Destructive and Non-destructive Tests of Bamboo Oriented ...
Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of...
Transcript of Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of...
![Page 1: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
Up in smoke … destructive interference Harvey Liszt
ALMA & NRAO, CHARLOTTESVILLE
![Page 2: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
Destructive & Disruptive Interference Harvey Liszt
ALMA & NRAO, CHARLOTTESVILLE
![Page 3: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
An emerging issue • Radio systems for voice/data were not
generally of concern, even when they have stronger emissions
• A cell phone emits more power than a car radar
• Radiolocation and radionavigation systems (radar) are of such concern – They typically use much higher power – Some w/ low power operate at high frequency,
perhaps in proximity to the telescope
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 4: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
An emerging issue • Radio systems for voice/data were not
generally of concern, even when they have stronger emissions
• A cell phone emits more power than a car radar
• Radiolocation and radionavigation systems (radar) are of such concern – They typically use much higher power – Some w/ low power operate at high frequency,
perhaps in proximity to the telescope
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 5: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The basics • As summarized in ITU-R Report RA.2188
it takes ~ 5-35 mW input power to burn out a modern RAS receiver – 1 V across 50 ohm, what could be simpler? – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same
• There’s much we don’t know but it seems to happen quickly, depends only on wattage – Some tests done for defense in 1980’s – The most sensitive devices had more problems
at high signal levels, development was stopped
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 6: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The basics • As summarized in ITU-R Report RA.2188
it takes ~ 5-35 mW input power to burn out a modern RAS receiver – 1 V across 50 ohm, what could be simpler? – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same
• There’s much we don’t know but it seems to happen quickly, depends only on wattage – Some tests done for defense in 1980’s – The most sensitive devices had more problems
at high signal levels, development was stopped
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 7: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The basics RA. 2188 • Destructive mW for transistor amplifiers
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 8: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The basics RA. 2188 • Destructive mW for transistor amplifiers
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 9: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The basics RA. 2188 • Destructive mW for transistor amplifiers
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 10: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The basics RA. 2188 • Destructive mW for transistor amplifiers
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 11: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The basics RA. 2188 • Destructive mW for transistor amplifiers
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 12: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Something of a surprise • The authors of RA. 2188 originally thought
transistor amplifiers were more resistant
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 13: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Orbiting EESS(active) SAR All SAR capable of damaging receivers on
25m – 100m telescopes
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 14: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
https://www.sfcgonline.org!
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 15: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
https://www.sfcgonline.org!
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 16: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
https://www.sfcgonline.org!
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 17: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
https://www.sfcgonline.org!
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 18: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
https://www.sfcgonline.org!
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 19: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Coda Lesser but permanent damage can be inflicted
by substantially lower input power but quantifying this is impractical
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 20: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Why higher frequency is worse for terrestrial interferers
Cell phones radiate more power than car radars by far (factor 10) but cell phone emission is
isotropic and has low flux
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
MM-wave portable devices emit less power but have narrow beams and higher eirp
It is much easier to focus all the transmitted power onto the surface of an RAS dish
or a stray sidelobe
![Page 21: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
How near can car radar be allowed?
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 22: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How near can car radar be allowed?
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 23: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How near can car radar be allowed?
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 24: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How near can car radar be allowed?
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
![Page 25: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
For 76 GHz radar HPBW = 6o = 0.1 radian So an antenna fills the radar beam at
distance = 10 antenna diameters
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can car radar be allowed?
For 100m telescope, 1 km For 30m telescope, 300 m
For ALMA, 120m
![Page 26: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Detectors will not work properly in the presence of high signal levels
This is what caused DARPA to stop developing the most sensitive amplifiers
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can car radar be allowed?-II
![Page 27: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Detectors will not work properly in the presence of high signal levels
This is what caused DARPA to stop developing the most sensitive amplifiers
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can car radar be allowed?-II
SiS junctions suffer 1% gain compression at input power of 0.2 nW (ALMA memo 401) and
subtle intermodulation products at 0.1 nW according to NRAO
![Page 28: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can car radar be allowed?-II
SiS junctions suffer 1% gain compression at input power of 0.2 nW (ALMA memo 401) and
subtle intermodulation products at 0.1 nW according to NRAO
A car radar with eirp = 55 (33) dBm, received with 0 dBi gain will produce an input power of
0.1 nW at a distance of 560 (45) m
![Page 29: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? How does 0.1nW = 10-10 W compare with the
receiver noise power? kTB = 1.6x10-23 * 15 * 16x109 = 4x10-12 W
![Page 30: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? How does 0.1nW = 10-10 W compare with the
receiver noise power? kTB = 1.6x10-23 * 15 * 16x109 = 4x10-12 W
Only factor 25 difference
![Page 31: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can car radar be allowed?-II Conclusion: car radars begin to disrupt radio
astronomy receivers at the same distances where they could destroy them
![Page 32: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? Corollary: The cross-section for disruption by an orbiting SAR is much larger than suggested
by the size of the RAS primary beam
![Page 33: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? Corollary: The cross-section for disruption by an orbiting SAR is much larger than suggested
by the size of the RAS primary beam
Orbiting radars can put 1 W across a dish
![Page 34: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? Corollary: The cross-section for disruption by an orbiting SAR is much larger than suggested
by the size of the RAS primary beam
Orbiting radars can put 1 W across a dish
The ratio between 1 W and 0.1 nW is much greater than any antenna gain in the problem
![Page 35: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? Corollary: The cross-section for disruption by an orbiting SAR is much larger than suggested
by the size of the RAS primary beam
Orbiting radars can put 1 W across a dish
The ratio between 1 W and 0.1 nW is much greater than any antenna gain
Our receivers are functioning in a disruptive environment with continuous jamming
![Page 36: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? Corollary: The cross-section for disruption by an orbiting SAR is much larger than suggested
by the size of the RAS primary beam
Orbiting radars can put 1 W across a dish
The ratio between 1 W and 0.1 nW is much greater than any antenna gain
Our receivers are functioning in a battle-field environment with continual disruption
![Page 37: Up in smoke … destructive interference · • Radio systems for voice/data were not generally of concern, even when they have ... – SiS junction or transistor amplifier ~ same](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042420/5f37970ea553480292178463/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Harvey Liszt IUCAF SMSS Santiago April 2014
How near can any radar be allowed? Corollary: The cross-section for disruption by an orbiting SAR is much larger than suggested
by the size of the RAS primary beam
Orbiting radars can put 1 W across a dish
The ratio between 1 W and 0.1 nW is much greater than any antenna gain
Created by “friendly fire” from other science services