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URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Presented by:
Charalambos Panayiotou
Environmental Scientist, MSc
Manager
Atlantis Cosulting ltd
KICK – OFF MEETING _ Cyprus Case Study Presentation
Kouklia
Nikokleia
Ay. Georgios
Traxypedoula
Salamiou
Kidasi
Prastio
Philousa
Arminou
Gerovasa
Mylikouri
Ay. Nikolaos
Arsos
Treis Elies
Prodromos
Ay. Dimitrios
Phoini
Kholetria
Khapotami
Kelokedara
Oridhes
Ay. Ioannis
Kykkos
Dhora
Kaminaria
Mallia
Omodhos
Prodromos
Trikoukkia
Philousa weir
Kouklia weir
Arminou Dam
Arminou Diversion
Dhiarizos River
7
kilometers
0 3.5
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Social Setting - Land Use and Population- Water management practices- Water management Environmental and Social Issues
Physical Setting- Hydrology and Water balance- Geology- Flora and Fauna
SCOPE OF ANALYSIS
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DIARIZOS VALLEY – GENERAL SETTING
Kouklia
Nikokleia
Ay. Georgios
Traxypedoula
Salamiou
Kidasi
Prastio
Philousa
Arminou
Gerovasa
Mylikouri
Ay. Nikolaos
Arsos
Treis Elies
Prodromos
Ay. Dimitrios
Phoini
Kholetria
Khapotami
Kelokedara
Oridhes
Ay. Ioannis
Kykkos
Dhora
Kaminaria
Mallia
Omodhos
Prodromos
Trikoukkia
Philousa weir
Kouklia weir
Arminou Dam
Arminou Diversion
7
kilometers
0 3.5
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DHIARIZOS RIVER WATERSHED GEOLOGICAL COVER
IGNEOUS ROCKS 43%
( All are upstream of Arminou Dam )
MAMONIA (MELANGE) 13%
CHALKS 19%
CHALKS AND MARLS 24%
ALLUVIUM 1%
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DIARIZOS CATCHMENT AREA
Kouklia
Nikokleia
Ay. Georgios
Traxypedoula
Salamiou
Kidasi
Prastio
Philousa
Arminou
Gerovasa
Mylikouri
Ay. Nikolaos
Arsos
Treis Elies
Prodromos
Ay. Dimitrios
Phoini
Kholetria
Khapotami
Kelokedara
Oridhes
Ay . Ioannis
Ky kkos
Dhora
Kaminaria
Mallia
Omodhos
Prodromos
Trikoukkia
Philousa weir
Kouklia weir
Arminou Dam
7
kilometers
0 3.5
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DIARIZOS VALLEY – SCEMATIC OVERVIEW
Arminou Dam. Capacity 4.6 MCM
Diversion to Kouris Dam . 15 MCM/YR
Diversion to Irrigation. 2 MCM/YR
Dhiarizos River
Dhiarizos River Gravel Aquifer. Area: 9 km²Water reserves: 15 MCMNumber of wells: About 60. Wield : 20-200 m³/hr
Kouklia Weir
Filousa Weir
Sea
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DIARIZOS CASE STUDY - Available information
Mean Daily stream flow 1965/66 to 2000 for Filousa stream gauging weir
Mean Daily stream flow 1965/66 to 2000 for Kouklia stream gauging weir
Mean Daily inflow to Arminou Dam Daily diversion to Kouris Dam Diversions outside the watershed Abstractions from aquifer Monthly and 6_monthly water level measurements Standard chemical analyses for ground and surface waters Population and population trends Land use Animal husbandry :limited to domestic needs
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Number of communities in the watershed: 28
18 communities downstream of Arminou Dam and 10 communities upstream
Total Population: 5000 persons, Mostly farmers
Cultivated crops in the watershed: DECARS (1000 m2)
Citrus: 880
Deciduous : 1460
Olives: 250
Vines: 130
Fodder: 80
Potatoes: 30
Vegetables: 30
TOTAL 2860
DIARIZOS VALLEY – LANDUSE
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DHIARIZOS RIVER WATERSHED WATER BALANCE
Dhiarizos Watershed Area up to Filousa stream gauging weir:- Total catchment area: 125 km²- Precipitation: 795 mm - Evaporation: 635 mm ( 80% )- Mean Annual Runoff (1965-1998) : 21 Million m³(MCM) or
170mm- Median Annual Runoff (1965-1998) : 18.7 Million m³(MCM) or
150mm- Arminou Dam capacity 4.6 MCM- Diversion to Kourris Dam : 15 - 18 MCM/YR- Controlled releases to river aquifer: 1
MCM/YR - Spills : 2.7 - 0 MCM/YR
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Dhiarizos Watershed Area up to Kouklia stream gauging weir:- Total area: 260 km²
- Precipitation: 680 mm
- Mean Annual Runoff (1965-1998) : 25 Million m³ (MCM) or 96mm
- Median Annual Runoff (1965-1998) : 19.3 Million m³ (MCM) or 75mm
DHIARIZOS RIVER WATERSHED WATER BALANCE
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DHIARIZOS RIVER GRAVEL AQUIFER
WATER BALANCE (1992 – 2002 average figures)
Aquifer Area: 9 km²
Precipitation : 480 mm
Evaporation : 420 mm (88%)
Aquifer capacity : 15 MCM
Number of pumping wells : about 60
Yield per well : 20 - 200 m³/hour
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
AQUIFER AVERAGE YEARLY BALANCERecharge from direct precipitation: 0.6 MCMRecharge from stream flow: 6.0 to 6.5 MCMDam releases: 1 MCMReturn flow from irrigation: 0.4 MCMSea Intrusion: 0.1 MCMTOTAL INPUT 8.1 to 8.6 MCM
Abstraction for irrigation: 6.0 MCMAbstraction for domestic supplies: 1.0 MCM Outflow to the sea: 1.6 MCMTOTAL OUTPUT 8.6 MCM
In cases of surplus runoff an amount of up to 3.0 MCM can be diverted for irrigation outside the Watershed.
There is an over pumping of about 0.5 million m³/year on the average therefore groundwater levels are falling.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DHIARIZOS RIVER WATERSHED - Environmental stresses
- Nitrates from Agricultural practices. - Groundwater and Surface water pollution from
private septic tanks and absorption pits. (There are no sewage treatment plants at present)
- Uncontrolled damping of solid wastes. (There are no controlled solid wastes sites in the area)
- Recent road construction works have intruded in the river bed.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DHIARIZOS RIVER WATERSHED - ISSUES
- Future needs for water in the watershed is estimated to be 12 MCM by the year 2010.
- There are additional 4000 decars of good agricultural land that can be irrigated but isn’t due to lack of interest from farmers.
- There are no integrated rural development plans for the watershed.
- There are no watershed management plans.- Pressure to expand the irrigation projects in order to
increase land value
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
GENERAL WATER POLICY ISSUES
- The Island plan, especially with regard to the construction of dams was based on rainfall data from before 1970.
- Water pricing is not based on cost recovery– Desalination cost ~ 50 – 60 CP / toN– Residential water price = .335 CP / ton– Agricultural water price = .062 CP
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMASTAKEHOLDERS
Water Development Department
Water production : exploitation of the freshwater resources, treatment of wastewater, production of desalinated water.
Water distribution (potable water, irrigation water)
Water quality (monitoring, setting quality standards)
Water conservation (protection of freshwater resources)
Department of fisheries
Protection of surface water course territories (lakes, river and stream beds.
Limassol and Pafos water boards
Regional development and planning of the territory (relevant to the DIARIZOS case study area)
STAKEHOLDERS
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
STAKEHOLDERS
Cyprus Forestry department Responsible for the protection of forest land _ Part of the study area lies within their jurisdiction
Institute of Agricultural Research
Deals with Issues of water, fertiliser and pesticide requirements of agricultural plants.
Ministry of Agriculture Responsible for implementing the agricultural policy of Cyprus, providing support to farmers
Several NGOs are generally of low activity in the study area
Local communities are organising in order to combat urbanisation problems as well as to exploit EU funds for development
Board of ministers and the Parliament are responsible for water pricing
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
STAKEHOLDERS
Environment Service and Water Development Department
Regional pollution control (natural resources, including water resources)
(Referring to ambient quality)
Environment Service Issuing liquid waste disposal consents
25 Local communities within the districts of Limassol and Pafos
Small number of farmers
Environment Service Protection of Diarizos River under the status of Natura 2000 and SPA
Cyprus Game Reserve Authority
Responsible for the protection of game including their habitats
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
DIARIZOS VALLEY TOPOGRAPHIC MAP