Urban and economic geography
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Transcript of Urban and economic geography
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Urban Geography.
SECTION 4
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Urban geography is the study of how people use space in cities
Cities are populous centers of business, culture, innovation, change
Urban Areas - Urban area develops around a central city
GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS
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suburbs—border central city, other suburbs- exurbs - have open land between them and central city
Central city plus its suburbs and exurbs called a metropolitan area
Urbanization—rise in number of cities, resulting lifestyle changes
GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS
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Cities are often located near:- good transportation—lakes, rivers, coastline- plentiful natural resources
As a result, cities tend to:- become transportation hubs- specialize in certain economic activities
CITY LOCATIONS
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Basic land use patterns found in all cities:- residential (housing)-industrial (manufacturing)-commercial (retail)
Central business district (CBD)—core area of commercial activity
The Functions of Cities- Shopping, entertainment, government services- Educational, recreational, and cultural activities- Transportation is essential to accomplish functions
LAND USE PATTERNS
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Economic Geography
SECTION 5
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Economy—the production and exchange of goods and services
Economies are local, regional, national, internationalGeographers study economic geography by looking at:
- how people in a region support themselves- how economic activity is linked regionally
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
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Economic system: way people produce and exchange goods, services
Four types of economic systems:- traditional, or barter, economy- command, or planned, economy- market economy, also called capitalism- mixed economy, a combination of command and market
TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
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Subsistence agriculture - food is raised for personal consumption
TYPES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
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market-oriented agriculture - Raising food to sell to others is called
Cottage industries - involve small, home-based industrial production
Large industrial production - comes from commercial industries
TYPES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
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Primary - involves gathering raw materials for immediate use
Secondary - adds value to material by changing its formTertiary - involves business or professional servicesQuaternary - provides information, management, research
services
FOUR LEVELS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
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Natural Resources—Earth’s materials that have economic value
Materials become resources when they can be turned into goods (3 types)
renewable - (trees, seafood) can be replaced naturally
nonrenewable - (metals, oil, coal) cannot be replaced
inexhaustible -(sun, wind) are unlimited resources
THE ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCES
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Infrastructure—basic support systems to sustain economic growth- power, communications, transportation systems- water, sanitation, and education systems- Communications systems and technology both critical to development
ECONOMIC SUPPORT SYSTEMS
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Per capita income: average earnings per person in a political unit
MEASURING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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Gross national product (GNP)—statistic to measure the total value of goods, services produced by a country, globally
Gross domestic product (GDP) -statistic to measure the total value of goods and services produced within a country
MEASURING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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Developing nations have low GDP& per capita income
Developed nations have high GDP & per capita income
MEASURING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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