
Total 467.4 264.8 107.0 57.8 37.7
Phase Period Total Investment (Rs
crore) Share (%)
GoI GoB Nigam PPP
1 (2011‐2016) 298.1 53.8 25.2 11.0 9.9
2 (2016‐2021) 141.1 62.7 16.6 15.8 4.9
3 (2021‐2030) 28.2 56.2 30.0 9.6 4.2
Average Share (%) 57.6 23.9 12.1 6.4
18.6 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP CONSIDERING PAST TRENDS (ALTERNATE‐I)
The following Table 18.17 gives the trend‐based projections of income and expenditure
of Sasaram Nagar Parishad. The projections are based on the data obtained from the
Table 18.9. This may also be mentioned that actual data of income and expenditure are
only for the years 2008‐09 and 2009‐10. The data for 2010‐2011 is also an estimated
one, vide SPUR data sheet. Consequently, the projections of income and expenditure
have limitation and a projection for 20 years based on three years base data lacks
consistency. Under given situation the conservative estimate of SPUR surplus is
considered for funding purposes since margins of error is higher in trend‐based
estimation.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐11
Table 18.17: Trend‐based Projection of Revenue and Expenditure
Rs in Lakh
Year Income Expenditure Surplus
2011‐12 451.73 91.90 359.83
2012‐13 544.11 93.97 450.14
2013‐14 636.49 96.03 540.46
2014‐15 728.87 98.10 630.77
2015‐16 821.25 100.16 721.09
2016‐17 913.63 102.23 811.40
2017‐18 1006.01 104.29 901.72
2018‐19 1098.39 106.36 992.03
2019‐20 1190.77 108.42 1082.35
2020‐21 1283.15 110.49 1172.66
2021‐22 1375.53 112.55 1262.98
2022‐23 1467.91 114.62 1353.29
2023‐24 1560.29 116.68 1443.61
2024‐25 1652.67 118.75 1533.92
2025‐26 1745.05 120.81 1624.24
2026‐27 1837.43 122.88 1714.55
2027‐28 1929.81 124.94 1804.87
2028‐29 2022.19 127.01 1895.18
2029‐30 2114.57 129.07 1985.50
18.7 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF SNP BASED ON SPURs ASSUMPTION (ALTERNATE‐II)
18.7.1 Assumptions for Estimating SNP’s Financials
SPUR has considered certain assumptions for different sources of income and
expenditure to estimate the income and expenditure in next five years (2011‐2016) of
SNP which are presented in Table 18.18.
Table 18.18: Alternative Scenario: Assumptions based on past trend and projection by SPUR
SN PARTICULARS REMARKS
TOTAL RECEIPTS
1 Total Tax Revenues double in 2011‐12,triple in 2013‐14,quartiplate in 2015‐16
2 Total Non‐Tax Revenues double in 2011‐12,triple in 2013‐14,quartiplate in 2015‐16
3 Total Own Income / Internal Revenues / Self‐Generated Income ( 1+2)
4 Assigned Revenues Assuming 5% growth
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐12
SN PARTICULARS REMARKS
5 Revenue Grants (Include. Salary and Matching grants)
Assuming 4% growth form FY 2011‐12(Matching grant 3 to 7%)
6 Other Income Assuming 5% growth
7 Total Capital Grants Assuming 5% growth
TOTAL EXPENDITURE
1 Establishment Expenditure Assuming 5% growth except in 2011‐12 is 10%due to restructuring
2 O & M Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
3 Programme Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
4 Administration Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
5 Finance & Interest Expenditure Assuming 5% growth
6 Misc Expenditure Assuming 5% growthSource: SPUR;
18.8 FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS
The position of Corporation in revenue generation and revenue expenditure for the
period 2011‐2030 is given below Table 18.19. The expected income and expenditure
projection estimation is based on the projected figures for 2011‐12 to 2015‐16 obtained
from SPUR (Annexure IV). Based on data from 2011‐12 to 2015‐16 given by SPUR the
expected income and expenditure estimations of SNP for the rest of the period (from
2016‐17 to 2029‐30) has been calculated.
Table 18.19: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad
YEAR EXPECTED INCOME BASED
ON TRENDEXPECTED EXPENDITURE
BASED ON TRENDSURPLUS
2011‐12 312 98 214
2012‐13 357 103 254
2013‐14 402 108 294
2014‐15 448 113 335
2015‐16 494 118 376
2016‐17 539 123 416
2017‐18 585 128 457
2018‐19 630 133 497
2019‐20 676 138 538
2020‐21 721 143 578
2021‐22 767 148 619
2022‐23 812 153 659
2023‐24 858 158 700
2024‐25 903 163 740
2025‐26 949 168 781
2026‐27 994 173 821
2027‐28 1040 178 862
2028‐29 1085 183 902
2029‐30 1131 188 943
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐13
During all the years of investments of Parishad under its usual course of operations and
those under JNNURM put together are expected to get covered by the surplus of
revenue incomes over revenue expenses sufficiently. The existing financial obligations
in the form of capital incomes and expenditures have been adequately covered.
Growth rates of revenue income and revenue expenses are estimated very
conservatively. Table 18.20 shows that under expected income and expenditure pattern
the SNP will be in position to contribute its share in funding investment. The projected
pattern of income‐expenditure is expected to generate sufficient surplus to cover its
share of investment.
The requirement of Rs 3288.8 lakh in phase ‐ I as its share in investment is found to be
available from its generation of surplus in year 2015‐16. The additional requirement of
funds Rs. 2223 lakh in phase ‐II and Rs 269.6 lakh in phase‐ III will also be covered by
surplus generated in 2021‐22 and 2029‐30 respectively.
Table 18.20: expected income and expenditure of Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Year Surplus Cumulative Surplus Requirement of
Fund by Nigam for investment
Balance After Investment
2011‐12 214 214
3288.8 2012‐13 254 468
2013‐14 294 762
2014‐15 335 1097
2015‐16 376 1473 ‐1816 2016‐17 416 ‐1400
2223
‐1400 2017‐18 457 ‐943 ‐943 2018‐19 497 ‐446 ‐446 2019‐20 538 92 92 2020‐21 578 670 670 2021‐22 619 1288 ‐935 2022‐23 659 ‐276
269.6
‐276 2023‐24 700 424 424 2024‐25 740 1164 1164 2025‐26 781 1944 1944 2026‐27 821 2765 2765 2027‐28 862 3627 3627 2028‐29 902 4529 4529 2029‐30 943 5472 5202
18.9 COMPARISION OF ALTERNATE‐I and ALTERNATE‐II
The following Table 18.21 shows that in an average past three years trend‐based
surplus estimation by Alternate‐I is very higher than surplus estimated based on SPUR’s
assumption and projection of income during 2011‐2015 in Alternate‐II. Hence, the
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Financial Operating Plan 18‐14
funding of future projects and expected income and expenditure pattern of SNP has
been considered based Alternate‐II.
Table 18.21: Comparison of Financials of SNP by Two Alternatives
Rs in Lakh
Year Surplus Income of SNP based on
Alternate‐ISurplus Income of SNP Based on
Alternate‐II 2011‐12 359.83 214 2012‐13 450.14 254 2013‐14 540.46 294 2014‐15 630.77 335 2015‐16 721.09 376 2016‐17 811.40 416 2017‐18 901.72 457 2018‐19 992.03 497 2019‐20 1082.35 538 2020‐21 1172.66 578 2021‐22 1262.98 619 2022‐23 1353.29 659 2023‐24 1443.61 700 2024‐25 1533.92 740 2025‐26 1624.24 781 2026‐27 1714.55 821 2027‐28 1804.87 862 2028‐29 1895.18 902 2029‐30 1985.50 943
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Plan Monitoring and Review i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
19 PLAN MONITORING AND REVIEW ................................................................ 19‐1 19.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 19‐1 19.2 MONITORING UNIT ............................................................................................ 19‐2 19.3 PLAN REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 19‐2 19.4 CONVERTING DREAMS INTO REALITY ............................................................... 19‐2
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Plan Monitoring and Review 19‐1
19 PLAN MONITORING AND REVIEW
19.1 INTRODUCTION
Plan monitoring has two main objectives:
The socio‐economic and functional efficiency of the performance of human
settlement has to be monitored and evaluated so that changes required to improve
the quality of life could be identified and put into action through the appropriate
measures.
The plan should be continuously made responsive to the emerging socio‐economic
forces.
To achieve this object there should be monitoring system in the plan implementation
frame work. There is reasonable possibility of arresting the unintended developments
taking place in the City through effective monitoring. This is based on the following
proposition:
No long range urban development plan can be implemented as it is.
The plan should be responsive to the happenings and emerging Scio‐economic and
other forces during the plan implementation period.
Time lags between the happenings and the emerging Socio‐economic forces and the
plan responses create accentuating conditions of un‐intended growth.
The responsive plan to check the unintended growth needs a scientific monitoring
frame.
Monitoring frame is required to evaluate the achievement of physical targets
prescribed in the plan and identification of physical and socio‐economic change in the
city to review the plan policies.
There could be very large number of aspects in case of physical targets to judge the
performance of various sectors. For systematic and precise working, physical targets for
some selected aspects can be worked out in consultation with the local body. The
physical targets are to be monitored yearly, 5 yearly or in the midterm. This will provide
a scale to assess the achievement in different sectors for the city development. Service
level benchmark in the city will be the best judge for satisfactory implementation of
proposed projects and policies in a given timeframe.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Plan Monitoring and Review 19‐2
19.2 MONITORING UNIT
A monitoring unit with the modern data processing facilities should be created which
would be responsible for collection of primary and secondary data, its analysis and
bringing the important changes to the notice of the authority comprehensively once in
a year. Standard formats shall have to be worked out by this unit for the purpose of
meaningful comparison and to monitor change. This unit should be under technical
expert or independent consultant.
19.3 PLAN REVIEW
The plan monitoring would provide sufficient material for any modifications required in
the plan.
Any other aspects because of emerging socio‐economic and physical forces could be
taken from study and to review the plan proposals. A comprehensive review
encompassing all aspects should be taken up after 5 years of implementation of the
development/ master plan.
It is the detailed development projects which ultimately create environment‐good or
bad. During the plan implementation, all aspects of development i.e. housing,
transport, work centers, recreation, infrastructure, etc. need study and research to
make the plan effective in providing high quality living environment. Consultant should
be constantly doing these studies, research and monitoring work to make planning a
firm instrument for the development of this City.
19.4 CONVERTING DREAMS INTO REALITY
Realizing the vision requires mobilization of the people. Implementing a people based
development strategy, infrastructure development, building capacity, and responsive
administration and governance will attract significant investment and open up avenues
for the development of the region. Capacity development of the people should equip
them to take advantage of the expansion in manufacturing and services. The strategy of
development outlined in the document, thus, can promote all encompassing
development in the region to realize the vision of achieving peace and prosperity.
The six components of the strategy described earlier are interdependent and therefore,
need to be designed and implemented concurrently. Maximizing self governance is
critical to establishing peace and development and the latter contributes to improved
governance.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Plan Monitoring and Review 19‐3
Development requires infrastructure and capacity development. All these can be done
only when there is an appropriate environment for which responsive administration is
necessary.
Sasaram may entrust monitoring, capacity building and PPP modeling to capable
consultant to help and guide SNP in its day to day efficient functioning and time bound
implementation programme.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
20 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS .................................................................. 20‐1 20.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 20‐1 20.2 STAGES OF STAKEHOLDERS’ WORKSHOP .......................................................... 20‐1 20.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE THREE WORKSHOPS .......................................................... 20‐2 20.4 OUTCOMES OF THE WORKSHOP ....................................................................... 20‐3
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations 20‐1
20 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
20.1 INTRODUCTION
The City Development Plan involves articulating a clear vision for the city over the next
20 years with the active participation of the stakeholders and subsequently
implementing the vision articulated by them. The objective of the involvement of
stakeholder and endorsement by the local body is to hold them accountable for their
mission statements, actions and expected outcomes.
Identification of the stakeholders is an important aspect as their inputs will be valuable
for the process of preparation of city development plan. Stakeholders should cover a
wide variety and various levels of people representing different groups of town and
contributing to the development of town in various ways. Thus, the stakeholders
identified in consultation with concerned officials of Nagar Parishad considering the
representatives of major groups. The stakeholders of the one‐day workshop included
the following:
Executive Officer, Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Chairperson, Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Vice‐Chairperson, Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Officials from Sasaram Nagar Parishad
Elected Representatives
Officials from the line departments
Representatives from NGOs/ CBOs, etc
Representatives from Industry/ Commerce bodies
Representatives from the Media
Senior Citizens and other prominent people from the town
The complete list of participants of the workshop is provided in Annexure ‐ V.
20.2 STAGES OF STAKEHOLDERS’ WORKSHOP
There were three stages in which consultation workshops had to be organized to take
suggestions/feedbacks from stakeholders during preparation of City Development Plan.
The workshops were organized in Conference Hall, New Building, Sasaram Nagar
Parishad, on important milestones of the project, details of which are as follows:
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations 20‐2
Stages Workshop Agenda Date of Workshop
Ist (Inception Report
Submission) Objectives of CDP, Existing City Profile 4th Sept 2010
IInd (Interim Report
Submission)
Various sectoral issues &strategies, City
Vision 7th Feb 2011
IIIrd (Draft Report Submission) Sector‐wise project identification, CIP, FOP 7th May 2011
In addition to the above mentioned organized stakeholders’ consultations, team of
Consultants visited Sasaram several times (for survey, ground verification and marking
on the maps with the help of municipal officials and other stakeholders).
The presentation made during the workshop by the Consultants, EGIS INDIA, was well
received by the participants and helped them understand the importance of the project
for the planned development of their city. Where ever necessary, the participants asked
questions to clear their doubts and understand the importance of their inputs during
the preparation of City Development Plan.
The Consultants gave a detailed presentation at all stages.
20.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE THREE WORKSHOPS
The combined objectives of the three one‐day workshops organized at Sasaram are as
under:
Definition of City Development Plan
Objectives of CDP
Methodology of CDP
Expected outcome of the CDP
Reconnaissance surveys and observations
Discussion on characteristics, potentials and broad issues of the city
City profile
o City Profile.
o Linkages and Demography of City and Future Population Growth.
o Existing Economic Status and Economic Potentials of City.
o Existing Condition of City & Infrastructure (Physical & Social).
o Population projection for 2030
o SWOT Analysis
Developing shared vision for the town (2030)
Discussing identified gaps in each sectors
Identification of priority sector for development
Formulation of sectoral goals
Sector wise issues
Sectoral strategies to address identified issues
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations 20‐3
Goals to be achieved
Identification of priority projects
City Vision‐2030
Issues and findings of sector analysis
Sectoral Goals and Development Strategies
City Investment Plan
Financial Operating Plan
20.4 OUTCOMES OF THE WORKSHOP
The outcomes of the various one‐day workshops organized at Sasaram are presented
below:
All the participating key stakeholders were happy to know that initiatives have
been taken for the development of Sasaram City and that “City Development
Plan” was being developed for their city, which would ensure speedy and
planned development for the city
The key stakeholders promised to lend all helps and supports to the Consultants’
during the preparation of the CDP
Suggestions were made from various categories of stakeholders with regard to
various critical sectors in the city that need special attention. Some prominent
suggestions received during the three workshops are given below:
o Technique of “MICRO PLANNING” should be used for CDP preparation.
o Involvement of NGOs in CDP planning process
o Due to lack of drainage system, water gets collected at various places in
town
o Consultation/ reference of various existing reports during CDP
preparation
o Sanitation is a major issue in the town
o For any plan suggested, there should be an alternative plan too (as back
up)
o Primary survey needs to be done to ensure authenticity of data for CDP
o Suggest steps to strengthen economy of town (tourism can promoted as
there are lots of heritage sites within and near the town)
o In Bihar State, a lot of melas are organized which attract lots of tourists.
Tourist destinations in and around town can be promoted in these melas
o The city faces acute shortage of electricity, some steps need to be taken
in this regard
o Need to establish institutes for imparting higher education in town
o There is need to provide potable drinking water to town’s populace. A
large number of people are suffering from water borne diseases
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations 20‐4
o Area surrounding major tourist destination (Sher Shah Suri Tomb) is very
dirty and needs to be cleaned on immediate basis
o Topography of town resembles a bowl. If properly planned, water can
get collected in the form of a stream/ jharna and can also help in ground
water recharge
o The area in and around the town is good for rice production and hence
rice and rice related products can be promoted for economic
development of the town
o Need to introduce “Double Entry System” in the local bodies to ensure
transparency
o Need for “Capacity Building Trainings” for local body staff to improve
their efficiency
o O&M of equipments is necessary, as due to non‐maintenance,
equipments become non‐functional and then there is need for
repurchase for which there is no money
o All new market complexes being planned now, should have parking
facility within the compound itself
o Platforms should be made for weekly markets/ haats, etc
o Sign boards all across the town, to enable the tourists move with ease
The presentation made during the workshop by the Urban Planner from EGIS INDIA,
was well received by the participants and helped them understand the importance of
the project for the development of their town. Where ever necessary, the participants
asked questions to clear their doubts and understand the importance of their inputs
during the preparation of City Development Plan.
Priority Sector’s identified
Following sectors in order of priority have been identified in consultation with the
stakeholders during the first informal meeting for development in the city.
Supply of drinking water
Drainage system
Construction of new roads
Solid Waste Management
Houses for Slum dwellers
Road and transportation with special emphasis on parking
Consultants discussed the ‘vision statement’ during multiple stakeholders’ consultations
in stages every time modifying the statement incorporating the feedback of the various
stakeholders as a strategy to achieve an understanding on common vision.
The meeting ended with fruitful discussion and a vote of thanks to the chair.
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations 20‐5
PROCEEDINGS IN PHOTOGRAPHS
1st Workshop
SPUR representative welcoming the participants
of the workshop
Team Leader, Egis India, making presentation
during the work shop
Participants of the workshop listening attentively
to the presentation of the Consultants
Participants of the workshop listening attentively
to the presentation of the Consultants
A participant posing query to the Consultants’
about expected outputs of assignment
A participant walking off the stage after giving his
inputs/ suggestions for the CDP
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations 20‐6
2nd Workshop
Opening slide of the presentation made by the
Consultants to the key stakeholders’
Egis India representative (Urban Planner)
explaining during the workshop to dignitaries
Presentation being made during the workshop
by Egis representative
Participants of second workshop listening
attentively to the presentation being made
Participants of the third workshop listening
attentively to the presentation being made
Participants of the third workshop listening
attentively to the presentation being made
City Development Plan, Sasaram
| Stakeholder Consultations 20‐7
3rd Workshop
Opening slide of the presentation made by the
Consultants to the key stakeholders’
SPUR official explaining the importance of the
identified projects to the dignitaries
Presentation being made during the workshop
by Egis representative (Urban Planner)
Participants of the third workshop listening
attentively to the presentation being made
Dignitaries of the third workshop involved
in informal chat
Participants of the third workshop
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
CITY PROFILE & ITS
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Chapter 3
DEMOGRAPY
ECONOMY
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
PHYSICAL PLANNING
AND GROWTH
MANAGEMENT
WATER SUPPLY
Chapter 6
SANITATION AND
SEWERAGE
Chapter 7
DRAINAGE
Chapter 8
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 9
ROAD AND TRANSPORT
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
SOCIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
Chapter 12
SERVICES TO THE
URBAN POOR
Chapter 13
HERITAGE AND
CONSERVATION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ANNEXURES
Chapter 14
ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 15
URBAN GOVERNANCE
& REFORMS
Chapter 16
CITY VISION, GOALS &
STRATEGIES
CITY INVESTMENT PLAN
Chapter 17
FINANCIAL OPERATING
PLAN
Chapter 18
PLAN MONITORING
AND REVIEW
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
STAKEHOLDER
CONSULTATIONS
ANNEXURE I – STATUS OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE OF SLUMS IN SASARAM
SN
Name of Settlement
Name of the Slum
Is they are Notified
Number of Household (apprx.)
Slum Population
Pucca Road ( Km.)
Sewerage System
No. of Toilets Number
Sewerage Disposal System
Drinking Water facilities for public purposes
Electricity Connection Remarks
Clean by
water
Facility Other Public Post Hand pump
Domestic
Street Light
Other
1 II Gajradh Ward No. 1
NO 60 456 0.45 " 18 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 2 17 5 ‐
2 II Yusuf Chuk Ward 2
** 68 457 4.06 " 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 2 16 4 ‐
3 II Boliya Ward No. 2
** 55 467 0.12 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 3 2 5 3 ‐
4 II Company Sarai Ward 2
** 65 470 0.15 " 18 ‐ ‐ 2 S.T. 1 1 18 4 ‐
5 Karan Sarai Ward 3
** 66 379 0.25 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 9 4 ‐
6 Adam Khani Ward 4
** 77 493 0.50 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 9 3 ‐
7 Sherganj Ward 5
** 76 459 0.50 " 11 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 8 3 ‐
8 Khilanganj Ward 6
** 78 471 0.50 " 35 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 16 5 ‐
9 Nuranganj Ward 7
** 78 460 0.35 " 36 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 16 5 ‐
10
Sweepar Colonoy Ward 7
** 68 463 0.05 " 3 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 3 ‐
1 Jakki Shahid ** 63 379 0.15 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 14 4 ‐
1 Ward 8
12
Sarai Ward 9
** 74 408 0.15 " 4 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 8 5 ‐
13
Chokhandi Ward 10
** 60 465 0.15 " 8 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 8 5 ‐
14
Shobhaganj Ward 11
** 76 442 0.15 " 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 8 5 ‐
15
Alamganj Ward 12
** 52 388 0.25 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 3 ‐
16
Rameshwarganj Ward 12
** 50 370 0.25 " 14 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 7 3 ‐
17
Kajipur Ward 13
** 68 379 0.20 " 8 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 4 8 3 ‐
18
Dalelganj Ward 14
** 60 468 0.15 " 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 8 3 ‐
19
Atthkhambha Ward 14
** 77 461 0.25 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 2 5 3 ‐
20
Quila Kila Ward 15
** 76 425 0.25 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 2 5 3 ‐
21
Mubarakganj 16
** 55 379 0.10 " 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 1 9 3 ‐
22
Shahjuma Ward 17
** 63 468 0.15 " 7 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 6 3 ‐
23
Shajalalpir Ward 18
** 75 450 0.15 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 9 3 ‐
24
Safullaganj Ward 19
** 62 463 0.15 " 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 8 4 ‐
25
Pathantoli Ward 20
** 43 388 0.20 " 2 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 11 2 ‐
26
Bhartiganj Ward 21
** 81 411 0.25 " 4 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 2 7 2 ‐
27
Laskariganj Ward 0 22
** 75 461 0.25 " 17 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 1 11 4 ‐
28
Chawartkiya Ward 23
** 62 388 0.15 " 16 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 11 4 ‐
29
Kurachiya Ward 24
** 53 451 0.20 " 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 1 3 2 ‐
30
Takiya Ward 25
** 68 451 0.25 " 22 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 11 4 ‐
31
SASARAM
Sai Tola Ward 2
** 77 471 0.00 Open Drain
8 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. ‐ 2 ‐ 2
32
Fajalganj Ward 2
** 80 520 0.15 " 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. ‐ 1 8 2
33
Karan Sarai Ward 3
** 72 542 0.10 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 17 4
34
Choti Shekhpura 4
** 68 468 0.10 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 17 4
35
Gandhineem 5
** 71 580 0.25 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 5
36
Gudadi 6 ** 77 443 0.25 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 10 4
37
Nuranganj Paswan Tola 7
** 69 461 0.25 " 6 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 5 4
38
Ansarganj 7 ** 76 482 0.25 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 15 5
39
Pratapganj 8
** 65 473 0.30 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 15 5
40
Mogal Pura 9
** 80 594 0.25 " 16 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 16 3
41
Lohar ke Neem 10
** 76 580 0.25 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 3 20 4
4 Mewati Tola ** 68 491 0.25 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 10 4
2 11
43
Dhobi tola 12
** 62 488 0.25 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 3 15 4
44
Madar Darwaja 13
** 63 499 0.10 " 16 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 2 16 4
45
Moskar Toli 14
** 64 494 0.20 " 19 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 17 4
46
Cheek Toli 15
** 76 499 0.05 " 16 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 3 15 4
47
Khidkighat16
** 64 388 0.10 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 12 3
48
Belgali 17 ** 62 492 0.10 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 3 20 4
49
Kalim Ba. Tola 18
** 72 565 0.25 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 3 25 3
50
Kale Khah 19
** 68 496 0.25 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 20 3
51
Bhan Toli 20 ** 66 471 0.15 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 15 4
52
Mochi Tola 21
** 75 565 0.20 " 27 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 2 3 25 4
53
Laskariganj 22
** 75 574 0.05 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 10 2
54
Chawar Takiya 23
** 61 405 0.10 " 2 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 2 3 2
55
Kuraich Paswan Tola 24
** 64 495 0.05 " 16 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. ‐ 2 15 3
56
Takiya Harijan Tola 25
** 63 498 0.10 " 22 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. ‐ 3 22 4
5 Gaurshani 1 ** 67 443 0.10 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 2 ‐
7
58
Chanoth 2 ** 65 438 0.10 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 10 2 ‐
59
Mathiar Tola 2
** 66 441 0.10 " 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 2 ‐
60
Kansekha 2 ** 62 436 0.10 " 6 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 5 2 ‐
61
Muslim Tola 3
** 61 416 0.10 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 10 2 ‐
62
Badashekh Pura 4
** 59 421 0.20 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 12 2 ‐
63
Ranggali 5 ** 58 406 0.25 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 3 2 ‐
64
Dhanpurwa 6
** 62 407 0.25 " 2 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 ‐ 2 ‐
65
Deliwa 6 ** 68 438 0.05 " 6 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. ‐ 1 ‐ 2 ‐
66
Nayaka Gaon 6
** 64 431 0.20 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 10 2 ‐
67
Muslim Tola 7
** 58 416 0.15 " 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 12 2 ‐
68
Gadhedi Tola 8
** 40 406 0.75 " 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 8 1 ‐
69
Dhobi Tola 8 ** 50 478 0.75 " 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 6 2 ‐
70
Suleman Ganj 9
** 53 427 0.20 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 10 0 ‐
71
kabirganj 10 ** 71 470 0.25 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 2 ‐
72
Bartulla 10 ** 47 465 0.05 " 2 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 1 ‐
7 Shobhaganj ** 73 442 0.25 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 2 ‐
3 11
74
Baba Saryudas 11
** 60 409 0.10 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 2 ‐
75
Chalneesa 12
** 59 395 0.10 " 7 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 6 2 ‐
76
Sagar 12 ** 58 405 0.70 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 12 2 ‐
77
Khateek tola13
** 68 432 0.20 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 2 ‐
78
Baradari 14 ** 67 424 0.70 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 2 ‐
79
Thana ke Dakhin15
** 66 368 0.10 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 2 ‐
80
Sahsjjwahu ke pas 16
** 62 416 0.05 " 10 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 10 2 ‐
81
Sonar Toli17 ** 63 386 0.70 " 25 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 25 3 ‐
82
Patan Toli 17
** 61 408 0.05 " 25 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 25 4 ‐
83
Yadav Tola 18
** 52 377 0.70 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 2 ‐
84
Lakanu Tola19
** 64 426 0.15 " 15 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 17 2 ‐
85
Taksaal sangat 19
** 58 385 0.10 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 2 ‐
86
Mallah Toli 20
** 61 407 0.20 " 18 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 15 2 ‐
87
Kotha Toli 21
** 59 395 0.25 " 25 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 2 ‐
88
Yadav Toli Bhartiganj 21
** 62 423 0.25 " 25 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 1 ‐
89
Laskariganj Bandh 22
** 52 377 0.20 " 25 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 20 2 ‐
90
Harijan Toli 23
** 57 381 0.10 " 7 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. 1 1 5 2 ‐
91
Gopal Ganj 24
** 51 444 0.50 " 20 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. ‐ 1 15 2 ‐
92
Muradabad 25
** 52 376 0.10 " 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ S.T. ‐ 1 10 2 ‐
5954 41119 24.18
1300 97 132 1145 271
(Source: SPUR Cell & Sasaram Nagar Parishad, 2011)
ANNEXURE II ‐ INCOME & EXPENDITURE FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2008‐09
NAME OF CLUSTERS
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS / NAGAR PARISHAD / NAGAR PANCHAYAT Nagar Parishad
NAME OF ULBs SASARAM A Total Annual Current Holding Tax Demand FY 08-09 (i.e demand raised
during the year 2008-09 only to be considered) 3,536,215
B Total Collections ( against arrears and Demand for current FY 2008-09) of Holding Tax - FY 08-09
1,593,493
C Est. Population for FY 08-09 (Average of projected population of Years 2008 & 2009)
172,571
D Projected No. of Households for FY 2008-09 ( Est Population as per above line / 5.5 ) Avg Family size)
31,377
1.0 Resource Mobilsation -FY 2008-09 1.1 Per Capita Holding Tax Collection ( Indicator as per Log frame milestone)
for FY 2008-09 9
1.2 Per Assessee Holding Tax Collection for FY 2008-09 175 1.3 Per Household Holding Tax Collection 51 1.4 Number of Assesses as at end of March 2009 9,095 1.5 Per Assessee Holding Tax Current Demand for FY 2008-09 389 1.6 Per Household Holding Tax Current Demand for FY 2008-09 113 1.7 Holding Register updated ( with new Building Permits etc.) No 1.8 Total Demand of Holding Tax raised during FY 2008-09 (includes arrears
and current demand) 9,420,382
1.9 Total Collection Ratio : As on 31/3/09 17% 1.10 Total collection by Circle/ Ward /Collector prepared No 1.11 Total Outstanding Holding Tax due from Govt./Semi-Govt/
Institutions/Schools etc. as on 31st March, 2009 2,799,943
1.12 No. of pending legal cases for Recovery as of end of March 2009 Nil 1.13 Total Amount in respect of pending legal cases for Recovery as of end of
March 2009 Nil
1.14 Demand ,Collection and Balance Report for Holding Tax prepared as at end of March 2009
Yes
1.15 Total Taxes and non-taxes income ( Own sources Income) received /realised during FY 2007-08
6,221,444
1.16 Total Taxes and non-taxes income ( Own sources Income) received /realised during FY 2008-09 ( Same as 1.21)
7,838,570
1.17 Total Establishment costs of tax and Revenue staff during FY 2008-09 NA 1.18 Total commission payment to collectors during FY 2008-09 NA 1.19 Per Capita Own ( Tax plus Non-Tax ) Revenue Collection 45
Total Revenue Receipts -FY 2008-09 ( as per I & E statement in Rs. ) 1.19 Total Tax Revenues 4,082,435 1.20 Total Non-Tax Revenues 3,756,135 1.21 Total Own Income / Internal Revenues / Self-Generated Income ( 1.19 +
1.20) 7,838,570
1.22 Assigned Revenues - 1.23 Grants ( Incld. Salary and Matching grants) - 1.24 Other Income 285,482 1.25 Total Revenue Income ( 1.21 to 1.24) 8,124,052 1.26 Total Capital Grants 0
2 Accounting 2.1 Number of bank accounts including Account with Treasury 8 2.2 Cash Book updated on daily basis No 2.3 Bank Reconciliations prepred and completed for March 2009 No 2.4 Daily Cash /Bank balances report available /prepared Yes 2.5 Advances/ Depsits Registers / account maintained and reconciled monthly No
2.6 Cost of services ( Subsidy report ) prepared No
2.7 Annual Receipt and Expenditure statement prepared and available for FY 2007-08
Summary sheets not prepared
2.8 Annual Receipt and Expenditure statement prepared and available for FY 2008-09
Summary sheets not prepared
2.9 Annual Municipal Form I & XVIII - for FY 2008-09 disseminted by June 30th, 2009
No
2.10 Last FY Accounts prepared & completed on Accrual Based Double Entry Basis by consultant
FY 2007-08
3.0 Audit 3.1 Internal audit conducted regularly and quarterly reports available by 30th
of following quarter No
3.2 Last FY Audit Completed by Examiner of Local Accounts 2007-08 3.3 Total Number of Outstanding Paras as per last Audit Report 178 3.4 Total Value of Outstanding Paras as per last Audit Report 158,701 4.0 Planning & Budgeting
Date Budget Estimates for FY 2009-10 approved by Board of ULB Not approved till date. 4.2 Variance report reg. Budget versus Actual Revenue and Expenditure
Report prepared or not No
4.3 Number of times annual Variance exceeds 5% of Budget in Revenue
Variance report not prepared. hence not aplicable.
4.4 Number of times annual Variance exceeds 5% of Budget in Expenditure
Variance report not prepared. hence not aplicable.
4.5 Budget Prepared by wards No 4.6 Annual Budget Estimates disseminated thru media before start of FY No 5.0 Expenditure management -FY 2008-09 ( as per I &E Statement in Rs.) 5.1 Total Establishment Expenditure 7,897,569 5.2 Total O & M Expenditure 448,635 5.3 Total Programme Expenditure - 5.4 Total Administation Expenditure 144,779 5.5 Total Finance & Interest Expenditure - 5.6 Total Misc Expenditure 95,190 5.7 Total Revenue Expenditure FY 2008-09 ( Total of 5.1 to .5.6 ) 688,604 5.8 Total Capital Expenditure ( Incld WIP) 1,259,950 5.9 Per cent of total Establishment Expenditure on Total self-generated
Revenue for FY 2008-09 101
5.10 Per Capita Establishment Expenditure for FY 2008-09 46 5.11 % of total Establishment Expenditure to total Revenue Expenditure 1,147 5.12 % of total Expenditure on Programmes to total Revenue Expenditure - 5.13 % of total O &M Expenditure to total Revenue Expenditure 65 5.14 Per Capita Revenue Expenditure 4 5.15 Per capita Capital Expenditure ( incld. WIP) 7 5.16 % of total Capital Expenditure to Total Revenue Expenditure 183 5.17 Number of Utilisation Certificates Pending Nil 5.18 Amount of Grants unutilized as of 31st March, 2009 1,118,384 5.19 Number of Grants remaining fully or partially unutilized beyond 3 years as
on 31st March, 2009 Nil
5.20 Total Amounts of Grants remaining fully or partially unutilized beyond 3 years as of 31st March, 2009
Nil
6.0 Cash Flow Management 6.1 Yearly , quarterly and monthly forecast statement prepared and updated No 6.2 Number of times Variance exceeds 10% of Forecasted Income and
Expenditure items Variance statement not
preparaed 7.0 Assets & Liability Management 7.1
Data base of Assets available and updated on monthly basis
Date base of assets available as on 31.03.2007 but it is not
updated since then. 7.2 Data base of Liabilities available and updated on monthly basis No
7.3 Amount of Outstanding Debts from UD&HD and other lending Institutions ( In Rupees '000 )
Data Not available
8.0 Procurement 8.1 Number of audit comments not in compliance with established
procurement checklists and guidelines. Nil
8.2 Amount involved in respect of audit comments not in compliance with established procurement checklists and guidelines.
Nil
9.0 MISC. 9.1 Actual Collections of Rental Income from Municipal Properties for FY 2008-
09 1,019,056
9.2 Arrears of Rental Income from Municipal Properties as on 31st March, 2009
NA
9.3 Actual Collections of Income from Towers Tax for FY 2008-09 - 9.4 Arrears of Income from Towers Tax as on March 31, 2009 NA 9.5 Total Actual Number of Employees ( Regular + on Contract + Temporary)
as on 31-3- 2008 310
9.6 Total Actual Number of Employees ( Regular + on Contract + Temporary) as on 31-3- 2009
310
9.7 Total Actual Number of Employees ( Regular + on Contract+ Temporary ) as on 31-3- 2009 : (9.5 + 9.6 /2)
310
9.8 Per Employee Annual Establishment Expenditure ( Rs.) : ( 5.1/ 9.7) 25,476 9.9 Total Actual Arrears to staff as of 31st October 2010 1,623,600
ANNEXURE III ‐ INCOME & EXPENDITURE FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2009‐10
NAME OF CLUSTERS MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS / NAGAR PARISHAD / NAGAR PANCHAYAT NAGAR PARISHAD
NAME OF ULBs SASARAM A Total Annual Current Holding Tax Demand FY 09-10 (i.e annual current demand
raised during the year 2009-10 only to be considered) 8,736,742
B Total Collections ( against arrears and Demand for current FY 2009-10) of Holding Tax - FY 09-10
12,064,337
C Est. Population for FY 09-10 (as per attached projections) 163,528D Projected No. of Households for FY 2009-10 ( Est Population as per above line / 5.5
) Avg Family size) 29,732
1.0 Resource Mobilsation -FY 2009-10 1.1 Per Capita Holding Tax Collection ( Indicator as per Log frame milestone) for FY
2009-10 74
1.2 Per Assessee Holding Tax Collection for FY 2009-10 1,0061.3 Per Household Holding Tax Collection 4061.4 Number of Assesses as at end of March 2010 11,9871.5 Per Assessee Holding Tax Current Demand for FY 2009-10 7291.6 Per Household Holding Tax Current Demand for FY 2009-10 2941.7 Holding Register updated ( with new Building Permits etc.) No1.8 Total Demand of Holding Tax raised during FY 2009-10 (includes arrears and current
demand) 29,512,782
1.9 Total Collection Ratio : As on 31/3/10 41%1.10 Total collection by Circle/ Ward /Collector prepared No1.11 Total Outstanding Holding Tax due from Govt./Semi-Govt/ Institutions/Schools etc.
as on 31st March, 2010 8,500,000
1.12 No. of pending legal cases for Recovery as of end of March 2010 ‐1.13 Total Amount in respect of pending legal cases for Recovery as of end of March
2010 ‐
1.14 Demand ,Collection and Balance Report for Holding Tax prepared as at end of March 2010
Yes
1.15 Total Taxes and non-taxes income ( Own sources Income) received /realised during FY 2008-09
7,838,570
1.16 Total Taxes and non-taxes income ( Own sources Income) received /realised during FY 2009-10
17,343,322
1.17 Total Establishment costs of tax and Revenue staff during FY 2009-10 NA1.18 Total commission payment to collectors during FY 2009-10 NA1.19 Per Capita Own ( Tax plus Non-Tax ) Revenue Collection 106
Total Revenue Receipts -FY 2009-10 ( as per I & E statement in Rs. ) 1.19 Total Tax Revenues 12,052,2091.20 Total Non-Tax Revenues 5,291,1131.21 Total Own Income / Internal Revenues / Self-Generated Income ( 1.19 + 1.20) 17,343,3221.22 Assigned Revenues 3,975,2401.23 Grants ( Incld. Salary and Matching grants) 23,345,3251.24 Other Income 702,8981.25 Total Revenue Income ( 1.21 to 1.24) 45,366,7851.26 Total Capital Grants 0
2 Accounting 2.1 Number of bank accounts including Account with Treasury 82.2 Cash Book updated on daily basis No2.3 Bank Reconciliations prepred and completed for March 2010 No2.4 Daily Cash /Bank balances report available /prepared Yes2.5 Advances/ Depsits Registers / account maintained and reconciled monthly No
2.6 Cost of services ( Subsidy report ) prepared No2.7 Annual Receipt and Expenditure statement prepared and available for FY 2009-10 Summary sheets not
prepared2.8 Annual Receipt and Expenditure statement prepared and available for FY 2009-10 Summary sheets not
prepared2.9 Annual Municipal Form I & XVIII - for FY 2009-10 disseminted by June 30th, 2010 No
2.10 Last FY Accounts prepared & completed on Accrual Based Double Entry Basis by consultant
FY 2007‐08
3.0 Audit 3.1 Internal audit conducted regularly and quarterly reports available by 30th of following
quarter No
3.2 Last FY Audit Completed by Examiner of Local Accounts 2007‐083.3 Total Number of Outstanding Paras as per last Audit Report 1783.4 Total Value of Outstanding Paras as per last Audit Report 158,7014.0 Planning & Budgeting
Date Budget Estimates for FY 2010-11 approved by Board of ULB NA4.2 Variance report reg. Budget versus Actual Revenue and Expenditure Report
prepared or not No
4.3 Number of times annual Variance exceeds 5% of Budget in Revenue Variance report not prepared. hence not
aplicable.4.4 Number of times annual Variance exceeds 5% of Budget in Expenditure Variance report not
prepared. hence not aplicable.
4.5 Budget Prepared by wards No4.6 Annual Budget Estimates disseminated thru media before start of FY No5.0 Expenditure management -FY 2009-10 ( as per I &E Statement in Rs.) 5.1 Total Establishment Expenditure NA5.2 Total O & M Expenditure NA5.3 Total Programme Expenditure NA5.4 Total Administation Expenditure NA5.5 Total Finance & Interest Expenditure NA5.6 Total Misc Expenditure NA5.7 Total Revenue Expenditure FY 2008-09 ( Total of 5.1 to .5.5 ) ‐5.8 Total Capital Expenditure ( Incld WIP) NA5.9 Per cent of total Establishment Expenditure on Total self-generated Revenue for FY
2009-10 NA
5.10 Per Capita Establishment Expenditure for FY 2009-10 NA5.11 % of total Establishment Expenditure to total Revenue Expenditure NA5.12 % of total Expenditure on Programmes to total Revenue Expenditure NA5.13 % of total O &M Expenditure to total Revenue Expenditure NA5.14 Per Capita Revenue Expenditure ‐5.15 Per capita Capital Expenditure ( incld. WIP) NA5.16 % of total Capital Expenditure to Total Revenue Expenditure NA5.17 Number of Utilisation Certificates Pending Nil5.18 Amount of Grants unutilized as of 31st March, 2010 NA5.19 Number of Grants remaining fully or partially unutilized beyond 3 years as on 31st
March, 2010 NA
5.20 Total Amounts of Grants remaining fully or partially unutilized beyond 3 years as of 31st March, 2010
NA
6.0 Cash Flow Management 6.1 Yearly , quarterly and monthly forecast statement prepared and updated No
6.2 Number of times Variance exceeds 10% of Forecasted Income and Expenditure items
Variance statement not preparaed
7.0 Assets & Liability Management 7.1 Data base of Assets available and updated on monthly basis Date base of assets
available as on 31.03.2007 but it is not updated since then.
7.2 Data base of Liabilities available and updated on monthly basis No 7.3 Amount of Outstanding Debts from UD&HD and other lending Institutions ( In Rupees
'000 ) Data Not available 8.0 Procurement 8.1 Number of audit comments not in compliance with established procurement
checklists and guidelines. Nil
8.2 Amount involved in respect of audit comments not in compliance with established procurement checklists and guidelines.
Nil
9 MISC. 9.1 Actual Collections of Rental Income from Municipal Properties for FY 2009-10 527,1809.2 Arrears of Rental Income from Municipal Properties as on 31st March, 2010 1,439,9189.3 Actual Collections of Income from Towers Tax for FY 2009-10 Nil9.4 Arrears of Income from Towers Tax as on March 31, 2010 4,000,0009.5 Total Actual Number of Employees ( Regular + on Contract + Temporary) as on 31-
3- 2009 310
9.6 Total Actual Number of Employees ( Regular + on Contract + Temporary) as on 31-3- 2010
310
9.7 Total Actual Number of Employees ( Regular + on Contract+ Temporary ) as on 31-3- 2010 : (9.5 + 9.6 /2)
310
9.8 Per Employee Annual Establishment Expenditure ( Rs.) : ( 5.1/ 9.7) 9.9 Total Actual Arrears to staff as of 31st October, 2010 1,600,000
ANNEXURE V : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
FIRST WORKSHOP
SECOND WORKSHOP
THIRD WORKSHOP
Sr.No. Particulars
ActualFY
2008-09(Rs)
ActualFY
2009-10(Rs)
Estimated ActualFY
2010-11(Rs)
Projected FY
2011-12(Rs)
Projected FY
2012-13(Rs)
Projected FY
2013-14(Rs)
Projected FY
2014-15(Rs)
Projected FY
2015-16(Rs) Remarks
Total Receipts :
1 Total Tax Revenues : 4,082,435 12,052,209 6,100,000 8,200,000 10,200,000 12,200,000 14,300,000 16,300,000 double in 2011‐12,triple in 2013‐
14,quartiplate in 2015‐16
2 Total Non-Tax Revenues 3,756,135 5,291,113 5,600,000 7,500,000 9,400,000 11,300,000 13,100,000 15,000,000 double in 2011‐12,triple in 2013‐
14,quartiplate in 2015‐16
3Total Own Income / Internal Revenues / Self-Generated Income ( 1+2)
7,838,570 17,343,322 11,700,000 15,700,000 19,600,000 23,500,000 27,400,000 31,300,000
4 Assigned Revenues - 3,975,240 2,100,000 2,200,000 2,300,000 2,400,000 2,500,000 2,600,000 Assuming 5% growth
5Revenue Grants ( Include. Salary and Matching grants)
- 23,345,325 12,300,000 12,800,000 13,300,000 13,800,000 14,400,000 15,000,000 Assuming 4% growth form FY 2011‐
12(Matching grant 3 to 7%)
6 Other Income 285,482 702,898 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Assuming 5% growth
A Total Revenue Income ( 3 to 6) 8,124,052 45,366,785 26,600,000 31,200,000 35,700,000 40,200,000 44,800,000 49,400,000 B Total Capital Grants - - - - - - - - Assuming 5% growth
Total Income(A+B) 8,124,052 45,366,785 26,600,000 31,200,000 35,700,000 40,200,000 44,800,000 49,400,000 Total Expenditure:
1 Establishment Expenditure 7,897,569 8,300,000 9,100,000 9,600,000 10,100,000 10,600,000 11,100,000 Assuming 5% growth except in 2011‐
12 is 10%due to restructuring
2 O & M Expenditure 448,635 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Assuming 5% growth
3 Programme Expenditure - - - - - - - Assuming 5% growth
4 Administration Expenditure 144,779 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 Assuming 5% growth
5 Finance & Interest Expenditure - - - - - - - Assuming 5% growth
6 Misc Expenditure 95,190 - - - - - - Assuming 5% growth
C Total Revenue Expenditure (1+6) 8,586,173 9,000,000 9,800,000 10,300,000 10,800,000 11,300,000 11,800,000 Surplus /Deficit( Revenue)(A-C) (462,121) 45,366,785 17,600,000 21,400,000 25,400,000 29,400,000 33,500,000 37,600,000
% (0.06) 1.00 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76
NA
ANNEXURE IV : FINANCIAL PROJECTION REPORT
Name of ULB:Sasaram