Urban and small town water supply management models in Ghana Presentation of findings from sector...

Urban and small town water supply management models in

Ghana Presentation of findings from sector review

and case studies from the TPP Project

NLLAP meeting 30 July 2010

What has been studied?

- Global experiences - Institutional framework in Ghana - Management models in Ghana - Case studies on management models

Global Experiences

- Urban management models - Small towns management

Global studies: Urban management models

• Utility management• Alternative service providers (private, NGO or community):

Relationship to sourceIndependent (Independent provider)

Dependent (Intermediate provider)

Technology employed

Grid or network

Integrated production / generation with transmission / distribution

Purchasing water and on-selling through mini-grid / network

Point source

Own source, fixed location vendor

Connected to utility fixed location vendor

Mobile distribution

Own source, mobile vendor

Purchase from utility mobile vendor

Global studies: Defining small towns

• 'Small towns are settlements that are sufficiently large and dense to benefit from the economies of scale offered by piped systems, but too small and dispersed to be efficiently managed by a conventional urban water utility. They require formal management arrangements, a legal basis for ownership and management, and the ability to expand to meet the growing demand for water. Small towns usually have populations between 5,000 and 50,000, but can be larger or smaller‘ (David and Pilgrim 2000)

• However it has been argued that:– Small town water supply can be managed by “conventional” utilities– The definition does not take into account the transition nature of small towns– The definition focuses too much on piped water supply. Different technologies

could be appropriate in different parts of small towns

Global studies: Small town management models

Model Community management

Water board management

Municipal management

Private management Utility management

Owner Community or Municipality / Local government Small private company

State or regional company

Corporate oversight

Water use association Water board Municipal department

Delegated private operator

Small private company


Operations Water use association


Water board


Municipal department


Small private company


Global studies: Support to management models

• Direct support– Training– Technical assistance

• Indirect support– Legislation– Regulation

Institutional mapping of urban and small town water supply in Ghana

• Separate sub-sectors:

– Small towns –> Community management, facilitated by CWSA

– Urban -> Utility management by GWCL / AVRL

Institutional mapping of urban and small town water supply in Ghana

• However, there is overlap on who is responsible for what. Different definitions of small towns: – National Water Policy (NWP) definition of a small town:“a community

that is not rural but is a small urban community, with population between 2,000 to 30,000 that has been mandated by the relevant authority(ies) to manage its own water and sanitation systems”.

– CWSA Small Towns Water and Sanitation Policy definition: “communities of between 2,000 and 50,000 population who require improved water supply and related sanitation facilities”.

– Ghana Statistical Service definition of urban communities: communities with populations above 5,000

• Who is institutionally responsible for the unserved?

GIS mapping exercise

• See maps

Direct WSDB,

with WATSAN

WSDB with PO

Urban Water Board

Management models for urban and small towns in Ghana

GWCL/AVRL management

Intermediate private

providers

Independent private

providers

COM system

GWCL system

GWCLsystem

Private system

GWCL system

COMsystem

COM system

GWCL system

Self supply

Household system

Community managementPrivate management

GWCL system, through tanker

Bulk water supply

Direct WSDB

Direct WSDB, without

WATSAN

Management models for urban and small towns

Small towns Urban

Direct WSDB

WSDB with PO

Water Board

Utility management


providers

Independent private

providersWith

watsanWithout watsan

Self supply Community managementPrivate management GWCL/ AVRL managementSelf supply


providers

Independent private

providers

Private management

GWCL/AVRLCommunity managed,

ruralSelf supply

Private management

Ghana management models – Support roles

Type of Model

Facilitation

Regulation: tariff setting

Ownership

Implementation

GWCL

GoG/GWCL

GWCL/AVRL

PURC

Private

Private

Private Private

Private

DA

DA

DA

CWSA

Regulation: standard of service

PURC DA

Community managed,

urban

GWCL/AVRL

AVRL?

GWCL/AVRL

GWCL/AVRL

AVRL?

Support

Questions?

Urban models

• GWCL/AVRL management• Intermediate service providers

– Tanker services– Water vendors– AVRL tanker services

• Community managed bulk supply: Urban Water Management Board

• Small scale independent producers

Ownership

Management and operations AVRL

GWCL

5 year Management contract

Reports

Money flows

Management model: GWCL/AVRL management

Clients

Regulation PURC

Management and Operations

Management contract

Reports

Money flows

Holding tanks, kiosk, vendors, private

standpipes: Examples: Teshie

Zongo, South Teshie, Glefe-Agege and Nima (PURC),

parts of Bolgatanga

Ownership, Management and operation of selling point

Ownership

Management of supplyOperations of supply

Water vendor

Clients

Tankertransport

AVRL

GWCL

Management model: Intermediate service providers

Clients

Pay as you fetch

Pay in bulk

Pay in bulk

Contract

Money flows

Pay as you fetch

Pay per supply

Management of selling point

Ownership of selling point

Management and operation of supply

Water vendor

Clients

TankerDistribution

AVRL (East Accra Regional Office)

Management model: AVRL tanker services

Coordinator

waybill

Operation of selling point

GWCLOwnership of supply system

Pays per supply commission

Waybill

Service fee

Ownership and oversight of the (bulk) supply system

Management and operations of (bulk) supply system

AVRL

GWCL

Management contract

Money flows

Management model: Urban Water Management Board

Water vendor

Regulation and tariff setting for the bulk water supply

PURC

Clients

Pay as you fetch

Per supplyO&M of selling point

Water BoardOversight and Management

of the selling points

TankertransportPer supply

Salary

waybill

Management model: Small scale independent producers

SSIP

Clients

Pay as you fetch

Ownership, Management and operation

Small town models

• Direct WSDB management with watsan• Direct WSDB management without watsan• WSDB management with delegated

operations (Public-Private Partnership)• WSDB management with delegated

operations in the Three District Water Supply Scheme

• Direct WSDB management with bulk supply

Ownership and regulation

Management, Sanitation and hygiene education

Operations

MMDA

CWSA Regional office

Watsan

Water vendors

Management model: Direct WSDB management with watsan

20% commission

Facilitation

Daily submissionof revenues

Monthly transfer of revenues

Standpost clientsClients with HH connection

Pay as you fetch

Monthly water bills

Reports

Money flows

(S)Elects representatives

WSDB

Operating staff

•Operations account•Capital account (at least 20% of monthly net revenue)•Sanitation account: (at least 10% of monthly net revenue)


Management, Sanitation and hygiene education

Operations

MMDA


Water vendor

Management model: Direct WSDB management without watsan

20% commission

EVORAP Project staffFacilitation


Pay as you fetch

Monthly water bills

WSDB

Operating staff

Reports

Money flows

•Regular account•Replacement account

Management model: WSDB management with delegated operations (Public-Private Partnership)


Management sanitation and

hygiene education

OperationsPrivate operator

O&M account: 75% of revenues

WSDB

MMDA


Watsan

Water vendor (keeps 20% of income)

15% to replacement and rehabilitation account

10% to sanitation and hygiene account

Facilitation


Pay as you fetch

Monthly water bills

5 year O&M contract agreement

Reports

Money flows


Management model: WSDB management with delegated operations in the Three District Water Supply Scheme


Management sanitation and

hygiene education

OperationsPrivate operator

O&M account: 70% of revenues

WSDB

3 DAs


Watsan

2% to sanitation account3% to replacement account

2% to WSDB allowances

Facilitation


Pay as you fetch

Monthly water bills

5 year O&M contract agreement

Reports

Money flows


3% to O&M (from bulk water meter)

20% commissionWater vendor

Collected money

WSDB

Ownership and regulation of distribution

Management of distribution

Operations of distribution Operation unit

MMDA

Watsans

Water vendor (keeps 20% of revenues)

Bulk water bill

Management model: Direct WSDB management with bulk supply

GWCLAVRL

Water Council

Ownership, management and operations of bulk water supply

Standpost clients

Pay as you fetch

Clients with HH connections

Monthly water billsMOU

Reports

Money flows


Market space

5 tables:• Direct WSDB management with and without watsan

in Asesewa, Asiakwa, Pantang and Abokobi• WSDB management with delegated operations

(Public-Private Partnership) in Bekwai and Atebubu• WSDB management with delegated operations in the

Three District Water Supply Scheme• Direct WSDB management with bulk supply in

Savelugu• AVRL tanker services in Accra

Market space discussion

• Strengths and weaknesses of the model? • What enabling environment is needed to

make the model work well? Who is / should be responsible for this? (direct and indirect support)

• What is the potential for scaling up of the model, or the use of the model in other contexts?

Urban and small town water supply management models in Ghana Presentation of findings from sector...

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