UPDATED The cell factory ppt
-
Upload
maria-donohue -
Category
Documents
-
view
305 -
download
2
Transcript of UPDATED The cell factory ppt
![Page 1: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE CELL
Chapter 7
![Page 2: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Microscopy Micrographs
Photograph of the view through a microscope Light Microscopes Electron Microscopes
Scanning EM To look at the surface of cells/specimen 3-D images
Transmission EM To look at internal structures of cells/specimen
![Page 3: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 12: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Robert Hook (1665)
Englishman cork “cells” Compound
microscope
![Page 15: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1660’S)
(LAY vun Hook)
Holland Single lens
microscope Pond water “animalcules”
![Page 17: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cell Theory
3 parts and key people
![Page 19: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cells
Basic units of life
![Page 20: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
German botanist Plant cells
![Page 21: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Theodor Schwann (1839)
German biologist Animal cells
![Page 22: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rudolf Virchow (1855)
German physician New cells could only
come from the division of existing cells
![Page 23: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cell Theory
All living things are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
New Cells are produced from existing cells
![Page 24: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Lots of different shapes and sizes of cells
![Page 25: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Microscopes
![Page 29: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sizes The body is made of 100 trillion cell (1014) Extremely small…The human eye can
see .01 cm, a human cell is 5x smaller 5 to 50 micrometers…µm How big is a micrometer? 1m=100cm=1,000,000 micrometers 1 micrometer=.000001m Basically you can’t see it Remember: KHDmDCM..micro..nano..pico
![Page 30: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Chaos chaos Largest protozoan You can see without
microscope 1000 micrometers How many meters is this?
.001 m How many centimeters is
this? 0.1 cm
![Page 32: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
2 things in every cell…
Surrounded by a barrier, cell membrane At some point in their life they contain….
DNA
![Page 33: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is a Nucleus? Plural: nuclei Large, membrane enclosed
structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA
What is a membrane? A thin layer of material that
serves as a covering or lining
![Page 34: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2 categories for cells… Prokaryotes (pro-care-ee-
ohts) No nucleus Cell’s genetic material is
not contained in the nucleus…found in NUCLEOID:
Region in cytoplasm where DNA is found
Less complicated that eukaryotes
Some have internal membranes
Do NOT have membrane bound organelles
Carry out every activity associated with living things…which are…
Eukaryotes (you-care-ee-othts) Contain nucleus in which the
genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell
Contains dozens of structures and internal membranes
High Variety Single celled or multi-cellular Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
![Page 36: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Eukaryotic cell structure
![Page 42: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Cell factory Organelles
Highly specialized structures within the cell Little organs
2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell Nucleus
The “brain” DNA
Cytoplasm Portion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane
![Page 43: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
2 types of Eukaryotic cells Plant cells
Animal cells What are the differences? (write them down!!!)
![Page 44: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nucleus
Brain of the cell Office of the factory Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and
with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules
![Page 46: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nuclear envelope Surrounds nucleus Made of 2 membranes Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office?
Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other molecules
![Page 47: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Inside the nucleus we see…
Contain a granular material called… CHROMATIN
Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps
together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES
![Page 48: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
In the nucleus…
Contain a granular material called… CHROMATIN
Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps
together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES
![Page 49: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next
![Page 50: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Nucleolus
Small dense region inside the nucleus Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…
![Page 51: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Ribosomes Most important function of cell is…
Making proteins Proteins regulate a zillion different things Like…
Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes Ribosomes are small particles of protein &
RNA (what’s RNA?) They follow instructions from the nucleus to
make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office
Scattered throughout the cell They are like little factories If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how
many ribosomes are you going to have?
![Page 53: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Internal membrane system The site where the lipid components of
the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell
2 types Smooth ER Rough ER
![Page 55: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Rough ER Involved in protein making (synthesis) So what are we going to see on it?
ribosomes Once a protein is made, it leaves the
ribosome and goes into the Rough ER The rough ER then modifies the protein All proteins that are exported by the cell
are made on the RER Membrane proteins are made on the
RER too
![Page 56: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Smooth ER NO ribosomes on it Looks smooth Contains collections of ENZYMES that have
specialized tasks What do enzymes do?
Tasks include: Synthesis of membrane lipids Detoxification of drugs Liver cells
Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?
![Page 58: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi Once proteins are done being “modified” in the
RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus Looks like a stack of pancakes Function: modify, sort, and package proteins
and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cell Proteins are “shipped” to final destination
They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP Finishing touches on proteins before they leave
factory
![Page 60: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Lysosomes (Lie-so-soh-mz) The factory’s clean-up crew It’s an Organelle filled with
enzymes Function: Digestion (break
down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell
Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness
![Page 63: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What do you think happens if lysosomes malfunction?
A bunch of “junk” build up in the cell…why?
Is this good? Many human diseases result from
malfunction of lysosome Tay-Sachs disease DNA does not make the enzyme
hexoaminidase A that breaks down lipids in nerve cells
Build up of lipids in nerve cells causes those cells to stop working
Noticeable 3-6 months after birth, child lives to be about 4-5 years old
![Page 64: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Vacuoles The factory’s storage place Only in certain cells Sac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water,
salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Plant cells have a single, large central
vacuole Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to
support heavy structures
![Page 65: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Single-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles…
Paramecium Contractile vacuole Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water
out…this maintains what? homeostasis
![Page 67: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more?
ENERGY!!!!
![Page 68: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Two ways cells get energy…
From food molecules From the sun
![Page 69: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Mithochondria
Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use
Has 2 membranes Inner membrane Outer membrane
In Animal AND Plant cells Nearly all come from the ovum
You get your mitochondria from your mom!
![Page 70: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Mitochondria=LOTS of ATP Site of cell respiration Cell Respiration (REQUIRES
OXYGEN=AEROBIC)
3 stages of Cell respiration GLYCOLYSIS
Makes a lil’ bit of ATP Location: CYTOPLASM
KREBS CYCLE Makes a lil’ bit of ATP Location: MATRIX of
MITOCHONDRIA
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Makes A LOT of ATP!!! Location: INNER MEMBRANE of
MITOCHONDRIA
![Page 72: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
No Oxygen= ANAEROBIC No oxygen available (or not enough) cell switches to
FERMENTATION Glycolysis over and over and over
Happens in CYTOPLASM Makes a Little Bit of ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation
Animals Muscle cells Only can use for a few seconds
Alcohol Fermentation Bacteria and Fungi Ex. yeast
![Page 73: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Chloroplasts Plant and some Bacteria cells only ( NOT
in animal cells) Capture energy from the sunlight and
convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called? PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Like solar power for plants 2 membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes
that contain chlorophyll
![Page 78: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Organelle DNA Chloroplasts and
mitochondria contain their own genetic info In form of small, circular
DNA molecules mDNA
![Page 81: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Lynn Margulis
American biologist Chloroplasts and
mitochondria are descendents of prokaryotes
![Page 82: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
She said… Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the
day had a symbiotic relationship with the ancient eukaryotes What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)
The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to
make energy (ATP) Mitochondria
There were prokaryotes that used photosynthesis to get energy Chloroplasts
![Page 83: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Endosymbiotic Theory Idea that
mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes
![Page 84: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
Supporting structure and transportation system Network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move
2 main type of filaments Microtubules Microfilaments(Intermediate filaments is a 3rd type)
![Page 85: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Microfilaments
Threadlike structures Made of protein called ACTIN Extensive networks Tough, flexible framework Help cells move Assembly and disassembly helps cells
move (like amoebas)
![Page 86: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
![Page 87: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Microtubules
Hollow structures Made of proteins called TUBULINS Maintain cell’s shape Important in cell division
Make mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes)
Help build projections from cell surface…
![Page 89: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Cilia and Flagella Plural: cilium and flagellum Cilia: hundreds of extension of the cell membrane that move like
the oars of a boat Flagella: one or two long extensions off the cell that move in a
whip like fashion Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquid
![Page 90: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Centrioles
Only animal cells Made of protein
TUBULIN What else is made of
tubulin?
Near nucleus Help organize cell
division
![Page 92: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Antwon van Leeuwenhook Robert Hook Cell bacteria Cell Theory Electron microscope Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelles Cytoplasm Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleus nucleolus Ribosome Smooth ER Rough ER Chromosome Vacuole Osmosis Endocytosis exocytosis Proteins DNA RNA
Microscope Micrograph Magnifier Lens Contractile vacuole Central Vacuole Centrioles Centrosomes Nuclear pores Nuclear-plasm Stomata ATP synthase Chlorophyll Cell membrane Cell Wall Cellulose Phospholipids Thylakoid Cristae Matrix Inner membrane Outer memebrane
Golgi apparatus Micrometer Millimeter Picameter Lysosome Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Centriole Mictrotubule Microfilament Theodor Schwann Matthias Schleiden Rudolph Virchow Lynn Margulis Endosymbiotic Theory Cilia Flagella Photosynthesis Pseudopodia Aquaporin Transmembrane protein Facilitated diffusion
![Page 93: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: UPDATED The cell factory ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081516/5579731dd8b42a3a5c8b528a/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)