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Transcript of Updated 10-29-01(c) Tim Bass1 Matter and Energy in the Ecosystem Environmental Science Chapter 4 Mr....
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 1
Matter and Energy in the Ecosystem
Environmental Science
Chapter 4
Mr. Bass
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 2
Matter and Energy in the Ecosystem 4.1 Roles of Living Things 4.2 Ecosystem Structure 4.3 Energy in the Ecosystem 4.4 Cycles of Matter
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 3
4.1 Roles of Living Things
Objectives Energy in the Ecosystem Food Consumption Feeding Levels of Organisms 4.1 Section Review
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 4
Objectives: SWBAT
describe the process of photosynthesis in terms of a chemical reaction.
identify the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers.
explain the concept of the trophic level.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 5
A. Energy in the ecosystem.
We will describe this in section 4.3 Almost all energy comes from the sun. Only the energy converted to glucose is
available for use. There is a limit to the amount of energy that
can be absorbed and transferred to an ecosystem.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 6
B. Food Consumption
Producers Consumers
• Herbivores• Carnivores• Omnivores• Scavengers
Decomposers
•Consumers
•Primary
•Secondary
•Tertiary
•Autotrophs
•Heterotrophs
•Level 1
•Level 2
•Level 3
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 7
Producers Producers: Organisms that make their own food
from inorganic molecules and energy.• Plants and diatoms (plankton) are the most important
producers.
• All producers form energy through the Photosynthesis Reaction.
Photosynthesis: the production of energy from light, water and carbon dioxide.
Chlorophyll: Green chemical that captures energy from the sun.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 8
Photosynthesis Reaction
Reactants:
Light + Water + Carbon Dioxide -->
Products:
Glucose + Water + Oxygen
12 H2O + 6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 9
Respiration
The opposite of photosynthesis• Plants and animals both use respiration.
• Photosynthesis:• Light + 6 CO2 + 12 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
• Respiration:• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O --> 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
• Respiration is how plants and animals use the energy stored in glucose.
• In a cell this occurs in the mitochondria.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 10
Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy Cycle
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 11
Consumers
Consumers: Organisms that cannot make their own food.• Primary Consumer: Eats producers.• Secondary Consumer: Eats Primary Consumer
(may also eat producers).• Tertiary Consumer: Eats secondary consumer
(may also eat primary consumers and/or producers).
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 12
Consumer Overview:
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 13
Consumers
Herbivores: only eat plants.• Primary Consumers• Examples: Elk, Cow, Insects, Birds, Buffalo,
Antelope Carnivores: only eat meat (Insects are treated
as meat).• Can be secondary, or tertiary consumers depending
on what they eat.• Examples: Lions, snakes, hawks, spiders.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 14
Consumers
• Omnivores: eat either plants or meat.• Can be Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary Consumers
depending on what they eat.
• Examples: Humans, Bears, Chimpanzees
• Scavengers: do not hunt live prey, instead they eat bodies of dead organisms.
• Can be Secondary, or Tertiary Consumers
• Examples: Vultures, hyenas, many insects.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 15
Decomposers
Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi that consume the bodies of dead organisms.• Includes the breakdown of plants as well as bodies of
animals.
• Decompose the organic matter in animal waste.
• Decomposers take complex organic material and return them to simple inorganic materials.
• inorganic materials are returned to the soil.
• As plants use the nutrients to grow, the cycle of matter through the ecosystem begins again.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 16
Feeding Levels of Organisms.Trophic Level Troph: to feed or nourish. Trophic Level: A layer in the structure of
feeding relationships in an ecosystem.• Different ecosystems have different numbers of
tropic levels. Usually there are 3-5 tropic levels.
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
54321
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 17
Basic feeding levels
• Autotrophs: Make their own food.• All of these are producers.
• This is always in the first trophic level.
• Heterotrophs: Obtain their energy by eating other organisms.
• These are always above the first trophic level.
54321
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
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Trophic Levels: Feeding Levels of Organisms
Trophic Level 1
Trophic Level 2
Level 3
4
Consumers
Producer
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Compare & Contrast
Producer Producer 1
Primary Herbivore 2
Secondary 3
Tertiary
Heterotrophs
4Omnivore
Carnivore
Scavengers
Decomposers
Autotroph
Decomposers
Consume
rs
Next Screen
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 20
4.1 Section Review
Give an example of a (tiger, bear, vulture) being primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
What is the relationship between the largest trophic level and the levels below it?
Another name for consumer? What are the two types of organisms that
consume the bodies of dead organisms? What is another name for producer?
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 21
4.1 Section Review
What chemical process do all producers have in common?
Decomposers not only eat dead organisms, but also ____________.
What is the opposite of photosynthesis? What role do decomposers fill in the
recycling of matter in nature?
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 22
4.2 Ecosystem Structure
Objectives Food Chain Food Web Diversity and Stability Biological Magnification
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 23
Objectives SWBAT
describe food chains and food webs. examine how ecosystem structure is related
to population changes and the transfer of pollutants.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 24
Food Chain
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 25
Food Chain
Food Chain: a series of different organisms that transfer food between the trophic levels of an ecosystem.• Is viewed as cyclical.
• All food chains begin with producers.
• The next level is usually herbivores.
• The upper levels are usually carnivores and omnivores.
• Decomposers operate at all the levels of the food chain.
• The food chain is a simplistic look at the food relationships in an ecosystem.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 26
Food Chain Example
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 27
Food Chain Example
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Food Web
Food Web: a network of food chains representing the feeding relationships among the organisms.• Includes all the food chains in an ecosystem.• Shows the interaction between various organisms
in an ecosystem.• Demonstrates how a change in one population
can effect many other populations.• Especially true when a consumer is removed.
• Krill and Baleen whales in Antarctica (Figure 4.6, pg 58)
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 29
Food Web Example
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Interrelationships
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Connections to Consumers
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Food Chain and Web Review
Which is the most complex? Which is the least realistic? Which is an accurate predictor of the effects
of the extinction of a species? Which is cyclical in nature?
Next Screen
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 33
Biological Magnification
Biological Magnification: increasing concentration of a pollutant in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food web.• Example of eagles and DDT (Dateline 1972, pg
59)• Many pollutants (toxins) can be concentrated in
this way, especially heavy metals• Show how pollutants taken in by a few
organisms can affect the whole food web.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 34
Biological Magnification
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 35
Concentration of DDT in A Long Island Marsh sprayed for Mosquito Control
1967 ppm
Water .00005
Plankton .04
Silverside Minnow .23
Sheephead Minnow
.94
Pickerel 1.23
Needlefish 2.07
Heron 3.57
Tern 3.91
Osprey 13.8
Merganser 22.8
Cormorant 26.4
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 36
Biological Magnification
DDT Concentrations
.025 %
.125 %
.625 %
3.125 %
This is an example of a 5X multiplier!
Next Screen
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 37
Biological Magnification
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 38
Diversity and Stability
Stability: the ability of an ecosystem to withstand dramatic changes.
Two Major Factors of Stability:• Biodiversity: the variety of species that lives in
an ecosystem.• The greater the biodiversity the greater the stability.
• Number of Trophic Levels.• The more trophic levels the more stable the
ecosystem.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 39
Stability
A food web with more diversity in species (biodiversity) is more stable.• The greater the number of species the greater
the interconnections between species.• The greater the number of connections between
species, the more avenues that individual species have to find alternative ways of finding food.
A food web with more trophic levels is more stable.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 40
Relative Stability
Low
Stability
High
Stability
Trophic Levels
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 41
Stability
Stability can help an ecosystem recover faster from natural or human-caused disasters.• Deciduous forest is an example of a stable
ecosystem.• Forests tend to recover quickly from disasters.
• A tundra food web is an example of a fragile ecosystem.
• A small disturbance can have long-lasting effects.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 42
4.2 Section Review
What is the most accurate way of portraying feeding relationships in an ecosystem?
What type of organisms is always contained in the beginning portion of the food chain?
What are the two major factors of stability? As biodiversity increases what happens to
the amount of interconnection between species?
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 43
4.2 Section Review
Which system will have the greatest stability?• Rainforest• Dessert
What does biodiversity mean? When comparing two systems, one with
three trophic levels and one with five trophic levels, which is the most stable?
What does stability mean in an ecosystem?
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 44
4.3 Energy in the Ecosystem
Objectives Energy and Food Ecological Pyramids 4.3 Section Review
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 45
Objectives SWBAT
investigate the movement of energy through an ecosystem.
define ecological pyramid. explain the relationship between the
ecological pyramid and energy in an ecosystem.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 46
Energy in Ecosystems
Source of all energy is the sun. Source of biological energy is glucose
formed through photosynthesis
Sun < .001 % of Sun’s Energy(Electromagnetic Spectrum) Earth
Of the energy that reaches the Earth, < 1% is absorbed by plantsSun
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 47
Energy in Ecosystems
The theme of this section is that energy is lost at every level of an ecosystem.
Of the energy the plant receives only 30% is converted to glucose Glucose
Producers: 100% of energy captured from the sun.
Portion not eaten: 50%
Portion eaten: 50%
Not Digested: 20%
Decomposers
Digested by Consumer: 30 %
Energy Lost: 20 %
Growth:
10 %
Glucose
Next Screen
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 48
Energy in Ecosystems
Biomass: The total mass of all organisms in a trophic level.• This was first created when satellites were first
used.
Ecological Pyramids: Shows the relative amounts in different trophic levels.
Rule of 10: Each level of a trophic system is 1/10th of the preceding level.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 49
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
Next ScreenEcological Pyramid: Biomass
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 50
Ecological Pyramid: Biomass
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 51
Ecological Pyramid:Numbers
300,000
30,000
3,000
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 52
Ecological Pyramid: Numbers
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 53
Ecological Pyramid
10,000
1,000
100
Energy lost in an ecosystem
Next Screen
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 54
Ecological Pyramid: Energy
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 55
Practical Application: ***** World Hunger ******
15,000 lbsChicken Feed
1,500 lbsChicken
Man 150 lbs Man
150 lbs
1,500 lbs
Chicken Feed
Secondary Consumer
PrimaryConsumer
The impact?? 13,500 lbs additional food available
Next Screen
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 56
4.3 Section Review
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 57
4.4 Cycles of Matter
Objectives Body Composition Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle Section 4.4 Review
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 58
Objectives
describe the chemical composition of the human body.
explain the water cycle, the carbon cycle, phosphorous cycle and the nitrogen cycle.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 59
Chemical Composition of Body
About 96% of the human body is made of four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.• In order for the body to use the elements, they
must be in the proper form.• Nitrogen is a great example.
• about 80% of the atmosphere is nitrogen.
• However, the nitrogen in the air is not suitable for most living organisms.
• A limit of suitable nitrogen limits growth in an ecosystem.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 60
Water Cycle: Surface Water
Evaporation: the movement of water into the atmosphere as it changes from a liquid to a gas.
Precipitation: the formation of rain.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 61
Surface Water Cycle
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Water Cycle: Surface
Evaporation
Precipitation
Water Transport
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 63
Water Cycle: Ground Water
Aquifer: a porous layer of the earth that contains water.
Spring: when an aquifer leaks water to the surface.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 64
Aquifer
AquiferSpring
Water
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 65
Ground Water
Artesian Well: when an aquifer has pressure placed on it and water is forced out of the aquifer.
Geyser: water descends deep into the earth, boils, then is forced to the surface.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 66
Water Cycle: Ground
Seepage: water slowly goes through the layers of the earth until it trapped by a non-porous layer of earth.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 67
Ground Water CycleGeyserSeepage
Artesian
Well
Spring: When an aquifer comes to the surface.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 68
Water Cycle: Plants
Transpiration: the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.
Capillary Action: the transport of a liquid due to the attraction between the liquid and the sides of the tube.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 69
Water Cycle: Plants
Capillary Action
Transpiration
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Carbon Cycle: Miscellaneous
Photosynthesis & Respiration: An important part of the Carbon Cycle.
Anhydrous Acid: A compound which becomes an acid in the presence of water.• CO2 becomes a mild acid in the presence of water.
Methane: the simplest organic compound (CH4). A product of decomposition.
Volcanoes: produce huge amounts of CO2 while erupting.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 71
Carbon Cycle: Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels: Fuels composed of decomposed living matter (organic).• Coal• Oil• Natural Gas
When burned fossil fuels form water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Fossil Fuels + O2 H2O + CO2
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 72
Carbon Cycle: From Minerals
Certain Minerals produce Carbon Dioxide (CO2) naturally.
• Limestone• Dolomite
Plants need certain materials to grow, the element most often missing is nitrogen.• Plants can not use nitrogen from the air.• Nitrates are manufactured as fertilizers.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 73
Carbon Cycle Diagram
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 74
Animals in the Carbon Cycle
Ingestion:
Urination
Respiration
Plants: Photosynthesis
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 75
Carbon Cycle: Handout
Methane
Decomposers
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 76
Carbon Cycle: Animals
Methane
Decomposers
Respiration
Ingestion
Photosynthesis
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 77
Nitrogen Cycle
All nitrogen originally came from the air.• 78% of air is N2 (pure nitrogen).
Most nitrogen is stored in organic materials.• Stored as proteins.
Plants cannot use the nitrogen in the air (N2)
• Plants can only use nitrogen (generally) when it is in the form of:
• Nitrates (NO3-1)
• Nitrites (NO2-1)
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 78
Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Fixing Nitrogen Fixing: To combine nitrogen.
• Lightning: Whenever there is lightning nitrates (NO3
-1) are formed.
• Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria: A type of bacteria that forms ammonia (NH3) from pure nitrogen (N2). 3 H2 + 2 N2 ---> 2 NH3
• Legumes: A type of plant that has colonies of nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots. Most beans and peas are legumes along with some woody plants.
Decomposers: a by-product of decomposition is ammonia (NH3).
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 79
Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrogen
Fixing Denitrifying
Bacteria
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 80
Nitrogen Cycle: Denitrifying
Denitrifying: to change ammonia (NH3) to nitrogen (N2).
• Denitrifying Bacteria: changes ammonia in the ground to nitrogen gas.
Nitrification Bacteria: changes ammonia (NH3) to nitrates (NO3
-1) and nitrites (NO2-1).
• Plants use nitrates and nitrites to form proteins.
• Animals eat proteins and urinate ammonia (NH3).
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 81
Nitrogen Cycle: Atmosphere
Lightning Fixes Nitrogen to form ammonia
NH3
Denitrifying Bacteria
Denitrifying Bacteria changes ammonia to Nitrogen (N2)
N2
Next Slide
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 82
Nitrogen Cycle:Plants and Mammals Assimilation: plant roots and algae absorb
nitrate and ammonia incorporate the nitrogen into proteins and nucleic acids.
Ammonification: conversion of biological nitrogen compounds into ammonia. • Sources include:
• waste products urea (in urine)
• uric acid (from birds)
• ammonia from decomposing organisms
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 83
Nitrogen Cycle Handout
Nitrogen Fixing
BacteriaLegumesDecomposers
Nitrification
Bacteria
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 84
Nitrogen Cycle:Animal-Plant Cycle
Nitrification
BacteriaNitrates (NO3
-1)
Nitrites (NO2-1)
Plants use nitrates to form proteinsAnimals eat proteins
and urinate ammonia
NH3
Nitrification Bacteria takes ammonia and produce nitrates and nitrites
Decomposers
Next Slide
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 85
Nitrogen Cycle Diagram
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 86
Nitrogen Cycle Handout
Urine
Proteins
Animals
Fertilizers
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 87
Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous is necessary for all life.
• Phosphorous is another element that plants need to grow.
• Phosphorous is the typically the second most needed mineral for plants (after nitrates and nitrites).
Unlike nitrogen, phosphorous is not found in the atmosphere.• Herbivores get phosphorous by eating plants.• Carnivores get phosphorous by eating herbivores.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 88
Forms of Phosphorous
Phosphorous: Three Forms:• Element: P
• Inorganic Phosphate: PO4-3
• Organic Phosphorous: Water soluble
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 89
Sources of Phosphorous
Guano (fecal material) Phosphate detergents Human waste Fertilizer Industrial wastes Phosphate mining
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 90
Sources of Phosphorous
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 91
Phosphorous Cycle: Handout
Guano
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 92
Phosphorous Cycle
Most phosphorous is stored in the bottom of lakes and oceans.
Marine protozoa's are the main source of phosphate in rocks.
Soils can only contain a limited amount of phosphates.
Shown to be an important factor for Eutrophication.• Eutrophication: The filling in of bodies of water
with sediment and mud over time.
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 93
Phosphorous Cycle: Diagram
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 94
Phosphorous Cycle: Diagram2
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Phosphorous Cycle: Diagram 3
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 96
Phosphorous Cycle: Handout
Erosion
Phosphate Rocks
Phosphate
Mining
Fertilizer
ManureSoil Phosphates
Animals
Crops
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 97
Phosphorous Cycle: HandoutDissolved Phosphates
AlgaeMarine Sediments
Excretion and Decomposition
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 98
Phosphorous Cycle Handout
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 99
Chemical Riddle
Cycle me, cycle me, you know whereInto the oceans and through the airAnd if you don't cycle me in the right placeI'll weed up your rivers and eutroph your lakes
What element am I?
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 100
Sulfur Cycle
Major Components• Assimilative reduction
• Release of -SH
• Oxidation of H2S
• Dissimilative reduction
• Anerobic oxidation
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 101
Sulfur Cycle
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 102
Section 4.4 Review
Updated 10-29-01 (c) Tim Bass 103
Matter and Energy in the Ecosystem 4.1 Roles of Living Things 4.2 Ecosystem Structure 4.3 Energy in the Ecosystem 4.4 Cycles of Matter