UPSC Compulsory English Mains 18 Years (1997-2014)

8/9/2019 UPSC Compulsory English Mains 18 Years (1997-2014)

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UPSC CSE (Mains) Compulsory English Paper 1997

Compulsory English

PapersUPSC Civil Services IAS/IPS Mains EamCon!en!s1997"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1

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1997

*" 1" +ri!e an essay o, a-ou! '&& .ors on any one o, !he ,ollo.ing 0 1&&(a) olerance is !he 2ey !o na!ional uni!y(-) 3our iea o, a happy li,e(c) Aver!isemen!s 0 nee ,or con!rol() Is vege!arianism a vir!ue 4(e) 5ailures are !he pillars o, success

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Q. 2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that

follow in your own words as far as possible. 75

I! is !rue !ha! !he smo2ers cause some nuisance !o !he non6smo2ers -u! !his nuisance isphysical .hile !he nuisance !ha! !he non6smo2ers cause !he smo2ers is spiri!ual" hereare o, course a lo! o, non6smo2ers .ho on8! !ry !o in!er,ere .i!h !he smo2ers" I! issome!imes assume !ha! !he non6smo2ers are morally superior no! realiing !ha! !heyhave misse one o, !he grea!es! pleasures o, man2in" I am .illing !o allo. !ha!smo2ing is a moral .ea2ness -u! on !he o!her han .e mus! -e.are o, a man .i!hou!.ea2ness" :e is no! !o -e !rus!e" :e is ap! !o -e al.ays so-er an he canno! ma2e asingle mis!a2e" :is ha-i!s are !oo regular his eis!ence !oo mechanical an his heaal.ays main!ains i!s supremacy over his hear!" Much as I li2e reasona-le persons I ha!ecomple!ely ra!ional -eings" 5or !ha! reason I am al.ays scare an ill a! ease .hen Ien!er a house in .hich !here are no ash6!rays"

he room is ap! !o -e !oo clean an orerly an !he people are ap! !o -e correc! anunemo!ional" ;o. !he moral an spiri!ual -ene i!genera!es a s!yle o, conversa!ion !ha! is con!empla!ive !hough!,ul -enevolen! anuna?ec!e"@

(a) +ha! 2in o, harship o "a smo2er an a non6smo2er cause !o each o!her 4 1$(-) +hy is i! .rong !o !hin2 !ha! a non6smo2er is morally superior !o a smo2er 4 1$(c) +hy is a man .i!hou! any moral .ea2ness un!rus!.or!hy 4 1$() +ha! pleasure o, li,e is misse -y a non6smo2er 4 1$

(e) +ha! oes hac2eray mean !o say 4 1$

Q. 3. Mae a precis of the following passage in about 23! words. "s far as

possible# the precis should be in your own words. $t should be written on the

special sheets pro%ided# which should be fastened securely inside the answer

boo. &tate the nu'ber of words in your answer. 7$;"" 0 Mar2s .ill -e euc!e i, your precis is much longer or shor!er !han !he prescri-eleng!h"In our coun!ry -egging has -ecome a pro,ession an !he -eggars con!inue !o increase innum-ers" So vas! inee is !he ,ra!erni!y o, !hese -eggars !ha! ,oreigners visi!ing Iniaespecially ci!ies li2e Baranasi our ci!ies o, pilgrimage have -een le !o call our ci!ies!he ci!ies o, -eggars an o, us! here are no s!a!is!ics availa-le ,or es!ima!ing !heirnum-er -u! !ha! is no! neee ,or our presen! purpose" D, course any prac!ical re,ormin !his ma!!er oes no! reuire a close inves!iga!ion in!o !he causes an coni!ions o,!he eis!ence o, -eggars -u! .e are here concerne .i!h !he ues!ion o, seeing ho.!hese -eggars live an .ha! in par!icular is !he e?ec! on socie!y o, !heir eis!ence"

As alreay sugges!e !he vas!ness o, !he num-er o, !he Inian -eggars is evien! !oany visi!or ,rom a ,oreign coun!ry" he causes o, !he increase in !he num-er o, -eggarsare many -u! o, !hese .e may Fus! consier only a ,e." 5or goo or evil Inians have

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-een very religious in !heir ou!loo2 on li,e an also very generous an hospi!a-le!o.ars !hose .ho go !o !hem ,or -egging" Dur Puranas an Shas!ras poin! ou! !ha!giving chari!y !o -eggars ensures Mo2sha in !he ne! .orl" he social conscienceeveolpe ,rom such an ar!icle o, ,ai!h has -een !he main cause o, !he increase in !henum-er o, -eggars" hey are al.ays sure o, i! is !he same as i! .as


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(vi) +e love chilren ,or !heir HHHHHH" "(vii) he crops have -een amage -y !hese HHHHH rains"(viii) he rich man has -een HHHHHH" -y !he mili!an!s"(i) he HHHHH"" o, his ,ace sugges!s !ha! he is a sain!"() :e has -een a.are a HHHHHH ,or s!uying in Canaa"

(-) Use each o, !he ,ollo.ing .ors in !.o separa!e sen!ences


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(vii) he pa!ien! is s!ill in a s!a!e o, HHHHH"" "(comma / coma)(viii) A,!er !he accien! !he


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many ac!s" I! mus! -e ynamic no! s!a!ic changing !o mee! !he challenge o, each ne.genera!ion" 5or peace is a process a .ay o, solving pro-lems"

+i!h such a peace !here .ill s!ill -e uarrels an conKic!ing in!eres!s as !here are.i!hin ,amilies an na!ions" +orl peace li2e communi!y peace oes no! reuire !ha!each man love his neigh-our> i! reuires only !ha! !hey live !oge!her in mu!ual!olerance su-mi!!ing !heir ispu!es !o a Fus! an peace,ul se!!lemen!" An his!ory!eaches us !ha! enmi!ies -e!.een na!ions as -e!.een iniviuals o no! las! ,orever":o.ever


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(iii) I, you .oul have s!uie har you shoul have passe"(iv) Dne o, my ,rien is a goo poe!"(v) Ei!her his paren!s or Pheroe is going !o come !oay"(vi) +hen you are going !o onon !o mee! .i!h your ,riens !here 4(vii) 5or heaven8s sa2e please on8! as2 me !ha! .hy am I no! coming 4(viii) I canno! -e a-le !o play cric2e! !his evening"(i) 3ou are !he !eacher here isn8! i! 4() Sha2espeare !he play.righ! an !he poe! -orn in S!ra!,or6upon6Avon"

)b* +ill in the blans choosing the appropriate words put within the bracets ,1!

(i) :e HHHHH his pas! s!a!emen! in !he course o, his speech"(aver! aver!)(ii) In !heir response !o !he call !hey are HHHHHHH "(inver! iner!)(iii) here is no HHHHHH" !o !he gi,! he receive"(illusion allusion)

(iv) HHHHHH" is!illa!ion is an o?ence"(Elici! Illici!)(v) :e ha no HHHHHHH"" !o any help"(recourse resource)(vi) :e is cer!ainly no! hones!> he is al.ays HHHHHH"" "(hypercri!ical hypocri!ical)(vii) Smo2ing is HHHHHH" here"(proscri-e prescri-e)(viii) Qishore sens his HHHHHHHH"" !o you"(complimen!s complemen!s)(i) +e mus! no! cas! any HHHHH"" a! him ,or he is innocen!"

(aspira!ion aspersion)() he s!uen!s8 a!!i!ue !o !heir !eacher is no! HHHHHH" "(e,eren!ial i?eren!ial)

)c* 0se the following phrases in your own sentences bringing out the 'eaning

, 5

(i) Du! o, !une(ii) o pu! one8s ,oo! o.n(iii) A! sies an sevens(iv) hrough !hic2 an !hin(v) o pu! some!hing up

1999

"nswers 'ust be written in nglish.

Q. 1. rite an essay in about 3!! words on any one of the following , 1!!

(a) Po.er o, !he press(-) An ieal college(c) he !echnological miracles o, !he !.en!ie!h cen!ury

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() An encoun!er .i!h an as!rologer(e) =Co.ars ie many !imes -e,ore !heir ea!h@"

Q. 2. Read the following passage and answer in your own language the

questions that follow , 75

5orecas!ing !he .ea!her or !rying !o


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Mar an a ,rien name 5rierich Engels .ere in 5rance uring !he revolu!ion o, 1##an i! .as a! !his !ime !hey pu-lishe a pamphle! calle he Communis! Mani,es!o" his.as a call !o -a!!le ,or !he la-ouring classes o, !he .orl0 =+or2ers o, !he .orl arise0you have no!hing !o lose -u! your chains"@ he las! years o, Mar .ere spen! in Englan.ri!ing his -oo2 as Qapi!al (NCapi!al8)" Engels suppor!e Mar an comple!e !he .or2.hen !he la!!er ie leaving !he -oo2 un

+e no. 2no. !ha! many o, Qarl Mar8s ieas .ere .rong an !ha! many o, hispreic!ions have no! come !rue" +eal!h has -ecome more .iely is!ri-u!e ra!her !hanless an !he s!anar o, living o, !he .or2ers has gone up ra!her !han o.n" Capi!alis!shave prove no! !o -e !he evil ogres !ha! Mary pic!ure !hem" ;ever!heless !he ieas o,Qarl Mar have ha a s!rong appeal ,or many people an a pro,oun e?ec! upon !hehis!ory o, !he .orl" Communism" one o, !he grea!es! ,orces in !he !.en!ie!h cen!uryha i!s origins in !he .ri!ings o, Qarl Mar"

Q. (. )a* +ill in the blans using the appropriate for's of the words gi%en

below , 1!

s!ay> reali!y> heal!h> per!inen!> proo,> pos!> s!re!che> accien!> rouse> provision

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(i) I am no! his HHHHHH" -ro!her"(ii) :e go! up .i!h a HHHHHH an a ya.n"(iii) Qeep him HHHHH"" .i!h !he la!es! ne.s a-ou! his mo!her"(iv) :e ,ell in!o !he gorge HHHHHHH "(v) I have sol o? my ,arm6house an !he lan HHHHHHH"" !o i!"(vi) emagogues !ry HHHHHH" !he masses"(vii) he ne. !ypis! HHHHHH"" !o -e useless"(viii) I .ill go HHHHHHH" !ha! my epenses are pai"(i) HHHHHH you have ,orgo!!en one !hing"() :a you !a2en !he meicine !he .oun HHHHHHHH -y no."

)b* 0se each of the following words in two separate sentences# 8rst as a noun

and then as a %erb , 1!

(i) og(ii) ,reee(iii) spoon(iv) -oo2

(v) re,use

)c* Rewrite the following sentences as directed parenthetically , 5

(i) Eins!ein .as !he grea!es! scien!is! o, our cen!ury"(Use !he compara!ive egree)(ii) e! us have a cup o, co?ee no."(Use !he righ! !ag ues!ion)(iii) She sai" =arling .hy are you loo2ing so pale 4 Cheer up please"@(Change !he moe o, narra!ion)(iv) he ,ac! is so evien! !ha! i! reuires no proo,"(Replace Nso8 -y N!oo8)

(v) :e has !o o his Fo- .ell" (Change !he voice)Q. 5. )a* -orrect the following sentences , 1!

(i) 3ou are a mechanic> isn8! i! 4(ii) I have alreay availe o, all !he casual leave ue !o me"(iii) he heal!h o, my -ro!her is -e!!er !han me"(iv) :e insis!e !o leave immeia!ely"(v) She congra!ula!e him ,or his success"(vi) he choice lies -e!.een honour or ishonour"(vii) I, i! .ill rain .e shall s!ay -ac2"(viii) he ship .as ro.ne in !he sea"(i) y s!uying har his graes improve"() I have !o give my eamina!ion in April"

)b* f the words gi%en in bracets# choose the one that# you thin# is

appropriate to 8ll in the blans , 1!

(i) he -oo2 has -een HHHHHH" ,or !he Inian reaership"(aap!e> aop!e)(ii) he case has -een hanging


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(persecu!e> prosecu!e)(iv) :e is a man o, HHHHHH "(principal> principle)(v) us!ice shoul -e HHHHH" .i!h mercy"(!ampere> !empere)(vi) he coni!ion o, homeless people -ecomes HHHHHH"" in .in!er"(pi!i,ul> pi!ia-le)(vii) :e le a HHHHH" li,e"(sensuous> sensual)(viii) I vo.e !o HHHHH mysel, ,or !he ea!h o, my cousin"(avenge> revenge)(i) I have HHHHH" him a Fo- in our company"(assure> ensure)() Aren8! you !ire o, !his HHHHHH rain 4(con!inual> con!inuous)

)c* 0se the following phrases in your own sentences so as to bring out their

'eanings , 5(i) !o lea -y !he nose(ii) pell6 mell(iii) gi,! o, !he ga-(iv) !o ma2e a ash(v) !o


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,rom agricul!ural ser,s al.ays prevaile in !he en an !he area o, agricul!ure grauallyincrease" Even no. !his process is no! a! an en -u! .ha! remains ,or i! !o achieve isno longer very impor!an!"

he only ,unamen!al !echnical avance !ha! precee !he emergence o, man in!orecore his!ory .as !he inven!ion o, .ri!ing" +ri!ing li2e spo2en language evelopegraually" I! evelope ou! o, pic!ures -u! as soon as i! ha reache a cer!ain s!age" i!mae possi-le !he 2eeping o, recors an !he !ransmission o, in,orma!ion !o people .ho.ere no! presen! .hen !he in,orma!ion .as given"(a) +ha! .as he secon impor!an! s!age in our pre6his!ory an .here i i! -egin4(-) +ha! happene in !he regions .here agricul!ure .as success,ul 4(c) +ha! happene in !he conKic! -e!.een !he nomas an agricul!uris!s4() +ha! !echnical avance !oo2 place -e,ore !he perio o, recore his!ory an .ha!i i! accomplish4(e) +ho consiere !hemselves superior !o .hom an .hy 4

*" '" Ma2e a precis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage in your o.n language in a-ou! %'& .ors

on !he special precis6shee!s provie Mar2s .ill -e euc!e ,or precis no! .ri!!en on!he precis6shee!s" Mar2s .ill also -e euc!e i, your precis is much longer or shor!er!ha! !he prescri-e leng!h" he precis6shee!s shoul -e securely ,as!ene insie !heans.er -oo2" S!a!e !he num-er o, .ors use -y you in your precis" 7$I! has -een es!ima!e !han !he human popula!ion o, && "C" .as a-ou!


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D, course !hrough all !hose years o, evolu!ion" our ances!ors .ere coagulan!> ,righ!> glo-e> civilie>isas!rous> move> en!husiasm> pessimis!ic> philosophiing(i) he 6 o, clous leas !o changes in !he .ea!her"(ii) Man8s con!inuance on ear!h is shroue in G "(iii) A cosmic G may en li,e on ear!h"(iv) Bi!amin Q is essen!ial ,or !he o, -loo"(v) Is our 6 going on !he righ! pa!h(vi) he economic" 6 o, our coun!ry is changing"(vii) Dnce in !he Fungle !he -oys .ere G "(viii) +ha! oes Inian 6 !each4(i) 6 is a?ec!ing Inia8s economy"() :e spo2e a-ou! !he eis!ence o, Jo"



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(iv) !eam(v) eperience

(c) Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences as irec!e paren!he!ically 0 $(i) =Shu! !he oor a,!er you@ she !ol him cur!ly"(Change in!o inirec! ,orm)(ii) i she commi! all !he mis!a2es 4(Change in!o passive voice)(iii) Many iLcul!ies are impossi-le !o overcome"(Use a single .or ,or !he unerline phrase)(iv) :ar as he !rie !he ol man ,aile !o righ!)(ii) :e has 6 his o.n me!ho ,or oing !he .or2"(evise > evice)(iii) 5e!ch me a 6 o, .a!er"(pale > pail)(iv) All !he o, !he airline .ere groune"(aircra,! > aircra,!s)(v) he governmen! has selec!e !he ,or !he hospi!al"(si!e > ci!e)(vi) he 6 o, Qargil have ,allen silen!"(canons > cannons)(vii) he !ropic o, is an imaginary line"(Cancer > cancer)(viii) he -uge! coul no! -e o?se!"(e e


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() he governmen! collapse .hen !here .as a G in !he par!y"(,rac!ion > ,ac!ion)

(c) Use !he ,ollo.ing phrases in sen!ences so as !o -ring ou! !heir meaning 0 $(i) -ring a-ou!(ii) -rea2 in(iii) hear! an soul(iv) lie lo.(v) hol one8s -rea!h

%&&1

1" +ri!e an essay in a-ou! '&& .ors on any one o, !he ,ollo.ing0 (1&&)(a) Qno.lege is po.er(-) Conseuences o, glo-alia!ion(c) Balue o, yoga

() Science an human happiness(e) ourism in Inia

%" Rea !he ,ollo.ing passage an ans.er in your o.n .ors !he ues!ions !ha! ,ollo.0($ 1$ 7$)

he .orl .e live in presen!s an enless varie!y o, ,ascina!ing pro-lems .hich eci!eour .oner an curiosi!y" he scien!i


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(c) +ha! oes !he eua!ion N:o.8 re,er !o4() :o. i !he ancien!s loo2 upon volcanoes an ear!hua2es4(e) +ha! oes !he au!hor say a-ou! our 2no.lege o, !he .orl4

'" Ma2e a prVcis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage in your o.n .ors in a-ou! %'& .ors on!he specialprVcis6shee!s provie" Mar2s .ill -e euc!e ,or prVcis no! .ri!!en on !he prVcisshee!s" Mar2s .illalso -e euc!e i, your prVcis is much longer or shor!er !han !he prescri-e leng!h"

he prVcisshee!sshoul -e securely ,as!ene insie !he ans.er -oo2" S!a!e !he num-er o, .ors use -yyou in your prVcis" (7$)

;o amoun! o, improvemen! an recons!ruc!ion in euca!ion .ill -ear much ,rui! i, ourschools an colleges are unermine -y iniscipline" An impar!ial eamina!ion ma2es i!clear !ha! s!uen!s an !eachers ali2e nee more o, !he spiri! o, iscipline" I, propereuca!ion is !o -e given ac!s o, iniscipline prevalen! in our euca!ional ins!i!u!ions

have !o -e chec2e" Iniscipline may !a2e !he shape o, group iniscipline or iniviualiniscipline" Jroup iniscipline is !he .orse o, !he !.o" +hile as iniviuals many o, ours!uen!s are as goo as s!uen!s else.here !he !enency !o group iniscipline hasincrease in recen! years" Many causes have le !o !his group iniscipline" 5or variousreasons uner a ,oreign regime ac!s o, iniscipline -ecame ,reuen! o,!en necessi!a!e-y !he poli!ical ac!ivi!ies .hich .ere launche agains! a ,oreign governmen!" +hile!here may have -een Fus!i


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promo!e a proper spiri! o, iscipline" he -uiling up o, a !ruly harmonious an uni!e,orm o, communi!y li,e shoul -e !he eneavour o, all progressive euca!ionalins!i!u!ions"

esies !hese posi!ive ,ac!ors cer!ain nega!ive ,ac!ors also promo!e iscipline" heiscipline o, !he you!h o, any coun!ry epens upon !he iscipline !ha! is eercise -y!he elers" I! is a .ell G 2no.n ,ac! !ha! in all emocracies elec!ion !ime is a !imeo?everish ac!ivi!y no! al.ays conuc!e in !he mos! heal!hy spiri! an !he u!ilia!ion -ypoli!icians o, imma!ure mins li2e s!uen!s ,or purposes o, elec!ioneering campaigns.i!h or .i!hou! slogans a!!ache !here!o is no! calcula!e !o promo!e soun isciplineamong s!uen!s" I! shoul -e consiere an elec!ion o?ence ,or any mem-er or par!y !ou!ilie !he services o, pupils uner !he age o, 17 in poli!ical or civic campaigns" esies.hile !he euca!ive value o, leaing poli!icians aressing our s!uen!s ,rom !ime !o!ime may -e reaily ami!!e !he !enency o,!en is ,or !he leaers no! !o spea2 !o !heauience -e,ore hem -u! !o a .ier auience .hose a!!en!ion !hey .ish !o a!!rac!!hrough !he press" I! is no! necessary !ha! every speech mae -y a poli!ician shoul -ea poli!ical speech" as!ly iscipline among s!uen!s can only -e promo!e i, !here is

iscipline among !he s!a?" he !eacher an !he euca!ional aminis!ra!or shoul realie!ha! !heir ac!ivi!ies are all -eing .a!che -y !heir pupils" o .ha! e!en! !here,ore -o!hin !heir personal conuc! an in !heir general a!!i!ue !o all pro-lems concerning !heircoun!ry !hey have !o realie !ha! !here are limi!a!ions .i!hin .hich !hey mus! ac! ,or!he -es! in!eres!s o, euca!ion" Ul!ima!ely i! is !he school or college a!mosphere an!he uali!y o, !he !eachers !here !ha! ensure proper coes o, conuc! an isciplineamong our s!uen!s"

" (a) 5ill in !he -lan2s using appropria!e ,orms o, !he .ors given -elo.0 1&Balue o?en s!ri2e Fealous pu! gran! is!ur- learn Ky economic(i) he man HHHHHHH" in!o a rage an !ore a.ay his garmen!s"

(ii) A sensi-le man never !a2es every!hing ,or HHHHHH(iii) ;o one seems !o have !a2en HHHHHH"a! her manners"(iv) +hen are you HHHHHHou! !o sea again4(v) I have no min !o !respass upon you HHHHHH""!ime"(vi) ry !o rise a-ove pe!!y personal HHHHHHH(vii) he oLcer HHHHHHH"!hrough one paragraph an accep!e !he res!"(viii) he repor! I have receive is very HHHHHHHinee"(i) She has sen! her paper !o a HHHHHH""Fournal"() hese ne. measures .ill give a -oos! !o our HHHHHHHHH



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(ii) he Mahanai is no! as long as !he Jange" (Use !he compara!ive egree)(iii) Barsha reaily complie HHHHH""my reues!" (5ill in !he gap .i!h a preposi!ion)(iv) +e are sure o, his hones!y" (Change in!o a comple sen!ence)(v) San!a sai =on8! open !he .ino."@ (Change in!o !he inirec! ,orm)

$" (a) Correc! !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences0 1&(i) May 1 no. !a2e your leave4(ii) he soup .ill !as!e -e!!er i, i! ha more sal! in i!"(iii) Is he use !o come la!e everyay4(iv) 3our augh!er is !.elve years ol isn8! i!4(v) +e mus! -e !rue !o our .ors"(vi) a!!a is living here since 199#"(vii) A !.en!y miles .al2 is really very har"(viii) +e .a!che !he man !o isappear in !he .oos"(i) Qalias has .ri!!en Meghau!am"() e!8s have co?ee"

(-) D, !he .ors given in -rac2e!s choose !he one you !hin2 appropria!e !o inci!ing)(iv) Rescue .or2ers rushe !o !he si!e o, !he planeHHHHH (crass> crash)(v) Jagan uses epensive HHHH",or his le!!ers" (s!a!ionery> s!a!ionary)(vi) he ,ac!ory .as HHHHHHma2ing !oys" (seie> cease)(vii) Sha2il is HHHHH"" a! solving iLcul! cross.or pules (ingenuous> ingenious)(viii) I .ish you a HHHHH"" recovery (,as!> speey)

(i) Every-oy sai !ha! her ecision .as HHHHHH" (Fuicious> Fuicial)() 3ou .ill have !o HHHHHH" your a,!ernoon !ea as .e have no more sugar"(,orego> ,orgo)

(c) Use !he ,ollo.ing phrases in sen!ences so as !o -ring ou! !heir meaning0 $(i) eal in(ii) prime o, li,e(iii) a-ove -oar(iv) .ell upon(v) in ,ull s.ing

%&&%

1" +ri!e an essay in a-ou! '&& .ors in any one o, !he ,ollo.ing0 (1&&)(a) he .ays !o enrich our regional languages"(-) +hi!her Inian emocracy !oay4(c) errorism in Inia"() Science an Religion"(e) I, I .ere !he Prime Minis!er o, Inia"

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%" Rea !he ,ollo.ing passage an ans.er in your o.n .ors !he ues!ions !ha! ,ollo.0($ 1$ 7$)

he scien!i

Apar! ,rom !he economic sphere !he socio6poli!ical sphere has no! escape !hiss!ra!i


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o,!en only an Inica!or o, some!hing !ha!8s gone a.ry in our -oy" I! is !ime ,or acomple!e an comprehensive plane!ary heal!h chec2 !ha! .ill eamine !he impac!s o,change in lan use loss o, -ioiversi!y use o, ,er!iliers an pes!icies an consis!en!pollu!ion o, .a!er -oies" his .oul overcome !he limi!a!ions o, evalua!ing ho.ecosys!ems .or2 -y reac!ing !o Fus! one maFor environmen!al concern as is happeningin !he case o, glo-al .arming" hese consiera!ions have -een responsi-le ,or !hese!!ing up o, an in!erna!ional panel !he Milleniurn Ecosys!em Assessmen!" 5inance -y,our maFor in!erna!ional -oies incluing !he U;D an !he +orl an2 !he eco6panel.as se! up .i!hou! much ,uss las! une (%&&1) an is epec!e !o e!ermine over aperio o, ,our years an a! a cos! o, W %1 million !he s!a!e o, !he Ear!h8s ecosys!ems"

he eco6panel .ill have source inpu!s ,rom more !han %&&& na!ural an social scien!is!s!he .orl over" Pu! simply !he Ear!h .ill go !hrough !he euivalen! o, a !horoughphysical analysis so !ha! -iological economic an social in,orma!ion can -e colla!e !ohelp scien!is!s arrive a! a


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%&&'

1" +ri!e an essay in a-ou! '&& .ors in any one o, !he ,ollo.ing0 (1&&)(a) he ;ee ,or Al!erna!ive Sources o, Energy(-) he Role o, uiciary in Inia

(c) 5reeom o, Epression() My Iea o, an Aminis!ra!or(e) Pleasures o, Reaing

%" Rea !he ,ollo.ing passage an ans.er in your o.n .ors !he ues!ions !ha! ,ollo.0($ X 1$ 7$)

his rule o, !rying al.ays !o o !hings as .ell as one can o !hem has an impor!an!-earing upon !he pro-lem o, am-i!ion" ;o man or .oman shoul -e .i!hou! am-i!ion.hich is !he inspira!ion o, ac!ivi!y" u! i, one allo.s am-i!ion !o rive one !o a!!emp!!hings .hich are -eyon one8s o.n personal capaci!y !hen unhappiness .ill resul!0 I,one imagines !ha! one can o every!hing -e!!er !han o!her people !hen envy an

Fealousy !hose !.in mons!ers .ill come !o saen one8s ays" u! i, one concen!ra!esone8s a!!en!ion upon eveloping one8s o.n special capaci!ies !he !hings one is -es! a!!hen one oes no! .orry over much i, o!her people Ere more success,ul"

here are !hose again .ho are iscon!en!e .i!h !heir o.n Fo- an complain o,rugery" u! !here is no Fo- in !he .orl .hich oes no! con!ain a large elemen! o,rugery" o you imagine !ha! a Prime Minis!er has no rugery !o o or an ar!is! or anau!hor4 I loa!he rugery as much as any man> -u! I have learn! !ha! !he only .ay !oconuer rugery is !o ge! !hrough i! as nea!ly as eLcien!ly as one can" 3ou 2no. I amrigh! .hen I say !ha!" A ull Fo- slac2ly one -ecomes !.ice as ull> a ull Fo- .hich you!ry !o o Fus! as .ell as you can -ecomes hal, as ull" :ere again e?or! appears !o me!he main par! o, !he ar! o, living"

:ave I any o!her an less isagreea-le hin!s !o sugges!4 I -elieve !ha! every man an.oman has some.here !uc2e a.ay insie !hem a sense o, -eau!y" +i!hou! !his senseli,e on !his ear!h is veile in im grey clous" I! may -e !ha! you o no! care or !hin2you o no! care ,or poe!ry or ar! or music" I, you ma2e !he leas! e?or! you may an once you ca!ch !ha!eligh! i! .ill never leave you" ecause i, li,e as I -elieve is a cons!an!ly rene.ee?or! !hen !he human ,rame ai nerves reuire some relaa!ion"

(a) +hen oes am-i!ion lea !o unhappiness4(-) :o. can a person avoi envy an Fealousy4

(c) :o. can .e avoi !he ,eeling o, rugery4() Shoul .e avoi am-i!ion4(e) +ha! oes !he phrase =!o ge! !hrough i!@ mean4

'" Ma2e a precis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage in your o.n .ors in a-ou! %'& .ors" Mar2s.ill -e euc!e i, !he precis is no! .ri!!en on !he separa!e precis shee!s provie an!he leng!h o, !he precis ecees or ,alls shor! o, more !han 1& .ors o, !he prescri-e

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leng!h" S!a!e !he num-er o, .ors use -y you in !he precis an securely ,as!en !heprecis6shee!s insie !he ans.er6-oo2" (7$)

Some .ars in !he pas! .ere ui!e as isorganiing an as es!ruc!ive o, !he civilia!iono, evas!a!e areas as .as !he Secon +orl +ar" ;or!h A,rica has never regaine !helevel o, rosperi!y !ha! ! enFoye uner !he Romans" Persia never recovere ,rom !heMongols nor Syria ,rom !he ur2s" here have al.ays -een !.o 2ins o, .ars !hose in.hich !he vanuishe incurre isas!er an !hose in .hich !hey only incurreiscom,or!" +e seem un,or!una!ely !o -e en!ering upon an era in .hich .ars are o, !he,ormer sor!"

he a!om -oman s!ill more !he hyrogen -om- have cause ne. ,ears involvingne. ou-!s as !o !he e?ec!s o, science on human li,e" Some eminen! au!hori!iesincluing Eins!ein have poin!e ou! !ha! !here is a anger o, !he e!inc!ion o, all li,e on!his plane!" I o no! mysel, !hin2 !ha! !his .ill happen in !he ne! .ar -u! I !hin2 i! may.ell happen in !he ne! -u! one i, !ha! is allo.e !o occur" I, !his epec!a!ion is correc!.e have !o choose .i!hin !he ne!


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au!hori!y" I o no! say !ha! !his is easy> I o no! prophesy !ha! i! .ill happen> I say only!ha! i, i! oes no! happen !he human race .ill perish an .ill perish as a resul! o,science"

" (a) 5ill in !he -lan2s using !he appropria!e ,orm o, !he .ors given -elo.0 (1&)o?ensive imagina!ion psychological conceive vaca!ion en!ire en!husiasm lacera!ingei,y margin(i) I o no! -elieve in !he HHHHHH"o, an orinary poli!ician"(ii) She coul no! -ear !o loo2 a! his HHHHH"han"(iii) Mos! people o no! have any clear HHHHHo, Fuicial ac!ivism"(iv) +ho can are !o HHHHHHH"!he -oss4(v) A sensi-le person can HHHHHHH"!he pligh! o, o!hers"(vi) 3ou have !o consier !he ma!!er in i!s HHHHHHH(vii) I! is iLcul! !o HHHHHH""such ullars"(viii) +e can no longer HHHHHH""!he poor an !he suppresse"(i) 3ou .ill have !o HHHHH"!he house"() HHHHHH""is an in!eres!ing su-Fec!"



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(i) ;ehruFi mae a HHHHHH" speech in Parliamen! on !his occasion"(his!orical his!oric)(ii) Such heavy responsi-ili!ies canno! -e HHHHHHH"easily"(-orn -orne)(iii) he oc!or visi!s him on HHHHHHH"ays"(al!erna!ive al!erna!e)(iv) I o no! 2no. .hy he is HHHHHHH""!o.ars me"(con!emp!uous con!emp!i-le)(v) o .or2 ,or more !han eigh! hours is ui!e HHHHHHHH(ehaus!ive ehaus!ing)(vi) emocracy oes no! allo. !he HHHHHH""o, !he minori!ies"(prosecu!ion persecu!ion)(vii) ;o mee!ing o, !he HHHHH""o, minis!ers has -een scheule ,or !omorro."(council ca-ine!)(viii) All .orlly pleasures are consiere !o -e HHHHHHH""-y sain!s"(momen!ary momen!ous)(i) Any HHHHHHH" o, secre! ocumen!s is punisha-le -y la."

(!empering !ampering)() :e is an HHHHH""person !o .or2 .i!h"(amia-le amena-le)

(c) Use !he ,ollo.ing phrases in your o.n sen!ences so as !o -ring ou! !heir meaning0($)(i) !o come across(ii) !o -e cu! ou! ,or(iii) over hea an ears(iv) !o see eye !o eye(v) !o ra. !he line

%&&

1" +ri!e an essay in a-ou! '&& .ors in any one o, !he ,ollo.ing0 (1&&)(a) Inian uge! is a Jam-le on !he Monsoons(-) ;ecessi!y o, +a!er6:arves!ing in Inia(c) Social :armony vs" Communal 5reny() Criminalia!ion o, Poli!ics(e) NAll ha! Jli!!ers Is ;o! Jol8

%" Rea !he ,ollo.ing passage an ans.er in your o.n .ors !he ues!ions !ha! ,ollo.a! !he en ($ 1$ 7$)

he Ko.ering o, Inian civilia!ion cons!i!u!es one o, !he mos! glorious chap!ers in !hehis!ory o, man2in" A cul!ure remar2a-le ,or i!s moral no less !han ,or i!s ma!erialcrea!ivi!y .hich has enure ,or !hree millennia an more is necessarily a su-Fec! o,grea! ,ascina!ion" 3e! over an a-ove i!s longevi!y Inian civilia!ion is alsocharac!erie -y some o!her ,ea!ures .hich eserve !o -e highligh!e in any revie. o,i!s pas!" he a-ili!y o, !his civilia!ion !o a-sor- alien cul!ures .i!hou! losing i!sis!inc!ive ien!i!y has in!rigue scholars over !he cen!uries> an !his capaci!y ,or

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crea!ive a-sorp!ion is as much in evience !oay .hen Inia is unergoing a seminal!rans,orma!ion in!o a moern inus!rial communi!y as i! .as in !he cen!uries pas!.hen alien communi!ies .i!h novel .ays o, li,e migra!e in!o !he su-con!inen! !o -era.n in!o !he living ma!ri o, Inian socie!y> he con!inui!y o, Inian civilia!ion res!svery su-s!an!ially upon social ins!i!u!ions an upon !he issemina!ion o, a commoncorpus o, religious values among i?eren! classes an communi!ies in !he su-con!inen!"

his civilia!ion .as also geare !o a cycle o, agricul!ural ac!ivi!y .hich su-s!an!iallye!ermine !he !o!al orering o, socie!y" :ence !he ,ac! !ha! !he grea! epicen!res o,Inian civilia!ion .ere loca!e in !he plains o, !he Inus an !he Janga in !he nor!h>an !hose o, !he Mahanai !he Joavari !he Qrishna an !he Cauvery in !he sou!h"Dver !he cen!uries !he people living in !hese riverine regions ha conFure in!oeis!ence a roun o, economic ac!ivi!y an a se! o, social ins!i!u!ions .hich .ereesigne !o prouce !he agricul!ural .eal!h .hich sus!aine li,e" Inee !he s!ruc!ureo, rural socie!y> .i!h a cen!ral place occupie -y !he cul!iva!ing classes .hich .erelin2e -y !ies o, pa!ronage an prescrip!ion !o numerous ar!isanal an menial groups>an !he ,a-ric o, cas!e socie!y> .i!h !he in!erloc2ing ins!i!u!ions o, Barna an a!i has !o

-e loo2e upon as !he his!orical ans.er o, !he Inian genius !o !he nees o, sus!ainingprouc!ion in a rural socie!y> he s!ri2ing ,ea!ure o, !his social organia!ion .as !hepremium .hich i! pu! on sel,6suLciency an survival .i!hin !he ,rame.or2 o, anagrarian civilia!ion"

(a) +ha! is !he mos! is!inc!ive ,ea!ure o, Inian civilia!ion4(-) +hich sec!ion o, !he socie!y occupie a cen!ral place in Inian civilia!ion4(c) Ien!i,y !he grea! epicen!res o, Inian civilia!ion as narra!e in !he passage"() Dn .ha! i !he Inian social organia!ion lay emphasis4(e) +ha! oes !he phrase =conFure in!o eis!ence@ mean4

'" Ma2e a precis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage in your o.n .ors in a-ou! %%& !o %& .ors"Mar2s .ill -e euce i, !he precis is no! .ri!!en on !he separa!e precis shee!s proviean i, i! is longer or shor!er !han !he prescri-e limi!" S!a!e !he num-er o, .ors use-y you in !he precis a! i!s en an securely ,as!en !he precis6shee!s insie !he ans.er6-oo2" (7$)

here is some similari!y -e!.een I!aly an Inia" o!h are ancien! coun!ries .i!h longrai!ions o, cul!ure -ehin !hem !hough I!aly is a ne.comer compare !o Inia anInia is a much more vas! coun!ry o!h are spli! up poli!ically an ye! !he concep!ion o,I!alia li2e !ha! o, Inia never ie an in all !heir iversi!y !he uni!y .as preominan!"In I!aly !he uni!y .as largely a Roman uni!y ,or !ha! grea! ci!y ha omina!e !hecoun!ry an -een !he ,oun! an sym-ol o, uni!y" In Inia !here .as no such single cen!reor ominan! ci!y al!hough enares migh! .ell -e calle !he E!ernal Ci!y o, !he Eas! no!only ,or Inia -u! also ,or Eas!ern Asia" u! unli2e Rome enares never a--le inempire or !hough! o, !emporal po.er" Inian cul!ure .as so .iesprea all over Inia!ha! no par! o, !he coun!ry coul -e calle !he hear! o, !ha! cul!ure" 5rom Qanya2umari!o Amarna!h an arina!h in !he :imalayas ,rom .ar2a !o Pun !he same ieascourse an i, !here .as a clash o, ieas in one place !he noise o, i! soon reacheis!an! par!s o, !he coun!ry" us! as I!aly gave !he gi,! o, cul!ure an religion !o +es!ernEurope Inia i so !o Eas!ern Asia !hough China .as as ol an venera-le as Inia"

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An even .hen I!aly .as lying pros!ra!e poli!ically her li,e course !hrough !he veins o,Europe" I! .as Me!!ernich .ho calle I!aly a =geographical epression@ an many a.oul6-e Me!!ernich has use !ha! phrase ,or Inia an s!rangely enough !here is asimilari!y even in !heir geographical posi!ions in !he !.o con!inen!s"

More in!eres!ing is !he comparison o, Englan .i!h Aus!ria ,or has no! Englan o, !he!.en!ie!h cen!ury -een compare !o Aus!ria o, !he nine!een!h prou an haugh!y animposing s!ill -u! .i!h !he roo!s !ha! gave s!reng!h shriveling up an ecay ea!ing i!s.ay in!o !he migh!y ,a-ric" I! is curious ho. one canno! resis! !he !enency !o give anan!hropomorphic ,orm !o a coun!ry" Such is !he ,orce o, ha-i! an early associa!ions"Inia -ecomes hara! Ma!a Mo!her Inia a -eau!i,ul lay very ol -u! ever you!h,ul inappearance sa6eye an ,orlorn cruelly !rea!e -y aliens an ou!siers an callingupon her chilren !o pro!ec! her" Some such pic!ure rouses !he emo!ions o, hunres o,!housans an rives !hem !o ac!ion an sacri


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(iii) :is ,a!her preven!e him ,rom HHHHHH"a ance school"(iv) A Fuge shoul HHHHH""eual Fus!ice !o all"(v) :e loo2s gen!le enough -u! he can -e HHHHHHHa! !imes"(vi) :e has HHHHHHhis case !o my sa!is,ac!ion"(vii) 3our opponen! is !oo HHHHHHH!o cope .i!h"(viii) espi!e sugges!ions !o !he con!rary he con!inue !o -e a HHHHH(i) he HHHHHH""sun mae !he !raveller !hirs!y"() om-ay is !he seapor! HHHHH!o Europe"



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(-) Choose !he appropria!e .ors ,rom !hose given in !he -rac2e!s !o


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() Inia8s 5oreign Policy an +orl Po.er(e) elevision an i!s Impac! on 3ou!h

%" Rea !he ,ollo.ing passage an ans.er in your o.n .ors !he ues!ions !ha! ,ollo.0($ 1$ 7$)I! is .rong !o -elieve !ha! science has !o!ally eclipse li!era!ure .i!h i!s inspiring eal"

ha! li!era!ure plays a su-orina!e role !o science is eually un!rue" ;ever!heless i! isunenia-le !ha! science has compara!ively a .ier range ,or i!s impac! on !he physical.orl !han li!era!ure" u! !ha! oes no! mean !ha! li!era!ure has -een incorpora!e in!he realm o, science !o !he e!en! !ha! i! loses i!s is!inc! iniviuali!y" he reali!y is!ha! -o!h co6eis! .i!hou! !he one overshao.ing !he o!her hose .ho !hin2 !ha!science has pushe li!era!ure in!o shae reucing i! !o a non6en!i!y seem !o -e simplyimagina!ive an illogical in !he comparisons o, !heir respec!ive meri!s" I! is no ou-!unues!iona-le !ha! prouc!s o, science are o, grea!er ma!erial value !han !hose .hichma2e an emo!ional appeal e"g" a -rige is o, grea!er use !o !he pu-lic !han a poem"u! !here-y one shoul no! ignore !he impor!ance o, a poem .hich .ill con!inue !oappeal !o human min ,or !ime !o come" I! is inispu!a-le !ha! a scien!i


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imagina!ion@" uhism came !o -e .iely 2no.n in !he .es! in !he la!!er par! o, !he19!h cen!ury .hen a .ave o, scep!icism sprea over !he .orl as a resul! o, !he gro.!ho, science an enligh!enmen!" Posi!ivism agnos!icism a!heism an e!hical humanism,oun .ie suppor!" In much o, !he li!era!ure o, ou-! an is-elie, !he name o,uha is men!ione .i!h respec!" he humanis!s honour him as one o, !he earlies!pro!agonis!s o, !heir cause6 !he happiness !he igni!y an !he men!al in!egri!y o,man2in"

hose .ho eclare !ha! man canno! 2no. reali!y an o!hers .ho aLrm !ha! !here is noreali!y !o 2no. use his name" Agnos!ics uo!e his eample" Social iealis!s e!hicalmys!ic8s ra!ionalis! prophe!s are all a!!rac!e -y his !eaching" Jrea! as is !he value o,!he uha8s !eaching ,or our age .e canno! hope !o uners!an i!s !rue signi an !he .or2 o, recons!ruc!ion can never -e comple!e" u! .e may -ereasona-ly cer!ain !ha! i! yiels a pic!ure .hich in i!s main ou!lines a! leas! mus!

correspon ,airly .ell !o !he reali!y" he supremacy o, !he e!hical is !he clue !o !he!eaching o, !he uha" :is concep!ions o, li,e an !he universe are erive ,rom hisseverely prac!ical ou!loo2" he eis!ence o, every!hing epens on a cause" I, .eremove !he cause !he e?ec! .ill isappear" I, !he source o, all su?ering is es!royesu?ering .ill isappear" he only .ay in .hich .e can remove !he cause o, su?ering is-y puri,ying !he hear! an ,ollo.ing !he moral la." Man is no! ivine -u! is !o -ecomeivine" :is ivine s!a!us is some!hing !o -e -uil! up -y goo !hough!s goo .ors angoo ees" he ego consis!s o, !he ,eelings !ha! -urn us o, !he passions .e -rooover o, !he esires !ha! hun! us an o, !he ecisions .e ma2e" hese are !he !hings!ha! give li,e i!s rama!ic charac!er" here is no!hing a-solu!e an permanen! in !hem"

ha! is .hy .e can -ecome some!hing i?eren! ,rom .ha! .e are" he reali!y o, !heperson is !he crea!ive .ill" +hen .e eny !he clamour o, emo!ions s!ay !he s!ream o,!hings silence !he appe!i!es o, -oy .e ,eel !he po.er o, sel, .i!hin our o.n -eing"5or !he uha !he impulse !o harma !o Fus!ice an 2inliness is opera!ive in !hingsan i!s eLcien! ac!ivi!y .ill mean !he reuc!ion o, isorer cruel!y an oppression"harma is organic !o eis!ence an i!s implica!ion o, 2arma or righ! ac!ion is !he -uilero, !he .orl" here is no! in !he uha8s !eaching !ha! eep personal loyal!y passiono, love an in!ima!e ialogue -e!.een soul an soul resem-ling closely in i!sepression o, ear!hly love" An ye! !he essence o, religion !he vision o, a reali!y .hichs!ans -eyon an .i!hin !he passing Ku o, immeia!e !hings !he in!ui!ive loyal!y !osome!hing larger !han an -eyon onesel, an a-solu!e ac!ive in !he .orl is in him"+e


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!hose .i!h .hom he live> -u! his !rue grea!ness s!ans ou! clearer an -righ!er as !heages pass an even !he scep!ical mine are !urning !o him .i!h a more realapprecia!ions a eeper reverence an a !ruer .orship" :e is one o, !hose ,e. heroes o,humani!y .ho have mae epochs in !he his!ory o, our race .i!h a message ,or o!her!imes as .ell as !heir o.n"

" (a) Correc! !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences0 (1&)(i) oo grea! a varie!y o, s!uies es!ruc! !he min"(ii) he .hole Kee! o, !heir ships .ere cap!ure(iii) Each o, !hese s!uen!s have one !heir .or2"(iv) ;one -u! ,ools has ever -elieve i!"(v) :e is one o, !he cleveres! -oys !ha! has passe !hrough !he school"(vi) My ,rien philosopher an guie have come"(vii) he maFori!y are oppose !o !his proposal"(viii) :e !ol me !ha! he sa. his ,a!her las! mon!h"(i) I, he .oul have .or2e har he .oul have passe !he eamina!ion"() Unless he .ill -e more care,ul he .ill no! recover"

(-) A !he suL Na-le8 or Ni-le8 !o each o, !he ,ollo.ing .ors ma2ing necessarychanges in spelling" +ri!e ou! !he =ne.@ .ors" (1&)(i) Avice(ii) Con!emp!(iii) 5orce(iv) Access(v) Balue(vi) Reuce(vii) iscern(viii) Agree

(i) e!ach() Reverse

(c) Use !he ,ollo.ing phrases in your o.n sen!ences so as !o -ring ou! !heir meaning0($)(i) Apple o, iscor(ii) A -ol! ,rom !he -lue(iii) A ,ea!her in one8s cap(iv) Achilles8 heel(v) A man o, le!!ers

$" (a) +hich o, !he !.o .ors .i!hin -rac2e!s in !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences is correc! in !hecon!e!4 (1&)(i) Poe!s o,!en (sore soar) !o grea! heigh!s o, imagina!ion"(ii) Qno.lege (procees procees) ,rom !he Joess o, earning"(iii) he !o.er .as s!ruc2 -y (ligh!ning ligh!ening) an ,ell o.n"(iv) Qanpur lies on !he air (rou! rou!e) !o Calcu!!a"(v) Everyone is (Fealous ealous) o, him"(vi) he crocoile emerge ,rom !he river an (seie cease) a goa!"(vii) :e .as ,oun in (collusion collision) .i!h !he plo!!ers"

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(viii) +ic2e persons are no! (illegi-le eligi-le) ,or responsi-le pos!s"(i) :e is a man o, (lose loose) charac!er"() he Emperor is s!aying a! !he royal (mansion men!ion)"



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I! is ,or !he poli!ical leaers !o e!ermine !he prac!ical s!eps -y .hich !he sources o,po.er an communica!ion no. availa-le !o us can -e use ,or closer coopera!ion an,rienliness among !he people o, !he .orl" ;o poli!ical uners!aning can -e maepermanen! .i!hou! uners!aning a! !he cul!ural level" Apar! ,rom i!s in!rinsicimpor!ance such uners!aning con!ri-u!es !o !he enrichmen! o, human eperience"5acile generalia!ions are mae -y philosophers o, his!ory .hich are highly misleaing":egel in his ec!ures on !he philosophy o, :is!ory says !ha! NPersia is !he lan o, ligh!>Jreece !he lan o, grace> Inia !he lan o, ream> Rome !he lan o, Empire8

(a) +ha! oes !he passage say a-ou! cul!ural i?erences in i?eren! regions4(-) +ha! commen!s oes !he au!hor ma2e a-ou! !he similari!ies an issimilari!ies-e!.een !he Eas! an !he +es!4(c) +ha! accoring !o !he passage is !he role o, communica!ion in -uiling up a ne.civilia!ion4() :o. .ill cul!ural uners!aning a! !he in!erna!ional level -ene

'" Ma2e a precis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage 2eeping !he leng!h .i!hin !he limi!s o, %'&6%&.ors" I! is no! necessary !o sugges! a !i!le" 5ailure !o .ri!e .i!hin !he .or limi! mayresul! in euc!ion o, mar2s" he precis mus! -e .ri!!en on !he separa!e precis shee!sprovie ,or !he purpose !ha! mus! !hen -e securely ,as!ene insie !he ans.er -oo2"Clearly s!a!e !he num-er o, .ors in !he precis a! !he en" (7$)

+e all sho. our ,eelings on issues -y !he .ay .e loo2 an reac!" his has -een re,erre!o as -oy language" +e !en !o lean ,or.ar han on chin .hen .e are in!eres!e or!urn a.ay .hen isin!eres!e" Dur hans an arms can inica!e .e are open !o .ha! is-eing sai -y -eing relae or sho. !ha! .e are no! -y -eing clenche or crosse" +eare !here,ore ma2ing -oy pic!ures o, .ha! .e ,eel an !hin2 all !he !ime" Inee

people .ho are !a2ing !o us can o,!en ge! as much in,orma!ion ,rom our -oy pos!ure as,rom .ha! .e say o, ho. .e say i!" +e migh! calmly -u! sho. .e are anious -ymoving ,rom ,oo! !o ,oo! or -y -lushing" I! is har !o con!rol one8s -ehavioural reac!ions,or i! is more o, a s!imulus response reac!ion !han !he .ors .e use"

;ever!heless !hrough !raining i! is ,easi-le !o por!ray !he image you .an! !o o!hers"+i!h !he aven! o, !elevision as a maFor poli!ical meium !here is a lo! o, e?or! goingin!o grooming represen!a!ives o, organia!ions an par!icularly chie, eecu!ives !ocon!rol !heir ges!ures an ges!icula!ions" All !his may soun as i, you nee !o -e a gooac!or in orer !o -e success,ul a! conversa!ion con!rol" he ans.er is in one sense youo" here is no use in saying one !hing an oing ano!her" he ac!ual visual -ehaviouro, sha2ing your hea ,or eample .hile saying yes .ill ea,en !he .ors" hose .hoare e?ec!ive a! conversa!ion con!rol ac! in a congruen! .ay" heir -ehaviour ma!ches!heir .ors" 3ou can see !hey mean .ha! !hey say" hey presen! an au!hen!ic pic!ure-ecause !heir visuals ma!ch !heir ver-als" +i!h prac!ice i! is possi-le !o improveper,ormance in conversa!ion .i!hou! aing any more .ors" he improvemen! cancome -ecause you improve your visual ges!ures an ges!icula!ions" 5or eample youcan encourage ano!her person -y smiling .hen he/she says some!hing !ha! pleasesyou" Inee !he smile is a very po.er,ul ges!ure" I! can s.i!ch people Non an o?8 i,one a! !he appropria!e !ime"

Page 35o, 66


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Psychologis!s re,er !o !he la.s o, coni!ioning an rein,orcemen!" o -e s2ille inconversa!ion con!rol you nee !o 2no. an apply !hese la.s" Coni!ioning meanshaving an e?ec! on someone8s -ehaviour -y in!roucing a coni!ion !ha! ei!herencourages or iscourages !ha! -ehaviour" 5or eample .e have all -een coni!ione!o s!op .hen .e see a re ligh! a! a !raLc in!ersec!ion an !o procee i, .e see agreen ligh!" People can -e coni!ione in conversa!ion -y such visual cues" 5or eamplei, you .an! someone !o con!inue !al2ing smile an no a! regular in!ervals" he smilese!s up !he green ligh! permission as a coni!ion ,or !he o!her person !o spea2" he norein,orces .ha! is -eing sai an gives !he unspo2en permission !o con!inue" People arevery sensi!ive !o such permission cues an clues" I, you s!op smiling an hea noing!hey .ill usually s!op an you can !hen con!ri-u!e" i2e.ise you can inKuence !hea!!en!ion o, people .i!h .hom you are !al2ing -y !he .ay you use your eyes an hanspar!icularly .hen you are aressing a group" o eercise con!rol i! is impor!an! !o ma2eeye con!ac! .i!h one or more people" I, i! is a group move your eye con!ac! ,rom !ime!o !ime so !ha! each person is -eing coni!ione !o !he ,ac! !ha! i! coul -e !heir !urnne! ,or you !o spea2 !o !hem"

oy language an !he ges!ures an ges!icula!ions you ma2e are 2ey aspec!s o,conversa!ion con!rol" Many -oo2s have -een .ri!!en on !he su-Fec! o, ho. our -oyvery o,!en !ells o!hers .ha! .e are !hin2ing -e,ore .e have spo2en" he visual clues ge!!hrough much more uic2ly !han !he ver-al ones" Also use your hans !o emphasie apoin! or ge! !hem !o irec! !he lis!ener8s gae .here you .an! i! !o concen!ra!e" hepoin!e


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(c) Choose !he appropria!e ver- ,orm !o


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(iii) :um-le (as aFec!ive an ver-)(iv) In (as aver- an preposi!ion)

(c) Use !he ,ollo.ing phrases/iioms in sen!ences so as !o -ring ou! !he meaning0 ($)(i) -ell !he ca!(ii) !han2 one8s s!ars(iii) -e on !en!erhoo2s(iv) !rue !o one8s sal! colours(v) come an! .i!h Kying

%&&7

1" +ri!e an essay in a-ou! '&& .ors on any one o, !he ,ollo.ing0 (1&&)(a) :eri!age ourism is Joo ,or Us(-) Impor!ance o, a +or26E!hic(c) Shoul Mercy6Qilling -e egalie ,or erminally ill Pa!ien!s4

() he Cul!ure o, Moes!y(e) =E!ernal Bigilance is !he Price o, i-er!y@"

%" Rea !he passage care,ully an .ri!e your ans.ers !o !he ,ollo.ing ues!ions in clearcorrec! an concise language0 ($ 1$ 7$)An euca!e man shoul 2no. .ha! is -u! !ha! is all !he more reason .hy .e shoul -e a-le in all o,!hem !o is!inguish goo ,rom -a"

o Fuge -y !he li!era!ure o?ere us in ho!el -oo26s!ans an -y mos! o, !he musicplaye on !he raio an -y Fu2e-oes .e migh! -e more iscrimina!ing in !hese


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(e) +ha! is !he au!hor8s argumen! !o prove !ha! music ar! an li!era!ure are essen!ialso, li,e4

'" Ma2e a prVcis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage 2eeping !he leng!h .i!hin !he limi!s o, %'&6%&.ors" I! is no! necessary !o sugges! a !i!le" 5ailure !o .ri!e .i!hin !he .or limi! mayresul! in euc!ion o, mar2s" he prVcis mus! -e .ri!!en on !he separa!e prVcis shee!sprovie ,or !he purpose !ha! mus! !hen -e securely ,as!ene insie !he ans.er -oo2"(7$)

+ha! par! shoul reaing play in our lives4 I! shoul cer!ainly no! -e a su-s!i!u!e ,orac!ion no! ,or inepenen! !hin2ing nor ,or conversa!ion> -u! i! may -e a help ans!imulan! !o ac!ion> !hough! an !al2> an i! is capa-le o, proviing almos! in con,erence (!ha! is !al2ing) a reay man> an .ri!ing aneac! man" Dne .oul li2e !o -e ,ull o, 2no.lege reay in speech an eac! -y!raining" +ha! shor! o, -oo2s have impresse me an .ha! -oo2s have ,oun apermanen! place on my -oo2shelves4

o -egin .i!h my pro,ession6soliering" I o no! -elieve !ha! soliering a prac!ical-usiness in .hich human na!ure is !he main elemen! can -e learn! ,rom !e!6-oo2s"u! ,or !hose .ho have graspe !he principles o, .ar an have uners!oo !ha! !hehuman ,ac!or is !he mos! impor!an! elemen! in i!" here is mili!ary reaing !ha! is ui!e,ascina!ing an valua-le" Real an re6rea !he campaigns o, !he grea! commaners

sai ;apoleon" I .oul ven!ure !o pu! i! i?eren!ly an .oul say !ha! !he lives ancharac!ers o, !he grea! commaners are .ha! s!uen!s o, .ar shoul eamine since!heir campaigns are only incien!s in !hem> an !ha! !he -ehaviour o, leaers an o,!heir men in !he


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one a 2iss> or gallop !o aven!ure .i!h a cheer> or .hisper gen!ly o, !hings pas!> no!shu[e or slouch pas! .i!h ar2 incomprehensi-le mu!!erings" Perhaps I am ge!!ing olany.ay I pre,er !he ol poe!s"

as!ly comes .ha! is some!imes calle Nescapis! li!era!ure !he -oo2s .e rea .i!h noo!her aim !han !o res! or amuse !he min> !o ,orge! !he ay8s chores an !he morro.8sanie!ies" his is perhaps !he mos! pleasan! ,orm o, reaing ,or mos! an I suspec! !heonly ,orm o, reaing ,or many" he volume chosen may ei!her -e a !hriller or soo!her a !hriller !o -ring sense o, aven!ure in!o !he ull aily rou!ine or a soo!her !o res! !irenerves" Dur gran,a!hers in !heir leisurely ays .ere con!en! .i!h !he s!a!elycom,or!a-le !hree volume novel -u! !ha! ha passe -e,ore !he -eginning o, !hiscen!ury"

3ou .ill choose your -oo2s as you choose your ,riens .i!h !as!e an iscrimina!ion> Ihope> -ecause !hey can !ell you some!hing o, your pro,ession an in!eres!s -ecause!hey are .ise an help,ul -ecause !hey can s!ir your -loo .i!h !ales o, aven!ure or-ecause !hey are gay an .i!!y" I can only .ish you .ill ge! as much pleasure ,rom !hem

as I ge! ,rom my -oo2s" (+ors0 7&')

" (a) Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences a,!er ma2ing necessary correc!ion o, errors0 (1&)(i) he Jree2s .ere -rave peoples"(ii) :is ha! .as -lo.n o? -y !he s!rong air"(iii) I am !he one .ho am !o -lame"(iv) +e shoul sympa!hies .i!h -lin"(v) I8 ra!her play cric2e! an no! s.im"(vi) +al2ing !hrough !he ,ron! oor a .asp s!ung him"(vii) .o plus nine are eleven"(viii) I have -uil! !he house in 19&"

(i) heir .eing has no! -een a very happy one"() Choose only such ,riens .hom you can !rus!"

(-) Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences inser!ing sui!a-le ar!icles .here necessary0 ($)(i) +ha! 2in o, YYYYYY animals is i!4(ii) :e .ill re!urn in YYYYY hour"(iii) :e is YYYYYY riches! man in our s!ree!"(iv) Jol is no! YYYYYY use,ul me!al"(v) +hile !here is YYYYYY li,e !here is hope"

(c) 5orm Ber-s ,rom !he ,ollo.ing ;ouns0 ($)

(i) Courage(ii) Memory(iii) Prison(iv) Class(v) 5rien

() Pu! !he ver-s in -rac2e! in !he correc! !ense an re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing0 ($)Inia (have) many calenars .hich Inians (use) since very early !imes" More !han !hir!y

Page (!o, 66


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(-e) s!ill in use" Dne iLcul!y a-ou! having so many calenars (-e) !ha! !he same a!e(,all) on i?eren! ays accoring !o each"

$" (a) Use each o, !he ,ollo.ing .ors in !.o separa!e sen!ences


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.i!h enormous s!ries" All .alls all !he limi!a!ions all !he cer!ain!ies o, !he ages .ere inissolu!ion !o!!ering" In ,ac! !his epoch in .hich .e are par!icipa!ing s!ill .i!hcon!inually opening vis!as can -e compare in magni!ue an promise only !o !ha! o,!he #!h !o !he !h millenniums "C" 0 o, !he -ir!h o, civilia!ion in !he ;ear Eas! .hen!he inven!ions o, ,oo prouc!ion grain agricul!ure an s!oc2-reeing releaseman2in ,rom !he primi!ive coni!ion or ,oraging an so mae possi-le anes!a-lishmen! o, sounly groune communi!ies0 an !heir religiousgroups an !he holy places an sym-ols o, !heir religions" :o.ever !hese o!herloyal!ies are o,!en ra!her easier !o uners!an !han na!ionalism" Paren!s ma2ingsupreme sacri


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or on a sligh!ly larger scale !he N!ri-e8 can also -e seen in perhaps !he maFori!y o,circums!ances in .hich human -eings have eis!e as essen!ial ,or !he survival o, !heiniviual an !he nuclear ,amily" he na!ion is no! generally essen!ial !o survival in !his.ay" D, course i, !he en!ire na!ion .ere !o -e .ipe ou! !he iniviuals an !heir,amilies .oul ie -u! !he isappearance o, !he na!ion as a social uni! .oul no! ini!sel, pose a !hrea! !o iniviual or ,amily survival0 only i, i! .ere !o -e accompanie -ye!hnic violence or severe economic collapse .oul i! -e li,e6!hrea!ening an suchca!aclysmic even!s are no! an inevi!a-le conseuence o, !he loss o, poli!icalinepenence" Conversely !here is no logical connec!ion -e!.een !he gaining o,poli!ical inepenence -y a su-Fec! na!ion an increase li,e chances ,or i!s ci!iens" Inmany perhaps !he vas! maFori!y o, moern na!ions !here is li2e.ise no evience !ha! ine,ening !he na!ion one is e,ening one8s o.n gene!ic ma!erial> !he no!ion !ha! !heci!iens o, moem na!ions are 2ins,ol2 .hile !he ci!iens o, (po!en!ially) hos!ileneigh-ours are aliens ma2es no sense in vie. o, !he highly varie gene!ic ma2e6up o,mos! moern popula!ions8

evo!ion !o one8s religious group li2e suppor! ,or one8s na!ion is much less o-viously !o

!he iniviual8s avan!age !han is e,ence o, !he ,amily -u! .e .oul main!ain !ha! i!can -e more comprehensi-le !han na!ionalism" I! can -e seen in ieological !erms as!he e,ence o, a .orl vie. an i!s sym-ols agains! rival .orl vie.s .hich areconsiere !o -e ,unamen!ally erroneous an .hich i, success,ul .oul ,orce !heconuere !o ac! in .ays a-horren! !o !heir -elie,s" +hile !he e,ence o, one8s na!ionhas o,!en -een seen as !he e,ence o, one8s religion an .hile moern hos!ili!ies-e!.een na!ions ,reuen!ly o have a religious imension !here are many seriousna!ional conKic!s !ha! have no clear religious elemen!> !he !.o .orl .ars .ere ,ough!in Europe .i!h Ca!holic 5rance Pro!es!an! ri!ain an Dr!hoo Russia opposingJermany .i!h i!s mie Ca!holic an Pro!es!an! popula!ion" hus .hile moernna!ionalisms may -e lin2e !o religion many cases can -e ,oun .i!hou! any clear

religious imension" ;o! only o moern na!ionalisms lac2 a religious elemen!0 !here iso,!en (!o ou!siers) no o-vious ieological i?erence -e!.een rival na!ions" :ence.hile e,ence o, one8s religion can -e seen as e,ence o, an en!ire sys!em o, -elie,s a.orl vie. i! is iLcul! in many cases !o claim !ha! !his is !rue o, !he e,ence o, one8sna!ion" here is in ,ac! a goo case ,or seeing na!ions as Nimagine communi!ies8 ansuch .oul -e !he vie. o, some commen!a!ors"

Such imagine communi!ies coul no! o, course eis! unless !hey ,ul


44/66


%" his shir! is !oo lose ,or me"'" his coa! loo2s a -i! small G l8 li2e !o !ry on i!"" e!8s lis!en !he music"$" o you 2no. .ha! is !he ans.er4" he .ea!her !oay is !oo goo"7" I sa. him yes!eray only"#" +ho you .an! !o see49" he ice cream8s goo G may I please have li!!le more41&" :is oLce is ui!e opposi!e !o my house"

(-) Supply !he missing .ors0 ($ Mar2s)1" he shop2eeper re,use !o -argain6 !he cus!omer"%" :e i no! -e -elieve G -argaining"'" :e ha alreay ecie Ga ,air price"" he cus!omer .as loo2ing a -argain"$" hey argue 6 !he price ,or a long !ime"

(c) Use !he correc! ,orm o, !he ver- in -rac2e!s0 ($ Mar2s)1" I o no! usuallyG an um-rella -u! !oay I8m6 one" (CARR3)%" She never 6 a-ou! her chilren" (+DRR3)'" ha! chil al.ays .hen he has a -a!h" is!en he8sG no." (CR3)

() 5orm !he opposi!es o, !hese .ors -y aing a pre


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(-) Re.ri!e !hese sen!ences so !ha! !hey -egin .i!h !he .or i!" ($ Mar2s)1" o !al2 li2e !ha! is silly"%" o hear your voice .as goo"'" o !ell !he !ru!h is essen!ial"" o have ,riens is -e!!er !han money"$" o !hin2 ,or yoursel, is iLcul!"

(c) Com-ine !hese sen!ences using one o, !he .ors al!hough -u! ye! so or -ecause"Use each .or once" ($ Mar2s)1" hey .ere !ire" hey .or2e la!e in!o !he nigh!"%" :e slep! early" :e .o2e up la!e"'" :e .as on meica!ion" :e ,el! ro.sy"" She .as very angry" She sai no!hing"$" he engine s!oppe" I! ha hea!e up"

() Com-ine !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences using enough !o" ($ Mar2s)1" he .in .as s!rong" I! coul -lo. people a.ay"

%" he prin! .as clear" +e coul rea i! easily"'" I! .as ho!" +e coul coo2 ,oo .i!h !he sun8s rays"" 3ou are ol" 3ou shoul 2no. -e!!er"$" he essay .as goo" I! earne ,ull mar2s"

(e) Re.ri!e !hese sen!ences using a ,orm o, !he .or ge! an a sui!a-le preposi!ion orpreposi!ions ins!ea o, !he .or(s) unerline" ($ Mar2s)1" :as !he company recovere ,rom i!s losses4%" I8 li2e !o con!inue .i!h my coo2ing no. i, I may"'" :o. o you manage .i!h so li!!le !o ea!4" i you es!a-lish a connec!ion .i!h ;e. 3or2 on !he !elephone4

$" Pu! !he mil2 a.ay .here !he ca! can8! reach i!"

%&1&

.ri!e an essay in a-ou! '&& .ors any 1 o, !he ,ollo.ing" 1&& m2s"

increasing consumerism in !he mile class in Iniaare !rai!ional ,orms o, pro!es! no longer e?ec!ive4

he nuclear civil lia-ili!y -illo ,ee our increasing popula!ion ,ores! areas nee !o -e cleare !o increase lan area

availa-le ,or cul!iva!ion" o you agree4;ee !o chec2 poli!icia!ion o, spor!s -oies in Inia

%" rea !he ,ollo.ing passage care,ully Z -ase on i! ans.er !he ues!ions given -elo.i! in clear correc! Z concise language" $X1$ 7$

accoring !o !he


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has !he num-er o, ;JDs in Inia risen rama!ically -u! so has !heir inKuence" In someo, Inia8s Kagship evelopmen! e?or!s G !he na!ional rural employmen! guaran!ee ac!!he na!ional rural heal!h mission !he righ! !o euca!ion or even !he ra,! righ! !o ,ooac! G ;JDs have -een a! ,ore,ron! -o!h in ,ormula!ing in !hese la.s Z policies Z inimplemen!ing !hem" ;JDs have helpe voice !he concerns o, some o, !he Inia8s mos!vulnera-le groups Z ,ocus !he a!!en!ion o, !he governmen! on cri!ical social Zevelopmen! issues" hey have also spearheae e?or!s !o epose corrup!ion Zmalaminis!ra!ion in governmen! -ringing in much neee !ransparency"

u! espi!e !he gro.ing inKuence o, ;JDs in Inia !oay .e 2no. very li!!le a-ou!!hem !heir s!ruc!ure ac!ivi!ies sources o, ,uning Z more impor!an!ly ho.accoun!a-le !hey are !o !he people !hey represen!" his is alarming given !he crores o,rupees in evelopmen! ai !ha! ;JDs receive ,rom !he governmen! Z ,rom onorsevery year" Ironically !hough ;JDs have -een .a!chogs o, !he governmen! ,or manyyears !here has -een li!!le regula!ion or moni!oring o, !heir o.n ac!ivi!ies" eaing many!o as2 a very ,unamen!al ues!ion 0 .ho .a!ches !he .a!chers4

In!eres!ingly al!hough Inia has pro-a-ly !he .orl8s highes! ;JDs popula!ion !hee-a!e on ;JD accoun!a-ili!y is s!ill in i!s nascen! s!ages" Across !he .orl ;JDs have-een eperimen!ing .i!h i?eren! .ays o, aressing !he issue o, accoun!a-ili!y >Inian ;JDs .oul o .ell -y learning ,rom !hese e?or!s " ,or eample ;JDs in Qenyaare legally reuire !o comply .i!h coe o, conuc! ,or ;JDs evelope -y !he na!ionalcouncil o, ;JDs a sel, regula!ory -oy se! up uner !he ;JD coorina!ion ac! in 199&"!he coe ensures !ha! ;JDs comply .i!h -asic e!hical Z governance s!anars"Similarly in Ugana !he ;JD uali!y assurance mechanism (*uAM) cer!i


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na!ural .hich o, course .as ui!e accep!a-le !o !he auience ,or .hich 2aliasa.ro!e" I!s charac!ers even !o !he minor ones are happily elinea!e iniviuals "2aliasa ma2es no pre!ence !o realism -u! his ialogue is ,resh Z vigorous " in ,ac! !heialogue o, !he -e!!er Sans2ri! plays generally seems -ase on vernacular Z is ,ull o,iioma!ic epressions" Inian playgoers i no! eman !he conKic! o, ,eelings Zemo!ions .hich is !he chie, su-s!ance o, serious European rama -u! 2aliasa .asui!e capa-le o, por!raying such conKic! e?ec!ively" :is -eau!ies Z meri!s are !arnishe-y any !ransla!ion -u! ,e. .ho can rea him in !he original .oul ou-! !ha! -o!h aspoe! Z rama!is! he .as one o, !he grea! men o, !he .orl"

here .ere many o!her rama!is! " sura2a pro-a-ly 2aliasa8s approima!econ!emporary has le,! only one play =!he li!!le clay car!@ (Mriccha2a!i2a) " !his is !hemos! realis!ic o, Inian ramas unraveling a complica!e s!ory rich in humor Z pa!hosZ cro.e .i!h ac!ion o, !he love o, a poor rahman caruu!!a ,or !he vir!uouscour!esan vasan!asena> !his s!ory is in!er.oven .i!h one o, poli!ical in!rigue leaing up!o !he over!hro. o, !he .ic2e 2ing pala2a Z !he play con!ains a vivi !rial scene a,!er.hich !he hero is save ,rom eecu!ion a! !he las! momen!" I! is no!a-le ,or i!s realis!ic

epic!ion o, ci!y li,e Z ,or i!s hos! o, minor charac!ers all o, .hom are ra.n .i!h s2illZ iniviuali!y" I! has more !han once -een per,orme in !ransla!ion on !he Europeans!age Z !o a .es!ern auience is cer!ainly !he mos! easily apprecia!e o, Inian plays"

Bisha2au!!a .as !he rama!is! o, poli!ics" :is only comple!e surviving play =!heminis!ers signe! ring@ (murara2shasa) eals .i!h !he schemes o, !he .ily chana2ya !o,oil !he plo!s o, ra2shasa !he minis!er o, !he las! o, !he nanas Z !o placechanragup!a maurya


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vi" I 2no. him since 19&"

vii" I .asn8! use !o rive -ig car"

viii" he sugges!e me !o !ry !he main car par2

i" I have never me! so nice person

" !oo many ma!hema!ics is !augh! in schools"

-" re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences inser!ing sui!a-le ar!icle(s) .herever necessary" $m2s

i" my gran,a!her has har li,eii" she hi! him in s!omachiii" ueen ha inner .i!h presien!vi" my ,rien is in hospi!al"

c" re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences inser!ing sui!a-le preposi!ions in !he -lan2 spaces" $

i" I am angry YYYYYYYY her YYYYYYY lying"ii" I .as re YYYYYYYY a! his remar2siii" coul you eplain !his rule YYYYYYYY me please4vi" people have al.ays -een 2in YYYYYYYY me"

" give !he an!onyms o, !he ,ollo.ing aFec!ives" $

i" commonii" loyaliii" ,ormal

iv" ma!urev" sensi!ive"

$"ans.er as irec!e"

a" re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing using passive s!ruc!ure" $i" she gave her sis!er !he carii" I ha alreay sho.n !he suspec!8s pho!ograph !o !he police.omeniii" !hey -elieve him !o -e angerousiv" !hey mae him !ell !hem every!hingv" !hey elec!e me presien!"

-" change !he ,ollo.ing sen!ence in!o inirec! speech" $

i" he .ro!e in his le!!er = I sa. poonam a! !he !hea!er a couple o, ays ago@"ii" !he ,orecas! says =i! .ill rain !omorro.@iii" he sai !o me =i! .oul -e nice i, I coul see you again@"iv" I sai =i, I ha any money I8 -uy you a rin2 =v" !he !eacher sai =.hy on8! you .or2 harer4@"

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c" re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences changing !hem in!o simple ones" $

i" I .oner .ho I shoul invi!eii sho. him .ha! he shoul oiii she couln8! ecie .he!her she shoul ans.er his le!!er"iv he in! 2no. .here he shoul par2 his car"v" !ell me .hy I shoul pay

" a a ues!ion !ag a! !he en o, each o, !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences" $"

i pooFa can spea2 ,renchii !he mee!ing is a! !eniii you in! spea2 !o mohaniv she .ouln8! li2e a pe!v harish gave you a cheue

e" re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences using Ni!8 in !he -eginning as a prepara!ory su-Fec!" $

i !o ma2e mis!a2es is easyii !o .ai! ,or people .ho .ere la!e mae him angryiii my am-i!ion .as !o re!ire a! !hir!yiv your !as2 is !o ge! across !he river .i!hou! -eing seenv ,or you !o as2 ramesh .oul -e a -ig mis!a2e"

%&11

1" +ri!e an essay in a-ou! '&& .ors on any one o, !he ,ollo.ing 0 1&&

(a) he preicamen!s o, emocracy"(-) In Inia .hen inKa!ion rises govenance s!alls"(c) Moern .orl8s ,ears a-ou! nuclear energy"() In,orma!ion echnology !rans,orming !he Inian Socie!y"(e) Inven!ions genera!e necessi!y"

%" Rea care,ully !he passage -elo. an .ri!e your ans.ers !o !he ues!ions !ha! ,ollo.in clear correc! an concise language0

N+a!er is !he -asis o, all li,e" Every animal an every plan! con!ains a su-s!an!ial

propor!ion o, ,ree or com-ine .a!er in i!s -oy an no 2in o, physiological ac!ivi!y ispossi-le in .hich !he Kui oes no! play an essen!ial par!" +a!er is o, course necessary,or animal li,e" +hile mois!ure in !he soil is eually impera!ive ,or !he li,e an gro.!h o,plan!s an !rees" hough !he uan!i!y necessary varies enormously .i!h !he species"

he conserva!ion an u!ilisa!ion o, .a!er is !hus ,unamen!al ,or human .el,are" Apar!,rom ar!esian .a!er !he ulima!e source in all cases is rain or sno.,all" Much o, InianAgricul!ure epens on seasonal rain,all an is !here,ore very sensi!ive !o any ,ailure orirregulari!y o, !he same" I! is clear !ha! !he aop!ion o, !echniues preven!ing soil

Page (o, 66


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erosion .oul also help !o conserve an 2eep !he .a!er .here i! is .an!e" In o!her.ors on an in !he soil an such !echniues !here,ore serve a ou-le purpose" I!s isevien! ho.ever !ha! in a coun!ry having only a seasonal rain,all an immense uan!i!yo, rain6.a!er mus! -e necessarily run o? !he groun" he collec!ion an u!ilia!ion o,.a!er is !here,ore o, vi!al impor!ance" Much o, i! Ko.s o.n in!o !he s!reams an riversan ul!ima!ely '" Ma2e a precis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage in a-ou! %& .ors" I! is no! necessary !osugges! a !i!le" 5ailure !o .ri!e .i!hin !he .or limi! may resul! in euc!ion o, mar2s"

he precis mus! -e .ri!!en on sepra!e precis shee!s provie .hich mus! !hen -e,as!ene securely insie !he ans.er -oo2" 7$

N+hile all !he religious !eachers !ell us !ha! compassion gives us a mo!ive ,or eis!encea guie ,or ac!ion an a reason ,or courage an help us !o iminish !he sum o, humansu?ering in !he very name o, Jo .ho is all compassion a-omina-le crimes have-een commi!!e in !he .orl" I! is no! enough !o -elieve in Jo o, love -u! .e mus!love" he rains !ha! ma2es !he lo.er plains ,er!ile are ,orme in !he upper layers o, !hea!mosphere"

he sain!s are !he mas!ers .ho are no! s!aine6glass


51/66


un!o him Je! !hee hence Sa!an> ,or i! is .ri!!en hou shal! .orship !hy or hy Joan :im alone shal! !hou serve8"

In !he ne. socie!y .e nee a ne. universal religion" y i! .e mean no! a uni,ormreligion -u! a religion o, a.areness an love o, .isom an compassion praFna an2aruna" o, !ru!h an love" Religion mus! -e cure o, !heir provincialism an mae !oreveal !heir universali!y" his oes no! mean spiri!ual vagueness or am-igui!y"

olerance implies an elemen!ary righ! -elonging !o !he igni!y o, every man" he righ!!o -elieve li2e !he righ! !o live a ,ree un,e!!ere 6is ,unamen!al !o !he concep! o,-o!h6.e have ha in our coun!ry peace,ul co6eis!ence o, i?eren! religions" I! is no!passive co6eis!ence -u! an ac!ive ,ello.ship a close in!er6rela!ion o, !he -es! o,i?eren! religions"Co6eis!ence is !he


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1" he .ages o, sin YYYYYYea!h" $%" I !rus!YYYYYYJo"'" I have no ,onnessYYYYYmusic"" I have no ou-!YYYYYyour hones!y"$" I am ConsciousYYYYYYmy u!ies"

(c) Use !he correc! ,orms o, !he ver-s in -rac2e!s 0 $

1" I remem-er YYYYYYher .hen she .as a li!!le girl" (SEE)%" 3ou .ill YYYYYY!.en!y6,our hours !o consier your ecision" (JIBE)'" Can you hear .ha! heYYYYY4 (SA3)

() +ri!e !he opposi!es o, !he ,ollo.ing 0 $

1" ;o!orious%" egi!ima!e'" Responsi-le

" Sa!is,ac!ion$" Promo!ion

$" Ans.er as irec!e 0

(a) Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences removing N!ooHH""!o8" $

1" :e is !oo hones! !o s!eal"%" :e is !oo .ea2 !o run"'" She is !oo shy !o sing"" :e .as !oo shoc2e !o spea2"

$" he ma!!er .ill -e !oo complica!e !o resolve"

(-) Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences using NI!8 in !he -eginning as a su-Fec!"

1" o scol !he -oys .oul -e ,oolish"%" Smo2ing is -a ,or him"'" o call a,!er !en .as unusual ,or him"" Qeeping !he .ino.s open on !he roasie oes no! loo2 ecen!"$" o play games on sunays is no! allo.e"

%&1%Q1. rite ssay on any one )3!! words*1" Inian .omen in in!erna!ional spor!s"%" Cul!iva!ion o, organic ,oos

'" 5oreign irec! Inves!men! om re!ail G -oon or -ane4

" :o. e?ec!ive are our sys!em an ins!i!u!ions in ealing .i!h isas!ers4

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$" 5oo Securi!y G legisla!ion an implemen!a!ion"

Q2. Reading -o'prehension

Dra!ory emans en!husiasm .hich can spring only in an earnes! soul> an nei!her-eau!y o, composi!ion no! grace,ul elivery can compensa!e ,or .an! o, passion" o -ea-le !o in!eres! people .i!hou! !iring !hem in a prime !es! o, ora!ory" I! is a gi,! !ha! mera. valua-le ai ,rom such na!ural avan!ages as a no-le


54/66


Ma2e a precis o, !he ,ollo.ing passage in a-ou! %&& .ors I! is no! necessary !osugges! a !i!le" 5ailure !o .ri!e .i!hin !he .orl limi! may resul! in euc!ion o, mar2s"

he precis mus! -e .ri!!en on !he separa!e precis shee!s provie .hich mus! !hen -e,as!ene securely insie !he ans.er6-oo2"

a2ing in!o accoun! !he compelling an inescapa-le reali!y o, an increasingly resourcecons!raine .orl Inia nees !o lin2 !he aspira!ions o, !he people an i!s prospec!s ,oraccelera!e gro.!h !o .ha! I .oul call a =resource6,rugal@ ins!ea o, a =resource6in!ensive@ s!ra!egy o, evelopmen!" I -elieve !ha! such a s!ra!egy .oul ena-le Inia !osus!ain a high ra!e o, gro.!h over a more e!ene perio o, !ime elivering a[uence.i!hou! .as!e an curren! .el,are .i!hou! sacri


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po.er supply ne!.or2s !he !ranspor!a!ion sys!em !he is!ri-u!ion o, goos anservices !he .a!er supply sys!em !o name only a ,e. are -eing !rans,orme !hrough!he use o, moern a!a analy!ics" he placemen! o, sensors a! cri!ical poin!s in anyeconomic process genera!e massive an con!inuous mass o, real !ime a!a .hichhigh po.ere compu!ers using sophis!ica!e so,!.are can analyse in consiera-lee!ail an propose .ha! are calle =smar!@ solu!ions" his reuces .as!e !o !heminimum elimina!es reunancies in processes an improves eLciencies all aroun"

his !oo is an eample o, =resource ,rugali!y@" I! is Inia .hich can provie !he -igges!mar2e! ,or such as a mul!iplier across !he -oar in a range o, sec!ors in !he Inianeconomy" +ha! is impor!an! !o apprecia!e here is !ha! such services are really !hehallmar2 o, a Ka! .orl -ecause !hey can ass value in eveloping socie!ies as !hey canin avance ones"

he purpose o, proviing !hese eamples is !o ass some su-s!ance !o !he overallop!imism I re!ain a-ou! our ,u!ure as a plural emocra!ic an innova!ive socie!yespi!e !he seeming gloom aroun us"

+ha! is more each o, !hese innova!ions ena-le inclusive gro.!h -ecause !heyempo.er !he poor> !hey pro

Q(. &entence -orrection and 8ll in the blans

a" Sen!ence correc!ion

1" he vehicular pollu!ion causes serious harm !o human -eings"

%" o!h Ashish an Smi!a came la!e !o college !oay"

'" here is many pro-lems rela!ing !o !his ma!!er"

" ;o! only avi passe -u! go! a is!inc!ion"

$" +e8 li2e some in,orma!ion a-ou! !he !ypes o, cars availa-le"

" I pre,er !o pay -y cash"

7" My uncle has propose me a Fo- in his company"

#" All o, a suen she -urs! in !ears"

9" I enFoy !his !ype o, music s!ill no."

1&"he !eacher sai me !o su-mi! !he assignmen! !he ne! ay"

-" Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences inser!ing sui!a-le ar!icle(s) .herever necessary0

1" Dranges an lemons are ci!rus ,rui!s

%" AiFa is !alles! -oy in class"

'" She !eaches a! Universi!y in Iniana -u! I on8! 2no. .hich one i! is"

" ;e. !eacher seems !o -e very s!ric!"

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$" I! .as -eau!i,ul sigh! !o see"

c" Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences inser!ing sui!a-le preposi!ions in !he -lan2spaces0

1" he Minis!er gave YYYYYYYYYYYY !he pries on !he annual ay"

%" Seeing !he chilren playing -rough! YYYYYYYYYYYY memories o, my chilhoogames"

'" Ranhir is al.ays reay !o !a2e YYYYYYYYYYYY any responsi-ili!y"

" he mem-ers ecie !o eal YYYYYYYYYYYY !he pro-lem collec!ively"

$" I hope !he picnic .ill no! -e calle YYYYYYYYYYYY"

" Jive !he an!onyms o, !he ,ollo.ing .ors0

1" use,ul

%" ac!ive

'" encourage

" ra!ional

$" !imely

Q5. :o as :irected

1" (a)0 Re.ri!e !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences using !he passive s!ruc!ure"i" hey have permi!!e me !o leave"

ii" he rains have comple!ely ruine !he roas"

iii" +hy i you close !he oor"

iv" :is!ory recors his grea! achievemen!s"

v" hey a.are her !he egree a! !he Convoca!ion"

%" (-)0 Change !he ,ollo.ing sen!ences in!o inirec! speech0

i" Anil !o AFay 0 =+hy on8! you Foin us ,or a par!y on Sa!uray4@

ii" Mrs ;air !o Mr Shah 0 =Joo Morning here8s a small pro-lem I .an! !ospea2 !o you a-ou!"@

iii" ac2 !o Parimala 0 =:o. .as your !rip !o !he ;a!ional Par24@

iv" Mr Pa!il !o !he Cashier 0 =o you have change ,or


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ii" he compu!er is a comple gage! an YYYYYYYYYYYY o, many par!s"(CD;SIS)

iii" aco- YYYYYYYYYYYY his repor! alreay" (CDMPEE)

iv" he pos!man YYYYYYYYYYYY his -ag an le,!" (CDEC)

" () 0 Supply !he missing .ors0i" he music .as !oo lou YYYYYYYYYYYY she aFus!e !he volume"

ii" YYYYYYYYYYYY !he !echnician .or2e ,or an hour he .as una-le !o repair !hemachine"

iii" YYYYYYYYYYYY you pay a!!en!ion you are li2ely !o miss !he impor!an! poin!s"

iv" RaFu calls his mo!her YYYYYYYYYYYY he


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-o'prehension )5!'*

*%" Rea care,ully !he passage given -elo. an .ri!e your ans.ers !o !he ues!ions!ha! ,ollo. in clear correc! an concise language o, your o.n" 5! 'ars

In -arely one genera!ion .e^ve move ,rom eul!ing in !he !ime6saving evices !ha!have so epane our lives !o !rying !o ge! a.ay ,rom !hem o,!en in orer !o ma2emore !ime" he more .ays .e have !o connec! !he more many o, us seem espera!e !ounplug" i2e a !eenager .e appear !o have gone ,rom 2no.ing no!hing a-ou! !he .orl!o 2no.ing !oo much all -u! overnigh!"

he average person spens a! leas! eigh! an a hal, hours a ay in ,ron! o, !he screen"he average !eenager spens or receives 7$ !e! messages a ay" Since luury as anyeconomis! .ill !ell you is a ,unc!ion o, scarci!y !he chilren o, !omorro. .ill craveno!hing more !han ,reeom i, only ,or a shor! .hile ,rom all !he -lin2ing machiness!reaming vieos an scrolling healines !ha! leave !hem ,eeling emp!y an !oo ,ull alla! once" he urgency o, slo.ing o.n !o !he in,orma!ion revolu!ion came .i!hou! anins!ruc!ion manual" All !he a!a in !he .orl canno! !each us ho. !o si,! !hrough a!a>images on^! sho. us ho. !o process images" he only .ay !o o Fus!ice !o ouronscreen lives is -y summoning eac!ly !he emo!ional an moral clari!y !ha! canno! -e,oun on any screen"

May-e !ha! is .hy more an more people even i, !hey have no religious commi!men!seem !o -e !urning !o yoga or mei!a!ion or !ai chi> !hese are no! ;e. Age ,as somuch as .ays !o connec! .i!h .ha! coul -e calle !he .isom o, ol age" A series o,!es!s in recen! years has sho.n !ha! a,!er spening !ime in a uie! rural se!!ing

su-Fec!s _ehi-i! grea!er a!!en!iveness s!ronger memory an generally improvecogni!ion" heir -rains -ecome -o!h calmer an sharper"_ More !han !ha! empa!hy as.ell as eep !hough! epens on neural processes !ha! are _inheren!ly slo._" he veryones our high6spee lives have li!!le !ime ,or"

Q0&/$&, )1! ; 5 < 5! Mars*

1" Accoring !o !he au!hor .ha! is li2ely !o -ecome a scarci!y in !he ,u!ure4%" +ha! a-ili!y have people los! !han2s !o !he cons!an! inKo. o, a!a4

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'" +hy oes !he au!hor say _+e have more an more .ays !o communica!e -u!less an less !o say4

" +hy are people !a2ing an ac!ive in!eres! in ol6age ,as4$" +hy is moern man una-le !o empa!hise .i!h o!hers4

9r=cis >1 )6!'*

Mae a pr=cis of the following passage in about one4third of its length. 9leasedo not suggest a title. 6! 'ars.

:ones!y in -usiness ealings or in o!her areas are no! !he only measures o, morals anvalues" he s!reng!h o, charac!er o, a person is also measure -y uncompromisingaversion !o co.arice in!rigue envy am-igui!y ,alsehoo isloyal!y !reachery inshor! all unigni


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PrVcis `% (&m)

Mae a pr=cis of the following passage in about one4third of its length. 9lease

do not suggest a title. (! 'ars

People .ri!e an pu-lish au!o-iographies an au!o-iographical s2e!ches ,or a num-er o,reasons" Dne o, !hese reasons is !o pu! on recor !he even!s o, a ,amous or inKuen!ialcareer" u! no! all au!o-iographies no! even !he au!o-iographies mos! ,reuen!ly an.iely rea are -y ,amous or e!raorinary men" Ano!her reason is !o han on !oo!hers .isom .on !hrough eperience an har la-our" 3e! many


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Q(. )a* 0se each of the following words to 'ae sentences that bring out their

'eaning clearly. :o not change the for' of the words# )o 'ars will be gi%en

for %ague and a'biguous sentences.* 1!'ars

1" esul!ory%" grapevine

'" holis!ic" insiious$" in!ransigence

" paraigm7" suscep!i-le

#" u-iui!ous9" voracious1&" venera-le

"ntony' )5'*

1" Ama!eur%" Moes!y'" Shallo." Concei!e$" A!heis!

&entence -orrection )1!'*

Q()b* -orrect the following sentences without changing their 'eaning. 9lease

do not 'ae unnecessary changes in the original sentence. 1! 'ars

1" Dne mus! o .ha! he !hin2s -es!"%" :e .ill surely no! o !ha! i he 4'" Can I leave !he room no. Sir 4" My neigh-our along .i!h !.o ,riens .ere pushing his car .hich is s!alle"$" I !hough! !o help him -u! he i no! .elcome my sugges!ion"" +hen I .as a chil I enFoye !o ea! ice cream in !he -ench"7" he Principal along .i!h !he !eachers are planning !o apply ,or a leave"#" o you have an iea .ho is !ha! man 49" Unemploymen! as .ell as pover!y inKuence !he vo!es"1&" +hen I .o2e up !he man alreay isappeare a,!er commi!!ing murer in !he

running !rain"

:o as directed )15'*

Rewrite each of the following sentences as directed without changing the

'eaning )total 1! 'ars*

1" ;o one ares !o cri!icie her ,or .ha! she says" (Re.ri!e !he sen!ence s!ar!ing.i!h ;o ma!!er^)

%" Raha .as !he eles!" She ha !o loo2 a,!er her paren!s" (Com-ine !o ,orm asingle sen!ence)

'" She ecora!e !he room" he purpose .as !o ma2e i! loo2 -eau!i,ul" (Com-ineusing ^so !ha!^)

" _+ha! a -eau!i,ul ay _ sai !he young !ouris!" (Change !he narra!ion)

$" he one6man commi!!ee e!ermine !here .as no nee !o !a2e ac!ion"(Re.ri!eusing passive s!ruc!ure)

" he prou ,a!her remar2e _+ha! a .oner,ul -a!sman my son is _ (Changein!o inirec! speech)

7" My mo!her remar2e _Aren ! !he chilren lovely 4_ (Change in!o inirec! speech)#" Cric2e! ,ans


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Comprehension 7$ mar2s

Read carefully the passage below and write your answers to the questions

that follow in clear# correct and concise language ,5;15


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rules o, ho. .e .ill isagree" hese are !he glo-al principles .e mus! s!rive !o uphol i,.e are !o -e a-le !o con!inue !o uphol !hem securely a! home"

+e .an! a .orl !ha! gives us !he coni!ions o, peace an securi!y !ha! .ill permi! us !ogro. an Kourish sa,e ,rom ,oreign eprea!ions -u! open !o e!ernal oppor!uni!ies"+he!her glo-al ins!i!u!ions aap! an revive .ill -e e!ermine -y .he!her !hose in

charge are capa-le o, sho.ing !he necessary leaership" Righ! no. many o, us .oulsugges! !ha! !here is a glo-al governance e


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" he colours so passe o? one ano!her !ha! she coul no! is!inguish !hem"7" he general as .ell as his soliers .ere 2ille in !he -a!!le"#" he -oa! .as ro.ne"

5ill in !he -lan2s 1$m

/ype4", &upply the 'issing word

1" I, you see him give him YY message"%" I hope !o reach !he s!a!ion YY an hour a! !he ou!sie"'" YY Rus!am an Sohra- !here .ere !hree o!her -oys presen!"" Invalis are no! capa-le YY con!inue eer!ion"$" YY he ha no! pai his -ills his elec!rici!y .as cu!o?"

/ype4, 0se the correct for's of the %erbs in bracets

1" :is company is grea!ly YY a,!er" (see2)%" :is courage YY him" (,orsa2e)'" he !erri you have -een YY !o me"

(-ene


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/ype4", Use each o, !he ,ollo.ing .ors !o ma2e a sen!ence !ha! -rings ou! !heirmeaning clearly" o no! change !he ,orm o, !he .ors" (;o mar2s .ill -e given ,or vaguean am-iguous sen!ences)01$$

1" gra!i!ue%" Kavour

'" eplosion" ismal$" clumsy

/ype4, 0se these phrases in sentences of your own to bring out their

'eaning clearly. :o not change the for' of the words. 1;5

UPSC Compulsory English Mains 18 Years (1997-2014)

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Transcript of UPSC Compulsory English Mains 18 Years (1997-2014)