UPDATES

Quiz 1 will be graded and returned Feb. 24

NO CLASS FEB. 26 – HARBER AT CONFERENCE

Anything Strange about Strange Situation?

Mom leaves kid. Kid acts unconcerned

Mom returns to kid. Kid still unconcerned

Attachment explanation?

Alternative explanation?

Insecure/avoidant: mom messed up

Kid was born that way, Temperament

Temperament

Aspects of behavior and emotion that are:

1. Constitutional (in-born, genetic)

2. Stable across time and situations

3. Neurophysiologically based

How Stable is Temperament?

In early infancy – Correl. 6 mos. To 9 mos.

Smiling, Laughter: r = .48

Fear: r = .37

Distress re. Limits (Anger): r = .51

Easy/Difficult At:

3 yrs 4 yrs 5 Yrs

Easy/difficult as an adult r = .31 r = .37 r =.15

Is Temperament Genetic?

How would this be tested?

With what kind of population? Twins

Monozygotic (MZ) Share all genes: identical

Dizygotic (DZ) Share half genes: Not identical

Pictures of DZ Twins

Results of Twin Studies and Temperament (Metheny, et al., 1981)

6 mos 2 yrs

MZ DZ MZ DZ

Hurt Feelings NA NA .37 .13

Tantrums .39 .26 .41 .15

Irritability .45 .29 .46 .28

Crying .62 .51 .59 .39

MZ = monozygotic, “identical twins”DZ = dizogotic, “fraternal twins”

Temperament and Strange SituationTemperament may explain Strange Sit. better than attachment.

Irritable newborns insecurely attached

Neurophysio-reactive ambivalent

Interest in objects vs. people avoidant

Interactive explanation

Parents respond to newborns temperament

Parent either flexible or inflexible to baby temp.

Baby’s emotional profile reflects “goodness of fit”

Physiology of Emotions I

Class 8

Approaches to Emotions So Far

Philosophical (Spinoza, Jefferson, Des Cartes)

Evolutionary (Ekman)

Cultural (Culture of Honor)

Conceptual (defining emotions)

Developmental (Attunement, Attachment)

Ole and Sven and Trabatt

Functional Diagram of Brain

Limbic System

How do we know how the brain works?

a. Anatomy

b. Lesions

c. Stimulation

d. Recording

Electroencephalogram (EEG) ...functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) ...Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

TMS

fMRI

EEG

TMS Stimulation and Self Recognition Decety & Sommerville, 2003

TMS stimulation of Right Hemisphere suppresses ability to recognize self in self/other morph

Subject

Familiar other

Early Explorations of Brain and EmotionsDescartes: Reflex Theory (1650s)

Events sensory receptors message to brain via nerves.

Strings in motor nerves open valves, send fluidthrough nerves that inflate muscles.

Degree of response proportional to magnitude of event. (But, who/what determines “magnitude”?)

Implications of Descartes:

* Behavior dictated by environmental prompts

* No role for planning, values, in guiding behavior

* Emotions not even mentioned

Cannon/Bard Theory of Emotions

Cannon and Bard (1930s)

* Believe in central controller of emotions

* Remove neocortex from cats

* Cats display “sham rage”

* Suggests that neocortex guides, controls

emotional behavior.

Cannon’s “Organizational Chart” Model of Brain Functions

CORTEX

governs

EMOTIONAL STRUCTURES

govern

SIMPLE REFLEXES

“Evidence”: Phineas Gage, drunkenness, sham rage

Implications: Emotions have specific location

Emotions undifferentiated; depend on cortical control.

Modern Views of Emotional Brain(Papez, 1930s and MacLean, 1990s)

Hypothalamus --> Emotional EXPRESSION

Other regions --> Emotional EXPERIENCE

Thalamus is routing station of events: Info not always processed top-down

Limbic system is seat of emotions

Brain organized in terms of function, not structure

MacLean’s “Routing System” Model of Brain Functions

HypothalamusStimuli

Neocortex (thought)

Limbic System (feeling)

Striatum (movement)neocortex

striatum

Major Divisions of the Forebrain

Main Divisions of the Brain

Striatal system: Reptilian brain

Limbic system: Emotional center

Neocortex: Reasoning

neocortex

striatum

Striatal SystemReptilian in origin

MacLean extensively studies lizards to learn about the functions of striatum.

Basic survival functions: hunting, territorial, mating, four basic communications:

Self Identification: Hey, it’s me.

Territory: Don’t lean on my wheels

Courting: Hey bayybee, hey bayybee

Surrender: Oh gee, Officer, was I really going 95?

Differences Between Lizards and Mammals

Maternal care-giving

Mammals Lizards

XVocalizing XPlay XTerrorize Tokyo when fully grown X

Limbic System in mammals provides for these unique abilities.

Limbic System

Evidence That Limbic System Regulates Behavior

Electrode Studies (Hess, 1940s)

1. Superfine electrode stimulation of rats' limbic system

2. Rats respond to jolts as if hugely rewarding:

a. Go to where jolts occurred

b. Work long to get jolts

c. Learn tasks paired with jolts

3. Refers to this as "self-stimulation behavior"

4. 85% of limbic system --> self stim behavior, rare outside of limbic system

Rats' response to jolts is like what kind of problematic human behavior?

Addiction

More Evidence That Limbic System Regulates Behavior

Psychomotor Epilepsy

1. Occurs when brain cells in certain area fires in waves

2. Psychomotor epilepsy restricted to limbic system

3. Has similar effect in humans as electrode shocks in rats.

4. Results of limbic epilepsy--emotional auras:

a. Happiness: Dostoevsky reports "indescribably happiness."

b. Other emotions: Desire, sadness, affection, fear, anger.

Behaviors associated with P.E. 1. Shadow boxing

2. Kissing fits

Amygdala

1. Emotion central: pleasure and pain

2. Sensitive to unfamiliar stimuli (recall mere exposure?)

3. Makes first assessment of event’s emotional significance

4. Neural pathway to amygdala bypasses cortex

Klϋver-Bucy Syndrome

Removal of monkey amygdala leads to:

1. Lose fear to and aggressiveness towards humans

2. No facial expression

3. Examine things regardless of danger: fire, broken glass

4. Eat everything: meat, feces

5. Mate everything: other sex, same sex, inanimate objects

Klϋver-Bucy Syndrome occurs when amygdala is damaged. Shows same effects in humans as amygdala removal in monkeys.

What does K-B Syndrome say about emotions and judgment?

LeDoux’s Neural Pathways

STANDARD ROUTE:

SENSORY THALAMUS CORTEX AMYGDALA

EMERGENCY ROUTE:

SENSORY THALAMUS AMYGDALA

neocortex

striatum

HEMISPHERE LATERALIZATION

Hemis. Lateralization and Emotions

Lateralization: L hemisphere guides right side of body

R hemisphere guides left side of body

Lateral functions: L hemisphere – speech, reasoning

R hemisphere – emotional recognition and interpretation.

All reversed if Left-handed (i.e., L hemi. guides emotion, etc.)

Research on hemisphere lateralization

1. Split-brain studies of epileptics

2. Emotional ID of faces and hemi. dominance

3. Lie detection and hemisphere dominance

Chimeric Faces

Hemispheric Damage and Lie Detection

Who would be better able to detect liars?

People w’ damage to rational centers?

People w’ damage to emotional centers?

X

Study of patients with L vs. R hemisphere damage (e.g., due to strokes, accidents)

L-Hemi damage (use only emotional R Hemi) do better than R-Hemi damage AND do better than normals (no damage).

Neurological Development and the Limbic System

R-Hemi closer connections to limbic system than L-Hemi.

R-Hemi develops earlier in infancy than L-Hemi

Emotions appear in babies before language

Emotionally expressive babies start talking later

When babies start to talk, don’t show emotion

13 mos—talk, no emotion

19 mos—talk + emotion

What does this say about separate systems?