Unusual apps: NETRA and CATRA
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Transcript of Unusual apps: NETRA and CATRA
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Health Power to the People
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NETRA: Interactive Display for Estimating Refractive Errors
and Focal RangeVitor Pamplona Ankit Mohan Manuel M. Oliveira Ramesh Raskar
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Millions have poor vision, but are not getting corrected…
Kenya
India
6.5 Billion people
4.5B have a cell phone
2B haverefractive errors
0.6B have URE
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Photography in 1960s
Photo: Illana TamirPhoto: Roboppy
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Today, cameras are everywhere
Photo: Derek K. Miller
Photo: Tyler
Photo: John Kannenberg
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Corneal TopographerWavefront Aberrometer
Phoropter
Optometry Today
Snellen chartTrial set of lenses Lasers
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NETRA: low-cost easy-to-use clip on for cell phones
Do the test at home, by yourself, in 2 minutes
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Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
Expensive; Bulky, Requires trained professionals
Wavefront aberrometer
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Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
Laser
Sensor Microlens Array
Planar Wavefront
Spot Diagram
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Laser
Sensor
Displacement = Local Slope
of the Wavefront
Spot Diagram
Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
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NETRA = Inverse of Shack-Hartmann
Spot Diagram on LCD
Cell Phone Display
Eye Piece
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Spot Diagram on LCD
Inverse of Shack-HartmannUser interactively creates the Spot Diagram
Displace 25 points but 3 parameters
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Spot Diagram on LCD
Inverse of Shack-HartmannUser interactively creates the Spot Diagram
Displace 25 points but 3 parameters
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Human Eye
Human EyeCornea(~40D) Crystalline lens
(10~20D)
Retina
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Human Eye
Human EyeCornea(~40D) Crystalline lens
(10~20D)
RetinaAccommodation
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Infinity
Perfect Vision System
Human Eye
Infinity
Subject can focusat infinity
10cm
Normal Vision
Accommodation Range
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Myopia (nearsightedness)
Infinity
Subject cannot focusat far distances
10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Wrong focal point
Accommodation Range
Infinity
Human Eye
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Myopia Correction
Infinity
Subject can focusat infinity
10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Divergent Lens
Corrected Myopia
Accommodation Range
Infinity
Human Eye
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Hyperopia (farsightedness)
Infinity 10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
Wrong focal point
Accommodation Range
Infinity
Human Eye
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Hyperopia Correction
Infinity
Accommodation Range
10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
Convergent Lens
Corrected Hyperopia
Infinity
Human Eye
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Refractive Errors and Shifted Range
Perfect vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
10cmInfinity
Need to measure
1m 33cm Distance
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Refractive Errors and Shifted Range
Perfect vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
10cmInfinity
-10D0D
Diopter = 1/Distance
-3D-1D
1m 33cm
+1D+3D
Distance
Diopter
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Eye
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Blurred point
Red pointat infinity
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
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Eye
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Distinctimage points
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Pinholes
Red pointat infinity
Scheiner’s Principle
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Eye
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Virtual red pointat infinity
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
A
B
Distinctimage points
Display
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Relaxed Eye with Myopia
A
B
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Virtual red pointat finite distance
Move spots towards each
other
Display
Eye
Distinctimage points
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B
A
Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Display
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Eye
Virtual red pointat finite distance
Move spots towards each
other
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B
A
Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Display
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Eye
Virtual red pointat finite distance
Move spots towards each
other
d
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Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Eye
d
d
1
Point at infinity
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Distinctimage points
Relaxed Eye with Hyperopia
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
A
B
Display
Virtual red pointat infinity
Eye
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Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Hyperopia
Virtual point“beyond” infinity
Move spots away from each other
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Display
A
B
Display
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Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Hyperopia
Virtual point“beyond” infinity
Move spots away from each other
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
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NETRA: Using pinholes
Patterns on an LCD
Pinhole array
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f
Patterns on an LCD
Microlens array
NETRA: Using Lens to Increase Light
tda
fc
2
t
a
Pixel Pitch
Virtual Depth
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia)
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Overview• Inverse of Shack Hartmann Wavefront Sensor• Hi-res displays + interaction
• Measuring Spherical Error• No moving parts, lasers• Blur -> Alignment problem• ~ Lightfield Display for Single Eye
• Astigmatism• Novel Patterns• Focal Range• User Study
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Astigmatism: angle-dependent refractive error
http://www.elizabethpope.co.uk/eyeinfo/astigmatism.html
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Astigmatism: angle-dependent refractive error
http://www.elizabethpope.co.uk/eyeinfo/astigmatism.html
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Astigmatism: angle-dependent refractive error
http://www.elizabethpope.co.uk/eyeinfo/astigmatism.html
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Refractive Power as a Function of Angle
Cylinder SphereAxis Cyl.Unknowns:
SCP )(sin( 2
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Astigmatism
Cross or points may never meet with a 1d search !
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Astigmatism
Lines reduce the problem to a 1d search
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Measuring the Accommodation Range
Perfect vision
~10cmInfinity
Myopia
Hyperopia
Step 1: Far limit Step 2: Near limit
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Measuring the Accommodation Range
Perfect vision
~10cmInfinity
Myopia
Hyperopia
Step 1: Far limit Step 2: Near limit
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Measuring the Accommodation Range
Perfect vision
~10cmInfinity
Myopia
Hyperopia
Step 1: Far limit Step 2: Near limit
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Virtual Point at the far limit
Relaxed Eye
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Accommodated Eye
Virtual pointgetting closer
Move points towards each other
Subject Accommodates to fix the “blur”
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Accommodated Eye
Virtual pointgetting closer
Move points towards each other
Subject Accommodates to fix the “blur”
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Accommodated Eye
Virtual pointgetting closer
Move points towards each other
Subject cannot accommodate more than the previous point
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Patterns for Alignment Task
Displayed
Subject view
Displayed
Subject view
Visual Cryptography
A B A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B A B
[NaorShamir94]
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Patterns for Alignment Task
Displayed
Subject view
Displayed
Subject view
Visual Cryptography
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B A B
A B
[NaorShamir94]
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Summary of Interaction
Farthest Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
Nearest Point(presbyopia)
Accommodation Range
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Phoropter
Snellen chart
Trial lenses
Reading Charts• Accuracy
– Sharpness Estimation is subjective– Brightness affects results– Pupil size variation and DoF
• Cost– Trial Lens Set > $150– Bulky
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Retino scope w/
Lenses
Auto-refracto-
meter
Chart with
Lenses
In-Focus: Focometer Optiopia
Solo-health: EyeSite
NETRA
Technology Shining Light plus lenses
Fundus Camera
Moving lenses + target
Moving lenses + target
Reading chart on monitor
Cellphone + eyepiece
Cost to buy $2,000* ~$10,000 ~$100 ~$495 ~$200 -- $30
Cost per test ~$36 ~$36 ~$5 -- -- -- ~$1
Data capture No Comp. No No No Comp. Phone
Mobility <500g >10Kg 2kg 1kg <5kg >10Kg <100g
Speed Fast Fast Medium Medium -- Fast Fast
Scalability No No No Yes Probably No Yes
Accuracy 0.15 0.15 0.5 0.75 -- -- <0.5
Self evaluation No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Electricity Req No Yes No No -- Yes No
Astigmatism Yes Yes Yes/No No -- Yes Yes
Network No Yes No No No Yes Yes
Training High High High Medium Medium Low Low
* Phoropter-based: $5,000.00
Needs expert, Moving parts, Shining lasers
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Limitations
• Children• Ability to align lines
• Single Eye test– Other eye for convergence-forced accommodation
• Resolution is a function of the display DPI– Samsung Behold II – 160 DPI – 0.35D– Google Nexus One – 250 DPI – 0.2D– Apple iPhone 4G – 326 DPI – 0.14D
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BBC CNN NBC
MIT News
Gizmodo
O Estado de SP - Brazil
NY Times Time - Wellness
Media Coverage
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Confidential 66
NETRA Prototypes Worldwide29 partners in 14 countries.
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Clinical Testing Partners
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NETRA Team at LVPEI, India
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OneSight, Kenya
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Tufts U. (Boston) NETRA vs Manifest Refraction
-5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
-5.00
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Retinoscopy (D)
Net
ra (D
)
13 adults
-7.00 -5.00 -3.00 -1.00 1.00 3.00 5.00 7.00
-7.00
-5.00
-3.00
-1.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
7.00
Retinoscopy (D)
Net
ra (D
)
29 adults
LVPEI (India)NETRA vs Retinoscopy
Validation: Side by Side Trials
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Preventable Blindness
WHO 2004
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Unique, quantitative lens mapping for size and density of eye opacities
CATRA: Cataract Screening Tool
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Testing the Presence of Cataracts
73
Blin
king
patt
erns
on
Scre
en
Cell Phone Display
Pinhole
Lens
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Point Spread Function Mapping
74
Blin
king
patt
erns
on
Scre
en
Cell Phone Display
Pinhole
Lens
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Point Spread Function Mapping
75
Blin
king
patt
erns
on
Scre
en
Cell Phone Display
Pinhole
Lens
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Traditional User Driven
Mass-use Devices Scientific Instruments
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For the Future• Ophtalmology for Masses
– >.5 billion URE. > 2.5 billion RE. -> Devices for all
• Quality of phones (resolution) will increase exponentially
• New features (recently cataracts, next Retinal Netra)
• Smart phones will take over the market in developing world countries like India in next 5 years.
• Hardware store
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EHREHR
DeliveryDeliveryDiagnosticDiagnostic EyecareProvidersEyecare
Providers
New Ecosystem
Asynchronous
Medical IT Systems
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NETRAhttp://eyenetra.com