Updated Seminar

1

Invasive plants and Native anurans

A tale of two interactions

3

Amphibian declines

• ~6000 spp.• ~1/3 threatened• ~160 presumed

extinct recent times

4Habitat loss/degradation

Why?

5

Loss vs. Degradation

6

Invasive plants

• 4,000+ non-native plants outside cultivation

• 79 plants cost US $97B per year

• Contribute to nearly half of threatened native spp.

7Area covered by 8 invasive plants in ONWR

8

But…what do plants have to do with frogs?

Physical structure

Invasive plants

9


Physical structure

(Water) Chemistry

Invasive plants

10


Physical structure

(Invertebrate) Community

(Water) Chemistry

Invasive plants

11

Invasive plants

Phragmites australis Typha angustifolia

13

Three basic questions

• Are there differences in water quality among invaded and non-invaded wetlands?

• If there are differences, do they affect the growth and survivorship of tadpoles?

• Do invasive plants affect the behavior of adult frogs?

14


• Are there differences in water quality among invaded and non-invaded wetlands?

15

Hypothesis 1 methods

• Natural wetlands- 2007, 2008, 2011– Tested weekly over summer– P. australis, T. angustifolia, non-invaded

(doubly invaded in 2007)– LabPro datalogger

16

Natural wetland complexes

17

Water quality

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Weeks

Am

mo

niu

m (

mg

/L)

Typha angustifolia

Phragmites australis

Non-invaded

Doubly invaded

Ammonium

18

Water quality

Dissolved Oxygen

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Weeks

Dis

solv

ed o

xyg

en (

mg

/L)

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

Doubly invaded

19

Water quality

Nitrate

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Weeks

Nit

rate

(m

g/L

)

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

Doubly invaded

20

Water quality

Temperature (2008)

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Weeks

Tem

per

atu

re (

Cel

siu

s)

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

21

Highlights

• In ammonium, non-invaded wetlands consistently lowest

• In dissolved oxygen, T. angustifolia-invaded wetlands consistently highest

• In nitrate, non-invaded wetlands consistently lower

• Temperature consistently highest in non-invaded, lowest in invaded wetlands

22

Water quality: summary

Ammonium Dissolved oxygen

Nitrate Temp.

T. angustifolia 2 1 1 2

P. australis 1 3,2 3 2

Non-invaded 3 2,3 3 1

Doubly-invaded 1 1 2

2007, 2008

24


• If there are differences, do they affect the growth and survivorship of tadpoles?

25

Lithobates clamitansLithobates catesbeianus

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Larval growth and survival

• Natural wetlands- 2008, 2011– Tested weekly over summer– P. australis, T. angustifolia, non-invaded – Small enclosures with separate individuals

28

Larval survival

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

140

147

154

161

168

175

182

189

196

203

210

217

224

231

238

245

252

259

266

Day of Year

Ind

ivid

ua

ls p

er

en

clo

sure

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

Survival

29

Larval length:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

140

147

154

161

168

175

182

189

196

203

210

217

224

231

238

245

252

259

266

Day of Year

Le

ng

th (

mm

)

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

Length

30

Growth rate

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 217 224 231 238 245 252 259 266

Weeks

Gro

wth

(m

m/w

ee

k)

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

Growth rate

31

Relative Growth rate

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266

Weeks

Re

lativ

e G

row

th R

ate

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

Relative Growth Rate

32

Highlights

• Non-invaded consistently highest survival

• T. angustifolia consistently middle in length

• Non-invaded consistently highest in growth

• Non-invaded consistently highest in RGR

33

Summary of results

Survival Length Growth RGR

T. angustifolia 2 2 2 2

P. australis 2 3 3 2

Non-invaded 1 1 1 1

34


Physical structure

Invertebrate community

Water chemistry

Invasive plants

36


• Do invasive plants affect the behavior of adult frogs?

37

Adult behavior

• Adult behavior arenas

• Stem density mimicking natural setting

• Acclimation 15 minutes

• 15 minute trial

• Rest

• Repeat with all plants

38

Hypothesis 3 results

Lithobates clamitans

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37

Individual Lithobates clamitans

To

tal

tim

e m

ovi

ng

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

T

P

N

39



0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37


Lo

ng

est

ind

ivid

ual

mo

vem

ent

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

P

T

N

40



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37


Nu

mb

er o

f m

ove

men

ts

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

P

T

N

41



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37


Nu

mb

er o

f "h

ang

-up

s"

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

P

T

N

42


Lithobates catesbeianus

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

Individual Lithobates catesbieanus

To

tal

tim

e m

ovi

ng

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

T

P

N

43



0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

Individual Lithobates catesbeianus

Lo

ng

est

ind

ivid

ual

mo

vem

ent

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

T

P

N

44



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39


Nu

mb

er o

f m

ove

men

ts

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

T

P

N

45



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39


Nu

mb

er o

f "h

ang

-up

s"

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

T

P

N

46

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37


To

tal

dis

tan

ce

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

P

T

N

47

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39


To

tal

dis

tan

ce

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

T

N

P

48

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37


Dis

tan

ce f

rom

sta

rt

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

PN

T

49

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39


Dis

tan

ce f

rom

sta

rt

Typha angustifolia


Non-invaded

T

NP

50

Highlights

• More movements in non-invaded wetlands

• More time moving in non-invaded wetlands

• More hang-ups in invaded wetlands

51

Summary of results

• Water chemistry different in invaded wetlands

• Generally higher growth and survival in non-invaded wetlands

• Differences in movement in invaded wetlands

52

Future research

• Compare other invasive plants

• Invertebrate community effects

• Comparison with native relatives?

53

Acknowledgements

• Advisors- Oscar Rocha, Mark Kershner

• Committee- Ferenc de Szalay, Marilyn Norconk, Allison Smith

• Funding- Graduate Student Senate, Kent Environmental Council, Ohio Biological Survey, Ohio Native Plant Society, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles

Updated Seminar

Technology

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