Baroque ArchitectureBaroque Architecture

UOB- Department of Architecture and Interior DesignARCG221- HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE II Dr. Abdurrahman Mohamed Dr. Abdurrahman Mohamed

Definition Definition

Baroque architecture describes the style developed Baroque architecture describes the style developed out from the late renaissance mannerism by the turn out from the late renaissance mannerism by the turn of the 16th century in Italy and diffused later on into of the 16th century in Italy and diffused later on into other parts of Europe. other parts of Europe.

While renaissance architecture flourished with the While renaissance architecture flourished with the support of wealthy families, Baroque came as a support of wealthy families, Baroque came as a counter reform movement supported by the Catholic counter reform movement supported by the Catholic Church. Church.

It developed the humanist mannerist style into It developed the humanist mannerist style into rhetorical and theatrical expressions reflecting the rhetorical and theatrical expressions reflecting the control of the Catholic Church and absolute state.control of the Catholic Church and absolute state.

Baroque architecture developed more emotional Baroque architecture developed more emotional contents while at the same time expressed the wealth contents while at the same time expressed the wealth and power of the Church.and power of the Church.

The start and the main The start and the main architects architects

It is believed that its roots started with Michelangelo It is believed that its roots started with Michelangelo in his design for Saint Peter‟s Basilica. in his design for Saint Peter‟s Basilica.

GiacomoGiacomo Della Della PortaPorta followed the same path in his followed the same path in his design for the façade of the Il design for the façade of the Il GesuGesu Church. Church.

Carlo Carlo MadernoMaderno then followed in his design for the then followed in his design for the façade of the Santa Susanna Church which is façade of the Santa Susanna Church which is considered the most important building in the considered the most important building in the development of Baroque. development of Baroque.

Other architects greatly influenced the development of Other architects greatly influenced the development of the Baroque style are the Baroque style are GianGian Lorenzo Bernini, Francesco Lorenzo Bernini, Francesco Borromini and the painter Borromini and the painter PietroPietro dada CortonaCortona..

Characteristics of Baroque Characteristics of Baroque architecture architecture

Space is independent and extends outwards in a tendency to Space is independent and extends outwards in a tendency to control larger areas. control larger areas.

Wide use of ornaments Wide use of ornaments LargeLarge--scale ceiling frescoes.scale ceiling frescoes. Great emphasis on details and the use of color, light and Great emphasis on details and the use of color, light and

shade, sculptural values and intense incorporation of arts.shade, sculptural values and intense incorporation of arts. External facades are characterized by a central projection. External facades are characterized by a central projection. Interior spaces are used for painting and sculpture.Interior spaces are used for painting and sculpture. The use of illusory effects through the use of painting and The use of illusory effects through the use of painting and

sculpture.sculpture. In contrast to renaissance building which can be easily and In contrast to renaissance building which can be easily and

quickly understood and perceived, baroque buildings are quickly understood and perceived, baroque buildings are huge and complicated with great concentration on the huge and complicated with great concentration on the reflection of power and supremacy.reflection of power and supremacy.

The use of columns, domes, towers and oval windows Use of The use of columns, domes, towers and oval windows Use of columns, domes, towers and oval windows columns, domes, towers and oval windows

IL IL GesuGesu Church, Rome, 1568 by Vignola Church, Rome, 1568 by Vignola and then by and then by GiacomoGiacomo Della Della PortaPorta

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-il-gesu

Plan of Il Plan of Il GesuGesu

interior of Il interior of Il GesuGesu

Features of Il GesuFeatures of Il Gesu

The work started by Vignola in 1568The work started by Vignola in 1568 The plan has short transept arms and thin choir then a The plan has short transept arms and thin choir then a

semicircular apse. The nave is very wide with narrow square semicircular apse. The nave is very wide with narrow square chapels on both sides. The plan conveys the simplicity and chapels on both sides. The plan conveys the simplicity and clarity of late renaissance.clarity of late renaissance.

In 1571, Vignola died and In 1571, Vignola died and GiacomoGiacomo delladella Porta'sPorta's became the became the principal architect and designed the façade of the churchprincipal architect and designed the façade of the church

Della Della Porta'sPorta's façade expresses harmony and seriousness façade expresses harmony and seriousness that fulfil the goal of the Counterthat fulfil the goal of the Counter--Reformation to assert the Reformation to assert the authority and majesty of the Catholic Church. authority and majesty of the Catholic Church.

The façade is divided into two parts. The lower part is The façade is divided into two parts. The lower part is evocative of Palladian architecture. Its columns and evocative of Palladian architecture. Its columns and pilasters refer to the harmonious lines of Greek and Roman pilasters refer to the harmonious lines of Greek and Roman temples. temples.

The upper part has scrollThe upper part has scroll--shaped buttresses on each side.shaped buttresses on each side. This design of the façade provided the base for the This design of the façade provided the base for the

development into the baroque styledevelopment into the baroque style

Santa Susanna Church, Rome, 1593Santa Susanna Church, Rome, 1593--1603, 1603, Carlo Carlo MadernoMaderno

It was commissioned by the Cardinal It was commissioned by the Cardinal GirolamoGirolamo RusticucciRusticucciand it was a turning point in the career of Carlo and it was a turning point in the career of Carlo MadernoMaderno. .

Its façade is similar to that of Il Its façade is similar to that of Il GesuGesu It is covered vertically with niches of sculpture in addition to

pediments and pilasters. The main door itself is inside a niche with two pairs of

Corinthian columns on each side. The centrality of the façade increases towards the center

with the increase of the number of the columns and making separating them the façade. This in addition increased the depth of the center of the façade and greatly emphasized the main door..

The façade is built from marble making it very significant in the surrounding context where all the buildings are built from bricks.

The central massing and the extrusion and condensation of central elements added complexity and dynamics to the structure

The monumental facade of St. Peter's The monumental facade of St. Peter's Basilica, Carlo Basilica, Carlo MadernoMaderno, 1605, 1605-- 16121612

Carlo Maderno added a huge entrance bay with a great Carlo Maderno added a huge entrance bay with a great façade. façade.

The stone façade is 114.69 metres wide and 45.55 The stone façade is 114.69 metres wide and 45.55 metres high metres high

It has a giant order of Corinthian columns and a It has a giant order of Corinthian columns and a central pediment central pediment

A tall attic rises above the pediment with thirteen A tall attic rises above the pediment with thirteen statuesstatues

The façade has some problems in the proportions The façade has some problems in the proportions between its height and width, too much details and between its height and width, too much details and too heavy attic storey. too heavy attic storey.

the façade and the addition to the nave blocked out the façade and the addition to the nave blocked out the view of the dome and made the building without the view of the dome and made the building without vertical feature dimension.vertical feature dimension.

Saint Peter‟s Square, Saint Peter‟s Square, by by GianGian Lorenzo BerniniLorenzo Bernini

Between 1655 and 1667 the famous Between 1655 and 1667 the famous square was created by square was created by GianGian Lorenzo Lorenzo Bernini who divided it into 2 parts, the Bernini who divided it into 2 parts, the closer one to the basilica is a trapezoid closer one to the basilica is a trapezoid which extends outwards into an ellipse which extends outwards into an ellipse with two fountains at both sides and with two fountains at both sides and an Egyptian obelisk at the center. an Egyptian obelisk at the center.

The colonnade was made by a double The colonnade was made by a double layer of columns supporting an layer of columns supporting an entablature of a Tuscan order.entablature of a Tuscan order.

Gian Lorenzo BerniniGian Lorenzo Bernini

Born December 7, 1598 in Naples Born December 7, 1598 in Naples and died November 28, 1680 and died November 28, 1680 (aged(aged 81). He was an important 81). He was an important Baroque sculptor and architect Baroque sculptor and architect and had support of most powerful and had support of most powerful powers in the Roman churchpowers in the Roman church . .

Church of Saint Andrea al Church of Saint Andrea al Quinirale, Rome, 1658Quinirale, Rome, 1658

It is one of the important examples of Baroque architecture. It is one of the important examples of Baroque architecture. Although the longitudinal church plan became the model for Although the longitudinal church plan became the model for

17th century churches, Circular plan continued to be used as 17th century churches, Circular plan continued to be used as this one. Extended arms in the main façade provide a this one. Extended arms in the main façade provide a welcoming approach.welcoming approach.

An oval cylinder enclosed the dome, where large volutes An oval cylinder enclosed the dome, where large volutes transfer the lateral thrust. transfer the lateral thrust.

The main facade has a pedimented frame and a semicircular The main facade has a pedimented frame and a semicircular porch with two Ionic columns at the center to mark the main porch with two Ionic columns at the center to mark the main entrance. entrance.

The heraldic coat of arms of the Pamphili patron lies above The heraldic coat of arms of the Pamphili patron lies above the porch entablature. the porch entablature.

The church has no perpendicular axis but 4 chapels instead.The church has no perpendicular axis but 4 chapels instead. A hidden source of light in the back gives a mystical feeling, A hidden source of light in the back gives a mystical feeling,

an element Bernini used creatively in his sculptural and an element Bernini used creatively in his sculptural and architectural works.architectural works.

Church of Saint Andrea al Church of Saint Andrea al QuiniraleQuinirale

Volutes transfer the lateral thrust of the domeVolutes transfer the lateral thrust of the dome

http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/italy/rome/andreaquirinale/0022.jpghttp://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/italy/rome/andreaquirinale/0022.jpg

Church of Saint Andrea al Church of Saint Andrea al QuiniraleQuinirale

The main The main entrance entrance

Church of Saint Andrea al Church of Saint Andrea al QuiniraleQuinirale

Floor plan:Floor plan:1.1. Main entranceMain entrance2.2. Chapel of Saint Chapel of Saint

Francis XavierFrancis Xavier3.3. Chapel of the Chapel of the

PassionPassion4.4. Chapel Saint Chapel Saint

Stanislas KostkaStanislas Kostka5.5. Chapel of Saint Chapel of Saint

Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola6.6. Main altarMain altar7.7. Entrance to Entrance to

novitiate and novitiate and access to the rooms access to the rooms of Saint Stanislas of Saint Stanislas Kostka Kostka

Church of Saint Andrea al Church of Saint Andrea al QuiniraleQuinirale

Hidden light Hidden light sourcesource

Church of Saint Andrea al Church of Saint Andrea al QuiniraleQuinirale

Main Main elevationelevation

Francesco Borromini (1599 –1667)

An architect from Ticino, Italy, An architect from Ticino, Italy, who had a leading role in the who had a leading role in the emergence of the Baroque emergence of the Baroque style. style.

He was a student of He was a student of Michelangelo.Michelangelo.

He developed his own creative He developed his own creative methods in design and methods in design and building using the building using the manipulation of classical manipulation of classical architecture. architecture.

His work was characterized by His work was characterized by individuality and had less individuality and had less spread than the work of spread than the work of Bernini. Bernini.

http://romafelix.com/scarlino.htmhttp://romafelix.com/scarlino.htm

The church of San Carlo alle The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (San Carlino)Quattro Fontane (San Carlino)--16341634--1667, Rome1667, Rome

External facadeExternal facade

The church has a concaveThe church has a concave--convex facade which convex facade which undulates in a nonundulates in a non--classic way. classic way.

Tall Corinthian columns stand on plinths and bear the Tall Corinthian columns stand on plinths and bear the main entablatures and between them, smaller main entablatures and between them, smaller columns with their entablatures weave behind and columns with their entablatures weave behind and frame niches, windows, a and sculptures.frame niches, windows, a and sculptures.

Another row of columns support the upper Another row of columns support the upper entablature and the oval framed medallion held by entablature and the oval framed medallion held by angels angels

Smaller columns frame the central oval aedicule and Smaller columns frame the central oval aedicule and niches at both sidesniches at both sides

The church of San The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Carlo alle Quattro FontaneFontane

Main Main façade façade

The church of San Carlo alle Quattro The church of San Carlo alle Quattro FontaneFontane

Interior designInterior design

The church has a complex interior. The church has a complex interior.

Vertically, it has three principal parts: the lower order Vertically, it has three principal parts: the lower order at ground level, the transition zone of the pendentives at ground level, the transition zone of the pendentives and the oval coffered dome with its oval lantern.and the oval coffered dome with its oval lantern.

In the lower part of the church, the main altar is on In the lower part of the church, the main altar is on the same longitudinal axis of the main door. the same longitudinal axis of the main door.

Sixteen columns (arranged in groups of four) carry a Sixteen columns (arranged in groups of four) carry a broad and continuous entablature. broad and continuous entablature.

A wavy movement is thus created and enhanced by A wavy movement is thus created and enhanced by the variation in the treatment of the bays between the the variation in the treatment of the bays between the columns with niches, moldings, and doors. columns with niches, moldings, and doors.

The church of San The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Carlo alle Quattro FontaneFontane

Interior of the Interior of the church church

http://romafelix.com/scarlino2.htmhttp://romafelix.com/scarlino2.htm

The church of San Carlo alle Quattro The church of San Carlo alle Quattro FontaneFontane

Coffered Coffered dome with dome with the the pediments pediments and the and the lanternlantern

http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/S_Carlo_Alle_Quattro_Fonta.htmlhttp://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/S_Carlo_Alle_Quattro_Fonta.html

Palazzo Spada galary, Rome, 1632 Palazzo Spada galary, Rome, 1632

The palazzo was originally built in 1540 for The palazzo was originally built in 1540 for Cardinal Girolamo Capodiferro by the Cardinal Girolamo Capodiferro by the architect Bartolomeo Baronino, architect Bartolomeo Baronino,

In 1632, the palazzo was purchased by In 1632, the palazzo was purchased by Cardinal Spada who commissioned Borromini Cardinal Spada who commissioned Borromini to modify it.to modify it.

Borromini created the masterpiece of forced Borromini created the masterpiece of forced perspective optical illusion in the arcaded perspective optical illusion in the arcaded Gallery.Gallery.

Two diminishing rows of columns and a rising Two diminishing rows of columns and a rising floor create the visual illusion of the gallery floor create the visual illusion of the gallery with a lifewith a life--size sculpture at the end of the size sculpture at the end of the vista. vista.

Plan of the palace and galleryPlan of the palace and gallery

plan and section of the Galleryplan and section of the Gallery

Interior of Interior of Palazzo Palazzo SpadaSpada gallerygallery

French Baroque: Versailles palace and garden, Paris, French Baroque: Versailles palace and garden, Paris,

The layout of palace and the garden express the new The layout of palace and the garden express the new baroque conception of space reflecting the tendency baroque conception of space reflecting the tendency to unlimited extension. to unlimited extension.

At the same time it strongly emphasizes the extended At the same time it strongly emphasizes the extended main axis from the king‟s own room at the center of main axis from the king‟s own room at the center of the Chateau.the Chateau.

Although designed by French architects, the palace Although designed by French architects, the palace and the gardens were greatly affected by the Italian and the gardens were greatly affected by the Italian style of architecture and landscape architecture.style of architecture and landscape architecture.

In addition to the vast extension, the gardens In addition to the vast extension, the gardens maintained extraordinary visual effects by using grand maintained extraordinary visual effects by using grand water canals, hundreds of fountains and diversified water canals, hundreds of fountains and diversified plantations.plantations.

Rococo architecture 1650Rococo architecture 1650--17901790

“Rococo” name is originated in the French “Rococo” name is originated in the French words, rocaille and coquille (rock and shell) words, rocaille and coquille (rock and shell) two of the most popular design elements in two of the most popular design elements in the genre.the genre.

It combined the delicacy of French It combined the delicacy of French rocaillerocaillewith Italian with Italian barocco barocco -- Baroque. It is most Baroque. It is most often found in Germany, Austria, Eastern often found in Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, and Russia. While there are many Europe, and Russia. While there are many similarities between the Baroque and the similarities between the Baroque and the Rococo styles, Rococo buildings tend to be Rococo styles, Rococo buildings tend to be softer and more graceful. Colors are pale and softer and more graceful. Colors are pale and curving shapes dominate. curving shapes dominate.

Main features of Rococo Main features of Rococo architecturearchitecture

The extensive use of curves and scrolls The extensive use of curves and scrolls

The use of shells and plants ornaments The use of shells and plants ornaments

Complex patterns Complex patterns

Touchy details Touchy details

Complex, asymmetrical shapes Complex, asymmetrical shapes

Light, pastel colors Light, pastel colors

Space shaped on the expense of structural truthSpace shaped on the expense of structural truth

In contrast to Baroque architecture, Rococo is In contrast to Baroque architecture, Rococo is considered a secular style which did not draw on considered a secular style which did not draw on religious matters in design and ornamentation.religious matters in design and ornamentation.

Rococo architecture was the first style to arise as a Rococo architecture was the first style to arise as a style of primarily residential interior decoration.style of primarily residential interior decoration.

Hôtel Matignon, 1722Hôtel Matignon, 1722--1724, 1724, Paris, by Jean CourtonneParis, by Jean Courtonne

Low rise building with principal rooms Low rise building with principal rooms open to the garden.open to the garden.

White color and pale plaster were used White color and pale plaster were used inside rooms with much concentration inside rooms with much concentration on interior decoration.on interior decoration.

Exterior ornamentation was less and Exterior ornamentation was less and concentrated on natural forms like concentrated on natural forms like shells, flowers, ….etc.shells, flowers, ….etc.

http://academics.triton.edu/faculty/fheitzman/architecturalmethodologyhttp://academics.triton.edu/faculty/fheitzman/architecturalmethodology--C.htmlC.html

http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=15798&with_photo_id=47838437&order=date_desc&user=106454http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=15798&with_photo_id=47838437&order=date_desc&user=106454

Hotel Hotel MatignonMatignon-- main entrance from the courtyard main entrance from the courtyard

https://www.google.com.bh/search?q=h%C3%B4tel+matignon+paris&hl=en&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=RKdXUavzHhttps://www.google.com.bh/search?q=h%C3%B4tel+matignon+paris&hl=en&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=RKdXUavzH--fT4QTK5YDwAw&ved=0CHUQsAQ&biw=1249&bih=548#imgrc=uKGHFQpxO98PGM%3A%3BxGHt9PUfwXgc8M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252FprfT4QTK5YDwAw&ved=0CHUQsAQ&biw=1249&bih=548#imgrc=uKGHFQpxO98PGM%3A%3BxGHt9PUfwXgc8M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fpreviews.agefotostock.com%252Fpreviewimage%252Fbajaage%252F1131501be97fa01d1ebb370c7636de98%252FHMSeviews.agefotostock.com%252Fpreviewimage%252Fbajaage%252F1131501be97fa01d1ebb370c7636de98%252FHMS--HEM242673.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.agefotostock.com%252Fen%252FStockHEM242673.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.agefotostock.com%252Fen%252FStock--Images%252FRightsImages%252FRights--Managed%252FHMSManaged%252FHMS--HEM242673%3B540%3B375HEM242673%3B540%3B375

Hôtel Hôtel MatignonMatignon--InteriorInterior

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Matignon_(salons).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Matignon_(salons).jpg

http://ahttp://a--ll--ancienancien--regime.tumblr.com/post/16753091074/hotelregime.tumblr.com/post/16753091074/hotel--matignonmatignon--parisparis

Amalienburg palace 1734Amalienburg palace 1734--39, 39, Munich, Germany by Francois Munich, Germany by Francois CuvilliesCuvillies

Karl Albrecht built it as a small pleasure palace and Karl Albrecht built it as a small pleasure palace and hunting lodge for his wife.hunting lodge for his wife.

The architect François The architect François CuvilliésCuvilliés designed the designed the architecture and decoration of the palace.architecture and decoration of the palace.

It is considered as one of the most exquisite splendors It is considered as one of the most exquisite splendors in the European Rococo style. in the European Rococo style.

It is a one story building with exterior and sequence of It is a one story building with exterior and sequence of rooms form a master piecerooms form a master piece of rare beauty. of rare beauty.

Its central section is slightly accentuated by a flat Its central section is slightly accentuated by a flat dome with a platform, houses a suite of rooms of dome with a platform, houses a suite of rooms of striking unity. striking unity.

It is considered the first and foremost important It is considered the first and foremost important rococo building in its interior decoration.rococo building in its interior decoration.

Architecture of the Enlightenment Architecture of the Enlightenment 17201720--1800: Rational Architecture1800: Rational Architecture

The beginning of the 18th century witnessed the birth The beginning of the 18th century witnessed the birth of a new movement giving more importance to science of a new movement giving more importance to science and rational thinking calling for lifting the siege and rational thinking calling for lifting the siege imposed on human mind by the state and the church. imposed on human mind by the state and the church.

And by 1784, Immanuel Kant managed to publish his And by 1784, Immanuel Kant managed to publish his influential article: influential article: Answering the Question: What Is Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?Enlightenment? He said: "Mankind's final coming of He said: "Mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error." from an immature state of ignorance and error."

Rational philosophy undermined absolutism of the Rational philosophy undermined absolutism of the state and the church. state and the church.

Respect for this philosophy was a result of the Respect for this philosophy was a result of the successes and popularity of science. successes and popularity of science.

This as well brought dissatisfaction with Baroque and This as well brought dissatisfaction with Baroque and Rococo architecture in many parts of Europe. Rococo architecture in many parts of Europe.

There was a call to return to clear forms and There was a call to return to clear forms and proportional relationships and the revival of Palladian proportional relationships and the revival of Palladian architecture. architecture.

There was a search for pure and There was a search for pure and uncorrupteduncorruptedarchitecture free from the illusion of power and architecture free from the illusion of power and theological mysteries of the church. theological mysteries of the church.

Architecture was called to be freed from superficiality Architecture was called to be freed from superficiality and exaggerating ornamentations inside and outside and exaggerating ornamentations inside and outside and to use clear and pure reflections of the structural and to use clear and pure reflections of the structural elements in buildings and to reflect the efficiency and elements in buildings and to reflect the efficiency and functionality of architecture. functionality of architecture.

The new rationale pushed many architects and The new rationale pushed many architects and builders to seek evidence from the architectural builders to seek evidence from the architectural remains of the Greeks and the Romans around the remains of the Greeks and the Romans around the Mediterranean. Mediterranean.

Enlightenment architectsEnlightenment architectsWilliam Kent, 1685 William Kent, 1685 –– 17481748

He was trained as painter and then He was trained as painter and then became an architect and landscape became an architect and landscape designer. In the 1720s he worked with designer. In the 1720s he worked with Lord Burlington on Chiswick House. Lord Burlington on Chiswick House.

Chiswick House was the first and one Chiswick House was the first and one of the finest examples of neoof the finest examples of neo--Palladian Palladian design in England. design in England.

It was built for art collections of Lord It was built for art collections of Lord Burlington and to provide a place for Burlington and to provide a place for entertainmententertainment

ChiswickChiswick House House planplan

The French architect Claude The French architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1736 Nicolas Ledoux (1736 ––1806)1806)

He was one of the earliest architects of He was one of the earliest architects of French Enlightenment architecture. He French Enlightenment architecture. He also was a utopian town planner. His also was a utopian town planner. His greatest works were funded by the greatest works were funded by the state but most of them were destroyed state but most of them were destroyed after the French revolution. In 1804 he after the French revolution. In 1804 he published his works in a book titled: published his works in a book titled: ""Architecture considered in relation to Architecture considered in relation to art, morals, and legislation.art, morals, and legislation.".".

BarriereBarriere de la de la VilletteVillette, 1784, 1784--17891789

He was commissioned to build a ring of He was commissioned to build a ring of royal tax collection stations around royal tax collection stations around Paris. He made them very simple and Paris. He made them very simple and bold. One of them is bold. One of them is BarriereBarriere de la de la VilletteVillette which consisted of cylinder which consisted of cylinder over a square base. No decoration was over a square base. No decoration was used and the external appearance used and the external appearance evoked the function of the building.evoked the function of the building.

The The PanthéonPanthéon, or Sainte Genevieve Church, 1755, , or Sainte Genevieve Church, 1755, Paris, by Paris, by SoufflotSoufflot

King Louis XV ordered the building of the church in 1744 King Louis XV ordered the building of the church in 1744 after he returned to health from an illness. Jacquesafter he returned to health from an illness. Jacques--Germain Germain Soufflot was the architect and in 1764 the king himself laid Soufflot was the architect and in 1764 the king himself laid the cornerstone for the new building. When the French the cornerstone for the new building. When the French Revolution broke out in the summer of 1789, it was under Revolution broke out in the summer of 1789, it was under construction. It was then transformed to a secular construction. It was then transformed to a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. citizens.

It is an early example of enlightenment architecture, with a It is an early example of enlightenment architecture, with a facade borrowed from the facade of the Pantheon in Rome, facade borrowed from the facade of the Pantheon in Rome, with a dome that resembles the dome of Bramante for with a dome that resembles the dome of Bramante for Tempietto San Pietro in Montorio. It has a Greek cross plan Tempietto San Pietro in Montorio. It has a Greek cross plan with four small domes around the central dome and large with four small domes around the central dome and large windows and internal colonnades. Its structure is very clear windows and internal colonnades. Its structure is very clear and reflecting its actual function without any false masks or and reflecting its actual function without any false masks or coverings with plaster or wood. And for this purpose it coverings with plaster or wood. And for this purpose it combines the post and lintle system with the arch and vault combines the post and lintle system with the arch and vault system. system.

Floor plan of Floor plan of the Pantheonthe Pantheon

Interior Dome Interior Dome of the of the PantheonPantheon

The English garden (English The English garden (English landscape parklandscape park))

Renaissance gardens up to the baroque period Renaissance gardens up to the baroque period envisaged nature as a medium for expressing power envisaged nature as a medium for expressing power and control through the extensive use of geometric and control through the extensive use of geometric patterns that extensively extending in space. This patterns that extensively extending in space. This perception started to be changed in England in the perception started to be changed in England in the 18th century where gardens were established around 18th century where gardens were established around houses to emphasize the natural contour and keeping houses to emphasize the natural contour and keeping natural streams to form irregular ponds and leaving natural streams to form irregular ponds and leaving trees to grow on their primitive nature. trees to grow on their primitive nature.

“Lines were no longer straight, paths curve and “Lines were no longer straight, paths curve and wander, and parterres are replaced by grass. Trees wander, and parterres are replaced by grass. Trees were planted in clusters rather than in straight lines, were planted in clusters rather than in straight lines, and rounded lakes replaced the rectangular ponds of and rounded lakes replaced the rectangular ponds of the earlier style. The garden became open, a park the earlier style. The garden became open, a park joining the house to the outside world rather than a joining the house to the outside world rather than a carefully nurtured refuge from it.”carefully nurtured refuge from it.”

http://www.britainexpress.com/History/englishhttp://www.britainexpress.com/History/english--gardens.htmgardens.htm

The first to bring English garden into a new era during The first to bring English garden into a new era during the 18th century was William Kent especially in his the 18th century was William Kent especially in his design for design for ChiswickChiswick House garden. House garden.

After Kent, the English landscape garden continued to After Kent, the English landscape garden continued to develop by his pupil and sondevelop by his pupil and son--inin--law, Lancelot Brown law, Lancelot Brown and had great effects upon the course of English and had great effects upon the course of English gardening and architectural style.gardening and architectural style.

The new garden design made the English country The new garden design made the English country house a part of the nature around it. house a part of the nature around it.

All formal and straight artificial lines were replaced All formal and straight artificial lines were replaced bay grass parkland, irregular lakes and primitive trees bay grass parkland, irregular lakes and primitive trees and woodlands.and woodlands.

Chiswick House garden, Lord Chiswick House garden, Lord Burlington and William Kent, 1729Burlington and William Kent, 1729--17481748

The gardens at Chiswick House are considered the birthplace The gardens at Chiswick House are considered the birthplace of the English Landscape Movement and the inspiration for of the English Landscape Movement and the inspiration for great gardens all over the world. They have combination of great gardens all over the world. They have combination of grand vistas and hidden pathways, architectural delights and grand vistas and hidden pathways, architectural delights and a dazzling array of flowers, shrubs and rare trees. a dazzling array of flowers, shrubs and rare trees.

It was originally created by Lord Burlington and William It was originally created by Lord Burlington and William Kent in 1729. They replaced the formality of the existing Kent in 1729. They replaced the formality of the existing renaissance garden with a freer, more delicate design. renaissance garden with a freer, more delicate design. „Natural‟ spaces were created, their informality highlighted „Natural‟ spaces were created, their informality highlighted by the careful addition of sculpture and other architectural by the careful addition of sculpture and other architectural details including an Ionic temple and Doric column.details including an Ionic temple and Doric column.

The lawn that slopes gently downwards from Chiswick The lawn that slopes gently downwards from Chiswick House to the artificial river is considered a revolutionary House to the artificial river is considered a revolutionary feature in its day.feature in its day.

Great parkland was opened up and made part of the garden. Great parkland was opened up and made part of the garden. A lacework of meandering paths was introduced to provide A lacework of meandering paths was introduced to provide exciting and attraction.exciting and attraction.

The Exedra at The Exedra at ChiswickChiswick House GardensHouse Gardens

StourheadStourhead house garden, Warminster, house garden, Warminster, England, 1741England, 1741--1780, by Henri Hoare1780, by Henri Hoare

The The Palladian Palladian style house style house at at StourheadStourheadbuilt by built by Nathaniel Nathaniel IresonIreson1720 17241720 1724

The garden is one of The garden is one of the world's best 18ththe world's best 18th--century gardens with century gardens with its piece a magnificent its piece a magnificent lake in the center lake in the center surrounded by classical surrounded by classical temples and exotic temples and exotic trees. The River Stour trees. The River Stour was dammed to form a was dammed to form a great lake. Classical great lake. Classical features were also features were also added, such as the added, such as the Temple of Flora, the Temple of Flora, the Pantheon, the Temple Pantheon, the Temple of Apollo, fake Gothic of Apollo, fake Gothic ruins, obelisk and King ruins, obelisk and King Alferd‟s tower.Alferd‟s tower.

Monument exedra at Monument exedra at StourheadStourhead