Untitled Page 002 [manoa.hawaii.edu]manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/book/1988_chap/03.pdf · Azonal Soils...
Transcript of Untitled Page 002 [manoa.hawaii.edu]manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/book/1988_chap/03.pdf · Azonal Soils...
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Explanatory Notes
Authors
Hawai'i's Uniqueness
Island Ecosvstems Lloyd L. ~ o o ~ e
Development of Island Ecosystems through Time Disruption of Island Ecosystem Development Needs for the Future Important References
Uniqueness olHawai'i's Biota Kennet11 Y. Koneslriro
Important References
The Volcanlc Origin of the Hawaiian Islands Clziirtinu Heliker
Characteristics of Hawaiian Volcanoes Historic Eruptions of Mauna Loa and Kilauea The Current Eruption of Kilauea Volcanoes and L~fe Important References
Soils in Hawai'i John R. S m m
Geograph of Soil Types Nature of 6 awaiian Sods
Zonal Soils
Azonal Soils Soil and Watershed Management
Grazing Animals Forestation
Important References
Plant Life
Bogs Montane Mesic Forests and Parkland Subalpine Zone Alpine Zone Dry Leeward Zone
Conclusion Important References
'Ohi'a Dieback and Forest Life Cycles Gram G d h
'Ohi'a Dieback A Rain Forest Life Cycle Implications Important References
Plant Taxonomy in the Hawaiian Islands David H. Loreme, W m L Wugner, and Dend R Herbf
A History of Botany in the Hawaiian Islands Early Explorers Early Resident Botanists Recent Resident Botanists
Publications on Hawaiian Botany Major Problems Recommendations Important References: Herbaria Important References: Literature
Rare Plants and The Federal Endangered Species Act Lani Slemmemann
Federal Status of Hawaiian Plants The Listing Process Cost of Listing
Legal Protection of Endangered Species Research, Mana ement, and Educational Needs
Researc f and MaIXdgement Educational Needs
Important References
Botanic Gardens for Plant Conservation WJlimn L nleobaid
Program Emphases
World and National Groups Involved with Botanic Gardens Hawaiian Efiorts
Botanical Gardens and Zoos Individual Contribntiom
Difficulties Future Em haws Important fnfrirmation Sources Important References
Non-Native Plants C1;fford W: Smith
Imoact of Weeds on Hawaiian Ecosvsterns Formation of Monomic ~ b n d s Chan~ing Fire Characteristics Chaniini Soil-Water Regimes ~himi ing Nutrient Statuli Mutually Beneficial Interaction between Alien Plants and Animals
The Principal Weeds Banana poka Blackber ~roornserze and Fountdin Grass ~hristmds6erry Fire tree Kiku u grass and Molasses grass Koa Kao~e Koster's curse Strawberry guava . - Lantana
Research and Management Needs Prevent Further Introductions Stop Distrirhancc of Ecosystems Weed Control Programs
Recommendations Important Keferences
Alien Plant Management by Biological Control Geo r P Markin
&rent Hawai'i Program for Naturd Areus Disadvantages of Biological Control Advantages of Biolo~ical Control lmporta% References
Animal Life
NativeTerrestriel Invertebrates Wayne C. Gag&
Major Problems Research and Management Necds Recommendations Important References
NOD-Native Inv&ebrales Fmncis G. Howa*rli and Arlhur C. Medeiros
Maior Problems for Natural Area Managers and Educators - Lack of Knowledee - Cultural Biases Pervasiveness and Lack of Control
TopPriority Research and Management Needs and Recommendations
Important References
Nan-Native Land Vertebrates Charles P. Stone
Initial In t r~d~~t ionS by Mun The Second Phase-The Hoofed Mammals The Third Phase-Small Mammals, Birds, and More Ungulates
Black Rats and Mongooses Introduced Birds Ungulates
The Fourth Phase-Continuing Problems Managing Introduced Vertebrates Future Needs and Recommendations important References
Native Birds Churles P. Stone
Status of Native Bird Groups Conservation of Native Hawaiian Bids Today
Ecosystem Approaches Single4 ecies Approaches F Captive ropagation
The Future Important References
Captive Propagation of Birds Ion G. Gipn
Captive Propagation of Birds in Hawai'i Current Proerams and Future Plans in Hawai'i
Biolo ical Diversity and 8pecinl Communities
Biological Divcrsig and Its Loss LIoyd L Loope and Samuel M. Con III
What is [email protected] Diversity? How is Biolog~cal Diversity Described? What Factors Affect Biological Diversity?
Limiting Factors Physical Complexity Biological inleractlons
~onhnis dii
What are Some Major Patterns of World Biologicdl Diversity? 110 Tropical versus Temperate Zone Diversity 110 Island versus Continental Diversity 111
What is Endemism? 112 What Does Endemism Have to Do . . . . -. - . with Loss of Biolo$ical,Diversity? 112 What is the Role o Ext~nct~on ~n the History of Life on Earth? 112 What Has Cau.\ed Mass Extinctions in the Past? 113
~~ -
Asteroid Impact Theory Pleistocene Overkill
What Forces in the World Today Threaten Biolc Hnman Ovemooulaiion - - - ~ra~menta t idn i f Hahitat 1nvas:on of Allen Flantr and Animals Nuclear War ;!nd Nuclear Wlnter . Air Pollution and Climatic Change
How Rapidly are S cies being Lost? Wh is Loss of Bio f= ogical Diversity a Prohlem? As individuals Concerned About the "Biological Can We Avoid Feelings of Futility?
important References
~gical
Diver
Dir
.sit)
renity?
r Crisis,"
Gene Pool Consewation Ham ton L. Carson
#be Natural Population and Its Pool of Genes Polymorphism under Natural Selection Bottlenecks of Po ulation Size A? Genetic Threats to Survival The Gene Pool of~rtificial or Captive Populations Consenring the GencPools of Hawaiian Species Important References
Hawai'l's Wetlands, Streams, Fishponds, and Pools Chmlec P. Stone
Wetlands Polynesian Aquaculture Vegetation Birds of the Wetlands Problems Consenation of Birds
Streams Animal Life Problems Conservation
Anchialine Pools Physical Characteristics Pool Life Conservation
Conclusions Important References
Problems, Planning, and Protection
Controlling the Flow of Kon.Native Species Clifford kt! Smith
Legal Constraints on Importing Bidogial Material Federal State
Problems with the Current Control System Who Are the Principal Culprits in Introductions? Recommendations
Education Re wlations ~nforcernent
Important References
Tourism Joseph Mown
Recent Trends and Numbers The Geography of Tourism Tourism's Impact
Population Changes Economics Geographic Differences in Visitor Impscts
Pros and Cnns of Tourism Pros Cons
The Future of Tourism in Hawai'i Conditions Outside Hawai'i Conditions in Hawai'i
Important References
Biological Databases for Preserve Selection Audrey Newman
What Is A Database? Setting Global Conservation Priorities Pinpointing Preserves Identibing the Imperilled in Hawai'i Preserve Desi and Management Important ~e!e%nccs
Vegctalion Mapping Jwnes D. Jucobi
Some Previous Vegetation Maps for Hawai'i Future Needs Important References
Land Use Planning and Priorities in Hawai'i David L. Cdies
The Land Re latory System in Brief m e Fa t e County Land Use Regulation
Major Issues Regulatory Takings The compensation Issue Conditions on Land Develooment. Permits . . . . . . . . . . . - Preservation of Protected "+'Subzone Lands in the Conservation District Preservation of Coastline and Agricultural Land versus Housing Needs
The Future Important References
protection of Natural Habitats Alan Holt
Habitat Protection in Hawai'i--An Historic Overview Establishing a Protected Natural Area The Importance of Design Assessing Our Progress
State Forest Re.serves and Conservation Districts State Natural Area Reserves, Sanctuaries. and AIaka'i Wilderness Preserve
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii The National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
The Next Step Important References
Conservation Education
Perspextives on Environmental Education in Hawai'i Lorin T Gill
Conservation Education in Hawai'i: Histoq, f mblems, and Needs Wagae C. Gap6 and Lorin T Gill
Environmental Education: Recent History What Are Major Problems? What Research and Management Needs Are Top Priority? Recommendations Important References
Conservation Education: Techniques and Targets Charles P. Stone and Gnry E. Machlis 184
What Is Conservation Education? 184 Who Should Be the Tareets of Conservation Education? 185
~ ~
What Are Some ~echniques of Conservation Education? 186 What Are the Messages of Comervation Education? 186 How Do We Evaluate Conservation Education? 187 Thoughts for the Future Important References
What Do Classroom Teachers Need to Teach Conservation Education in Hawai'i? Edna L. Demunc/w
What Do Teachers of Conservation Need? Technical Knowledge Instructional Skills Recognition and Support
Somc Important Resources Important References for Curriculum Development Some Field Guides for Hawai'i
Using the Public Media for Conservation Education
Jan TenBru~encare
Values and Ethics
Hawaiian Conservation Values and Practices Cltarlcs Kekuewa Pe'upe'n M a k d u Bunows
Prehistoric Hawaiian Conservation Values and Concepts Mana'o'ib (Faith. Res ect for Nature) Kapu and Nou (sacrefand Profane) 'ike (Knowledge) 'Aina (The Living Earth) Lokdti (Unity, Balance, Harmony) Malamu (Caring)
Early Hawaiian Impact on the Environment Conservation Biology and Post-Contact Influences Contemporary Hawaiian Organizations and Conservation Education Concerns
Protect Kaho'olawe 'Ohana Office of Hawaiian Affairs and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate Alu Like Halau Hula Groups
Recommendations Important References
Outdoor Ethics in America Gary E. Macltlis
What Are Ethics? The Roots of American Ethics What Are Outdoor Recreation Ethics? Toward A Future Ethic Conclusion Important References
Humanity's Responsibility lor Future Life Jim Dalor