POLITICAL SCIENCE - SUPPORT MATERIAL

CLASS - XII

2014

TEAM MEMBERS

Dr. O.S. Dhaka Principal : Group Leader SV FU Block Pitam Pura

Ms. Renu Kashyap (Lecturer : Member) RPVV Kishan Ganj

Ms. Nishi Prabha (Lecturer : Member) RPVV Nand Nagri

Mr. Subodh Kumar (Lecturer : Member) S Co Ed Vidyalaya Kailash Enclave

DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER

Subject : Political Science Mar. Marks : 100

Class - XII

1. Weightage to form of questions

Form of Question No of Marks of Total Estimated Questions Each Ques. Mark Time in Minutes

Long Answer (LA) 5 6 30 55 min.Short Answer (SA) 10 4 40 70 min.Very Short Ans. (VSA)-II 10 2 20 30 min.Very Short Ans. (VSA)-I 10 1 10 10 min.

35 100 165 min. + 15 min. for revision

2. Weightage of content

Part I : Contemporary World Politics

Unit Chapter Marks

1. Cold War Era in World Politics

2. Disintegration of the 'Second World' and the Collapse of Bipolarity 14

3. US Dominance in World Politics

4. Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power 16

5. South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era

6. International Organisations in a Unipolar World

7. Security in Contemporary World 10

8. Environment and Natural Resources

9. Globalisation and its Critics 10

Politics in India since Independence

10. Era of One-Party Dominance

11. Nation-Building and its Problems 16

12. Politics of Planned Development

13. India's External Relations 6

14. Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System 12

15. Crisis of the Constitutional Order

16. Regional Aspiration and Conflicts

17. Rise of New Social Movements

18. Recent Developments in India Politics 16

3. Weightage of Difficulty Level

Estimated difficult level Percentage

Difficult 20%

Average 50%

Easy 30%

4. Scheme of Options : Internal Choice to be provided in all Long Answer Questions of 6 marks each.

5. In order to assess different mental abilities of learners, question paper is likely to include questions based on passages, visuals such as maps, cartoons, etc. No factual question will be asked on the information given in the plus (+) boxes in the textbooks.

DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER

Subject : Political Science Mar. Marks : 100

Class - XII

1. Weightage to form of questions

Form of Question No of Marks of Total Estimated Questions Each Ques. Mark Time in Minutes

Long Answer (LA) 5 6 30 55 min.Short Answer (SA) 10 4 40 70 min.Very Short Ans. (VSA)-II 10 2 20 30 min.Very Short Ans. (VSA)-I 10 1 10 10 min.

35 100 165 min. + 15 min. for revision

2. Weightage of content

Part I : Contemporary World Politics

Unit Chapter Marks

1. Cold War Era in World Politics

2. Disintegration of the 'Second World' and the Collapse of Bipolarity 14

3. US Dominance in World Politics

4. Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power 16

5. South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era

6. International Organisations in a Unipolar World

7. Security in Contemporary World 10

8. Environment and Natural Resources

9. Globalisation and its Critics 10

Politics in India since Independence

10. Era of One-Party Dominance

11. Nation-Building and its Problems 16

12. Politics of Planned Development

13. India's External Relations 6

14. Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System 12

15. Crisis of the Constitutional Order

16. Regional Aspiration and Conflicts

17. Rise of New Social Movements

18. Recent Developments in India Politics 16

3. Weightage of Difficulty Level

Estimated difficult level Percentage

Difficult 20%

Average 50%

Easy 30%

4. Scheme of Options : Internal Choice to be provided in all Long Answer Questions of 6 marks each.

5. In order to assess different mental abilities of learners, question paper is likely to include questions based on passages, visuals such as maps, cartoons, etc. No factual question will be asked on the information given in the plus (+) boxes in the textbooks.

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Alter

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· izFke o f}rh; fo'o ;q) ¼1914&18½ ¼1939&45½ ds i'pkr oS'fod ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k dbZ cnyko vk,sA

· f}rh; fo'o ;q) esa fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk Ýkal rFkk lksfo;r la?k dks fot; feyh ftUgsa fe= jk"Vªksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kqjh jkVªksa vFkkZr teZuh] bVyh rFkk tkiku dks gkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

· f}rh; fo'o ;q) dh lekfIr ds lkFk gh 'khr ;q) dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA

· 'khr ;q) nks lg'kfDr;ksa dh chp 'k=qiw.kZ okrkoj.k FkkA fopkjksa esa erHksnksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh fo'o dks rhljs fo'o ;q) dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+k ftldk dkj.k Fkk ijek.kq ce dk vfo"dkj@nksuksa lg'kfDr;ka blls ifjiw.kZZ FkhA

· D;wck dk felkby ladV 'khr ;q) dh pje lhek Fkk] tc 1962 esa [kq'pso us D;wck esa ijek.kq felkbysa rSukr dj nh Fkha@nksuksa xqVksa ds chp [kqn dks csgrj o 'kfDr'kkyh fn[kkus o cukus ds fy, dbZ **lSU;&laf/k;ka dhaA

· lSU; laf?k laxBu & vizSy 1949 es ukVks ¼mÙkj vVykafVd lfU/k laxBu½ ftldk mÌs'; vesfjdk }kjk yksdra= dks cpkukA

1954 esa lhVksa ¼nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ lfU/k laxBu½ dk mÌs'; vesfjdk ds usr`Ro okys lkE;oknh izlkj dks jksdukA

1955 esa cxnkn iSDV] 1955 esa okjlk laf/k vkfnA ifj.kkerk fo'o [kqys rkSj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; iVy ij nks /kzqoksa esa cSV pqdk FkkA

· 'khr ;q) ds nk;js vFkkZr fookfnr {ks= % ckysZu dh ukds cUnh &1948 dksfj;k ladV &1950 fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksi &1954 D;wck ladV &1962 Hkkjr ikfdLrku ;q) &1971 vQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi &1979 dkaxksa ladV vkfn@¼1960 ds 'kq:vkrh n'kd esa ½

· nksuksa xqVksa ls lEcfU/kr jk"Vªksa ds chp fooknksa dks xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk lqy>k;k x;kA

· xqVfujis{krk tgka f}&/kzqoh;rk ds fy;s pqukSrh cu dj vk;k ogha nwljh rjQ uo Lora= jk"Vªksa ds fy;s fodkl dh fdj.kA

1 jktuhfrd foKku

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Pol

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Dis

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'Sec

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the

collap

se o

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ipol

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II.

3.

US D

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Wor

ld P

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4.

Alter

native

Cen

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of

Eco

nom

ic a

nd P

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5.

Sou

th A

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in the

Pos

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6.

Inte

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Sec

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in C

onte

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ldIV

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E

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d N

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al R

esou

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9.

G

loba

lisa

tion

and

its

Cri

tics

Pol

itic

s in

India

sin

ce I

ndep

enden

ceV

. 10

. N

atio

n-B

uild

ing

and

its

Pro

blem

s

11.

Era

of

One

Par

ty D

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ance

12

. Pol

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Dev

elop

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I. 1

3. I

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nal R

elat

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VII

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Cha

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Con

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15

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I. 1

6. R

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17.

Ris

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18

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Fig

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'khr ;q) dk nkSjeq[; fcUnq %

· izFke o f}rh; fo'o ;q) ¼1914&18½ ¼1939&45½ ds i'pkr oS'fod ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k dbZ cnyko vk,sA

· f}rh; fo'o ;q) esa fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk Ýkal rFkk lksfo;r la?k dks fot; feyh ftUgsa fe= jk"Vªksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kqjh jkVªksa vFkkZr teZuh] bVyh rFkk tkiku dks gkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

· f}rh; fo'o ;q) dh lekfIr ds lkFk gh 'khr ;q) dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA

· 'khr ;q) nks lg'kfDr;ksa dh chp 'k=qiw.kZ okrkoj.k FkkA fopkjksa esa erHksnksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh fo'o dks rhljs fo'o ;q) dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+k ftldk dkj.k Fkk ijek.kq ce dk vfo"dkj@nksuksa lg'kfDr;ka blls ifjiw.kZZ FkhA

· D;wck dk felkby ladV 'khr ;q) dh pje lhek Fkk] tc 1962 esa [kq'pso us D;wck esa ijek.kq felkbysa rSukr dj nh Fkha@nksuksa xqVksa ds chp [kqn dks csgrj o 'kfDr'kkyh fn[kkus o cukus ds fy, dbZ **lSU;&laf/k;ka dhaA

· lSU; laf?k laxBu & vizSy 1949 es ukVks ¼mÙkj vVykafVd lfU/k laxBu½ ftldk mÌs'; vesfjdk }kjk yksdra= dks cpkukA

1954 esa lhVksa ¼nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ lfU/k laxBu½ dk mÌs'; vesfjdk ds usr`Ro okys lkE;oknh izlkj dks jksdukA

1955 esa cxnkn iSDV] 1955 esa okjlk laf/k vkfnA ifj.kkerk fo'o [kqys rkSj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; iVy ij nks /kzqoksa esa cSV pqdk FkkA

· 'khr ;q) ds nk;js vFkkZr fookfnr {ks= % ckysZu dh ukds cUnh &1948 dksfj;k ladV &1950 fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksi &1954 D;wck ladV &1962 Hkkjr ikfdLrku ;q) &1971 vQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi &1979 dkaxksa ladV vkfn@¼1960 ds 'kq:vkrh n'kd esa ½

· nksuksa xqVksa ls lEcfU/kr jk"Vªksa ds chp fooknksa dks xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk lqy>k;k x;kA

· xqVfujis{krk tgka f}&/kzqoh;rk ds fy;s pqukSrh cu dj vk;k ogha nwljh rjQ uo Lora= jk"Vªksa ds fy;s fodkl dh fdj.kA

1 jktuhfrd foKku

· nksa /kzqoh;rk dks pqukSrh % 1961 esa ;qxksLykfo;k ds csyxzsM esa 25 lnL; jk"Vªksa us Hkkjr ds Tokgj yky usg:] felz ds vCnqy xeky ukflj] ;qxksLykfo;k ds VhVks bUMksusf'k;k ds lqd.kksZa] Nkuk ds okesa ,uØwe ds usr`Ro es ,d laxBu dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

bu ns'kksa dk 15 okW leesyu 2009 esa felz esa gqvkA ml le; bldh lnL; la[;k 118 rFkk i;Zos{kdksa dh la[;k 15 FkhA

· xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ rVLFkr] i`Fkdrkokn vFkok iyk;u ugha gSA

· uo vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk % 1972 esa xqVfujis{k ns'kksa us la;qDr jk"Vª ds O;kikj vkSj fodkl ls lEcfU/kr lEesyu ¼UNCTAD½ esa fodkl ds fy, ,d ubZ O;kikj uhfr dh vksj ,d izLrko izLrqr fd;k ftlls fodflr ns'kksa rFkk cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk xjhc ns'kksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k u gks ldsA os vius lalk/kuksa dk Loa; viuh bPNkuqlkj iz;ksx dj ldsaA

· Hkkjr o 'khr ;q) % xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dksbZ iyk;u dh uhfr ugha FkhA 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr essa uo Lora= rFkk lksfo;r las/k ds lkFk lEcU/k r; djrs le; jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks izFkfedrk nsus dh dksf'k'k dhA

· 'kL= fu;U=.k lfu/k % 5&10&1963 esa ,y Vh ch Vh ¼lhfer ijek.kq ijh{k.k laf/k@LTBT limited Test

Ban Treaty½ ok;qe.My] ckgjh varfj{k rFkk ty ds vUnj ijek.kq ds ijh{k.k ij ikcanhA

01&07&68 ,u-ih-Vh ¼ijek.kq vizlkj laf/k N.P.T Non Proliteration Treaty½ tuojh 1967 ls iw.kZ ijek.kq 'kfDr leiu jk"Vª ds vykok dksbZ vU; jk"Vª ijek.kq gfFk;kj gkfly ugha djsxkA

1&5&72 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu okrkZ &1 twu 1972 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu okrkZ&2 ¼SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Talk 1&2½

1&7&91 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu U;wuhdj.k laf/k &1A tuojh &1993 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu U;wuhdj.k laf/k 2@¼START

Strategic Arms Reduction Treatry 1&2½

uksV orZeku esa xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh la[;k bl izdkj gS%& vfÝdk & 53 lnL; jk"Vª] ,f'k;k &36 jk"Vª vesfjdk & 26] ;wjksi ds &2] vksf'k;kuk ds &3 rFkk iwoZ lnL; jk"Vª &4

¼vtsZUVhuk] ;wxksLyfo;k] lkbizl ,ao ekYVk ½A i;Zos{kdksa dh la[;k &17 gSA

2

,d vadh; iz'u1. [kq'pso us D;wc esa felkbysa dc rSukr dha \2. fe= jk"Vªksa dh vxqokbZ dkSu dj jgk Fkk \3. nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn fdu nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvk \4. rhljs fo'o ds uke ls fdu ns'kksa dks tkuk tkrk gS \5. xqVfujis{krk dk D;k vfHkizk; gS \6. iwohZ xBca/ku dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS \7. 'khr;q) ds nkSjku ds fl)kar us ;q) ugha gksus fn;k \8. u ns'kksa dk uke fy[ksa tks igys okjlk; laf/k esa 'kkfey Fks vc ;wjksih; la?k ds

lnL; gSa\9. /kqjh jk"Vªksa es dkSu dkSu ls jk"Vª 'kkfey Fks \ fo'o ekufp= esa mu ns'kksa dks

n'kkZ,saA

3 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

· nksa /kzqoh;rk dks pqukSrh % 1961 esa ;qxksLykfo;k ds csyxzsM esa 25 lnL; jk"Vªksa us Hkkjr ds Tokgj yky usg:] felz ds vCnqy xeky ukflj] ;qxksLykfo;k ds VhVks bUMksusf'k;k ds lqd.kksZa] Nkuk ds okesa ,uØwe ds usr`Ro es ,d laxBu dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

bu ns'kksa dk 15 okW leesyu 2009 esa felz esa gqvkA ml le; bldh lnL; la[;k 118 rFkk i;Zos{kdksa dh la[;k 15 FkhA

· xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ rVLFkr] i`Fkdrkokn vFkok iyk;u ugha gSA

· uo vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk % 1972 esa xqVfujis{k ns'kksa us la;qDr jk"Vª ds O;kikj vkSj fodkl ls lEcfU/kr lEesyu ¼UNCTAD½ esa fodkl ds fy, ,d ubZ O;kikj uhfr dh vksj ,d izLrko izLrqr fd;k ftlls fodflr ns'kksa rFkk cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk xjhc ns'kksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k u gks ldsA os vius lalk/kuksa dk Loa; viuh bPNkuqlkj iz;ksx dj ldsaA

· Hkkjr o 'khr ;q) % xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dksbZ iyk;u dh uhfr ugha FkhA 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr essa uo Lora= rFkk lksfo;r las/k ds lkFk lEcU/k r; djrs le; jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks izFkfedrk nsus dh dksf'k'k dhA

· 'kL= fu;U=.k lfu/k % 5&10&1963 esa ,y Vh ch Vh ¼lhfer ijek.kq ijh{k.k laf/k@LTBT limited Test

Ban Treaty½ ok;qe.My] ckgjh varfj{k rFkk ty ds vUnj ijek.kq ds ijh{k.k ij ikcanhA

01&07&68 ,u-ih-Vh ¼ijek.kq vizlkj laf/k N.P.T Non Proliteration Treaty½ tuojh 1967 ls iw.kZ ijek.kq 'kfDr leiu jk"Vª ds vykok dksbZ vU; jk"Vª ijek.kq gfFk;kj gkfly ugha djsxkA

1&5&72 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu okrkZ &1 twu 1972 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu okrkZ&2 ¼SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Talk 1&2½

1&7&91 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu U;wuhdj.k laf/k &1A tuojh &1993 esa lkefjd vL= ifjlheu U;wuhdj.k laf/k 2@¼START

Strategic Arms Reduction Treatry 1&2½

uksV orZeku esa xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dh la[;k bl izdkj gS%& vfÝdk & 53 lnL; jk"Vª] ,f'k;k &36 jk"Vª vesfjdk & 26] ;wjksi ds &2] vksf'k;kuk ds &3 rFkk iwoZ lnL; jk"Vª &4

¼vtsZUVhuk] ;wxksLyfo;k] lkbizl ,ao ekYVk ½A i;Zos{kdksa dh la[;k &17 gSA

2

,d vadh; iz'u1. [kq'pso us D;wc esa felkbysa dc rSukr dha \2. fe= jk"Vªksa dh vxqokbZ dkSu dj jgk Fkk \3. nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn fdu nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvk \4. rhljs fo'o ds uke ls fdu ns'kksa dks tkuk tkrk gS \5. xqVfujis{krk dk D;k vfHkizk; gS \6. iwohZ xBca/ku dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS \7. 'khr;q) ds nkSjku ds fl)kar us ;q) ugha gksus fn;k \8. u ns'kksa dk uke fy[ksa tks igys okjlk; laf/k esa 'kkfey Fks vc ;wjksih; la?k ds

lnL; gSa\9. /kqjh jk"Vªksa es dkSu dkSu ls jk"Vª 'kkfey Fks \ fo'o ekufp= esa mu ns'kksa dks

n'kkZ,saA

3 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

١٠- vesfjdk us tkiku ds fdu nks 'kgjksa ij dc ijek.kq ce fxjk;s \

nks vadh; iz'u١. ,d ?kzqoh;rk o f}&?kzqoh;rk dk D;k vFkZ gS \٢. ;wjksi ds ns'k fdl izdkj egk'kfDr;ksa ls tqM+s \٣. NksVs ns'k egk'kfDr;ksa ds [kseksa esa fdl dkj.k 'kkfey gq, ٤. 'khr;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr nksuksa xqVksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa Hkh 'kkfey D;ksas ugha gqvk\٥. fu'kL=hdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; D;k fo'o 'kkafr o ln~Hkkouk gsrq es t:jh

gS\٦. 'khr;q) ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS \٧. 'khr;q) ds lanHkZ esa vijks/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa \٨. fe= ns'kksa ds xqV esa dkSu dkSu ls ns'k 'kkfey Fks \٩. D;wck ladV ds nkSjku nksuksa xqVks ds usr`RoÑrkvksa ds uke fy[ksa \١٠. xqVfujis{krk ls Hkkjr dks D;k ykHk feyk \

pkj vadh; iz'u١. SEATO, CENTO, UNCTAD, NAM, LTBT, N.P.T, SALT, TART ds foLr`r uke

fy[ksaA٢. egk'kfDr;ka NksVs ns'kksa dks vius xqV esa 'kkfey D;ksa djrh Fkha \٣. lsfo;r la?k ds izfr Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dks Li"V djsaA٤. Hkkjr dh xqVfujis{kk dh uhfr dh D;k dg dj vkykspuk dh xbZ \٥. Li"V djsa fd xqVfujis{krk ls vfHkizk; i`Fkdrkokn ;k vyxkookn ugha gSA

N% vadh; iz'u١. 'kL= fu;U=.k laf/k;ksa ds ihNs laf/kdUrkZvksa dh D;k lksp jgh gksxh mnkgj.k

lfgr Li"V djsaA٢. **'khr;) flQZ tksj&vktekb'k] lSfud xBcU/ku vFkok 'kfDr larqyu dk

ekeyk Hkj ugha Fkk**A dFku dks Li"V djrs gq, vius fopkj rdZ lfgr nsA٣. uo varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ls vki D;k le>krs gSA٤. nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn fdl izdkj lksfo;r la?kegk'kfDr ds :i esa mHkjk \٥. **Hkkjr dks viuh xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dk R;kx dj vesfjdk ds lkFk lfU/k

dj ysuh pkfg,A** D;k vki blls lger gs \ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nsaA٦. xqVfujis{krk vkUnksyu ls tqM+s usrkvksa ds uke fy[ksa rFkk 'khr;q) dh mRifÙk ds

izeq[k dkj .k D;k Fks \foLrkj ls O;k[;k djsaA

4

,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj١. 1962 esa A٢. vesfjdkA٣. vesfjdk vkSj lsfo;r la/kA٤. xqVfujis{krk vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey ns'kA٥. 'kfDrlEiUu nksuksa ?kzqoksa esa ls fdlh Hkh xqV esa 'kkfey u gksukA٦. okjlk laf/k ds uke lsA٧. ikjLifjd vojks/kA٨. gaxjh o iksyS.MA٩. teZuh] bVyh] rFkk tkikuA١٠. fgjksf'kek o ukxklkdh ij vxLr 1945 esaA

nks vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj١. ,d /kzqoh;rk vFkkZr fo'o esa ,d gh egk'kfDr dk opZLo tSls orZeku es

vefjdkA f}&/kzqfo;rk vFkkZr ,slh O;oLFkk tc fo'o nks egk'kfDr;;ksa es caVk gks tSls

f}rh; fo;o ;q) ds i'pkr U.S.A vkSj U.S.S.R 2- if'peh ;wjksi ds vf/kdrj ns'k vesfjdk ds lkFkA iwohZ ;wjksi ds vf/kdrj ns'k lsfo;r la?kds [kses esaA٣. viuh lqj{kk o egk'kfDr;ksa ds izHkko ls cpus gsrqA٤. viuh laizHkqUrk o v[k.Mrk dks cpkusa gsrq ] fodkl ds fy;s rFkk xqVckth ls nwj

jg viuh vyx igpku ds fy;sA٥. ?kkrd o fouk'kdkjh gfFk;kjksa ij jksdA gka ;s t:jh gSA٦. nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ns'kksa ds chp Hk;] vfu'p;] vlqj{kk o dwVuhfrd nkao isp

o vkilh oSpkfjd erHksnksa ds dkj.k ;q) dh lh fLFkfr ij ;q) u gksukA lapkj lk/kuksa }kjk viuh Js"Brk dk izpkjA

٧. nkuksa xqVksa }kjk viuh ,d nwljs dks uqdlku igqapkus dh {kerka vijks/k ds dkj.k ;q) ughaA

٨. fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] Ýkal rFkk lafo;r la?kA٩. tkWu ,Q dsusM+h] fufdrk [kq'psoA١٠. vUrjk"Vªh; fu.kZ; ysus esa vklkuhA

5 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

١٠- vesfjdk us tkiku ds fdu nks 'kgjksa ij dc ijek.kq ce fxjk;s \

nks vadh; iz'u١. ,d ?kzqoh;rk o f}&?kzqoh;rk dk D;k vFkZ gS \٢. ;wjksi ds ns'k fdl izdkj egk'kfDr;ksa ls tqM+s \٣. NksVs ns'k egk'kfDr;ksa ds [kseksa esa fdl dkj.k 'kkfey gq, ٤. 'khr;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr nksuksa xqVksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa Hkh 'kkfey D;ksas ugha gqvk\٥. fu'kL=hdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; D;k fo'o 'kkafr o ln~Hkkouk gsrq es t:jh

gS\٦. 'khr;q) ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS \٧. 'khr;q) ds lanHkZ esa vijks/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa \٨. fe= ns'kksa ds xqV esa dkSu dkSu ls ns'k 'kkfey Fks \٩. D;wck ladV ds nkSjku nksuksa xqVks ds usr`RoÑrkvksa ds uke fy[ksa \١٠. xqVfujis{krk ls Hkkjr dks D;k ykHk feyk \

pkj vadh; iz'u١. SEATO, CENTO, UNCTAD, NAM, LTBT, N.P.T, SALT, TART ds foLr`r uke

fy[ksaA٢. egk'kfDr;ka NksVs ns'kksa dks vius xqV esa 'kkfey D;ksa djrh Fkha \٣. lsfo;r la?k ds izfr Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dks Li"V djsaA٤. Hkkjr dh xqVfujis{kk dh uhfr dh D;k dg dj vkykspuk dh xbZ \٥. Li"V djsa fd xqVfujis{krk ls vfHkizk; i`Fkdrkokn ;k vyxkookn ugha gSA

N% vadh; iz'u١. 'kL= fu;U=.k laf/k;ksa ds ihNs laf/kdUrkZvksa dh D;k lksp jgh gksxh mnkgj.k

lfgr Li"V djsaA٢. **'khr;) flQZ tksj&vktekb'k] lSfud xBcU/ku vFkok 'kfDr larqyu dk

ekeyk Hkj ugha Fkk**A dFku dks Li"V djrs gq, vius fopkj rdZ lfgr nsA٣. uo varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ls vki D;k le>krs gSA٤. nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn fdl izdkj lksfo;r la?kegk'kfDr ds :i esa mHkjk \٥. **Hkkjr dks viuh xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dk R;kx dj vesfjdk ds lkFk lfU/k

dj ysuh pkfg,A** D;k vki blls lger gs \ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nsaA٦. xqVfujis{krk vkUnksyu ls tqM+s usrkvksa ds uke fy[ksa rFkk 'khr;q) dh mRifÙk ds

izeq[k dkj .k D;k Fks \foLrkj ls O;k[;k djsaA

4

,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj١. 1962 esa A٢. vesfjdkA٣. vesfjdk vkSj lsfo;r la/kA٤. xqVfujis{krk vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey ns'kA٥. 'kfDrlEiUu nksuksa ?kzqoksa esa ls fdlh Hkh xqV esa 'kkfey u gksukA٦. okjlk laf/k ds uke lsA٧. ikjLifjd vojks/kA٨. gaxjh o iksyS.MA٩. teZuh] bVyh] rFkk tkikuA١٠. fgjksf'kek o ukxklkdh ij vxLr 1945 esaA

nks vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj١. ,d /kzqoh;rk vFkkZr fo'o esa ,d gh egk'kfDr dk opZLo tSls orZeku es

vefjdkA f}&/kzqfo;rk vFkkZr ,slh O;oLFkk tc fo'o nks egk'kfDr;;ksa es caVk gks tSls

f}rh; fo;o ;q) ds i'pkr U.S.A vkSj U.S.S.R 2- if'peh ;wjksi ds vf/kdrj ns'k vesfjdk ds lkFkA iwohZ ;wjksi ds vf/kdrj ns'k lsfo;r la?kds [kses esaA٣. viuh lqj{kk o egk'kfDr;ksa ds izHkko ls cpus gsrqA٤. viuh laizHkqUrk o v[k.Mrk dks cpkusa gsrq ] fodkl ds fy;s rFkk xqVckth ls nwj

jg viuh vyx igpku ds fy;sA٥. ?kkrd o fouk'kdkjh gfFk;kjksa ij jksdA gka ;s t:jh gSA٦. nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ns'kksa ds chp Hk;] vfu'p;] vlqj{kk o dwVuhfrd nkao isp

o vkilh oSpkfjd erHksnksa ds dkj.k ;q) dh lh fLFkfr ij ;q) u gksukA lapkj lk/kuksa }kjk viuh Js"Brk dk izpkjA

٧. nkuksa xqVksa }kjk viuh ,d nwljs dks uqdlku igqapkus dh {kerka vijks/k ds dkj.k ;q) ughaA

٨. fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] Ýkal rFkk lafo;r la?kA٩. tkWu ,Q dsusM+h] fufdrk [kq'psoA١٠. vUrjk"Vªh; fu.kZ; ysus esa vklkuhA

5 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

6

v/;k;&2

nks /kzqoh;rk dk vUr

izeq[k fcUnq nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn o 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku fo'o nks Hkkxksa esa caV pqdk FkkA cfyZu dh nhokj dk cukuk 'khr ;q) dk lcls cM+k izrhd Fkk ftls 9 uoEcj 1989 esa iwohZ teZuh dh vke turk }kjk fxjk fn;k x;kA blds i'pkr teZuh dk ,dhdj.k gks x;kA 1991 es lksfo;r la?k ds iru ds lkFk lkFk f}&/kzqoh;rk dk Hkh var gk x;k D;ksafd lksfo;r la?k la?ku jgdj vyx vyx jkT;ksa esa foHkDr gks pqdk Fkk ,sls esa ,d ek= egk'kfDr vesfjdk gh cpk jgkA

Lksfo;r iz.kkyh Lksfo;r iz.kkyh Hkkstukcq) vFkZO;oLFkk o jkT; }kjk fu;af=r FkhA ukxfjdksa dh lqfo/kk ls ysdj fodkl o lapkj ds lk/kuksa ij ljdkj dk ,dek= fu;a=.k FkkA ,dikVhZ O;oLFkk vFkkZr lkE;oknh ny dk cksyckyk FkkA lHkh dqN Fkk ijUrq ukxfjdksas dks vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk ughas FkhA QyLo:i fojks/kh 'kCn mBus yxs 1970 ds vafre o"kksZ rd vkrs vkrs iw.kZ lksfo;r O;oLFkk yM+[kM+kus yxhA [kk|kUu dk vk;kr c<+k U.S.S.R vius ns'k dh vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd ekax is'k u dj ldkA

xksckZpkso o fo?kVu xksckZpkso 1980 ds n'kd ds e/; lksfo;r la?k dh lkE;oknh ikVhZ ds v/;{k cusA xksckZpkso us O;oLFkk dks lq/kkjuk pkgk ijUrq ladV xgjkrk x;k 1991 esa ;sYrflu ds usr`Ro esa iwohZ ;wjksi ns'kksa us rFkk :l] ;wØsu] csyk:l us la?k dh lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ksa dk dE;wfuLV ikVhZ us fojks/k fd;kA lora= jkT;ksa dk jk"Vªdqy cukA fo'o iVy ij 15 u, x.kjkT; mHkj tk,sA & *:l* dks lksfo;r la?k dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh ekuk x;k mls gh lqj{kk ifj"kn dh LFkkbZ lnL;rk izkIr gqbZ

xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ka & 1985 esa 'kklu o vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus gsrq rhu uhfr;ka viukbZ %&1- vFkZoLFkk dh o`f) dks xq.kkRedrk dh vksj ys tkuk vFkkZr mLdksjuh ¼Roj.k½A2- jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj iz'kklfud lq/kkj vFkkZr ifjL=ksedk ¼iquxZBu½A3- lkoZtfud fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa [kqydj fopkj djus dk ukxfjdksa dks vf/kdkj

vFkkZr XykluksLr ¼[kqykiu½A

lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dkj.k1- vkarfjd detksjh o ckgjh nckcksa ds dkj.k turk dh vkdka{kk,sa iwjhugha gks

ikbZA2- lallk/kuksa dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx iwohZ ;wjksi ds ns'kksa o ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa o lSU;

lkeku ij [kZp gks jgk FkkA3- ukxfjd if'peh ns'kksa dh rjDdh ds izfr tkx:d gks pqds Fks os iwathoknh

O;oLFkk pkgrs FksA4- xfr:) iz'kklu Hkz"Vkpkj lÙkk dk dsUnzh;dj.kA5- xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ksa dk lgha o tYn rjhds ls ykxw u fd;k tkukA6- jk"Vªoknh Hkkoukvks o laizHkqrk dh bPNkvksa dk mHkjukA

lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds ifj.kke1- 'khr;q) ds nksj ds la?k"kZ dh lekfIrA2- gfFk;kjksa dh gksM lekIrA3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kfDr lEcU/kksa esa cnyko@O;oLFkk ,d /kzqoh; gksus dh laHkkouk

c<+hA4- fo'o ifjn`'; ij u, ns'kksa dk mn;A

'kkad Fkjsih %&vk?kkr igqapkdj mipkj djuk] lkE;oknh ls iwathoknh dh vksjA fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k }kjk funsZf'kr ekWMy@lkewfgd QkeZ dks futh QkeZ esa cnyk@eqDr O;kikj uhfr dks lgh ekuk x;k ijUrq ;g ekWMy vlQy jgkA

'kkWd Fkjsih ds ifj.ke %&& vFkZO;oLFkk rgl&ugl gks xbZA& :cy eqnzk esa fxjkoVA& lQy ?kjsyq mRikn ?kVkA& lekt dY;k.k dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk u"VA& vkfFkZd vlekurk c<+hA& laLFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij ughaA& foÙkh; laLFkkuksa o bZdke tSls cSad fnokfy;kA bls bfrgkl dh lcls cMh xjkt lsy Hkh dgh x;kA

iwoZlkE;oknh ns'k o Hkkjr%&& Hkkjr o :l ds lEcU/k fo'okl o lk>s fgrks ij vk/kkfjr

7 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

6

v/;k;&2

nks /kzqoh;rk dk vUr

izeq[k fcUnq nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn o 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku fo'o nks Hkkxksa esa caV pqdk FkkA cfyZu dh nhokj dk cukuk 'khr ;q) dk lcls cM+k izrhd Fkk ftls 9 uoEcj 1989 esa iwohZ teZuh dh vke turk }kjk fxjk fn;k x;kA blds i'pkr teZuh dk ,dhdj.k gks x;kA 1991 es lksfo;r la?k ds iru ds lkFk lkFk f}&/kzqoh;rk dk Hkh var gk x;k D;ksafd lksfo;r la?k la?ku jgdj vyx vyx jkT;ksa esa foHkDr gks pqdk Fkk ,sls esa ,d ek= egk'kfDr vesfjdk gh cpk jgkA

Lksfo;r iz.kkyh Lksfo;r iz.kkyh Hkkstukcq) vFkZO;oLFkk o jkT; }kjk fu;af=r FkhA ukxfjdksa dh lqfo/kk ls ysdj fodkl o lapkj ds lk/kuksa ij ljdkj dk ,dek= fu;a=.k FkkA ,dikVhZ O;oLFkk vFkkZr lkE;oknh ny dk cksyckyk FkkA lHkh dqN Fkk ijUrq ukxfjdksas dks vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk ughas FkhA QyLo:i fojks/kh 'kCn mBus yxs 1970 ds vafre o"kksZ rd vkrs vkrs iw.kZ lksfo;r O;oLFkk yM+[kM+kus yxhA [kk|kUu dk vk;kr c<+k U.S.S.R vius ns'k dh vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd ekax is'k u dj ldkA

xksckZpkso o fo?kVu xksckZpkso 1980 ds n'kd ds e/; lksfo;r la?k dh lkE;oknh ikVhZ ds v/;{k cusA xksckZpkso us O;oLFkk dks lq/kkjuk pkgk ijUrq ladV xgjkrk x;k 1991 esa ;sYrflu ds usr`Ro esa iwohZ ;wjksi ns'kksa us rFkk :l] ;wØsu] csyk:l us la?k dh lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ksa dk dE;wfuLV ikVhZ us fojks/k fd;kA lora= jkT;ksa dk jk"Vªdqy cukA fo'o iVy ij 15 u, x.kjkT; mHkj tk,sA & *:l* dks lksfo;r la?k dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh ekuk x;k mls gh lqj{kk ifj"kn dh LFkkbZ lnL;rk izkIr gqbZ

xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ka & 1985 esa 'kklu o vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus gsrq rhu uhfr;ka viukbZ %&1- vFkZoLFkk dh o`f) dks xq.kkRedrk dh vksj ys tkuk vFkkZr mLdksjuh ¼Roj.k½A2- jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj iz'kklfud lq/kkj vFkkZr ifjL=ksedk ¼iquxZBu½A3- lkoZtfud fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa [kqydj fopkj djus dk ukxfjdksa dks vf/kdkj

vFkkZr XykluksLr ¼[kqykiu½A

lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dkj.k1- vkarfjd detksjh o ckgjh nckcksa ds dkj.k turk dh vkdka{kk,sa iwjhugha gks

ikbZA2- lallk/kuksa dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx iwohZ ;wjksi ds ns'kksa o ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa o lSU;

lkeku ij [kZp gks jgk FkkA3- ukxfjd if'peh ns'kksa dh rjDdh ds izfr tkx:d gks pqds Fks os iwathoknh

O;oLFkk pkgrs FksA4- xfr:) iz'kklu Hkz"Vkpkj lÙkk dk dsUnzh;dj.kA5- xksckZpkso dh uhfr;ksa dk lgha o tYn rjhds ls ykxw u fd;k tkukA6- jk"Vªoknh Hkkoukvks o laizHkqrk dh bPNkvksa dk mHkjukA

lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds ifj.kke1- 'khr;q) ds nksj ds la?k"kZ dh lekfIrA2- gfFk;kjksa dh gksM lekIrA3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kfDr lEcU/kksa esa cnyko@O;oLFkk ,d /kzqoh; gksus dh laHkkouk

c<+hA4- fo'o ifjn`'; ij u, ns'kksa dk mn;A

'kkad Fkjsih %&vk?kkr igqapkdj mipkj djuk] lkE;oknh ls iwathoknh dh vksjA fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k }kjk funsZf'kr ekWMy@lkewfgd QkeZ dks futh QkeZ esa cnyk@eqDr O;kikj uhfr dks lgh ekuk x;k ijUrq ;g ekWMy vlQy jgkA

'kkWd Fkjsih ds ifj.ke %&& vFkZO;oLFkk rgl&ugl gks xbZA& :cy eqnzk esa fxjkoVA& lQy ?kjsyq mRikn ?kVkA& lekt dY;k.k dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk u"VA& vkfFkZd vlekurk c<+hA& laLFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij ughaA& foÙkh; laLFkkuksa o bZdke tSls cSad fnokfy;kA bls bfrgkl dh lcls cMh xjkt lsy Hkh dgh x;kA

iwoZlkE;oknh ns'k o Hkkjr%&& Hkkjr o :l ds lEcU/k fo'okl o lk>s fgrks ij vk/kkfjr

7 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lSU; o laLÑfr ls lacaf/kr fj'rs Fks vkSj vkt Hkh gSA

,d vadh; iz'u%&

1- cfyZu dh nhokj dks dc o fdlds }kjk fxjk;k x;k \

2- lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; dc vfLrÙo esa vk;k \

3- *nwljh nqfu;k* fdls dgk x;k \

4- Lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dSlh Fkh \5- C.I.S dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \

6- Lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr es D;k ifjoZru vk;k \

7- loZizFke lksfo;r la?k ls vyx gksus okys o dkSu ls x.kjkT; lkFk pkgrs Fks \ uke fy[ksaA

8- iwohZ ;wjksi esa pSdksLyksokfd;k fdu nks Hkkxksa esa caVk \

9- *'kkWd Fksjsih* dk ekMWy fdlds }kjk funsZf'kr Fkk \

10- Lksfo;r la?k dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh dkSu cuk \

nks vadh; iz'u%&1- 'kkWd Fksjsih dk :l ij D;k izHkko iM+k \2- Lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr ds fdu la;a=ksa esa vkfFkZd enn dh \3- lksfo;r la?k ds ns'kksa esa vkilh rkyesy o larks"k D;ksa ugha Fkk \4- dky Øekuqlkj fy[ksa%& vQxku ladV] cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk] lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu] :lh

ØkafrA5- *'kkad Fksjsih* dks bfrgkl dh lcls cMh xjkt&lsy* D;ksa dgk x;kA6- Lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh nks fo'ks"krk,sa fy[ksa \7- *'kkWd Fksjsih* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \8- fdu nks x.kjkT;ksa esa fgald vyxkooknh vkUnksyu gq, \9- cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk f}&/kzqoh;rk dk var D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS \

pkj vadh; iz'u 1- uhps fn;s ekufp= esa ls Lora= e/; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks pqu dj fy[ksa \

8

fp=

٢- *lksfo;r la?k dk var lektokn dk var ugha* Li"V djsaA٣- **jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj rM+i lksfo;r la?k ds lewps bfrgkl esa dgha tkjh

Fkh vkSj pkgs lq/kkj gksrs ;k uk gksrs] lksfo;r la?k esa van:uh la?k"kZ gksuk gh Fkk**A dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gS Li"V djsaA

٤- Lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu dk Hkkjr ds lkFk lEcu/kksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k \٥- iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk o lkE;oknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds chp vUrj Li"V djsaA٦- lksfo;r la?k dh ljdkj us fdl izdkj ukxfjdksa ds fy, ,d U;ure thou

Lrj lqfuf'pr fd;k \

N% vadh; iz'u١- 'kkad Fksjsih ds ifj.kke dh O;k[;k djsa \٢- *ukxfjdksa dks nSfud vko';drkvksa ds lkFk lkFk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk Hkh

pkfg,*A dFku dk fo'ys"k.k lksfo;r la?k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, djsaA٣- Lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dkj.kksa dks fy[ksa٤- xksckZpkso }kjk pykbZ xbZ lq/kkj uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsa \٥- lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu djsaA

9 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lSU; o laLÑfr ls lacaf/kr fj'rs Fks vkSj vkt Hkh gSA

,d vadh; iz'u%&

1- cfyZu dh nhokj dks dc o fdlds }kjk fxjk;k x;k \

2- lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; dc vfLrÙo esa vk;k \

3- *nwljh nqfu;k* fdls dgk x;k \

4- Lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dSlh Fkh \5- C.I.S dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \

6- Lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr es D;k ifjoZru vk;k \

7- loZizFke lksfo;r la?k ls vyx gksus okys o dkSu ls x.kjkT; lkFk pkgrs Fks \ uke fy[ksaA

8- iwohZ ;wjksi esa pSdksLyksokfd;k fdu nks Hkkxksa esa caVk \

9- *'kkWd Fksjsih* dk ekMWy fdlds }kjk funsZf'kr Fkk \

10- Lksfo;r la?k dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh dkSu cuk \

nks vadh; iz'u%&1- 'kkWd Fksjsih dk :l ij D;k izHkko iM+k \2- Lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr ds fdu la;a=ksa esa vkfFkZd enn dh \3- lksfo;r la?k ds ns'kksa esa vkilh rkyesy o larks"k D;ksa ugha Fkk \4- dky Øekuqlkj fy[ksa%& vQxku ladV] cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk] lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu] :lh

ØkafrA5- *'kkad Fksjsih* dks bfrgkl dh lcls cMh xjkt&lsy* D;ksa dgk x;kA6- Lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh nks fo'ks"krk,sa fy[ksa \7- *'kkWd Fksjsih* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \8- fdu nks x.kjkT;ksa esa fgald vyxkooknh vkUnksyu gq, \9- cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk f}&/kzqoh;rk dk var D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS \

pkj vadh; iz'u 1- uhps fn;s ekufp= esa ls Lora= e/; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks pqu dj fy[ksa \

8

fp=

٢- *lksfo;r la?k dk var lektokn dk var ugha* Li"V djsaA٣- **jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj rM+i lksfo;r la?k ds lewps bfrgkl esa dgha tkjh

Fkh vkSj pkgs lq/kkj gksrs ;k uk gksrs] lksfo;r la?k esa van:uh la?k"kZ gksuk gh Fkk**A dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gS Li"V djsaA

٤- Lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu dk Hkkjr ds lkFk lEcu/kksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k \٥- iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk o lkE;oknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds chp vUrj Li"V djsaA٦- lksfo;r la?k dh ljdkj us fdl izdkj ukxfjdksa ds fy, ,d U;ure thou

Lrj lqfuf'pr fd;k \

N% vadh; iz'u١- 'kkad Fksjsih ds ifj.kke dh O;k[;k djsa \٢- *ukxfjdksa dks nSfud vko';drkvksa ds lkFk lkFk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk Hkh

pkfg,*A dFku dk fo'ys"k.k lksfo;r la?k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, djsaA٣- Lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dkj.kksa dks fy[ksa٤- xksckZpkso }kjk pykbZ xbZ lq/kkj uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsa \٥- lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu djsaA

9 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj %& ١- 1989 esa] vketurk }kjkA٢- 1917 dh lektoknh Økafr ds cknA٣- iwohZ ;wjksi ds ns'k lksfo;r la?k es vk x;s Fks] lksfo;r lsuk us mUgsa Qklhokn

rkdrksa ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd o lkekftd iz.kkyh dks lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh rtZ ij <+kyk x;kA bUgha ns'kksa dks nwljh nqfu;k dgk x;kA

٤- ;kstukc) o jkT; ds fu;a=.k esaA٥- Common Wealth of Independent States.

٦- ukSdj'kkgh dk opZLoA iz.kkyh lektoknh gksrh xbZA7- :l] ;wØsu] csyk:lA e/; ,sf'k;kbZ x.kjkT;A8- *psd* rFkk *lyksokfd;k*A9- fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k }kjkA 10- :lA nksa vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&1- ¼i½ vkS|ksfxd <+kapk pjejk x;kA ¼ii½ 90 izfr'kr m|ksx futh gkFkksa esa pys x;sA٢- fHkykbZ] cksdkjks] fo'kk[kiVue bLikr m|ksx rFkk Hkkjr gSohbysfDVªdyl dksA3- ¼i½ leLr laLFkkuksa ij ,d lÙkk dk fu;a=.kA ¼ii½ lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkdka{kkvksa dk iwjk u gkukA ¼iii½ mRiknu o izkS|ksfxd ds {ks= es if'peh ns'kksa ls fiNM+ tkukA ¼iv½ miHkksDrk oLrqvks es dehA٤- :lh Økafr] vQxku ladV] cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk] lksfo;r la?k dk

fo?kVuA٥- vkS|ksfxd <+kpk iw.kZr; <+g x;kA 90 izfr'r m|ksx vkSus ikSus nkeksa esa futh

gkFksa es igqap x;sA٦- 1- fu;af=r o fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkkA 2- ,d ikVhZ O;oLFkkA7- vk?kkr igqapkdj mipkj djukA lkE;okn ls iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh vksjA8- pspU;k o nkfxLrkuA9- 1961 esa cuh 'khr;q) dk izrhd ;s nhokj FkhA iwohZ teZu lksfo;r la?k dk o

if'peh teZuh vesfjdk ds {ks= esa FksA 1989 es nhokj fxjus ds Qylo:i teZuh dk ,dkdj.k o f}&/kzqoh;rk dk var FkhA

10

v/;k;&3

ledkyhu fo'o esa vesfjdh opZLoizeq[k fcUnq%&& lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu us lEiw.kZ fo'o dks >d>ksj MkykA ,d egk'fDr

iw.kZr; lekIr gks pqdh Fkh] ogha nwljh egk'kfDr dks ,d /kzqoh; fo'o ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk FkkA ftls /khjs /khjs vesfjdh opZLo ds :i es tkuk tkusyxkA blh ds lkFk u;h fo'o O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA ;s rks ,d vkSipkfjdrk us 1945 es gh dj nh FkhA

& vesfjdk }kjk tkiku ds fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij ijek.kq ce fxjk djA& ;q) ds nkSjku bldk fu;kZr c<+k o fo'o dh lcls cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr cu

x;kA& la;wDr jk"Vª }kjk 1991 esa bjkd ds fo:) cy iz;ksx dh vuqefr dks vesfjdh

jk"Vªifr tktZcq'k }kjk u;h fo'o O;oLFkk dh laKk nh xbZA

fo'o ij opZLo izHkko%& bjkd us dqoSr ij geyk fd;k la;qDr jk"Vª us dqoSr dks vkt+kn djkus dk QSalyk fy;kA 34 ns'kksa dh feyh tqyh lsuk ftlesa 75 izfr'kr lSfud vesfjdk ds Fks lsuk ds tujy ukeZu 'oktZdkao ds usr`Ùo esa bjkd dks gjk;k x;kA lkFk gh leqnzh ekxZ] Lora= O;kikj] mnkjhdj.k] lh-Vh-ch-Vh-] fo'o cSad] vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkfFkZd izfrcU/kksa }kjk izHkko Mkyk x;kA UN us bl ;q) dks *vkijs'ku MstVZ LVkeZ* dk uke fn;kA& vesfjdk us bl ;q+) esa ykxr ls T;knk equkQk dek;kA viuh 'kfDr dk

izn'kZu fd;k bls *dEI;wVj ;q) dh laKk nh o **fofM;ks xse okj** dgk x;kA

fDyaVu dk nkSj 1922 ls & 2000 esa fcy fDyaVu us jk"Vªifr pqukoksa esa fot; izkIr dh mudh vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa es fnypLih ugha fn[kkbZ mUgksus yksdra= dks c<+kus] tyok;q ifjoZru] fo'o O;kikj tSls uje eqnnksa ij tksj fn;kA 1999 esa ;qxksLykfo;k ij lSU; dk;Zokgh dh xbZ tcfd ogka vYckfu;kbZ yksxksa us vkUnksyu fd;k bldks nckus ds fy;s ukVks lsukvksa us dkslksoks ij viuk dCtk fd;kA& 1998 esa uSjksch ¼dsU;k½ rFkk nkjs&lyke ¼ratkfu;k ds vesfjdh nwrkoklksa ij

ceckjh gqbZ bldk ftEesnkj vydk;nk vkradoknh bLykeh laxBu dks ekuk x;kA½ blds izfr'kks/k esa vesfjdh jk"Vªifr us **vkijs'ku buQkbZukbZV jhp** dk vkns'k fn;kA lwMku o vQxkfuLrku es vydk;nk ds fBdkuksa ij Øwt felkbyksa ls ceckjh dh xbZA la;qDr jk"Vª dks Hkh bldh lwpuk ugha nh xbZA

& 9@11 vkSj vkradokn ds fo:) fo'o O;kikjh ;q)%&

11 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj %& ١- 1989 esa] vketurk }kjkA٢- 1917 dh lektoknh Økafr ds cknA٣- iwohZ ;wjksi ds ns'k lksfo;r la?k es vk x;s Fks] lksfo;r lsuk us mUgsa Qklhokn

rkdrksa ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd o lkekftd iz.kkyh dks lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh rtZ ij <+kyk x;kA bUgha ns'kksa dks nwljh nqfu;k dgk x;kA

٤- ;kstukc) o jkT; ds fu;a=.k esaA٥- Common Wealth of Independent States.

٦- ukSdj'kkgh dk opZLoA iz.kkyh lektoknh gksrh xbZA7- :l] ;wØsu] csyk:lA e/; ,sf'k;kbZ x.kjkT;A8- *psd* rFkk *lyksokfd;k*A9- fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k }kjkA 10- :lA nksa vadh; iz'uksa ds mÙkj %&1- ¼i½ vkS|ksfxd <+kapk pjejk x;kA ¼ii½ 90 izfr'kr m|ksx futh gkFkksa esa pys x;sA٢- fHkykbZ] cksdkjks] fo'kk[kiVue bLikr m|ksx rFkk Hkkjr gSohbysfDVªdyl dksA3- ¼i½ leLr laLFkkuksa ij ,d lÙkk dk fu;a=.kA ¼ii½ lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkdka{kkvksa dk iwjk u gkukA ¼iii½ mRiknu o izkS|ksfxd ds {ks= es if'peh ns'kksa ls fiNM+ tkukA ¼iv½ miHkksDrk oLrqvks es dehA٤- :lh Økafr] vQxku ladV] cfyZu dh nhokj dk fxjuk] lksfo;r la?k dk

fo?kVuA٥- vkS|ksfxd <+kpk iw.kZr; <+g x;kA 90 izfr'r m|ksx vkSus ikSus nkeksa esa futh

gkFksa es igqap x;sA٦- 1- fu;af=r o fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkkA 2- ,d ikVhZ O;oLFkkA7- vk?kkr igqapkdj mipkj djukA lkE;okn ls iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh vksjA8- pspU;k o nkfxLrkuA9- 1961 esa cuh 'khr;q) dk izrhd ;s nhokj FkhA iwohZ teZu lksfo;r la?k dk o

if'peh teZuh vesfjdk ds {ks= esa FksA 1989 es nhokj fxjus ds Qylo:i teZuh dk ,dkdj.k o f}&/kzqoh;rk dk var FkhA

10

v/;k;&3

ledkyhu fo'o esa vesfjdh opZLoizeq[k fcUnq%&& lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu us lEiw.kZ fo'o dks >d>ksj MkykA ,d egk'fDr

iw.kZr; lekIr gks pqdh Fkh] ogha nwljh egk'kfDr dks ,d /kzqoh; fo'o ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk FkkA ftls /khjs /khjs vesfjdh opZLo ds :i es tkuk tkusyxkA blh ds lkFk u;h fo'o O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA ;s rks ,d vkSipkfjdrk us 1945 es gh dj nh FkhA

& vesfjdk }kjk tkiku ds fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij ijek.kq ce fxjk djA& ;q) ds nkSjku bldk fu;kZr c<+k o fo'o dh lcls cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr cu

x;kA& la;wDr jk"Vª }kjk 1991 esa bjkd ds fo:) cy iz;ksx dh vuqefr dks vesfjdh

jk"Vªifr tktZcq'k }kjk u;h fo'o O;oLFkk dh laKk nh xbZA

fo'o ij opZLo izHkko%& bjkd us dqoSr ij geyk fd;k la;qDr jk"Vª us dqoSr dks vkt+kn djkus dk QSalyk fy;kA 34 ns'kksa dh feyh tqyh lsuk ftlesa 75 izfr'kr lSfud vesfjdk ds Fks lsuk ds tujy ukeZu 'oktZdkao ds usr`Ùo esa bjkd dks gjk;k x;kA lkFk gh leqnzh ekxZ] Lora= O;kikj] mnkjhdj.k] lh-Vh-ch-Vh-] fo'o cSad] vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkfFkZd izfrcU/kksa }kjk izHkko Mkyk x;kA UN us bl ;q) dks *vkijs'ku MstVZ LVkeZ* dk uke fn;kA& vesfjdk us bl ;q+) esa ykxr ls T;knk equkQk dek;kA viuh 'kfDr dk

izn'kZu fd;k bls *dEI;wVj ;q) dh laKk nh o **fofM;ks xse okj** dgk x;kA

fDyaVu dk nkSj 1922 ls & 2000 esa fcy fDyaVu us jk"Vªifr pqukoksa esa fot; izkIr dh mudh vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa es fnypLih ugha fn[kkbZ mUgksus yksdra= dks c<+kus] tyok;q ifjoZru] fo'o O;kikj tSls uje eqnnksa ij tksj fn;kA 1999 esa ;qxksLykfo;k ij lSU; dk;Zokgh dh xbZ tcfd ogka vYckfu;kbZ yksxksa us vkUnksyu fd;k bldks nckus ds fy;s ukVks lsukvksa us dkslksoks ij viuk dCtk fd;kA& 1998 esa uSjksch ¼dsU;k½ rFkk nkjs&lyke ¼ratkfu;k ds vesfjdh nwrkoklksa ij

ceckjh gqbZ bldk ftEesnkj vydk;nk vkradoknh bLykeh laxBu dks ekuk x;kA½ blds izfr'kks/k esa vesfjdh jk"Vªifr us **vkijs'ku buQkbZukbZV jhp** dk vkns'k fn;kA lwMku o vQxkfuLrku es vydk;nk ds fBdkuksa ij Øwt felkbyksa ls ceckjh dh xbZA la;qDr jk"Vª dks Hkh bldh lwpuk ugha nh xbZA

& 9@11 vkSj vkradokn ds fo:) fo'o O;kikjh ;q)%&

11 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& 11 flrEcj 2001 vkradoknh ?kVuk ds fojks/k esa *vkijs'ku ,UM;wfjax ÝhMe* pyk;k x;kA vesfjdk us lHkh ns'kksa dks fo'o ls vkradokn dk lQk;k djus es ;ksxnku djus dks dgkA ;g ?kVuk 9@11 ds uke ls tkuh xbZA USA ij dh xbZ ;s dk;Zokgh vesfjdk dh 'kfDr vkSj opZLo dks [kqyh pqukSrh FkhA

& bl le; vesfjdk dh ckxMksj fjifCyd ikVhZ ds tktZ MCy;w cq'k ds gkFkksa es Fkh bUgksusa dM+s QSalys fy;sA

& *vkijs'ku ,UM;wfjax ÝhMe* ds rgr vesfjdk us *vydk;nk* vkSj vQxkfuLrkuds rkkfycku dks fu'kkuk cuk;kA 9@11 dh ?kVuk vydk;nk ds vkslkek fcu yknsu ds }kjk funsZf'kr FkhA vesfjdk us iwjs fo'o esa fxj¶rkfj;ka dh yksxksa dks vyx vyx ns'kksa dh [kqfQ;k tsyksa esa Hkstk x;kA

& la;qDr jk"Vª dh vuqefr fy;s fcuk 9 ekpZ 2003 esa bjkd ij vkØe.k fd;kA lqj{kk ifj"kn ds LFkkbZ lnL;ksa Ýkal :l vkSj phu us bldh vkykspuk dhA okLro esa vesfjdk bjkd es lnnke gqlSu dk 'kklu lekIr dj ogka ds rsy HkaMkj ij viuk fu;a=.k LFkkfir djuk pkgrk FkkA *vkijs'ku bjkdh ÝhM+e* ds uke ls pyk;s bl vfHk;ku es lnnke gqlSu dks cUnh cuk] eqdnek pykus ds i'pkr fnlEcj 2006 esa Qkalh ns nh xbZA dqN le; ckn bjkd esa vesfjdk ds f[kykQ fonzksg HkM+d mBsaA

& vesfjdk ,d ek= egk'kfDr ds :i es gS mlus jktuhfr dks viuh bPNkuqlkj pykus ds iz;kl fd;sA vUrjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa] leL;kvksa rFkk laxBuksa dh ijokg ugha dhA

& opZLo %& fo'o jktuhfr esa fofHkUu ns'k o ns'kksa ds lewg rkdr ikus o dk;e j[kus ds iz;kl yxkrkj djrs gS ;g rkdr lSU; izHkqÙo] vkfFkZd 'kfDr] jktuhfrd :rcs vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl ds :I esa gksrh gSA nwljs ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor vFkok fu;af=r djus dh {kerk ftlls eupkgk dke djk;k tk lds opZLo ;k vf/kiR; opZLo ij Hkh vf/kdkj tek [kqn dks lkfcr fd;kA ;fn ge bfrgkl ds iUus iyVsa rks ik,xsa fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dh 'kfDr LFkkbZ ugha jgrhA

& vesfjdk dh 'kfDr ds jkLrs es vojks/k %&1- vejhdk dh laLFkkxr cukoVA ;gka 'kklu ds rhu vaxksa ds chp 'kfDr dk

cVokjk gSA dk;Zikfydk lSU; 'kfDr ij vadq'k yxkus dk dke djrh gSA2- vejhdh lekt dh izÑfr mUeqDr gSA ;gka dh turk lSU; vfHk;kuksa ij vadq'k

j[kus es cMh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA3- ukVksa Hkh blds opZLo es vadq'k yxk ldrk gSA D;k bu ns'kksa es cktkj ewyd

vFkZ O;oLFkk pyrh gSA

12

& Hkkjr&vesfjdk lEcU/k %& U.S.S.R ds iru i'pkr Hkkjr us viuh viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk QSalyk fd;kA bl uhfr ls Hkkjr dh vkfFZkd o`f)nj esa lq/kkj vk;k ftlds dkj.k Hkkjr vesfjdk lesr dbZ ns'kksa ds fy;s vkfFkZd lg;ksxh cu x;kA Hkkjr vejhdh laca/k ds chp nks ubZ ckrsa mHkjh bu dk laca/k izkS|ksfxdh vkSj vejhdk esa cls vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ls gSA

& opZLo ls dSls cpsa %& vUrjkZ"Vªh; txr esa bl izdkj ds loky mBrs jgrs gS ijUrq bldk dksbZ fodYi Hkh ut+j ugh vkrkA ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr] phu o :l tSls ns'k fey dj ,slk dj ldrs gS ijUrq os [kqn foHksnksa ls Hkjs gSA

& jktuhfrKksa dk rdZ gS blls rks cgrj gS fd opZLo tfur voljksa dk ykHk mBkuk pkfg, **vFkkZr cSMoSxu** j.kuhfr viukuh pkfg,A ge lHkh fo'o xzke dh ifjdYiuk esa th jgs gSaA

,d vadh; iz'u 1- ubZ fo'o O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ\2- ledkyhu fo'o esa vesfjdh opZLo dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZA3- fDyaVu us fdu eqn~nksa ij tksj fn;kA4- izFke [kkM+h ;q) fdu ns'kksa ds chp gqvkA5- vkijs'ku buQkbukbV jhp fdlds 'kklu dky esa pyk;k x;kA6- dkSu lk ;q) ohfM;ks xse okj ds uke ls tkuk x;kA7- vkradokn ds f[kykQ pyk, x, fo'oO;kih ;q) dks fdl uke ls tkuk x;kA8- cSaMoSxu uhfr dk D;k vFkZ gS\9- 9@11&2001 ds geyksa dk ftEesnkj dkSu Fkk\10- ^oYMZ okbM osc^ dk fganh vFkZ fy, baVjusV ds lanHkZ esaA11- gsxseuh 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

nks vadh; iz'u١- ,ech, D;k gS\ bldh LFkkiuk dgka o dc gqbZA٢- baVjusV iz.kkyh dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A٣- lekt dh mUeqDr&izd`fr vejhdh lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ij vadq'k yxkrh gSA

Li"V djsaA٤- opZLo dk D;k vFkZ gSA٥- daI;wVj ;q) dh laKk fdls o D;ksa nh xbZ\٦- 9@11 dh ?kVuk ls vkids fopkj esa vesfjdh dh lksp esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\٧- 11 flracj 2001 esa vejhdk esa D;k ?kVuk ?kVh Fkh\

13 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& 11 flrEcj 2001 vkradoknh ?kVuk ds fojks/k esa *vkijs'ku ,UM;wfjax ÝhMe* pyk;k x;kA vesfjdk us lHkh ns'kksa dks fo'o ls vkradokn dk lQk;k djus es ;ksxnku djus dks dgkA ;g ?kVuk 9@11 ds uke ls tkuh xbZA USA ij dh xbZ ;s dk;Zokgh vesfjdk dh 'kfDr vkSj opZLo dks [kqyh pqukSrh FkhA

& bl le; vesfjdk dh ckxMksj fjifCyd ikVhZ ds tktZ MCy;w cq'k ds gkFkksa es Fkh bUgksusa dM+s QSalys fy;sA

& *vkijs'ku ,UM;wfjax ÝhMe* ds rgr vesfjdk us *vydk;nk* vkSj vQxkfuLrkuds rkkfycku dks fu'kkuk cuk;kA 9@11 dh ?kVuk vydk;nk ds vkslkek fcu yknsu ds }kjk funsZf'kr FkhA vesfjdk us iwjs fo'o esa fxj¶rkfj;ka dh yksxksa dks vyx vyx ns'kksa dh [kqfQ;k tsyksa esa Hkstk x;kA

& la;qDr jk"Vª dh vuqefr fy;s fcuk 9 ekpZ 2003 esa bjkd ij vkØe.k fd;kA lqj{kk ifj"kn ds LFkkbZ lnL;ksa Ýkal :l vkSj phu us bldh vkykspuk dhA okLro esa vesfjdk bjkd es lnnke gqlSu dk 'kklu lekIr dj ogka ds rsy HkaMkj ij viuk fu;a=.k LFkkfir djuk pkgrk FkkA *vkijs'ku bjkdh ÝhM+e* ds uke ls pyk;s bl vfHk;ku es lnnke gqlSu dks cUnh cuk] eqdnek pykus ds i'pkr fnlEcj 2006 esa Qkalh ns nh xbZA dqN le; ckn bjkd esa vesfjdk ds f[kykQ fonzksg HkM+d mBsaA

& vesfjdk ,d ek= egk'kfDr ds :i es gS mlus jktuhfr dks viuh bPNkuqlkj pykus ds iz;kl fd;sA vUrjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa] leL;kvksa rFkk laxBuksa dh ijokg ugha dhA

& opZLo %& fo'o jktuhfr esa fofHkUu ns'k o ns'kksa ds lewg rkdr ikus o dk;e j[kus ds iz;kl yxkrkj djrs gS ;g rkdr lSU; izHkqÙo] vkfFkZd 'kfDr] jktuhfrd :rcs vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl ds :I esa gksrh gSA nwljs ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor vFkok fu;af=r djus dh {kerk ftlls eupkgk dke djk;k tk lds opZLo ;k vf/kiR; opZLo ij Hkh vf/kdkj tek [kqn dks lkfcr fd;kA ;fn ge bfrgkl ds iUus iyVsa rks ik,xsa fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dh 'kfDr LFkkbZ ugha jgrhA

& vesfjdk dh 'kfDr ds jkLrs es vojks/k %&1- vejhdk dh laLFkkxr cukoVA ;gka 'kklu ds rhu vaxksa ds chp 'kfDr dk

cVokjk gSA dk;Zikfydk lSU; 'kfDr ij vadq'k yxkus dk dke djrh gSA2- vejhdh lekt dh izÑfr mUeqDr gSA ;gka dh turk lSU; vfHk;kuksa ij vadq'k

j[kus es cMh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA3- ukVksa Hkh blds opZLo es vadq'k yxk ldrk gSA D;k bu ns'kksa es cktkj ewyd

vFkZ O;oLFkk pyrh gSA

12

& Hkkjr&vesfjdk lEcU/k %& U.S.S.R ds iru i'pkr Hkkjr us viuh viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk QSalyk fd;kA bl uhfr ls Hkkjr dh vkfFZkd o`f)nj esa lq/kkj vk;k ftlds dkj.k Hkkjr vesfjdk lesr dbZ ns'kksa ds fy;s vkfFkZd lg;ksxh cu x;kA Hkkjr vejhdh laca/k ds chp nks ubZ ckrsa mHkjh bu dk laca/k izkS|ksfxdh vkSj vejhdk esa cls vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ls gSA

& opZLo ls dSls cpsa %& vUrjkZ"Vªh; txr esa bl izdkj ds loky mBrs jgrs gS ijUrq bldk dksbZ fodYi Hkh ut+j ugh vkrkA ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr] phu o :l tSls ns'k fey dj ,slk dj ldrs gS ijUrq os [kqn foHksnksa ls Hkjs gSA

& jktuhfrKksa dk rdZ gS blls rks cgrj gS fd opZLo tfur voljksa dk ykHk mBkuk pkfg, **vFkkZr cSMoSxu** j.kuhfr viukuh pkfg,A ge lHkh fo'o xzke dh ifjdYiuk esa th jgs gSaA

,d vadh; iz'u 1- ubZ fo'o O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ\2- ledkyhu fo'o esa vesfjdh opZLo dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZA3- fDyaVu us fdu eqn~nksa ij tksj fn;kA4- izFke [kkM+h ;q) fdu ns'kksa ds chp gqvkA5- vkijs'ku buQkbukbV jhp fdlds 'kklu dky esa pyk;k x;kA6- dkSu lk ;q) ohfM;ks xse okj ds uke ls tkuk x;kA7- vkradokn ds f[kykQ pyk, x, fo'oO;kih ;q) dks fdl uke ls tkuk x;kA8- cSaMoSxu uhfr dk D;k vFkZ gS\9- 9@11&2001 ds geyksa dk ftEesnkj dkSu Fkk\10- ^oYMZ okbM osc^ dk fganh vFkZ fy, baVjusV ds lanHkZ esaA11- gsxseuh 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

nks vadh; iz'u١- ,ech, D;k gS\ bldh LFkkiuk dgka o dc gqbZA٢- baVjusV iz.kkyh dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A٣- lekt dh mUeqDr&izd`fr vejhdh lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ij vadq'k yxkrh gSA

Li"V djsaA٤- opZLo dk D;k vFkZ gSA٥- daI;wVj ;q) dh laKk fdls o D;ksa nh xbZ\٦- 9@11 dh ?kVuk ls vkids fopkj esa vesfjdh dh lksp esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\٧- 11 flracj 2001 esa vejhdk esa D;k ?kVuk ?kVh Fkh\

13 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

pkj vadh; iz'u١- vkijs'ku MstMZ LVkeZ D;k Fkk\٢- vejhdk )kjk 2003 esa bjkdh geys dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k djsaA٣- bjkd ij vkØe.k ds ihNs vejhdk dh okLrfod lksp D;k Fkh\٤- ^vkWijs'ku ,aM;wfjax fQzMe^ D;k Fkk\

5- leqnzh O;kikj ekxZ ¼SLOCS½ ij laf{kIr tkudkjh nsaA٦- vki fdl izdkj vejhdk dh 'kfDr dk vkdyu izeq[k 'kfDr ds :i esa djksaxs\

Ng vadh; iz'u1- vk;'kk] tkcw vkSj vkanzsbZ dh dgkfu;ksa D;k dgrh gS\2- fp= ns[kdj vejhdh opZLo dk fo'ys"k.k djsa&

14

3- vejhdk dh l'kDr lsuk dh deku dh lajpuk dk v/;;u dj laf{kIr :i ls lSU; 'kfDr dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA

ekufp= ds vk/kkj ij A

4- vejhdk ds opZLo ls fuiVus ds mik; fy[ksaA5- oSf'od lkoZtfud oLrq o oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ls laacaf/kr oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa

fy[ksaA

,d vadh; iz'u ds mRrj1- vkWijs'ku MstMZ LVkeZ ds cknA2- lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds cknA3- yksdra=] tyok;q o O;kikj ijA4- bjkd o vesfjdk )kjk funsZf'kr 34 ns'kksa dh lsuk ds chp5- jk"Vªifr fDyaVu ds 'kklu dky esaA6- izFke [kkM+h ;q)A7- vkWijs'ku ,UM;wfjax QzhMe8- opZLo ds fojks/k esa tkus dh vis{kk mldk Qk;nk mBkukA9- vydk;nk o rkfyckuA

15 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

pkj vadh; iz'u١- vkijs'ku MstMZ LVkeZ D;k Fkk\٢- vejhdk )kjk 2003 esa bjkdh geys dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k djsaA٣- bjkd ij vkØe.k ds ihNs vejhdk dh okLrfod lksp D;k Fkh\٤- ^vkWijs'ku ,aM;wfjax fQzMe^ D;k Fkk\

5- leqnzh O;kikj ekxZ ¼SLOCS½ ij laf{kIr tkudkjh nsaA٦- vki fdl izdkj vejhdk dh 'kfDr dk vkdyu izeq[k 'kfDr ds :i esa djksaxs\

Ng vadh; iz'u1- vk;'kk] tkcw vkSj vkanzsbZ dh dgkfu;ksa D;k dgrh gS\2- fp= ns[kdj vejhdh opZLo dk fo'ys"k.k djsa&

14

3- vejhdk dh l'kDr lsuk dh deku dh lajpuk dk v/;;u dj laf{kIr :i ls lSU; 'kfDr dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA

ekufp= ds vk/kkj ij A

4- vejhdk ds opZLo ls fuiVus ds mik; fy[ksaA5- oSf'od lkoZtfud oLrq o oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ls laacaf/kr oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa

fy[ksaA

,d vadh; iz'u ds mRrj1- vkWijs'ku MstMZ LVkeZ ds cknA2- lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds cknA3- yksdra=] tyok;q o O;kikj ijA4- bjkd o vesfjdk )kjk funsZf'kr 34 ns'kksa dh lsuk ds chp5- jk"Vªifr fDyaVu ds 'kklu dky esaA6- izFke [kkM+h ;q)A7- vkWijs'ku ,UM;wfjax QzhMe8- opZLo ds fojks/k esa tkus dh vis{kk mldk Qk;nk mBkukA9- vydk;nk o rkfyckuA

15 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

10- txr&tksM+rk&tkyA11- fdlh ,d jkT; dk usr`Ro ;k izHkqRo gksus dh tkudkjh feyrh gS bls 'kCn lsA

nks vadh; iz'u ds mRrj1- ekLVj vkWQ fctusl ,MfefuLVªs'ku dh fMxzhA vesfjdk esa fctusl Ldwy dh

LFkkiuk 1881 esa] ikB~;dze dh 'kq:vkr 1900 esa ,ech, ds :i esa 1950 esaA2- 1950 esa 'kq:vkr vejhdk ds lSU; vuqla/kku ifj;kstuk dk ifj.kke] oSf'od

ra= ij fuHkZj] vf/kdka'k mixzg vejhdk dsA oSf'od lkoZtfud o vkfFkZd nksuksa dk mnkgj.kA

3- fo;ruke la?k"kZ esa vejhdh tuer ds izHkko ls gh fojke yxk FkkA4- nwljs ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor ;k fu;af=r djus dh {kerkA5- izFke [kkM+h ;q) dks] LekVZ ceksa dk iz;ksx] Vhoh ij O;kid dojstA6- vkardokn dks fo'oO;kih ?kVuk vFkkZr varjjk"Vªh; leL;k ekukA7- vjc ns'kksa )kjk 19 vigj.kdrkZvksa us pkj vejhdh O;olkf;d ij dCtk dj

nks foeku oYMZ VªsM lsaVj ds mRrj o nf{k.k Vkoj ls Vdjk, rhljk isaVkxu ls o pkSFkk isaflyosfu;k ds [ksr esa fxjkA

16

v/;k; 4

lŸkk ds oSdfYid dsUnz Áeq[k dsUnz fcUnq& nks /kqzoh; O;oLFkk dh lekfIr ds ckn Li"V gks x;k fd jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd

lŸkk ds oSdfYid dsUnz vesfjdk ds ÁHkqŸo dks pqukSrh ns ldrs gS A ;wjksi esa ;wjksih; la?k o ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k & iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk laxBu 'kfDr cu dj mHkjs A phu Hkh ukVdh; rkSj ij vkfFkZd mHkkj ds :Ik esa ns[kk x;k A

& ;wjksih; la?k %& 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fcxM+rs ns[kk A blds ckn bu ns'kksa esa esy & feyki c<+us yxk A 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku vejhdk us Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds iquZxBu ds fy;s enn dh ftls ek'kZy ;kstuk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk gqbZ A

& vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk jktuSfrd Lo:Ik ysrh xbZ A 2005 esa bls fo'o dh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk ds :Ik esa ns[kk x;k A ldy ?kjsyq mRikn 12000 MkWyj ls Hkh T;knk Fkk] fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkxsnkjh vesjhdk ls rhu xquk A

& ;wjksih; la?k ds nks ns'k Ýkal rFkk fczVsu lqj{kk ifj"n~ ds LFkkbZ lnL; gSa buds ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj Hkh gS A

& lSU; 'kfDr] rkdr] varfj{k foKku vkSj lapkj ÁkS|ksfxdh ds ekeys esa ;wjksih; la?k dk fo'o esa nwljk LFkku gS A

vkfl;ku %&vkfl;ku ds laLFkkidksa & baMksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] fQyhihal] flaxkiqj rFkk FkkbyS.M us 1967 esa cSdkad ?kks"k.kk i= ij gLRkk{kj fd;s A& vkfl;ku ds vkfFkZd leqnk; dk Áeq[k mn~ns'; vkfl;ku ns'kksa dks lka>k cktkj

rFkk lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn djuk gS A bu ns'kksa us Vdjko jfgr vkSj lg;ksxkRed esy & feyki ds mnkgj.k is'k fd;s ftls vkfl;ku 'kSyh dgk x;k A

& fuos'k] Je vkSj lsokvksa ds ekeys esa o eqDr O;kikj {ks= cukus ij /;ku fn,A & fotu nLrkost 2020 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; esa vkfl;ku dh ,d ckgsZeq[kh

Hkwfedk dks Áeq[krk nh xbZ A & Hkkjr esa vkfl;ku ds nks lnL; jk"Vªksa flaxkiqj rFkk FkkbyS.M ds lkFk eqDr

O;kikj le>kSrk fd;k A

phu Pkhu us 'kkWd Fksjsih ds ctk; viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks pj.kc) rjhds ls 'kq: fd;kA 1978 esa phu us vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa vkSj ^[kqys }kj dh uhfr* dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

17 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

10- txr&tksM+rk&tkyA11- fdlh ,d jkT; dk usr`Ro ;k izHkqRo gksus dh tkudkjh feyrh gS bls 'kCn lsA

nks vadh; iz'u ds mRrj1- ekLVj vkWQ fctusl ,MfefuLVªs'ku dh fMxzhA vesfjdk esa fctusl Ldwy dh

LFkkiuk 1881 esa] ikB~;dze dh 'kq:vkr 1900 esa ,ech, ds :i esa 1950 esaA2- 1950 esa 'kq:vkr vejhdk ds lSU; vuqla/kku ifj;kstuk dk ifj.kke] oSf'od

ra= ij fuHkZj] vf/kdka'k mixzg vejhdk dsA oSf'od lkoZtfud o vkfFkZd nksuksa dk mnkgj.kA

3- fo;ruke la?k"kZ esa vejhdh tuer ds izHkko ls gh fojke yxk FkkA4- nwljs ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor ;k fu;af=r djus dh {kerkA5- izFke [kkM+h ;q) dks] LekVZ ceksa dk iz;ksx] Vhoh ij O;kid dojstA6- vkardokn dks fo'oO;kih ?kVuk vFkkZr varjjk"Vªh; leL;k ekukA7- vjc ns'kksa )kjk 19 vigj.kdrkZvksa us pkj vejhdh O;olkf;d ij dCtk dj

nks foeku oYMZ VªsM lsaVj ds mRrj o nf{k.k Vkoj ls Vdjk, rhljk isaVkxu ls o pkSFkk isaflyosfu;k ds [ksr esa fxjkA

16

v/;k; 4

lŸkk ds oSdfYid dsUnz Áeq[k dsUnz fcUnq& nks /kqzoh; O;oLFkk dh lekfIr ds ckn Li"V gks x;k fd jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd

lŸkk ds oSdfYid dsUnz vesfjdk ds ÁHkqŸo dks pqukSrh ns ldrs gS A ;wjksi esa ;wjksih; la?k o ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k & iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk laxBu 'kfDr cu dj mHkjs A phu Hkh ukVdh; rkSj ij vkfFkZd mHkkj ds :Ik esa ns[kk x;k A

& ;wjksih; la?k %& 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fcxM+rs ns[kk A blds ckn bu ns'kksa esa esy & feyki c<+us yxk A 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku vejhdk us Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds iquZxBu ds fy;s enn dh ftls ek'kZy ;kstuk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk gqbZ A

& vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk jktuSfrd Lo:Ik ysrh xbZ A 2005 esa bls fo'o dh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk ds :Ik esa ns[kk x;k A ldy ?kjsyq mRikn 12000 MkWyj ls Hkh T;knk Fkk] fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkxsnkjh vesjhdk ls rhu xquk A

& ;wjksih; la?k ds nks ns'k Ýkal rFkk fczVsu lqj{kk ifj"n~ ds LFkkbZ lnL; gSa buds ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj Hkh gS A

& lSU; 'kfDr] rkdr] varfj{k foKku vkSj lapkj ÁkS|ksfxdh ds ekeys esa ;wjksih; la?k dk fo'o esa nwljk LFkku gS A

vkfl;ku %&vkfl;ku ds laLFkkidksa & baMksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] fQyhihal] flaxkiqj rFkk FkkbyS.M us 1967 esa cSdkad ?kks"k.kk i= ij gLRkk{kj fd;s A& vkfl;ku ds vkfFkZd leqnk; dk Áeq[k mn~ns'; vkfl;ku ns'kksa dks lka>k cktkj

rFkk lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn djuk gS A bu ns'kksa us Vdjko jfgr vkSj lg;ksxkRed esy & feyki ds mnkgj.k is'k fd;s ftls vkfl;ku 'kSyh dgk x;k A

& fuos'k] Je vkSj lsokvksa ds ekeys esa o eqDr O;kikj {ks= cukus ij /;ku fn,A & fotu nLrkost 2020 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; esa vkfl;ku dh ,d ckgsZeq[kh

Hkwfedk dks Áeq[krk nh xbZ A & Hkkjr esa vkfl;ku ds nks lnL; jk"Vªksa flaxkiqj rFkk FkkbyS.M ds lkFk eqDr

O;kikj le>kSrk fd;k A

phu Pkhu us 'kkWd Fksjsih ds ctk; viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks pj.kc) rjhds ls 'kq: fd;kA 1978 esa phu us vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa vkSj ^[kqys }kj dh uhfr* dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

17 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

SEZ ds fuekZ.k ls fons'kh O;kikj dh c<+ksrjh gqbZ A 2001 esa phu fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa 'kkfey gqvk A blls fo'o vkfFkZdh ls phu dk tqM+ko gqvk A & Hkkjr o phu lEcU/k %& 1950 esa frCcr dks gM+Ik ysus ds ckn ls lEcU/kksa esa

ruko jgk A & 1962 esa v:.kkpy Áns'k ds dqN bykdksa o yn~nk[k ds vDlkb & fpu {ks=ksa

dks ysdj ;q) gqvk A 1976 rd dwVuhfrd lEcU/k lekIr jgs A & 1981 esa lhek fooknksa dks lqy>kus gsrq dbZ okrkZ,sa dh xbZ A & fnlEcj 1988 esa jktho xka/kh ds nkSjs ds Ik'pkr~ Vdjko Vkyus ds Á;kl c<+s A

gky ds o"kks± esa Hkkjr & phu us vius fooknksa dks vyx j[krs gq, ikjLifjd vkfFkZd o O;kikj lEcU/kksa dks c<+k;k gS A

& tkiku us Hkh nwljs fo'o ;q) ds Ik'pkr~ cM+h rsth ls Áxfr dh A tkiku dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh nwljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS A

,d vadh; Á'u %& 1 lŸkk ds nks oSdfYid dsUnzksa ds uke crkb;s \2 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk fdl ;kstuk ds rgr dh

xbZ \3 ;wjksih; bdkWuksfed dE;qfuVh dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \4 ;qjksih; la?k dh eqnzk dk uke fy[ks \5 ;wjksih; la?k ds >.Ms esa 12 flrkjksa dk D;k vFkZ gS \6 vkfl;ku dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \7 dkSu ls nks lnL; lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds LFkkbZ lnL; gSa \;wjksih; la?k ds A8 phu fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk lnL; dc cuk \9 1950 esa phu us fdl {ks= ij viuk vf/kdkj tek;k \10 fdrus le; rd Hkkjr & phu dwVuhfrd lEcU/k ugha jgs \

nks vadh; Á'u %&1 ek'kZy ;kstuk D;k Fkh \2 SEZ ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \3 {ks=h; laxBuks dks cukus ds D;k mn~ns'; gS \4 vkfl;ku ds vkfFkZd leqnk; ds mn~ns'; fy[ksa \5 vkfl;ku ds laLFkkid ns'kksa ds uke fy[ksa \6 1970 ds n'kd esa phu us dkSu ls nks uhfrxr fu.kZu fy, \7 ;wjksih; la?k ds >.Ms ds fo"k; esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A 8 ;wjksih; la?k ds nks mn~ns'; fy[ksa \

18

9 phu ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds nks udkjkRed igyw fy[ksa \

Pkkj vadh; Á'u %&1 Þjktho xka/kh }kjk 1988 dh phu dh ;k=k ds Ik'pkr~ Hkkjr phu lEcU/kksa dks

ubZ fn'kk feyh A ßLi"V djsa A 2 {ks=h; laxBuksa ij HkkSxksfyd fudVrk dk D;k ÁHkko gksrk gS \3 Hkkjr & phu ds chp fookn dk o.kZu djks A 4 vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; esa vkfl;ku ds l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, D;k dne mBk, tkus

pkfg, A 5 uhps fn;s fp= ds vk/kkj ij phu dh c<+rh rkdr dk fo'ys"k.k djsa A

N % vadh; Á'u1 ;wjksih; la?k ds vkfFkZd {ks= esa D;k ÁHkko gq, \2 phuh vFkZO;oLFkk ds mRFkku ds fy;s mŸkjnk;h dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsa \3 ;wjksih; la?k dh lk>h fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsa \4 ;wjksih; la?k ds ekufp= esa iqjkus o u;s lnL; jk"Vªksa dks fpfUgr djsa A5 vkfl;ku ds Áfr Hkkjr ds utfj;s dk mYys[k djsa A

19 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

SEZ ds fuekZ.k ls fons'kh O;kikj dh c<+ksrjh gqbZ A 2001 esa phu fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa 'kkfey gqvk A blls fo'o vkfFkZdh ls phu dk tqM+ko gqvk A & Hkkjr o phu lEcU/k %& 1950 esa frCcr dks gM+Ik ysus ds ckn ls lEcU/kksa esa

ruko jgk A & 1962 esa v:.kkpy Áns'k ds dqN bykdksa o yn~nk[k ds vDlkb & fpu {ks=ksa

dks ysdj ;q) gqvk A 1976 rd dwVuhfrd lEcU/k lekIr jgs A & 1981 esa lhek fooknksa dks lqy>kus gsrq dbZ okrkZ,sa dh xbZ A & fnlEcj 1988 esa jktho xka/kh ds nkSjs ds Ik'pkr~ Vdjko Vkyus ds Á;kl c<+s A

gky ds o"kks± esa Hkkjr & phu us vius fooknksa dks vyx j[krs gq, ikjLifjd vkfFkZd o O;kikj lEcU/kksa dks c<+k;k gS A

& tkiku us Hkh nwljs fo'o ;q) ds Ik'pkr~ cM+h rsth ls Áxfr dh A tkiku dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh nwljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS A

,d vadh; Á'u %& 1 lŸkk ds nks oSdfYid dsUnzksa ds uke crkb;s \2 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk fdl ;kstuk ds rgr dh

xbZ \3 ;wjksih; bdkWuksfed dE;qfuVh dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \4 ;qjksih; la?k dh eqnzk dk uke fy[ks \5 ;wjksih; la?k ds >.Ms esa 12 flrkjksa dk D;k vFkZ gS \6 vkfl;ku dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \7 dkSu ls nks lnL; lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds LFkkbZ lnL; gSa \;wjksih; la?k ds A8 phu fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk lnL; dc cuk \9 1950 esa phu us fdl {ks= ij viuk vf/kdkj tek;k \10 fdrus le; rd Hkkjr & phu dwVuhfrd lEcU/k ugha jgs \

nks vadh; Á'u %&1 ek'kZy ;kstuk D;k Fkh \2 SEZ ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \3 {ks=h; laxBuks dks cukus ds D;k mn~ns'; gS \4 vkfl;ku ds vkfFkZd leqnk; ds mn~ns'; fy[ksa \5 vkfl;ku ds laLFkkid ns'kksa ds uke fy[ksa \6 1970 ds n'kd esa phu us dkSu ls nks uhfrxr fu.kZu fy, \7 ;wjksih; la?k ds >.Ms ds fo"k; esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A 8 ;wjksih; la?k ds nks mn~ns'; fy[ksa \

18

9 phu ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds nks udkjkRed igyw fy[ksa \

Pkkj vadh; Á'u %&1 Þjktho xka/kh }kjk 1988 dh phu dh ;k=k ds Ik'pkr~ Hkkjr phu lEcU/kksa dks

ubZ fn'kk feyh A ßLi"V djsa A 2 {ks=h; laxBuksa ij HkkSxksfyd fudVrk dk D;k ÁHkko gksrk gS \3 Hkkjr & phu ds chp fookn dk o.kZu djks A 4 vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; esa vkfl;ku ds l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, D;k dne mBk, tkus

pkfg, A 5 uhps fn;s fp= ds vk/kkj ij phu dh c<+rh rkdr dk fo'ys"k.k djsa A

N % vadh; Á'u1 ;wjksih; la?k ds vkfFkZd {ks= esa D;k ÁHkko gq, \2 phuh vFkZO;oLFkk ds mRFkku ds fy;s mŸkjnk;h dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsa \3 ;wjksih; la?k dh lk>h fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsa \4 ;wjksih; la?k ds ekufp= esa iqjkus o u;s lnL; jk"Vªksa dks fpfUgr djsa A5 vkfl;ku ds Áfr Hkkjr ds utfj;s dk mYys[k djsa A

19 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

,d vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj1 ;wjksih; la?k o vkfl;ku A 2 ek'kZy ;kstuk A 3 1957 esa A 4 ;wjks A 5 12 lnL; jkT;ksa ds Árhd A 6 nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk lxBu A 7 fczVsu o Ýkal A 8 2001 esa A 9 frCcr ij A 10 1962 ls 1976 rd A

nks vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj1 1945 ds ckn ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa feyki vesfjdk }kjk 'khr & ;q) ds nkSjku

vFkZO;oLFkk ds iquZxBu gsrq enn A 2 Special Economic Zone ds fuek.kZ ls fons'kh O;kikj esa o`f) A phu fo'o esa

ÁR;{k fons'kh fuos'k ds fy;s vkd"kZd jk"Vª cu x;k A 3 ¼I½ ,frgkfld nq'euh o detksfj;ksa dk {ks=h; LRkj ij lek/kku <aw<us gsrq A ¼II½ vius {ks=ksa esa 'kkafr iw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=h; O;oLFkk ds fodkl gsrq A4 ¼I½ lk>k cktkj rFkk lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl A ¼II½ lg;ksxkRed esy & feyki A5 baMksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] fQfyihal] flaxkiqj] FkkbyS.M A6 ¼I½ 1972 esa vesjhdk ls jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd lEcU/k cuk,s A ¼II½ 1978 esa ^[kqys }kj dh uhfr* dh ?kks"k.kk A 7 ¼I½ lksus ds jax ds flrkjksa dk o`Ÿk tks ;wjksih; la?k dh ,drk dks n'kkZrk gS a ¼II½ 12 flrkjs ikjEifjd :Ik ls iw.kZrk] lexzrk] vkSj ,drk dk Árhd ekuk

tkrk gS A 8 ¼I½ lka>h eqnzk A

¼II½ lka>h lkaLÑfr A ¼III½ lka>h lqj{kk uhfr A ¼IV½ lka>kh vkfFkZd uhfr A ¼VI½ lka>k >aMk xku] LFkkiuk fnol A

9 ¼I½ csjkstxkjh dk c<+uk A ¼II½ Hkz"Vkpkj esa c<+ksrjh A ¼III½ Ik;kZoj.k dks uqdlku A ¼IV½ yksxksa ds chp vkfFkZd Qklyk c<+k A

20

v/;k; %& 5ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k

Áeq[k fcUnq %& & 20 oha lnh ds vafre o"kks± esa nqfu;k dh utj nf{k.kh ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh vksj eqM

xbZ dkj.k Fkk Hkkjr & ikfdLrku }kjk [kqn dk ijek.kq 'kfDr lEiUu cuk ysukA ;s ns'k ges'kk gh cM+s laosnu'khy jgs gSa vius la?k"kks± o fooknksa ds dkj.kA

& nf{k.k ,f'k;k & ckXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk dks eq[;r% nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks= ekurs gSa A bu {ks=ksa dh fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] Hkk"kkbZ rFkk lkaLÑfrd lekurk us budh utnhfd;k¡ c<+kbZ gS A

& 2005 esa vQxkfuLrku dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k o E;kaekj ij Hkh ppkZ dh tkrh gS ijUrq phu dks bl {ks= dk Áeq[k jk"Vª gksrs gq, Hkh nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk vax ugha ekuk tkrk A

& ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* gj vFkZ esa fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk gS fQj Hkh Hkw & jktuhfrd /kjkry ij ,d gS A

& bl {ks= esa yksdra= dk fjdkMZ feyk & tqyk jgk A bu ns'kksa dh turk yksdra= dh vkdka{kkvksa esa lgHkkxh jgh A

& ikfdLrku esa nks ljdkjksa csuthj HkqV~Vks o uokt & 'kjhQ dh ljdkjksa dks NksM+dj yksdra= u jg ldk ftldk dkj.k ogk¡ lsuk /keZxq: vkSj Hkw & Lokeh vfHktuksa ds lkekftd nc ncs dks ekuk tkrk gS A jktuhfrd nyksa ds LokFkZ o yksdra= ds chp ikfdLrku dh lqj{kk lnSo [krjs esa iM+rh jgh gS A vejhdk o if'peh ns'kksa us vius & vius LokFkZ gsrq lSU; 'kklu dks c<+kok fn;k A

& ckXykns'k %& ikfdLrku ls vyx gqvk ;s jk"Vª iwohZ ikfdLrku dk fgLlk Fkk tks yksdra= esa fo'okl j[krk Fkk] ;gka ds vf/kdrj ukxfjd Hkkjr iyk;u dj jgs Fks] Hkkjr ds fy;s ;s 'kj.kkFkhZ leL;k curs tk jgs Fks A 1971 esa Hkkjr & ikd ;q) dh lekfIr ckaXyns'k cuus ds lkFk gqbZ A 1975 esa 'ks[k eqthcqZjgeku us lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku dj lalnh; 'kklu Á.kkyh dks v/;{kkRed Á.kkyh esa cny Mkyk] viuh ,d ikVhZ dks NksM vU; ikfVZ;ksa dks lekIr dj fn;kA 1991 ds pqukoksa ds ckn ls vkt rd ogk¡ yksdra= gS A

& usiky %& usiky esa Hkh yksdra= o jkt'kkgh dh yEch tíkstgn ds i'pkr~ dh tMs etcwr ugha gks ikbZ gS A usiky o Hkkjr ds ukxfjd] nksuks ns'kksa ds chp e/kqj lEcU/k gksus ds dkj.k ,d & nwljs ds ;gk¡ fcuk ikliksVZ o oht+k ds vk& tk ldrs gS A bu lc ds ckotwn Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ,tsafl;k usiky esa py jgs ekvksoknh vkUnksyuksa dks viuh lqj{kk ds fy;s [krjk ekurh gS A

21 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

,d vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj1 ;wjksih; la?k o vkfl;ku A 2 ek'kZy ;kstuk A 3 1957 esa A 4 ;wjks A 5 12 lnL; jkT;ksa ds Árhd A 6 nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk lxBu A 7 fczVsu o Ýkal A 8 2001 esa A 9 frCcr ij A 10 1962 ls 1976 rd A

nks vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj1 1945 ds ckn ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa feyki vesfjdk }kjk 'khr & ;q) ds nkSjku

vFkZO;oLFkk ds iquZxBu gsrq enn A 2 Special Economic Zone ds fuek.kZ ls fons'kh O;kikj esa o`f) A phu fo'o esa

ÁR;{k fons'kh fuos'k ds fy;s vkd"kZd jk"Vª cu x;k A 3 ¼I½ ,frgkfld nq'euh o detksfj;ksa dk {ks=h; LRkj ij lek/kku <aw<us gsrq A ¼II½ vius {ks=ksa esa 'kkafr iw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=h; O;oLFkk ds fodkl gsrq A4 ¼I½ lk>k cktkj rFkk lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl A ¼II½ lg;ksxkRed esy & feyki A5 baMksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] fQfyihal] flaxkiqj] FkkbyS.M A6 ¼I½ 1972 esa vesjhdk ls jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd lEcU/k cuk,s A ¼II½ 1978 esa ^[kqys }kj dh uhfr* dh ?kks"k.kk A 7 ¼I½ lksus ds jax ds flrkjksa dk o`Ÿk tks ;wjksih; la?k dh ,drk dks n'kkZrk gS a ¼II½ 12 flrkjs ikjEifjd :Ik ls iw.kZrk] lexzrk] vkSj ,drk dk Árhd ekuk

tkrk gS A 8 ¼I½ lka>h eqnzk A

¼II½ lka>h lkaLÑfr A ¼III½ lka>h lqj{kk uhfr A ¼IV½ lka>kh vkfFkZd uhfr A ¼VI½ lka>k >aMk xku] LFkkiuk fnol A

9 ¼I½ csjkstxkjh dk c<+uk A ¼II½ Hkz"Vkpkj esa c<+ksrjh A ¼III½ Ik;kZoj.k dks uqdlku A ¼IV½ yksxksa ds chp vkfFkZd Qklyk c<+k A

20

v/;k; %& 5ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k

Áeq[k fcUnq %& & 20 oha lnh ds vafre o"kks± esa nqfu;k dh utj nf{k.kh ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh vksj eqM

xbZ dkj.k Fkk Hkkjr & ikfdLrku }kjk [kqn dk ijek.kq 'kfDr lEiUu cuk ysukA ;s ns'k ges'kk gh cM+s laosnu'khy jgs gSa vius la?k"kks± o fooknksa ds dkj.kA

& nf{k.k ,f'k;k & ckXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk dks eq[;r% nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks= ekurs gSa A bu {ks=ksa dh fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] Hkk"kkbZ rFkk lkaLÑfrd lekurk us budh utnhfd;k¡ c<+kbZ gS A

& 2005 esa vQxkfuLrku dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k o E;kaekj ij Hkh ppkZ dh tkrh gS ijUrq phu dks bl {ks= dk Áeq[k jk"Vª gksrs gq, Hkh nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk vax ugha ekuk tkrk A

& ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* gj vFkZ esa fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk gS fQj Hkh Hkw & jktuhfrd /kjkry ij ,d gS A

& bl {ks= esa yksdra= dk fjdkMZ feyk & tqyk jgk A bu ns'kksa dh turk yksdra= dh vkdka{kkvksa esa lgHkkxh jgh A

& ikfdLrku esa nks ljdkjksa csuthj HkqV~Vks o uokt & 'kjhQ dh ljdkjksa dks NksM+dj yksdra= u jg ldk ftldk dkj.k ogk¡ lsuk /keZxq: vkSj Hkw & Lokeh vfHktuksa ds lkekftd nc ncs dks ekuk tkrk gS A jktuhfrd nyksa ds LokFkZ o yksdra= ds chp ikfdLrku dh lqj{kk lnSo [krjs esa iM+rh jgh gS A vejhdk o if'peh ns'kksa us vius & vius LokFkZ gsrq lSU; 'kklu dks c<+kok fn;k A

& ckXykns'k %& ikfdLrku ls vyx gqvk ;s jk"Vª iwohZ ikfdLrku dk fgLlk Fkk tks yksdra= esa fo'okl j[krk Fkk] ;gka ds vf/kdrj ukxfjd Hkkjr iyk;u dj jgs Fks] Hkkjr ds fy;s ;s 'kj.kkFkhZ leL;k curs tk jgs Fks A 1971 esa Hkkjr & ikd ;q) dh lekfIr ckaXyns'k cuus ds lkFk gqbZ A 1975 esa 'ks[k eqthcqZjgeku us lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku dj lalnh; 'kklu Á.kkyh dks v/;{kkRed Á.kkyh esa cny Mkyk] viuh ,d ikVhZ dks NksM vU; ikfVZ;ksa dks lekIr dj fn;kA 1991 ds pqukoksa ds ckn ls vkt rd ogk¡ yksdra= gS A

& usiky %& usiky esa Hkh yksdra= o jkt'kkgh dh yEch tíkstgn ds i'pkr~ dh tMs etcwr ugha gks ikbZ gS A usiky o Hkkjr ds ukxfjd] nksuks ns'kksa ds chp e/kqj lEcU/k gksus ds dkj.k ,d & nwljs ds ;gk¡ fcuk ikliksVZ o oht+k ds vk& tk ldrs gS A bu lc ds ckotwn Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ,tsafl;k usiky esa py jgs ekvksoknh vkUnksyuksa dks viuh lqj{kk ds fy;s [krjk ekurh gS A

21 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& Jhyadk %& Jhyadk 1948 esa vktkn gqvk nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=ksa esa tkrh; la?k"kZ] lhek & fookn] unh ty caVokjs ds fookn rFkk lalk/kuksa dks ysdj fookn dk {ks= jgk gS A Jhyadk dh jktuhfr esa flagyh leqnk; dkQh ÁHkko'kkyh jgk A ,d cM+h vkcknh blds f[kykQ gS A 1983 ds ckn ls mxz fyVVs ds lHkh fBdkuksa ij JhyadkbZ lsuk us dCtk dj fy;k gS A rfey laxBu ^fycjs'ku VkbxlZ vkWQ rfey bye* JhyadkbZ lsuk ds lkFk l'kL= la?k"kZ dj jgk gS A la?k"kks± esa jgus ds ckotwn Hkh blus vkfFkZd o`f) vkSj fodkl ds mPp Lrj dks gkfly fd;k A vUn:uh la?k"kks± ds ckotwn Hkh Jhyadk us yksdra=h; O;oLFkk dks dk;e j[kk A

& Hkkjr o ikfdLrku bl {ks= ds ,sls nks jk"Vª gS ftuesa lnSo ruko cuk jgrk gSA ikfdLrku dh [kqfQ;k ,tsalh vkbZ-,l-vkbZ ij ckXykns'k vkSj usiky ds xqIr fBdkuksa ls iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr esa Hkkjr fojks/kh vfHk;kuksa esa Hkkxhnkj gksus dk vkjksi yxrk jgk gS A d'ehj dh leL;k dk Hkh vkt rd dksbZ gy ugha fudy ik;kA

& n{ksl dks vkilh erHksnksa ds dkj.k vf/kd lQyrk ugha fey ikrh] le; & le; ij la?k"kZ o fookn gksrs jgrs gSa fQj Hkh ;s jk"Vª vkil nksLrh ds fj'rksa o lg;ksx ds egRo dks le>rs o fuHkkrs gSa A

& ckXykns'k o Hkkjr iwjc pyks dh uhfr dk fgLlk gSa A& nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds jk"Vªksa us feydj 1985 esa n{ksl ¼SAARC½ dk fuekZ.k fd;k

Fkk A& SAFTA ¼ nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj {ks= ½ le>kSrs ij 2002 esa gLrk{kj

fd;s x;s A 2006 esa ;g ÁHkkoh gqvk A 2007 eas bu ns'kksa ds chp vkilh O;kikj esa layXu ns'kksa dk lhek 'kqYd 20 Áfr'kr de dj fn;k x;k A

& HkwVku ds jktk us Hkh yksdraf=; O;oLFkk dk;e dh o iMkslh jk"Vªksa ds lkFk e/kqj lEcU/k j[ks A

& Hkkjr o HkwVku o ekynho ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn dh A HkwVku o ekynho n{ksl ds lcls 'kkUr Áns'k gSa A

,d vadh; Á'u %&1 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds nks ns'kksa ds uke fy[ksa \2 usiky esa laoS/kkfud jktra= dc rd jgk \3 o"kZ 2005 esa fdl ns'k dks lkdZ dk lnL; cuk;k x;k \4 M.D.P dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \ 5 lkdZ ns'kksa dk ÁFke lEesyu dgk¡ gqvk \6 lkdZ dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \7 fdu nks ns'kksa esa lSfud o yksdrkaf=r 'kklu jgs \

22

8 Jhyadk dh jktuhfr esa fdl leqnk; dk nc nck gS \9 Hkkjr & Jhyadk le>kSrk dc gqvk \10 n{ksl ¼ lkdZ ½ dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gS \11 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds fdl ns'k esa laoS/kkfud jktra= Fkk \12 eqDr O;kikj laf/k ij gLrk{kj dc gq, \13 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp 1960 esa fdl laf/k ij gLrk{kj gq, \14 vFkZ & O;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k loZÁFke nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds fdl ns'k us fd;k \

nks vadh; Á'u %&1 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 lkdZ ds fl)kUrksa ds fo"k; crkb;s \3 SAARC vkSj SAFTA dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \4 Lora=rk ÁkfIr ds ckn Jhyadk dks dkSu lh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k \5 iwohZ ikfdLrku us if'peh ikfdLrku dk fojks/k D;ksa fd;k \6 nks ,sls elyksa ds uke fy[ks ftu ij Hkkjr o ckaXykns'k esa lg;ksx gS \7 ikfdLrku esa yksdra= lQy D;ksa ugha gS \8 Hkkjr o ckXykns'k ds chp vlgefr ds nks eqís dkSu & dkSu ls gSa \9 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp dkSu ls nks le>kSrs gq,s \

Pkkj vadh; Á'u %&1 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp gky esa D;k le>kSrs gq, \2 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ekufp= esa ^n{ksl* ds lnL; jk"Vªks dks fn[kkb;s A3 lkdZ ds fl)kUrksa ds fo"k; esa Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 4 f'keyk le>kSrs ds lanHkZ esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A 5 nf{k.k ,f'k;k es f}& i{kh; lEcU/kksa dks ckgjh 'kfDRk;k¡ dSls ÁHkkfor djrh gSa \6 Hkkjr ds Á/kkuea=h dks phu ls okŸkkZ gsrq cSBd esa Hkkx ysuk gS A Á/kkuea=h ds

futh lykgkdkj gksus ds ukrs vki mUgsa fdu eqís ij ckr djus dh lykg nsxsa\

N% vadh; Á'u %&1 Hkkjr ds nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk laca/k dSls jgs \2 ¼I½ uhps fn;s dkVZwu esa fdl nqfo/kk dks fn[kkus dk Á;kl fd;k x;k gS A ¼II½ flag o ck?k fdlds lwpd gS rFkk fdl vksj b'kkjk djrs gSa \

23 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& Jhyadk %& Jhyadk 1948 esa vktkn gqvk nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=ksa esa tkrh; la?k"kZ] lhek & fookn] unh ty caVokjs ds fookn rFkk lalk/kuksa dks ysdj fookn dk {ks= jgk gS A Jhyadk dh jktuhfr esa flagyh leqnk; dkQh ÁHkko'kkyh jgk A ,d cM+h vkcknh blds f[kykQ gS A 1983 ds ckn ls mxz fyVVs ds lHkh fBdkuksa ij JhyadkbZ lsuk us dCtk dj fy;k gS A rfey laxBu ^fycjs'ku VkbxlZ vkWQ rfey bye* JhyadkbZ lsuk ds lkFk l'kL= la?k"kZ dj jgk gS A la?k"kks± esa jgus ds ckotwn Hkh blus vkfFkZd o`f) vkSj fodkl ds mPp Lrj dks gkfly fd;k A vUn:uh la?k"kks± ds ckotwn Hkh Jhyadk us yksdra=h; O;oLFkk dks dk;e j[kk A

& Hkkjr o ikfdLrku bl {ks= ds ,sls nks jk"Vª gS ftuesa lnSo ruko cuk jgrk gSA ikfdLrku dh [kqfQ;k ,tsalh vkbZ-,l-vkbZ ij ckXykns'k vkSj usiky ds xqIr fBdkuksa ls iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr esa Hkkjr fojks/kh vfHk;kuksa esa Hkkxhnkj gksus dk vkjksi yxrk jgk gS A d'ehj dh leL;k dk Hkh vkt rd dksbZ gy ugha fudy ik;kA

& n{ksl dks vkilh erHksnksa ds dkj.k vf/kd lQyrk ugha fey ikrh] le; & le; ij la?k"kZ o fookn gksrs jgrs gSa fQj Hkh ;s jk"Vª vkil nksLrh ds fj'rksa o lg;ksx ds egRo dks le>rs o fuHkkrs gSa A

& ckXykns'k o Hkkjr iwjc pyks dh uhfr dk fgLlk gSa A& nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds jk"Vªksa us feydj 1985 esa n{ksl ¼SAARC½ dk fuekZ.k fd;k

Fkk A& SAFTA ¼ nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj {ks= ½ le>kSrs ij 2002 esa gLrk{kj

fd;s x;s A 2006 esa ;g ÁHkkoh gqvk A 2007 eas bu ns'kksa ds chp vkilh O;kikj esa layXu ns'kksa dk lhek 'kqYd 20 Áfr'kr de dj fn;k x;k A

& HkwVku ds jktk us Hkh yksdraf=; O;oLFkk dk;e dh o iMkslh jk"Vªksa ds lkFk e/kqj lEcU/k j[ks A

& Hkkjr o HkwVku o ekynho ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn dh A HkwVku o ekynho n{ksl ds lcls 'kkUr Áns'k gSa A

,d vadh; Á'u %&1 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds nks ns'kksa ds uke fy[ksa \2 usiky esa laoS/kkfud jktra= dc rd jgk \3 o"kZ 2005 esa fdl ns'k dks lkdZ dk lnL; cuk;k x;k \4 M.D.P dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \ 5 lkdZ ns'kksa dk ÁFke lEesyu dgk¡ gqvk \6 lkdZ dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \7 fdu nks ns'kksa esa lSfud o yksdrkaf=r 'kklu jgs \

22

8 Jhyadk dh jktuhfr esa fdl leqnk; dk nc nck gS \9 Hkkjr & Jhyadk le>kSrk dc gqvk \10 n{ksl ¼ lkdZ ½ dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gS \11 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds fdl ns'k esa laoS/kkfud jktra= Fkk \12 eqDr O;kikj laf/k ij gLrk{kj dc gq, \13 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp 1960 esa fdl laf/k ij gLrk{kj gq, \14 vFkZ & O;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k loZÁFke nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds fdl ns'k us fd;k \

nks vadh; Á'u %&1 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 lkdZ ds fl)kUrksa ds fo"k; crkb;s \3 SAARC vkSj SAFTA dk iwjk uke fy[ksa \4 Lora=rk ÁkfIr ds ckn Jhyadk dks dkSu lh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k \5 iwohZ ikfdLrku us if'peh ikfdLrku dk fojks/k D;ksa fd;k \6 nks ,sls elyksa ds uke fy[ks ftu ij Hkkjr o ckaXykns'k esa lg;ksx gS \7 ikfdLrku esa yksdra= lQy D;ksa ugha gS \8 Hkkjr o ckXykns'k ds chp vlgefr ds nks eqís dkSu & dkSu ls gSa \9 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp dkSu ls nks le>kSrs gq,s \

Pkkj vadh; Á'u %&1 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp gky esa D;k le>kSrs gq, \2 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ekufp= esa ^n{ksl* ds lnL; jk"Vªks dks fn[kkb;s A3 lkdZ ds fl)kUrksa ds fo"k; esa Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 4 f'keyk le>kSrs ds lanHkZ esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A 5 nf{k.k ,f'k;k es f}& i{kh; lEcU/kksa dks ckgjh 'kfDRk;k¡ dSls ÁHkkfor djrh gSa \6 Hkkjr ds Á/kkuea=h dks phu ls okŸkkZ gsrq cSBd esa Hkkx ysuk gS A Á/kkuea=h ds

futh lykgkdkj gksus ds ukrs vki mUgsa fdu eqís ij ckr djus dh lykg nsxsa\

N% vadh; Á'u %&1 Hkkjr ds nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk laca/k dSls jgs \2 ¼I½ uhps fn;s dkVZwu esa fdl nqfo/kk dks fn[kkus dk Á;kl fd;k x;k gS A ¼II½ flag o ck?k fdlds lwpd gS rFkk fdl vksj b'kkjk djrs gSa \

23 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

3 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp fdu eqíksa dks ysdj la?k"kZ gksrs jgrs gSa \4 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx dh jkg rS;kj djus esa n{ksl dh

Hkwfedk vkSj lhekvksa dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k djsa A nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh csgrjh ds fy;s vki D;k lq>ko nsxsa \

,d vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %&1 Hkkjr] ikfdLrku A 2 2006 rd A 3 vQxkfuLrku A 4 ekynhfo;u MseksØsfVd ikVhZ ¼ M.D.P ½ A5 ckXykns'k dh jkt/kkuh ^<+kdk* esa A 6 fnlEcj 1985 esa A 7 ikfdLrku rFkk ckXykns'k A 8 flagyh leqnk; dk A 9 1987 esa A 10 ¼ usiky ½ dkBekaMw A 11 usiky A 12 Qjojh 2004] n{ksl ds 12 osa lEesyu esa A 13 fla/kq & ty & laf/k A

24

14 Jhyadk us A

nks vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %&1 ckXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku rFkk Jhyadk dk laxBu A 2 ¼I½ lnL; jkT;ksa ds vkUrfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi u djuk A ¼II½ xjhch] vf'k{kk] dqiks"k.k tSlh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku A 3 ¼I½ lkmFk ,f'k;u ,lksf'k,'ku QkWj fjtuy dks & vkWijs'ku A ¼II½ lkmFk ,f'k;u Ýh VªsM ,xzhesaV A 4 tkrh; la?k"kZ dk] rfeyksa ds Áfr misf{kr joS;s dk A 5 iwohZ ikfdLrku ij mnwZ Hkk"kk yknus rFkk caxkyh rFkk laLÑr Hkk"kk ds lkFk

nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k A 6 ¼I½ czãiq= o xaxk unh ds ty cWVokjs ds fy;s QjDdk laf/k A ¼II½ vkradokn ij lgefr A 7 lsuk] /keZxq: vkSj Hkw & Lokeh vfHktuksa ds lkekftd nc ncs ds dkj.k A 8 ¼I½ pdek 'kj.kkFkhZ A ¼II½ Hkkjr dh ljdkj ij pVxkWo ioZrh; {ks= esa fonzksg c<+okus] ckaXykns'k ds

ÁkÑfrd xSl esa lsa/kekjh ij A 9 ¼I½ rk'kdan le>kSrk A ¼II½ f'keyk le>kSrk A

25 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

3 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds chp fdu eqíksa dks ysdj la?k"kZ gksrs jgrs gSa \4 nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx dh jkg rS;kj djus esa n{ksl dh

Hkwfedk vkSj lhekvksa dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k djsa A nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh csgrjh ds fy;s vki D;k lq>ko nsxsa \

,d vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %&1 Hkkjr] ikfdLrku A 2 2006 rd A 3 vQxkfuLrku A 4 ekynhfo;u MseksØsfVd ikVhZ ¼ M.D.P ½ A5 ckXykns'k dh jkt/kkuh ^<+kdk* esa A 6 fnlEcj 1985 esa A 7 ikfdLrku rFkk ckXykns'k A 8 flagyh leqnk; dk A 9 1987 esa A 10 ¼ usiky ½ dkBekaMw A 11 usiky A 12 Qjojh 2004] n{ksl ds 12 osa lEesyu esa A 13 fla/kq & ty & laf/k A

24

14 Jhyadk us A

nks vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %&1 ckXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku rFkk Jhyadk dk laxBu A 2 ¼I½ lnL; jkT;ksa ds vkUrfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi u djuk A ¼II½ xjhch] vf'k{kk] dqiks"k.k tSlh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku A 3 ¼I½ lkmFk ,f'k;u ,lksf'k,'ku QkWj fjtuy dks & vkWijs'ku A ¼II½ lkmFk ,f'k;u Ýh VªsM ,xzhesaV A 4 tkrh; la?k"kZ dk] rfeyksa ds Áfr misf{kr joS;s dk A 5 iwohZ ikfdLrku ij mnwZ Hkk"kk yknus rFkk caxkyh rFkk laLÑr Hkk"kk ds lkFk

nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k A 6 ¼I½ czãiq= o xaxk unh ds ty cWVokjs ds fy;s QjDdk laf/k A ¼II½ vkradokn ij lgefr A 7 lsuk] /keZxq: vkSj Hkw & Lokeh vfHktuksa ds lkekftd nc ncs ds dkj.k A 8 ¼I½ pdek 'kj.kkFkhZ A ¼II½ Hkkjr dh ljdkj ij pVxkWo ioZrh; {ks= esa fonzksg c<+okus] ckaXykns'k ds

ÁkÑfrd xSl esa lsa/kekjh ij A 9 ¼I½ rk'kdan le>kSrk A ¼II½ f'keyk le>kSrk A

25 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k; & 6vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu

izeq[k fcUnq& ÁFke fo'o ;q) dh fouk'k yhyk ds ckn fo'o dks ;q)ksa dh fofHkf"kdk ls cpkus gsrq

^yhx vkWQ us'kUl* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ysfdu ;s vius mís';ksa dks iwjk djus esa vlQy jgk ftldk ifj.kke Fkk f}rh; fo'o ;q) A fo'o dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ;q)ksa o >xMksa dks fuikVs gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh t:jr iM+rh gS A

& ,d ckj fQj Á;kl rst gks x;s vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cukus ds tks fo'o 'kkafr cuk, j[kus esa enn djs A la;qDr jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk dh 'kq:vkr vxLr 1941 esa gh 'kq: gks xbZ Fkh A

& 26 twu 1950 dks 50 ns'kksa rFkk 15 vDrwcj dks ikSys.M us la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj ij gLrk{kj fd;s bl rjg U.N ds ewy laLFkkid lnL; 51 gSa A

& la;qDr jk"Vª dk mís'; vUrjkZ"Vªh; fo'o 'kkafr dk;e djuk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; >xMks dks jksduk] lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl vkfn A

& 2006 rd bldh lnL; la[;k 192 Fkh A ¼ tks vc ebZ 2013 rd gS A ½ U.N ds LFkkbZ lnL; viuh 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij pqus x;s A mUgsa ohVks ikWoj Hkh feyh A

& blesa lcls egRoiw.kZ in Á/kku Áfrfuf/k vFkkZr egklfpo gksrk gS A orZeku egklfpo dk uke cku & dh & ewu gS tks nf{k.k dksfj;k ds gSa A

& 'khr ;q) ds ckn ls la;qDr jk"Vª esa lq/kkjksa dh ckr rsth ls mBus yxha A lqj{kk ifj"kn esa LFkkbZ o vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+kus dh ekax tksj idM+us yxh A

& Hkkjr us Hkh la;qDr jk"Vª esa lq/kkj gsrq lnL;rk c<+kus ij tksj fn;k A Lo;a dks lqj{kk ifj"kn dk LFkkbZ cukus dh Hkh odkyr dh A Hkkjr ds lkFk & lkFk czkthy] teZuh] tkiku Hkh bl gksM+ esa 'kkfey gS A

& 2005 esa 60 lky iwjs gksus ds volj ij gksus okyh cSBd esa la;qDr jk"Vª us U;k;kf/kdkj ij ppkZ dh xbZ ifj.kker % 2006 dh twu 19 dks ekuokf/kdkj ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

& la;qDr jk"Vª ,d /kzqoh; fo'o esa D;k LFkku j[krk gS ;g rks loZfofnr gh gS A vesfjdk dh dk;Zokfg;ksa o ;ksxnku dks ns[krs gq, bl ckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd vejhdk dh rkdr ij jksd yxkus gsrq la;qDr jk"Vª Hkh iw.kZ l{ke ugha gS A ij ;fn U.N ds vU; lnL; jk"Vªksa ds lkFk fey dj jksd yxkus dh ckr gks rks og l{ke gS A

& ,d /kzqoh; fo'o esa la;qDr jk"Vª dks Áklkafxd cukus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr dne mBk, x;s A

¼1½ 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dk xBu A ¼2½ lgL=kfCn fodkl y{; A ¼3½ ,d yksdra= dks"k dk xBu vkfn A

26

& la;qDr jk"Vª ds Áeq[k vax %& 1 vke lHkk A 2 lqj{kk ifj"kn~ A 3 lfpoky; A 4 vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn~ A 5 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; A 6 U;kflrk ifj"kn~ A

& la;qDr jk"Vª dh Áeq[k ,tsafl;k¡ %&1 fo'o LokLF; laxBu ¼WHO½

2 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kSf{kd] lkekftd ,oa lkLÑfrd laxBu ¼ UNESCO ½

3 la;qDr jk"Vª cky dkss"k ¼ UNICEF ½

4 la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ¼ UNDEP ½

5 la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ¼ UNHRC ½

6 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx ¼ UNHCR ½

7 la;qDr jk"Vª O;kikj ,oa fodkl lEesyu ¼ UNCTAD ½

& la;qDr jk"Vª us 1948 ls ysdj vc rd vusdksa 'kkafr vfHk;kuksa lQyrk ikbZ gS A & bldh vusd vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk;s Hkh gS tks vius mís';ksa dks iwjk djus esa yxh gS ;s

laLFkk;sa gS %& 1 fo'o cSad & ekuo fodkl] xzkeh.k fodkl] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk vkfn A 2 vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk.kfod ÅtkZ ,stsUlh & ijek.kq ÁkS|ksfxdh dk 'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx A 3 vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k & oSf'od foŸk O;oLFkk dh ns[k & js[k A 4 ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy & ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk A 5 jsMØkl lkslk;Vh & xzhu ihl vkfn A

,d vadh; Á'u 1 Hkkjr la;qDr jk"Vª dh lnL; dc cuk \2 yhx vkWQ us'kUl dh LFkkiuk dc o D;ksa gqbZ \3 IMF dk foLr`r :Ik fy[ksa A4 orZeku esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS A 5 la;qDr jk"Vª dk D;k mís'; gS A 6 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; dgk¡ gS \7 vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gksrs gSa \

27 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k; & 6vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu

izeq[k fcUnq& ÁFke fo'o ;q) dh fouk'k yhyk ds ckn fo'o dks ;q)ksa dh fofHkf"kdk ls cpkus gsrq

^yhx vkWQ us'kUl* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ysfdu ;s vius mís';ksa dks iwjk djus esa vlQy jgk ftldk ifj.kke Fkk f}rh; fo'o ;q) A fo'o dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ;q)ksa o >xMksa dks fuikVs gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh t:jr iM+rh gS A

& ,d ckj fQj Á;kl rst gks x;s vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cukus ds tks fo'o 'kkafr cuk, j[kus esa enn djs A la;qDr jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk dh 'kq:vkr vxLr 1941 esa gh 'kq: gks xbZ Fkh A

& 26 twu 1950 dks 50 ns'kksa rFkk 15 vDrwcj dks ikSys.M us la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj ij gLrk{kj fd;s bl rjg U.N ds ewy laLFkkid lnL; 51 gSa A

& la;qDr jk"Vª dk mís'; vUrjkZ"Vªh; fo'o 'kkafr dk;e djuk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; >xMks dks jksduk] lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl vkfn A

& 2006 rd bldh lnL; la[;k 192 Fkh A ¼ tks vc ebZ 2013 rd gS A ½ U.N ds LFkkbZ lnL; viuh 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij pqus x;s A mUgsa ohVks ikWoj Hkh feyh A

& blesa lcls egRoiw.kZ in Á/kku Áfrfuf/k vFkkZr egklfpo gksrk gS A orZeku egklfpo dk uke cku & dh & ewu gS tks nf{k.k dksfj;k ds gSa A

& 'khr ;q) ds ckn ls la;qDr jk"Vª esa lq/kkjksa dh ckr rsth ls mBus yxha A lqj{kk ifj"kn esa LFkkbZ o vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+kus dh ekax tksj idM+us yxh A

& Hkkjr us Hkh la;qDr jk"Vª esa lq/kkj gsrq lnL;rk c<+kus ij tksj fn;k A Lo;a dks lqj{kk ifj"kn dk LFkkbZ cukus dh Hkh odkyr dh A Hkkjr ds lkFk & lkFk czkthy] teZuh] tkiku Hkh bl gksM+ esa 'kkfey gS A

& 2005 esa 60 lky iwjs gksus ds volj ij gksus okyh cSBd esa la;qDr jk"Vª us U;k;kf/kdkj ij ppkZ dh xbZ ifj.kker % 2006 dh twu 19 dks ekuokf/kdkj ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

& la;qDr jk"Vª ,d /kzqoh; fo'o esa D;k LFkku j[krk gS ;g rks loZfofnr gh gS A vesfjdk dh dk;Zokfg;ksa o ;ksxnku dks ns[krs gq, bl ckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd vejhdk dh rkdr ij jksd yxkus gsrq la;qDr jk"Vª Hkh iw.kZ l{ke ugha gS A ij ;fn U.N ds vU; lnL; jk"Vªksa ds lkFk fey dj jksd yxkus dh ckr gks rks og l{ke gS A

& ,d /kzqoh; fo'o esa la;qDr jk"Vª dks Áklkafxd cukus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr dne mBk, x;s A

¼1½ 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dk xBu A ¼2½ lgL=kfCn fodkl y{; A ¼3½ ,d yksdra= dks"k dk xBu vkfn A

26

& la;qDr jk"Vª ds Áeq[k vax %& 1 vke lHkk A 2 lqj{kk ifj"kn~ A 3 lfpoky; A 4 vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn~ A 5 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; A 6 U;kflrk ifj"kn~ A

& la;qDr jk"Vª dh Áeq[k ,tsafl;k¡ %&1 fo'o LokLF; laxBu ¼WHO½

2 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kSf{kd] lkekftd ,oa lkLÑfrd laxBu ¼ UNESCO ½

3 la;qDr jk"Vª cky dkss"k ¼ UNICEF ½

4 la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ¼ UNDEP ½

5 la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ¼ UNHRC ½

6 la;qDr jk"Vª 'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx ¼ UNHCR ½

7 la;qDr jk"Vª O;kikj ,oa fodkl lEesyu ¼ UNCTAD ½

& la;qDr jk"Vª us 1948 ls ysdj vc rd vusdksa 'kkafr vfHk;kuksa lQyrk ikbZ gS A & bldh vusd vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk;s Hkh gS tks vius mís';ksa dks iwjk djus esa yxh gS ;s

laLFkk;sa gS %& 1 fo'o cSad & ekuo fodkl] xzkeh.k fodkl] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk vkfn A 2 vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk.kfod ÅtkZ ,stsUlh & ijek.kq ÁkS|ksfxdh dk 'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx A 3 vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k & oSf'od foŸk O;oLFkk dh ns[k & js[k A 4 ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy & ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk A 5 jsMØkl lkslk;Vh & xzhu ihl vkfn A

,d vadh; Á'u 1 Hkkjr la;qDr jk"Vª dh lnL; dc cuk \2 yhx vkWQ us'kUl dh LFkkiuk dc o D;ksa gqbZ \3 IMF dk foLr`r :Ik fy[ksa A4 orZeku esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS A 5 la;qDr jk"Vª dk D;k mís'; gS A 6 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; dgk¡ gS \7 vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gksrs gSa \

27 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

8 vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh lnL; la[;k fy[ksa A 9 U.N ds orZeku egk lfpo dkSu gS \10 U.N dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ \11 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk dksbZ ,d dk;Z fy[ksa \12 Ik;kZoj.k ls tqMs vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk uke crkb;s \

nks vadh; Á'u 1 cnyrs ifjos'k esa la;qDr jk"Vª dks Áklafxd cukus okys nks lq>ko nsa A 2 U.N dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds LFkkbZ lnL;ksa ds uke fy[kksa \3 fo'oO;kih rki o`f) ls D;k [krjk gS \4 ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk esa rSukr nks xSj & ljdkjh vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dkSu ls gSa \5 U.N ds fofHkUUk vaxksa ds uke fy[ksa \6 fo'o cSad ds eq[; dk;Z D;k gSa \7 vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkf.kod ÅtkZ ,tsalh ¼ IAEA ½ dh LFkkiuk dk o"kZ o dk;Z dk;Z crkb;s\8 orZeku esa fo'o ds lEeq[k dkSu & dkSu lh pqukSfr;k¡ gSa \9 fu"ks/kkf/kdkj ¼ Veto Power ½ fdls dgrs gSa \10 la;qDr jk"Vª ds bl Árhd fpUg ij fVIi.kh djsa \

28

Pkkj vadh; Á'u 1 gesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuks dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS \2 la;qDr jk"Vª vesfjdh opZLo jksdus esa l{ke gS ;k ugha A fl) djks A 3 ,eusLVh b.Vus'kuy dh laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A 4 Hkkjr dks la;qDr jk"Vª dh lnL;rk ls D;k ykHk gq, gSa \5 la;qDr jk"Vª dh Áeq[k ,tsafl;k¡ dkSu lh gS \

N% vadh; Á'u 1 lu~ 2006 rd LFkk;h lnL;ksa }kjk ̂ohVks & ikoj* dk bLrseky

Åij fn;s o`Ÿkkdkj fp= ds vk/kkj ij 2006 rd LFkkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk bLrseky ^ohVks ikoj* dk fo'ys"k.k ÁLrqr djsa A

2 f}rh; fo'o ds Ik'pkr fo'o jktuhfr esa vk,s ifjoZruksa dk o.kZu djsa A 3 la;qDr jk"Vª esa Hkkjr ds ;ksxnku dks Li"V djsa A 4 la;qDr jk"Vª ds lkykuk ctV esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku djus okys nl ns'kksa ds uke fy[k

dj fo'o ekufp= esa vafdr djsa A 5 lqj{kk ifj"kn esa lq/kkj gsrq vki vius lq>ko rdZ lfgr ÁLrqr djsa A 6 U.N dks mi;ksxh o ÁHkkoh cukus ds fy;s D;k fu.kZ; fy;s x,s \

,d vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %&1 30 vDVwcj 1950 esa A 2 ÁFke fo'o ;q) ds ckn] fo'o dks ;q)ksa ls cpkus o 'kkafr dk;e djus ds fy;s A 3 International Monetary Fund ¼ vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"kk ½

29 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

8 vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh lnL; la[;k fy[ksa A 9 U.N ds orZeku egk lfpo dkSu gS \10 U.N dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ \11 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk dksbZ ,d dk;Z fy[ksa \12 Ik;kZoj.k ls tqMs vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk uke crkb;s \

nks vadh; Á'u 1 cnyrs ifjos'k esa la;qDr jk"Vª dks Áklafxd cukus okys nks lq>ko nsa A 2 U.N dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds LFkkbZ lnL;ksa ds uke fy[kksa \3 fo'oO;kih rki o`f) ls D;k [krjk gS \4 ekuokf/kdkjksa dh j{kk esa rSukr nks xSj & ljdkjh vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dkSu ls gSa \5 U.N ds fofHkUUk vaxksa ds uke fy[ksa \6 fo'o cSad ds eq[; dk;Z D;k gSa \7 vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkf.kod ÅtkZ ,tsalh ¼ IAEA ½ dh LFkkiuk dk o"kZ o dk;Z dk;Z crkb;s\8 orZeku esa fo'o ds lEeq[k dkSu & dkSu lh pqukSfr;k¡ gSa \9 fu"ks/kkf/kdkj ¼ Veto Power ½ fdls dgrs gSa \10 la;qDr jk"Vª ds bl Árhd fpUg ij fVIi.kh djsa \

28

Pkkj vadh; Á'u 1 gesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuks dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS \2 la;qDr jk"Vª vesfjdh opZLo jksdus esa l{ke gS ;k ugha A fl) djks A 3 ,eusLVh b.Vus'kuy dh laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa A 4 Hkkjr dks la;qDr jk"Vª dh lnL;rk ls D;k ykHk gq, gSa \5 la;qDr jk"Vª dh Áeq[k ,tsafl;k¡ dkSu lh gS \

N% vadh; Á'u 1 lu~ 2006 rd LFkk;h lnL;ksa }kjk ̂ohVks & ikoj* dk bLrseky

Åij fn;s o`Ÿkkdkj fp= ds vk/kkj ij 2006 rd LFkkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk bLrseky ^ohVks ikoj* dk fo'ys"k.k ÁLrqr djsa A

2 f}rh; fo'o ds Ik'pkr fo'o jktuhfr esa vk,s ifjoZruksa dk o.kZu djsa A 3 la;qDr jk"Vª esa Hkkjr ds ;ksxnku dks Li"V djsa A 4 la;qDr jk"Vª ds lkykuk ctV esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku djus okys nl ns'kksa ds uke fy[k

dj fo'o ekufp= esa vafdr djsa A 5 lqj{kk ifj"kn esa lq/kkj gsrq vki vius lq>ko rdZ lfgr ÁLrqr djsa A 6 U.N dks mi;ksxh o ÁHkkoh cukus ds fy;s D;k fu.kZ; fy;s x,s \

,d vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %&1 30 vDVwcj 1950 esa A 2 ÁFke fo'o ;q) ds ckn] fo'o dks ;q)ksa ls cpkus o 'kkafr dk;e djus ds fy;s A 3 International Monetary Fund ¼ vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"kk ½

29 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

4 193 A5 ¼I½ >xMksa dk fuiVkjk lnL; jk"Vªksa ds chp A ¼II½ lnL;ksa esa vkilh lg;ksx A 6 gsx & uhnjyS.M~l A 7 ;q) o 'kkafr ds ekeyksa esa enn ds fy, A 8 184 A 9 cku dh ewu A 10 24 vDVwcj 1945 A 11 fo'o O;kikj ds fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk A 12 UNEP ¼ la;qDr jk"Vª Ik;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ½

nks vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %& 1 ¼1½ 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dk xBu A ¼2½ ekuokf/kdkj ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk A 2 vesfjdk] fczVsu] :l] Ýkal] phu A 3 ¼1½ leqanz dks ty Lrj c<+us dk [krjk A ¼2½ leqnzh rV ds ikl cls 'kgjksa ds Mwcus dk Mj A 4 ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy o à;weu jkbZV~l ok¡p A 5 vke lHkk A Lkqj{kk ifj"kn~ A Lkfpoky; A vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn~ vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; A U;kflrk ifj"kn~ A 6 Ñf"k] xzkeh.k fodkl] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk] lq'kklu] vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps iw.kZ vk;ksx c<+kuk A 7 LFkkiuk 1957 esa A ijek.kq ÅtkZ dks lSU; Á;ksx jksduk A 'kkafr iw.kZ mi;ksx c<+kuk A 8 vkardokn] tkrh; la?k"kZ] ijek.kq Álkj] Ik;kZoj.k gkfu] x`g;q) rFkk tk;ok;q

ifjoZru vkfn A 9 lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ Hkh LFkkbZ lnL; fdlh Hkh QSlys dks jksd ldrk gS A 10 blesa nqfu;k dk uD'kk cuk gqvk gS A pkjksa rjQ tSrwu dh ifŸk;k¡ gSa tks fo'o 'kkafr

dk ladsr nsrh gSa A

30

v/;k; & 7

ledkyhu fo'o dh lqj{kk Lej.kh; fcanq %& Lkqj{kk%& lqj{kk jkT; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro gS A lqj{kk dk vFkZ gksrk gS [krjs ls eqfDr A ,sls xaHkhj [krjs ftuls gekjs dsanzh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh; {kfr igq¡prh gS] ls eqfDr A

Lkqj{kk dh nks /kkj.kk,¡ %& & lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk & lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk

Lkqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk %& & lqj{kk dh ikajifjd /kkj.kk dks ge nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj le> ldrs gS %&& ckgjh lqj{kk& vkarfjd lqj{kk

Lkqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk %& Lkqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk esa [krjs ds u;s L=ksrksa ls L=ksrksa ls ekuork dh lqj{kk dh ckr ekuh tkrh gS A blesa vHkko] vdky] egkekjh] ÁkÑfrd vkinkvksa vkSj oSf'od rki o`f) vkfn ls lqj{kk ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A

[krjs ds u;s L=ksr %& & vkradokn & xjhch & ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu& Ánwf"kr gksrk Ik;kZoj.k& ,M~l] cMZ ¶yw tSlh egkekfj;k¡ vkfn A

,d vad okys iz'u1 lqj{kk ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 vijks/k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \3 NPT dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 4 ijek.kq vÁlkj laf/k dk D;k ÁHkko gqvk gS \5 vkradokn lqj{kk ds fy, ijEijkxr [krjs dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS ;k vijEijkxr

[krjs dh Js.kh esa \

31 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

4 193 A5 ¼I½ >xMksa dk fuiVkjk lnL; jk"Vªksa ds chp A ¼II½ lnL;ksa esa vkilh lg;ksx A 6 gsx & uhnjyS.M~l A 7 ;q) o 'kkafr ds ekeyksa esa enn ds fy, A 8 184 A 9 cku dh ewu A 10 24 vDVwcj 1945 A 11 fo'o O;kikj ds fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk A 12 UNEP ¼ la;qDr jk"Vª Ik;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ½

nks vadh; Á'u ds mŸkj %& 1 ¼1½ 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dk xBu A ¼2½ ekuokf/kdkj ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk A 2 vesfjdk] fczVsu] :l] Ýkal] phu A 3 ¼1½ leqanz dks ty Lrj c<+us dk [krjk A ¼2½ leqnzh rV ds ikl cls 'kgjksa ds Mwcus dk Mj A 4 ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy o à;weu jkbZV~l ok¡p A 5 vke lHkk A Lkqj{kk ifj"kn~ A Lkfpoky; A vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn~ vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; A U;kflrk ifj"kn~ A 6 Ñf"k] xzkeh.k fodkl] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk] lq'kklu] vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps iw.kZ vk;ksx c<+kuk A 7 LFkkiuk 1957 esa A ijek.kq ÅtkZ dks lSU; Á;ksx jksduk A 'kkafr iw.kZ mi;ksx c<+kuk A 8 vkardokn] tkrh; la?k"kZ] ijek.kq Álkj] Ik;kZoj.k gkfu] x`g;q) rFkk tk;ok;q

ifjoZru vkfn A 9 lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ Hkh LFkkbZ lnL; fdlh Hkh QSlys dks jksd ldrk gS A 10 blesa nqfu;k dk uD'kk cuk gqvk gS A pkjksa rjQ tSrwu dh ifŸk;k¡ gSa tks fo'o 'kkafr

dk ladsr nsrh gSa A

30

v/;k; & 7

ledkyhu fo'o dh lqj{kk Lej.kh; fcanq %& Lkqj{kk%& lqj{kk jkT; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro gS A lqj{kk dk vFkZ gksrk gS [krjs ls eqfDr A ,sls xaHkhj [krjs ftuls gekjs dsanzh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh; {kfr igq¡prh gS] ls eqfDr A

Lkqj{kk dh nks /kkj.kk,¡ %& & lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk & lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk

Lkqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk %& & lqj{kk dh ikajifjd /kkj.kk dks ge nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj le> ldrs gS %&& ckgjh lqj{kk& vkarfjd lqj{kk

Lkqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk %& Lkqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kkj.kk esa [krjs ds u;s L=ksrksa ls L=ksrksa ls ekuork dh lqj{kk dh ckr ekuh tkrh gS A blesa vHkko] vdky] egkekjh] ÁkÑfrd vkinkvksa vkSj oSf'od rki o`f) vkfn ls lqj{kk ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A

[krjs ds u;s L=ksr %& & vkradokn & xjhch & ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu& Ánwf"kr gksrk Ik;kZoj.k& ,M~l] cMZ ¶yw tSlh egkekfj;k¡ vkfn A

,d vad okys iz'u1 lqj{kk ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 vijks/k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \3 NPT dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 4 ijek.kq vÁlkj laf/k dk D;k ÁHkko gqvk gS \5 vkradokn lqj{kk ds fy, ijEijkxr [krjs dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS ;k vijEijkxr

[krjs dh Js.kh esa \

31 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

6 CTBT dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[ksa \7 vkradokn fdls dgrs gSa \8 lqj{kk dh ikjEifjd vo/kkj.kk esa lcls cM+k [krjk fdls ekuk tkrk gSa \

2 vad okys Á'u 1 lqj{kk dh nks vo/kkj.kk,a dkSu & dkSu lh gSa \2 ikjEifjd lqj{kk uhfr ds nks rRo crkb, A 3 lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk esa ekus tkus okys dksbZ nks [krjs crkb, A 4 'kkfDr larqyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \5 D;k ;q) dks fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mfpr ekuk tk ldrk gSa \6 ijek.kq vÁlkj laf/k dc gqbZ Fkh \D;k Hkkjr us bl ij gLrk{kj fd, gSa \7 [krjs ds dksbZ nks u;s L=ksr crkb, \8 fo'o esa 'kkafr LFkkiuk ds fy, dksbZ nks lq>ko nhft, A

Pkkj vadksa okys Á'u 1 fujL=h dj.k ls vki D;k le>rsa gSa \;g D;ksa vko';d gS \ ppkZA dhft, A2 'kfDr larqyu D;k gS \dksbZ ns'k bls dSls dk;e djrk gS \3 ekuokf/kdkjksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \4 oSf'od xjhch fdl Ádkj lqj{kk ds ,d [krjk gS \5 lqj{kk uhfr ds dksbZ pkj rRo fyf[k, A 6 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k fdl Ádkj ekuork ds fy, ,d xaHkhj [krjs ds :Ik esa ÅHkj

jgk gS \Li"V dhft, A 7 uhps Nis dkVwZu dk v/;;u djus dh Ik'pkr mŸkj ns A

32

¼1½ fp= esa D;k fn[kkus dk Á;kl fd;k tk jgk gS \¼2½ ijek.kq lEiUu ftu ns'kksa dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k tk jgk gS A uke fy[ksa A

N% vadksa okys Á'u 1 ijEijkxr vkSj vijEijkxr lqj{kk esa varj Li"V dhft, ! 2 lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls [krjs ds u, L=ksrksa dh foospuk dhft, A 3 D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gS fd egkekfj;k¡ ekuork ds fy, [krjk gS A

rdZ nhft, A 4 Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fdl Ádkj dh lqj{kk dks ÁkFkfedrk nh

tkuh pkfg, & ikjaifjd vFkok vikajifjd A mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft, A 5 Þns'kksa ds lkeus fQygky tks [krjs ekStwn gSa] muesa ikjaifjd gfFk;kj dh lqj{kk

vFkok vojks/k ds fy, lhfer mi;ksx jg x;k gS A ß bl dFku dh foospuk dhft, A

6 ÁLrqr vorj.k i<+ dj mŸkj nhft, %&

Yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr ls volj mifLFkr jgrs gSa fd fu/kZu vkSj oafpr ukxfjd viuh vkokt mBkus esa l{ke gks ldsa A yksdrkaf=d jhfr ls fuokZfpr ljdkjksa ij ncko gksrk gS fd og vkfFkZd lao`f) dks ekuoh; fodkl dk lgxkeh cukus dk Á;Ru djsaA vr% yksdra= ek= jktuhfrd vkn'kZ ugha gS vfirq yksdrkaf=d 'kklu turk dks vf/kd lqj{kk Ánku djus dk lk/ku Hkh gS vkSj lk/; Hkh gS A ¼1½ yksdrkaf=d ljdkjksa ij D;k ncko gksrk gS \¼2½ D;k yksdra= flQZ fu/kZu vkSj oafprksa ds fy, gh Qk;nsean gS \

33 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

6 CTBT dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[ksa \7 vkradokn fdls dgrs gSa \8 lqj{kk dh ikjEifjd vo/kkj.kk esa lcls cM+k [krjk fdls ekuk tkrk gSa \

2 vad okys Á'u 1 lqj{kk dh nks vo/kkj.kk,a dkSu & dkSu lh gSa \2 ikjEifjd lqj{kk uhfr ds nks rRo crkb, A 3 lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kkj.kk esa ekus tkus okys dksbZ nks [krjs crkb, A 4 'kkfDr larqyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \5 D;k ;q) dks fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mfpr ekuk tk ldrk gSa \6 ijek.kq vÁlkj laf/k dc gqbZ Fkh \D;k Hkkjr us bl ij gLrk{kj fd, gSa \7 [krjs ds dksbZ nks u;s L=ksr crkb, \8 fo'o esa 'kkafr LFkkiuk ds fy, dksbZ nks lq>ko nhft, A

Pkkj vadksa okys Á'u 1 fujL=h dj.k ls vki D;k le>rsa gSa \;g D;ksa vko';d gS \ ppkZA dhft, A2 'kfDr larqyu D;k gS \dksbZ ns'k bls dSls dk;e djrk gS \3 ekuokf/kdkjksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \4 oSf'od xjhch fdl Ádkj lqj{kk ds ,d [krjk gS \5 lqj{kk uhfr ds dksbZ pkj rRo fyf[k, A 6 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k fdl Ádkj ekuork ds fy, ,d xaHkhj [krjs ds :Ik esa ÅHkj

jgk gS \Li"V dhft, A 7 uhps Nis dkVwZu dk v/;;u djus dh Ik'pkr mŸkj ns A

32

¼1½ fp= esa D;k fn[kkus dk Á;kl fd;k tk jgk gS \¼2½ ijek.kq lEiUu ftu ns'kksa dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k tk jgk gS A uke fy[ksa A

N% vadksa okys Á'u 1 ijEijkxr vkSj vijEijkxr lqj{kk esa varj Li"V dhft, ! 2 lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls [krjs ds u, L=ksrksa dh foospuk dhft, A 3 D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gS fd egkekfj;k¡ ekuork ds fy, [krjk gS A

rdZ nhft, A 4 Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fdl Ádkj dh lqj{kk dks ÁkFkfedrk nh

tkuh pkfg, & ikjaifjd vFkok vikajifjd A mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft, A 5 Þns'kksa ds lkeus fQygky tks [krjs ekStwn gSa] muesa ikjaifjd gfFk;kj dh lqj{kk

vFkok vojks/k ds fy, lhfer mi;ksx jg x;k gS A ß bl dFku dh foospuk dhft, A

6 ÁLrqr vorj.k i<+ dj mŸkj nhft, %&

Yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr ls volj mifLFkr jgrs gSa fd fu/kZu vkSj oafpr ukxfjd viuh vkokt mBkus esa l{ke gks ldsa A yksdrkaf=d jhfr ls fuokZfpr ljdkjksa ij ncko gksrk gS fd og vkfFkZd lao`f) dks ekuoh; fodkl dk lgxkeh cukus dk Á;Ru djsaA vr% yksdra= ek= jktuhfrd vkn'kZ ugha gS vfirq yksdrkaf=d 'kklu turk dks vf/kd lqj{kk Ánku djus dk lk/ku Hkh gS vkSj lk/; Hkh gS A ¼1½ yksdrkaf=d ljdkjksa ij D;k ncko gksrk gS \¼2½ D;k yksdra= flQZ fu/kZu vkSj oafprksa ds fy, gh Qk;nsean gS \

33 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

¼3½ turk dh vf/kd lqj{kk ds fy, yksdra= D;ksa t:jh gS \

,d vadksa okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 [krjs ls eqfDr A 2 ;q) dh vk'kadk dks jksduk A 3 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty ¼ ijek.kq vÁlkj laf/k ½ 4 ;g ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ls lEiUu ns'kksa dh la[;k lhfer j[kus esa vkaf'kd lQy

gqbZ gS A 5 vijEijkxr A 6 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty ¼ O;kikj ijek.kq ijh{k.k Áfrca/k laf/k ½ 7 jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds fy, dh tkus okyh fgalk ftlls ukxfjdksa esa Hk; iSnk

dj ljdkj ij ncko cuk;k tkrk gS A 8 ckgjh vkØe.k A

nks vadksa okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 & lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vo/kkj.kk A & lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd vo/kkj.kk A 2 & 'kfDr larqyu A & lSU; xBcU/ku A 3 & ckg~; vkØe.k A & x`g ;q) A 4 'kfDr larqyu og O;oLFkk gS ftlesa fujarj Á;kl jgrk gS fd dksbZ ns'k

'kfDr'kkyh cudj orZeku larqyu dks fcxkM+ u ns A 5 gk¡ A vkRej{kk vkSj nwljksa dks ujlagkj ls cpkus gsrq A 6 1968 esa A ugha A 7 & vkardokn A & oSf'od fu/kZurk vkfn A 8 & varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ,oa dkuwuksa dks etcwr cukuk & fu'kL=hdj.k vkfn

34

v/;k; 8

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku

Lej.kh; fcanq %&

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku %& Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku oSls rks Hkwxksy ds fo"k; gS ysfdu fo'o jktuhfr esa buds ckjs esa fprk djuk vko';d gks x;k gS D;ksafd Ik;kZoj.k ds fujarj fouk'k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds va/kk /kqa/k nksgu ls vkus okyh ih<+h;ks ds fy, thuk nq % Hkj gks tk,xk A LoPN is; ty dk vHkko ouksa dh dVkbZ] Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh lhferrk] Hkkstu ijr esa Nsn] c<+rs leqnzrVh; Ánw"k.k vkSj oSf'od rki o`f) ds pyrs ekuork ij ,d cgqr cM+k [krjk eaMjk jgk gS A

fo'o dh lka>h laink %& og lalk/ku ftl ij fdlh ,d dk gd u gksdj iwjs leqnk; dk gd gks] lka>h laink dgykrs gSa A fo'o dh lka>h laink esa i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy] vaVkdZfVdk] leqnzh lrg vkSj ckã varfj{k] leqnzh ekxZ] baVjusV bR;kfn lfEefyr gS A oSf'od laink dh lqj{kk varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dk;e djus ds fy, ¼ 1959 ½] ekafVª;y U;k;kpkj ¼ 1987 ½ vkSj vaVkdZfVdk Ik;kZoj.kh; U;k;kpkj ¼ 1991 ½ vkfn gq, gSa A i`Foh lEesyu ¼ 1992 ½ %&1992 esa czkthy ds fj;ksa Mh tusafj;ksa esa l;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk Ik;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqís ij gq, lEesyu dgk tkrk gS A bl lEesyu esa tyok;q ifjorZu] tSo fofo/krk vkSj okfudh ds laca/k esa fu;ekpkj fu/kkZfjr gq, A vesjhdk vkSj phu ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu djus okys lcls cMs+ ns'k gS tcfd vQxkfuLrku vkSj ekyoh tSls ns'k bl lwph esa lcls uhps vkrs gS A bl chp phu us igyh ckj ;s ekuk gS fd xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu ds ekeys esa vc os vesfjdk ds cjkcj vk x;k gS A exj ns[ksaxs rks oks vesfjdk ls dgha ihNs gS A m/kj MCY;w MCY;w , laxBu dh Áeq[k ,esdk vU;ksdw us dgk gS fd pknj ls yacs iSj QSykus ds urhts ge fiNys dqN eghuksa dh ?kVukvksa esa ns[k pqds gSa vkSj foŸkh; ladV ls gqvk uqdlku ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks gks jgs uqdlku ds vkxs dqN ugha jgk tk,xk A

D;ksVks ÁksVksdky ¼ 1997 ½%& ,d varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrk ftlds varxZr gS A fodflr o vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa ds fy, xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dks dke djus ds y{; fuf'pr fd, x;s gSa A

35 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

¼3½ turk dh vf/kd lqj{kk ds fy, yksdra= D;ksa t:jh gS \

,d vadksa okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 [krjs ls eqfDr A 2 ;q) dh vk'kadk dks jksduk A 3 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty ¼ ijek.kq vÁlkj laf/k ½ 4 ;g ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ls lEiUu ns'kksa dh la[;k lhfer j[kus esa vkaf'kd lQy

gqbZ gS A 5 vijEijkxr A 6 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty ¼ O;kikj ijek.kq ijh{k.k Áfrca/k laf/k ½ 7 jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds fy, dh tkus okyh fgalk ftlls ukxfjdksa esa Hk; iSnk

dj ljdkj ij ncko cuk;k tkrk gS A 8 ckgjh vkØe.k A

nks vadksa okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 & lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vo/kkj.kk A & lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd vo/kkj.kk A 2 & 'kfDr larqyu A & lSU; xBcU/ku A 3 & ckg~; vkØe.k A & x`g ;q) A 4 'kfDr larqyu og O;oLFkk gS ftlesa fujarj Á;kl jgrk gS fd dksbZ ns'k

'kfDr'kkyh cudj orZeku larqyu dks fcxkM+ u ns A 5 gk¡ A vkRej{kk vkSj nwljksa dks ujlagkj ls cpkus gsrq A 6 1968 esa A ugha A 7 & vkardokn A & oSf'od fu/kZurk vkfn A 8 & varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ,oa dkuwuksa dks etcwr cukuk & fu'kL=hdj.k vkfn

34

v/;k; 8

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku

Lej.kh; fcanq %&

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku %& Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/ku oSls rks Hkwxksy ds fo"k; gS ysfdu fo'o jktuhfr esa buds ckjs esa fprk djuk vko';d gks x;k gS D;ksafd Ik;kZoj.k ds fujarj fouk'k vkSj ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds va/kk /kqa/k nksgu ls vkus okyh ih<+h;ks ds fy, thuk nq % Hkj gks tk,xk A LoPN is; ty dk vHkko ouksa dh dVkbZ] Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh lhferrk] Hkkstu ijr esa Nsn] c<+rs leqnzrVh; Ánw"k.k vkSj oSf'od rki o`f) ds pyrs ekuork ij ,d cgqr cM+k [krjk eaMjk jgk gS A

fo'o dh lka>h laink %& og lalk/ku ftl ij fdlh ,d dk gd u gksdj iwjs leqnk; dk gd gks] lka>h laink dgykrs gSa A fo'o dh lka>h laink esa i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy] vaVkdZfVdk] leqnzh lrg vkSj ckã varfj{k] leqnzh ekxZ] baVjusV bR;kfn lfEefyr gS A oSf'od laink dh lqj{kk varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dk;e djus ds fy, ¼ 1959 ½] ekafVª;y U;k;kpkj ¼ 1987 ½ vkSj vaVkdZfVdk Ik;kZoj.kh; U;k;kpkj ¼ 1991 ½ vkfn gq, gSa A i`Foh lEesyu ¼ 1992 ½ %&1992 esa czkthy ds fj;ksa Mh tusafj;ksa esa l;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk Ik;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqís ij gq, lEesyu dgk tkrk gS A bl lEesyu esa tyok;q ifjorZu] tSo fofo/krk vkSj okfudh ds laca/k esa fu;ekpkj fu/kkZfjr gq, A vesjhdk vkSj phu ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu djus okys lcls cMs+ ns'k gS tcfd vQxkfuLrku vkSj ekyoh tSls ns'k bl lwph esa lcls uhps vkrs gS A bl chp phu us igyh ckj ;s ekuk gS fd xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu ds ekeys esa vc os vesfjdk ds cjkcj vk x;k gS A exj ns[ksaxs rks oks vesfjdk ls dgha ihNs gS A m/kj MCY;w MCY;w , laxBu dh Áeq[k ,esdk vU;ksdw us dgk gS fd pknj ls yacs iSj QSykus ds urhts ge fiNys dqN eghuksa dh ?kVukvksa esa ns[k pqds gSa vkSj foŸkh; ladV ls gqvk uqdlku ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks gks jgs uqdlku ds vkxs dqN ugha jgk tk,xk A

D;ksVks ÁksVksdky ¼ 1997 ½%& ,d varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrk ftlds varxZr gS A fodflr o vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa ds fy, xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dks dke djus ds y{; fuf'pr fd, x;s gSa A

35 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

mŸkj & nf{k.k fookn %& fo'o ds T;knkrj fodflr ns'k mŸkjh xksyk)Z esa rFkk T;knkrj fodkl'khy nf{k.k xksyk)Z esa fLFkr gS A Ik;kZoj.k dks ysdj mŸkjh o nf{k.kh xksyk)Z ds joS;s esa Ik;kZIr laj{k.k dh lka>kh ftEesnkjh vFkkZr lcdh cjkcj ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg, ijarq fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk rdZ gS fd fodflr ns'kksa us Ik;kZoj.k dks T;knk uqdlku igqpk;k gS blfy, laj{k.k dh ftEesnkjh Hkh mudh T;knk gksuh pkfg, A

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk Hkkjr %& 1 ÁkÑfrd larqyu dh laLÑfr & ihiy] rqylh] xk;] lkai] cUnj dh iwtk A 2 fo'o Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k Á;klksa esa Hkkxhnkjh A 3 ÅtkZ laj{k.k vf/kfu;e & 2001 A 4 iquuZohÑr ÅtkZ Á;ksx c<+kok A5 LoPN batu] ÁkÑfrd xSl Ánw"k.k jfgr rduhd ij tksj ¼ us'kuy vkVks &

Q;wy ikfylh ½ A6 ck;ks Mhty dh ÅtkZ A 7 ijek.kq ÅtkZ dks c<+kok A 8 jkT; Ánw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ A 9 D;ksVksa ÁksVksdky ij gLrk{kj 2002 esa A 10 2003 ds fctyh vf/kfu;e esa iquuZok ÅtkZ ds bLrseky dks c<+kok A

jktuhfr esa lalk/ku %& ftl ns'k ds ikl ftrus lalk/ku gksaxs mldh vFkZO;oLFkk mruh gh etcwr gksxh A ¼,½ bekjrh ydM+h %& if'pe ns'kksa us fdf'r;ksa] tyiksrksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, nwljs

ns'kksa ds ouksa ij dCtk fd;k rkfd mudh ukS lsuk etcwr gks vkSj fons'k O;kikj c<+s A

¼ch½ rsy Hk.Mkj %& fodflr ns'kksa us rsy dk fuckZ/k vkiwfrZ ds fy, leqnzh ekxks± ij lsuk rSukr dh A

¼lh½ ty & fo'o ds dqN Hkkxksa es thounkf;uh lalk/kuksa dk vHkko gS A

Ekwyoklh %& os yksx tks fdlh ns'k esa cgqr igys ls jgrs vk;s gksa ijUrq ckn esa nwljs ns'k ds yksx ogka vkdj bu yksxksa dks vius v/khu dj fy;k gks A ewyoklh viuk thou fof'k"V lkekftd vkfFkZd lkaLÑfrd jhfr fjoktksa ds lkFk fcrkrs gSaA 1975 esa ewyokfl;ksa dk laxBu World concanil of Indegenous people cuk A

36

orZeku lanHkZ %& oYMZ okbYM QaM ¼ MCY;w MCY;w ;w ,Q ½ ;kuh fo'o oU; Ák.kh dks"k us viuh rktk fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd vxj nqfu;k Hkj esa ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks ekStwnk j¶rkj ls gh bLrseky djus dk pyu tkjh jgk rks vxys rhl lky esa bl t:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy, nksxquk vf/kd lalk/kuksa dh t:jr gksxh A n fyfoax IySusV rktk fjiksVZ esa Ik;kZoj.kfonksa us psrkouh nh gS fd ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk ;g ladV ekStwnk foŸkh; ladV ls dgha T;knk xaHkhj gksxk- fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd gkykafd vHkh nqfu;k dk iwjk /;ku vkfFkZd mFky & iqFky ij yxk gS exj mlls Hkh cM+h ,d cqfu;knh eqf'dy gekjs lkeus vk jgh gS vkSj oks gS ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dh Hkkjh deh dh bl v/;;u dk rdZ gS fd 'ks;j cktkj esa gq, 20 [kjc MkWyj ds uqdlku dh rqyuk vxj gj lky gks jgs 45 [kjc MkWyj ewY; ds ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds uqdlku ls djsa rks ;s vkfFkZd ladV dk vkWdM+k ckSuk lkfcr gksrk gSA fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd nqfu;k dh rhu pkSFkkbZ vkcknh ikuh] gok vkSj feV~~Vh dk csrgk'kk bLrseky dj jgh gS A blds vykok taxy ftruh rsth c<+ ugha jgs gS mlls T;knk rsth ls dkVs tk jgs gSa ] leqnz esa ftruh rsth ls eNfy;k¡ c<+ ugha jgh gS mlls T;knk rsth ls ekjh tk jgh gS A MCy;w MCy;w ;w , ds ÁoDrk dkWfyu cVQhYM dk dguk gS fd vke yksx cnyko ds vfHk;ku esa Hkkx ysdj ,d cM+k vUrj iSnk dj ldrs gS A

phu vesfjdk ftEesnkj %& cVQhYM us dgk Þ vkfFkZd ladV ds ekeys es geus ns[kk gS fd vxj usrk pkgs rks oSf'od Lrj ij os feytqydj dke dj ldrs gS vkSj tYnh dj ldrs gS] O;kid lalk/ku tqVk ldrs gS] ge pkgrs gS fd bldk bLrseky njly foŸkh; ladV ls Hkh cM+s vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ladV ls fucVus esa fd;k tkrk gS A

,d vad okys Á'u 1 i`Foh lEesyu dc gqvk \2 Hkkjr us D;ksVks ÁksVksdky ij dc gLrk{kj fd, \3 lka>kh laink ls vki D;k le>rs gS \4 oSf'od rki o`f) ¼ Xykscy okfeZx ½ fdls dgrs gS \5 UNEP dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A6 ^oSf'od laink* dh lqj{kk ds fy, fd, x, fdUgh nks le>kSrks dk mYys[k

dhft, A 7 oSf'od rki o`f) ¼ Xykscy okfeZx ½ dks c<+kok nsus okyh xSlksa ds uke crkb,A 8 mŸkj & nf{k.k ds ns'kksa ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

37 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

mŸkj & nf{k.k fookn %& fo'o ds T;knkrj fodflr ns'k mŸkjh xksyk)Z esa rFkk T;knkrj fodkl'khy nf{k.k xksyk)Z esa fLFkr gS A Ik;kZoj.k dks ysdj mŸkjh o nf{k.kh xksyk)Z ds joS;s esa Ik;kZIr laj{k.k dh lka>kh ftEesnkjh vFkkZr lcdh cjkcj ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg, ijarq fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk rdZ gS fd fodflr ns'kksa us Ik;kZoj.k dks T;knk uqdlku igqpk;k gS blfy, laj{k.k dh ftEesnkjh Hkh mudh T;knk gksuh pkfg, A

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk Hkkjr %& 1 ÁkÑfrd larqyu dh laLÑfr & ihiy] rqylh] xk;] lkai] cUnj dh iwtk A 2 fo'o Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k Á;klksa esa Hkkxhnkjh A 3 ÅtkZ laj{k.k vf/kfu;e & 2001 A 4 iquuZohÑr ÅtkZ Á;ksx c<+kok A5 LoPN batu] ÁkÑfrd xSl Ánw"k.k jfgr rduhd ij tksj ¼ us'kuy vkVks &

Q;wy ikfylh ½ A6 ck;ks Mhty dh ÅtkZ A 7 ijek.kq ÅtkZ dks c<+kok A 8 jkT; Ánw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ A 9 D;ksVksa ÁksVksdky ij gLrk{kj 2002 esa A 10 2003 ds fctyh vf/kfu;e esa iquuZok ÅtkZ ds bLrseky dks c<+kok A

jktuhfr esa lalk/ku %& ftl ns'k ds ikl ftrus lalk/ku gksaxs mldh vFkZO;oLFkk mruh gh etcwr gksxh A ¼,½ bekjrh ydM+h %& if'pe ns'kksa us fdf'r;ksa] tyiksrksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, nwljs

ns'kksa ds ouksa ij dCtk fd;k rkfd mudh ukS lsuk etcwr gks vkSj fons'k O;kikj c<+s A

¼ch½ rsy Hk.Mkj %& fodflr ns'kksa us rsy dk fuckZ/k vkiwfrZ ds fy, leqnzh ekxks± ij lsuk rSukr dh A

¼lh½ ty & fo'o ds dqN Hkkxksa es thounkf;uh lalk/kuksa dk vHkko gS A

Ekwyoklh %& os yksx tks fdlh ns'k esa cgqr igys ls jgrs vk;s gksa ijUrq ckn esa nwljs ns'k ds yksx ogka vkdj bu yksxksa dks vius v/khu dj fy;k gks A ewyoklh viuk thou fof'k"V lkekftd vkfFkZd lkaLÑfrd jhfr fjoktksa ds lkFk fcrkrs gSaA 1975 esa ewyokfl;ksa dk laxBu World concanil of Indegenous people cuk A

36

orZeku lanHkZ %& oYMZ okbYM QaM ¼ MCY;w MCY;w ;w ,Q ½ ;kuh fo'o oU; Ák.kh dks"k us viuh rktk fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd vxj nqfu;k Hkj esa ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks ekStwnk j¶rkj ls gh bLrseky djus dk pyu tkjh jgk rks vxys rhl lky esa bl t:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy, nksxquk vf/kd lalk/kuksa dh t:jr gksxh A n fyfoax IySusV rktk fjiksVZ esa Ik;kZoj.kfonksa us psrkouh nh gS fd ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk ;g ladV ekStwnk foŸkh; ladV ls dgha T;knk xaHkhj gksxk- fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd gkykafd vHkh nqfu;k dk iwjk /;ku vkfFkZd mFky & iqFky ij yxk gS exj mlls Hkh cM+h ,d cqfu;knh eqf'dy gekjs lkeus vk jgh gS vkSj oks gS ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dh Hkkjh deh dh bl v/;;u dk rdZ gS fd 'ks;j cktkj esa gq, 20 [kjc MkWyj ds uqdlku dh rqyuk vxj gj lky gks jgs 45 [kjc MkWyj ewY; ds ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds uqdlku ls djsa rks ;s vkfFkZd ladV dk vkWdM+k ckSuk lkfcr gksrk gSA fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd nqfu;k dh rhu pkSFkkbZ vkcknh ikuh] gok vkSj feV~~Vh dk csrgk'kk bLrseky dj jgh gS A blds vykok taxy ftruh rsth c<+ ugha jgs gS mlls T;knk rsth ls dkVs tk jgs gSa ] leqnz esa ftruh rsth ls eNfy;k¡ c<+ ugha jgh gS mlls T;knk rsth ls ekjh tk jgh gS A MCy;w MCy;w ;w , ds ÁoDrk dkWfyu cVQhYM dk dguk gS fd vke yksx cnyko ds vfHk;ku esa Hkkx ysdj ,d cM+k vUrj iSnk dj ldrs gS A

phu vesfjdk ftEesnkj %& cVQhYM us dgk Þ vkfFkZd ladV ds ekeys es geus ns[kk gS fd vxj usrk pkgs rks oSf'od Lrj ij os feytqydj dke dj ldrs gS vkSj tYnh dj ldrs gS] O;kid lalk/ku tqVk ldrs gS] ge pkgrs gS fd bldk bLrseky njly foŸkh; ladV ls Hkh cM+s vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ladV ls fucVus esa fd;k tkrk gS A

,d vad okys Á'u 1 i`Foh lEesyu dc gqvk \2 Hkkjr us D;ksVks ÁksVksdky ij dc gLrk{kj fd, \3 lka>kh laink ls vki D;k le>rs gS \4 oSf'od rki o`f) ¼ Xykscy okfeZx ½ fdls dgrs gS \5 UNEP dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A6 ^oSf'od laink* dh lqj{kk ds fy, fd, x, fdUgh nks le>kSrks dk mYys[k

dhft, A 7 oSf'od rki o`f) ¼ Xykscy okfeZx ½ dks c<+kok nsus okyh xSlksa ds uke crkb,A 8 mŸkj & nf{k.k ds ns'kksa ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

37 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

nks vad okys Á'u 1 lka>h laink ds nks mnkgj.k nhft, A 2 i`Foh lEesyu fdls dgk tkrk gS \3 D;ksVks ÁksVksdky D;k gS \4 ^fVdkÅ fodkl* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \5 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k ds dksbZ nks dkj.k fyf[k, A 6 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, dksbZ nks lq>ko nhft, A 7 Hkkjr vkSj phu dks D;ksVks ÁksVksdky dh ck/;rkvksa ls NwV nsus dk D;k dkj.k

Fkk \8 ewyoklh ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \9 fj;ks lEesyu ds dksbZ nks ifj.kke fyf[k, A

pkj vad okys Á'u 1 fo'o dh lka>h fojklr dk D;k vFkZ gS \ bldk nksgu vkSj Ánw"k.k dSls gksrk

gS \2 i`Foh lEesyu ds ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ dhft, A 3 ewyokfl;ksa vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa ij fVIi.kh dhft, A 4 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds elys ij mŸkj & nf{k.k fookn D;k gS \Li"V dhft, A 5 D;ksVks ÁksVksdky ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 6 vkids fopkj ls Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, D;k mik; fd, tkus pkfg, A 7 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k ds fy, mrjnk;h dkj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft, A 8 dkSu & dkSu ls lalk/ku Hkw & jktuhfr dh n`f"V ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS \9 rsy vkSj ikuh fo'o jktuhfr dks mísfyr djus okys eqís jgs gSa A Li"V

dhft,A

¼1½ Åij cuk fp= jktuhfr foKku dh dkSu lh iqLrd o fdl ikB ls fy;k x;kA

¼2½ fp= D;k dgus dk Á;kj dj jgk gS A

38

N% vad okys Á'u1 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu lEesyuksa dk o.kZu dhft, A 2 oSf'od Ik;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ls tqM+s eqís lu~ 1990 ds n'kd ls fofHkUu ns'kksa ds

ÁkFkfed ljksdkj D;ksa cu x, gSa \3 ^lka>h ftEesokjh ysfdu vyx & vyx Hkwfedk,¡* ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \ge bl

fopkj dks dSls ykxw dj ldrs gSa \4 fofHkUu ns'kksa ds lkeus lcls xaHkhj pqukSrh oSf'od Ik;kZoj.k dks vkxs dksbZ

uqdlku igq¡pk, cxSj vkfFkZd fodkl djus dh gS A ;g dSls gks ldrk gS \ dqN mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk le>k,a A

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 1992 esa A 2 2002 esa A 3 lka>h laink ls vfHkÁk; mu lalk/kuksa ls gS ftu ij ,d dk ugha cfYd iwjs

leqnk; dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS A 4 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k ls fo'o ds c<+rs rkieku dks Xykscy okfe±x dgrs gSa A 5 ;wukbZVsM us'kal ,uok;jesaV Áksxzke ¼ la;qDr jk"Vª Ik;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ½ 6 vaVkdZfVdk ¼ 1959 ½ A ekafVª;y U;k;kpkj ¼ 1987 ½ vkfn A 7 dkcZu & Mkb & vkWDlkbM] ehFksu ] gkbMks & ¶yksjks dkcZu A 8 fodflr ns'kksa dks mrj ds ns'k dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd T;knkrj fodflr ns'k

mrjh xksyk)Z esa gS A fodklf'ky ,oa fiNM+s ns'kksa dks nf{k.k ds ns'k dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s T;knkrj xksyk)Z esa fLFkr gS A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 & ok;qe.My A & vaVkdZfVdk vkfn A 2 la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk Ik;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqís ij 1992 esa czkthy ds fj;ks

Mh tusfj;ksa esa gq, lEesyu dks i`Foh lEesyu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A 3 ;g xzhu gkÅl xSlksa ¼Xykscy okfe±x dks c<+kus okyh xSlksa ½ ds mRltZu dks

jksdus ds fy, fd;k x;k ,d varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrk gS A tks tkiku ds 'kgj D;ksVks esa 1997 esa gqvk A

4 Ik;kZoj.k dks {kfr igqpk,¡ fcuk fd, tkus okys fodkl dks fVdkÅ fodkl ekuk tkrk gS A

39 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

nks vad okys Á'u 1 lka>h laink ds nks mnkgj.k nhft, A 2 i`Foh lEesyu fdls dgk tkrk gS \3 D;ksVks ÁksVksdky D;k gS \4 ^fVdkÅ fodkl* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \5 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k ds dksbZ nks dkj.k fyf[k, A 6 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, dksbZ nks lq>ko nhft, A 7 Hkkjr vkSj phu dks D;ksVks ÁksVksdky dh ck/;rkvksa ls NwV nsus dk D;k dkj.k

Fkk \8 ewyoklh ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \9 fj;ks lEesyu ds dksbZ nks ifj.kke fyf[k, A

pkj vad okys Á'u 1 fo'o dh lka>h fojklr dk D;k vFkZ gS \ bldk nksgu vkSj Ánw"k.k dSls gksrk

gS \2 i`Foh lEesyu ds ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ dhft, A 3 ewyokfl;ksa vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa ij fVIi.kh dhft, A 4 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds elys ij mŸkj & nf{k.k fookn D;k gS \Li"V dhft, A 5 D;ksVks ÁksVksdky ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 6 vkids fopkj ls Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, D;k mik; fd, tkus pkfg, A 7 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k ds fy, mrjnk;h dkj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft, A 8 dkSu & dkSu ls lalk/ku Hkw & jktuhfr dh n`f"V ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS \9 rsy vkSj ikuh fo'o jktuhfr dks mísfyr djus okys eqís jgs gSa A Li"V

dhft,A

¼1½ Åij cuk fp= jktuhfr foKku dh dkSu lh iqLrd o fdl ikB ls fy;k x;kA

¼2½ fp= D;k dgus dk Á;kj dj jgk gS A

38

N% vad okys Á'u1 Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu lEesyuksa dk o.kZu dhft, A 2 oSf'od Ik;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ls tqM+s eqís lu~ 1990 ds n'kd ls fofHkUu ns'kksa ds

ÁkFkfed ljksdkj D;ksa cu x, gSa \3 ^lka>h ftEesokjh ysfdu vyx & vyx Hkwfedk,¡* ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \ge bl

fopkj dks dSls ykxw dj ldrs gSa \4 fofHkUu ns'kksa ds lkeus lcls xaHkhj pqukSrh oSf'od Ik;kZoj.k dks vkxs dksbZ

uqdlku igq¡pk, cxSj vkfFkZd fodkl djus dh gS A ;g dSls gks ldrk gS \ dqN mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk le>k,a A

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 1992 esa A 2 2002 esa A 3 lka>h laink ls vfHkÁk; mu lalk/kuksa ls gS ftu ij ,d dk ugha cfYd iwjs

leqnk; dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS A 4 Ik;kZoj.k Ánw"k.k ls fo'o ds c<+rs rkieku dks Xykscy okfe±x dgrs gSa A 5 ;wukbZVsM us'kal ,uok;jesaV Áksxzke ¼ la;qDr jk"Vª Ik;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ½ 6 vaVkdZfVdk ¼ 1959 ½ A ekafVª;y U;k;kpkj ¼ 1987 ½ vkfn A 7 dkcZu & Mkb & vkWDlkbM] ehFksu ] gkbMks & ¶yksjks dkcZu A 8 fodflr ns'kksa dks mrj ds ns'k dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd T;knkrj fodflr ns'k

mrjh xksyk)Z esa gS A fodklf'ky ,oa fiNM+s ns'kksa dks nf{k.k ds ns'k dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s T;knkrj xksyk)Z esa fLFkr gS A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 & ok;qe.My A & vaVkdZfVdk vkfn A 2 la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk Ik;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqís ij 1992 esa czkthy ds fj;ks

Mh tusfj;ksa esa gq, lEesyu dks i`Foh lEesyu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A 3 ;g xzhu gkÅl xSlksa ¼Xykscy okfe±x dks c<+kus okyh xSlksa ½ ds mRltZu dks

jksdus ds fy, fd;k x;k ,d varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrk gS A tks tkiku ds 'kgj D;ksVks esa 1997 esa gqvk A

4 Ik;kZoj.k dks {kfr igqpk,¡ fcuk fd, tkus okys fodkl dks fVdkÅ fodkl ekuk tkrk gS A

39 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

5 & tula[;k o`f) A & xzhu gkml dk mRltZu vkfn A 6 & tula[;k fu;a=.k & fVdkÅ fodkl vkfn A 7 vkS|ksxhdj.k ds nkSj esa xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu esa Hkkjr vkSj phu dk

[kkl ;ksxnku ugha Fkk blfy, bUgsa D;ksVks ÁksVksdky dh ck/;rkvksa ls NwV nh xbZ A

8 oks yksx tks fdlh] LFkku ij vkfndky ls jgrs vk jgs gSa] os ogk¡ ds ewyoklh yksx dgykrs gSa A

40

v/;k; 9

oS'ohdj.k Lej.kh; fcanq %& oS'ohdj.k %& oS'ohdj.k ,d ,slh Áfd;k gS ftldk cqfu;knh rRo gS ^Áokg* A nqfu;k ds fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ikjLifjd ÁokgA Áokg vusd Ádkj ds gks ldrs gS tSls & iw¡th dk Áokg] fopkjksa dk Áokg oLrqvksa dk Áokg rFkk O;fDr;ksa dk Áokg vkfn A oS'ohdj.k rsth ls cnyrs gq, varjkZ"Vªh; ifjos'k esa furkar vfuok;Z ÁfØ;k gS A ;g yxkrkj c<+ jgh varjkZ"Vªh; vUr fuHkZjrk dk LokHkkfod fodkl gS A

oS'ohdj.k vkSj ÁkS|ksfxdh %& oS'ohdj.k ds fodkl esa vfo"dkj dk cgqr egRo gS A iw¡th] oLrq vkSj O;fDr;ksa dh vkoktkgh esa rsth mUur gksrh ÁkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k gh laHko gqbZ gS A oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k ns'kksa ds chp utnhfd;k¡ c<+h gS A fo'o ds fdlh ,d fgLls esa ?kVus okyh ?kVuk dk vlj fo'o ds nwljs fgLls ij Hkh iM+rk gS A

oS'ohdj.k dk ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ,d cgqvk;keh ÁfØ;k gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd blds ÁHkko Hkh cgqvk;keh gSa vkt thou ds gj {ks= esa ge oS'ohdj.k dk ÁHkko Li"V :Ik ls ns[k ldrs gS A

jktuhfrd ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k mUur lapkj ,oa ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa ds pyrs tgk¡ jkT; 'kfDr'kkyh gqvk gS ogha blds dkj.k jkT; ds dk;ks± ds {ks= lhfer gq, gS A dbZ ckj cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ds ncko ds lkeus jkT; vius & vku dks vlgk; Hkh eglwl djrs gSa A

vkfFkZd ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ds vkfFkZd ÁHkkoksa esa fo'o O;kikj esa o`f)] vk;kr lEcU/kh Áfrca/kksa es deh] eqDr cktkj uhfr dks c<+kok] fons'kh iwath fuos'k esa c<+kok] jkstxkj ds oSf'od voljksa esa o`f) vkfn Áeq[k gSa A

lkaLÑfrd ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLÑfr;ksa esa ,d:irk vk;h gS A bl ÁfØ;k esa ;g Mj Hkh cuk gqvk gS fd tgk¡ fodflr ns'kksa dh laLÑfr iwjs lalkj ij gkoh gksrh tk jgh gS ogha dqN fiNM+s {ks=ksa dh laLÑfr;k¡ dgha xqe gksrh tk jgh gS A

41 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

5 & tula[;k o`f) A & xzhu gkml dk mRltZu vkfn A 6 & tula[;k fu;a=.k & fVdkÅ fodkl vkfn A 7 vkS|ksxhdj.k ds nkSj esa xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu esa Hkkjr vkSj phu dk

[kkl ;ksxnku ugha Fkk blfy, bUgsa D;ksVks ÁksVksdky dh ck/;rkvksa ls NwV nh xbZ A

8 oks yksx tks fdlh] LFkku ij vkfndky ls jgrs vk jgs gSa] os ogk¡ ds ewyoklh yksx dgykrs gSa A

40

v/;k; 9

oS'ohdj.k Lej.kh; fcanq %& oS'ohdj.k %& oS'ohdj.k ,d ,slh Áfd;k gS ftldk cqfu;knh rRo gS ^Áokg* A nqfu;k ds fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ikjLifjd ÁokgA Áokg vusd Ádkj ds gks ldrs gS tSls & iw¡th dk Áokg] fopkjksa dk Áokg oLrqvksa dk Áokg rFkk O;fDr;ksa dk Áokg vkfn A oS'ohdj.k rsth ls cnyrs gq, varjkZ"Vªh; ifjos'k esa furkar vfuok;Z ÁfØ;k gS A ;g yxkrkj c<+ jgh varjkZ"Vªh; vUr fuHkZjrk dk LokHkkfod fodkl gS A

oS'ohdj.k vkSj ÁkS|ksfxdh %& oS'ohdj.k ds fodkl esa vfo"dkj dk cgqr egRo gS A iw¡th] oLrq vkSj O;fDr;ksa dh vkoktkgh esa rsth mUur gksrh ÁkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k gh laHko gqbZ gS A oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k ns'kksa ds chp utnhfd;k¡ c<+h gS A fo'o ds fdlh ,d fgLls esa ?kVus okyh ?kVuk dk vlj fo'o ds nwljs fgLls ij Hkh iM+rk gS A

oS'ohdj.k dk ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ,d cgqvk;keh ÁfØ;k gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd blds ÁHkko Hkh cgqvk;keh gSa vkt thou ds gj {ks= esa ge oS'ohdj.k dk ÁHkko Li"V :Ik ls ns[k ldrs gS A

jktuhfrd ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k mUur lapkj ,oa ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa ds pyrs tgk¡ jkT; 'kfDr'kkyh gqvk gS ogha blds dkj.k jkT; ds dk;ks± ds {ks= lhfer gq, gS A dbZ ckj cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ds ncko ds lkeus jkT; vius & vku dks vlgk; Hkh eglwl djrs gSa A

vkfFkZd ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ds vkfFkZd ÁHkkoksa esa fo'o O;kikj esa o`f)] vk;kr lEcU/kh Áfrca/kksa es deh] eqDr cktkj uhfr dks c<+kok] fons'kh iwath fuos'k esa c<+kok] jkstxkj ds oSf'od voljksa esa o`f) vkfn Áeq[k gSa A

lkaLÑfrd ÁHkko %& oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLÑfr;ksa esa ,d:irk vk;h gS A bl ÁfØ;k esa ;g Mj Hkh cuk gqvk gS fd tgk¡ fodflr ns'kksa dh laLÑfr iwjs lalkj ij gkoh gksrh tk jgh gS ogha dqN fiNM+s {ks=ksa dh laLÑfr;k¡ dgha xqe gksrh tk jgh gS A

41 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

oS'ohdj.k dh vkykspuk %& vkykspd oS'ohdj.k dh vkykspuk djrs le; cgqr ls rdZ nsrs gSa A ftuesa ls dqN Áeq[k rdZ gS & vehj & xjhc esa c<+rh [kkbZ] ljdkjksa dh {kerk esa deh] ijaijkxr laLÑfr dks gkfu] cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk c<+rk ÁHkko vkfn A okeiUFkh fopkj ds vuqlkj oS'ohdj.k /kuh oxZ dks c<+kok nsdj] /kuh rFkk xjhc ds vUrj dks c<+k;k gS A nf{k.k iaFkh fopkjd laLÑfr;ksa dh ekSfydrk lekIr rFkk ?kjsyw m|ksxksa ij gq, cqjs ÁHkko ds dkj.k oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k djrs gS Afo'o Lrj ij oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k ds fy, World Social Forum uked eap cuk;k x;k gS b leap dh igyh cSBd 2001 esa iksVZ vyxksjs esa gqbZ A

Hkkjr vkSj oS'ohdj.k %& fczfV'k Hkkjr dPps eky dk fu;kZrd rFkk rS;kj eky dk vk;krd Fkk A Lora=rk ds ckn ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, laj{k.k okn dh uhfr viukbZ xbZ ijUrq vkfFkZd o`f) nj /kheh jgh A 1991 esa fodkl nj c<+kus ds fy, vkfFkZd lq/kkj dj fons'kh fuos'k ij Hkkjr esa cy fn;k x;k A

Hkkjr fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls oS'ohdj.k dks ÁHkkfor dj jgk gS & Hkkjr ls yksx fons'kksa esa tkdj viuh laLÑfr ,oa jhfr & fjokt dk c<+kok ns

jgs gS A & Hkkjr esa miyC/k lLrs Je us fo'o ds ns'kksa dks viuh vkSj vkdf"kZr fd;k gS A & Hkkjr us dEI;wVj ,oa ÁkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa rhoz Áxfr djds viuk ÁHkaqRo

tek;k gS A

Hkkjr ds oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k %&Lkekftd vkUnksyuksa rFkk okeiaFkh fopkjdksa us blds vkfFkZd i{k dk fojks/k fd;k A nf{k.k iaFkh fopkjdksa us blds lkLÑfrd i{k dk fojks/k fd;k ftlesa Vh- oh- pSuyksa ij if'peh ÁHkko rFkk oSysUVkbu Ms vkfn 'kkfey gSa A

,d baVjus'kuy fjlpZ ds nkos ds vuqlkj %& & fo'o O;kikj esa vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksih; Hkkxhnkjh ?kV jgh gS vkSj fodkl'khy

ns'k viuh c<rh miHkksDrk ekaxks] [kkl t:jrksa vkSj lLrs ;krk;kr ds dkj.k vkil esa T;knk ls T;knk O;kikj djus yxs gSa A

& vesfjdk o ;wjksih; daiuh ds fy, ,f'k;k esa dkjksckj LFkkfir djuk rks vklku gS ysfdu ykxr vkSj dher ds vuqikr esa LFkkuh; mRiknksa ls eqdkcyk dj ikuk dfBu gS os de ykxr vkSj lhfer ektZu dk ea= tkurh gS A

42

& leku vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa okys ns'k ,d nwljs dh t:jrksa dks csgrj le>rs gS tSls %& Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k jkLrksa ij iapj u gksus okys Vk;jksa dh t:jr dks phu us le>k A

,d vad okys Á'u1 oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, A 2 Hkkjr esa oS'ohdj.k dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ \3 lkaLÑfrd oSfHkUuhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \4 MCY;w - Vh vks - ¼WTO ½ dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 5 ikjLifjd tqM+ko dk D;k vFkZ gS \6 WSF dk iwjk uke fyf[k, A 7 eSDMksukYMhdj.k ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \8 oS'ohdj.k dk ,d ldkjkRed ÁHkko crkb, A 9 cgqpfpZr FDI ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \10 oS'ohdj.k ds varxZr Je ds Áokg dk mnkgj.k nhft, A 11 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \12 oS'ohdj.k ds fojks/k esa LFkkfir fdlh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk dk mnkgj.k nhft, A

nks vad okys Á'u1 oS'ohdj.k ds mn; ds nks dkj.k fyf[k, A 2 oS'ohdj.k ds nks jktuhfrd ÁHkko crkb, A 3 lapkj ds {ks= esa Økafr ykus okys nks lk/kuks dk mYys[k dhft, A 4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk mís'; D;k gS \5 nks egRoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa ds uke fyf[k, A 6 cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \7 oS'ohdj.k ds i{k esa nks rdZ nhft, A 8 oYMZ lks'ky Qksje dh igyh cSBd dc vkSj dgk¡ gqbZ Fkh A

pkj vad okys Á'u1 fo'o O;kih ikjLifjd tqM+ko D;k gS \blds dkSu & dkSu ls ?kVd gS \2 oS'ohdj.k esa ÁkS|ksfxdh ds ;ksxnku dh ppkZ dhft, A 3 oS'ohdj.k ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa nks & nks rdZ nhft, A 4 oS'ohdj.k ds vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa dh foospuk dhft, A 5 oS'ohdj.k ds lkaLÑfrd ÁHkkoksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, A 6 Hkkjr esa oS'ohdj.k ds fojks/kh fdu rdks± dk lgkjk ysrs gSa \

43 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

oS'ohdj.k dh vkykspuk %& vkykspd oS'ohdj.k dh vkykspuk djrs le; cgqr ls rdZ nsrs gSa A ftuesa ls dqN Áeq[k rdZ gS & vehj & xjhc esa c<+rh [kkbZ] ljdkjksa dh {kerk esa deh] ijaijkxr laLÑfr dks gkfu] cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk c<+rk ÁHkko vkfn A okeiUFkh fopkj ds vuqlkj oS'ohdj.k /kuh oxZ dks c<+kok nsdj] /kuh rFkk xjhc ds vUrj dks c<+k;k gS A nf{k.k iaFkh fopkjd laLÑfr;ksa dh ekSfydrk lekIr rFkk ?kjsyw m|ksxksa ij gq, cqjs ÁHkko ds dkj.k oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k djrs gS Afo'o Lrj ij oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k ds fy, World Social Forum uked eap cuk;k x;k gS b leap dh igyh cSBd 2001 esa iksVZ vyxksjs esa gqbZ A

Hkkjr vkSj oS'ohdj.k %& fczfV'k Hkkjr dPps eky dk fu;kZrd rFkk rS;kj eky dk vk;krd Fkk A Lora=rk ds ckn ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, laj{k.k okn dh uhfr viukbZ xbZ ijUrq vkfFkZd o`f) nj /kheh jgh A 1991 esa fodkl nj c<+kus ds fy, vkfFkZd lq/kkj dj fons'kh fuos'k ij Hkkjr esa cy fn;k x;k A

Hkkjr fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls oS'ohdj.k dks ÁHkkfor dj jgk gS & Hkkjr ls yksx fons'kksa esa tkdj viuh laLÑfr ,oa jhfr & fjokt dk c<+kok ns

jgs gS A & Hkkjr esa miyC/k lLrs Je us fo'o ds ns'kksa dks viuh vkSj vkdf"kZr fd;k gS A & Hkkjr us dEI;wVj ,oa ÁkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa rhoz Áxfr djds viuk ÁHkaqRo

tek;k gS A

Hkkjr ds oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k %&Lkekftd vkUnksyuksa rFkk okeiaFkh fopkjdksa us blds vkfFkZd i{k dk fojks/k fd;k A nf{k.k iaFkh fopkjdksa us blds lkLÑfrd i{k dk fojks/k fd;k ftlesa Vh- oh- pSuyksa ij if'peh ÁHkko rFkk oSysUVkbu Ms vkfn 'kkfey gSa A

,d baVjus'kuy fjlpZ ds nkos ds vuqlkj %& & fo'o O;kikj esa vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksih; Hkkxhnkjh ?kV jgh gS vkSj fodkl'khy

ns'k viuh c<rh miHkksDrk ekaxks] [kkl t:jrksa vkSj lLrs ;krk;kr ds dkj.k vkil esa T;knk ls T;knk O;kikj djus yxs gSa A

& vesfjdk o ;wjksih; daiuh ds fy, ,f'k;k esa dkjksckj LFkkfir djuk rks vklku gS ysfdu ykxr vkSj dher ds vuqikr esa LFkkuh; mRiknksa ls eqdkcyk dj ikuk dfBu gS os de ykxr vkSj lhfer ektZu dk ea= tkurh gS A

42

& leku vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa okys ns'k ,d nwljs dh t:jrksa dks csgrj le>rs gS tSls %& Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k jkLrksa ij iapj u gksus okys Vk;jksa dh t:jr dks phu us le>k A

,d vad okys Á'u1 oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, A 2 Hkkjr esa oS'ohdj.k dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ \3 lkaLÑfrd oSfHkUuhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \4 MCY;w - Vh vks - ¼WTO ½ dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 5 ikjLifjd tqM+ko dk D;k vFkZ gS \6 WSF dk iwjk uke fyf[k, A 7 eSDMksukYMhdj.k ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \8 oS'ohdj.k dk ,d ldkjkRed ÁHkko crkb, A 9 cgqpfpZr FDI ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \10 oS'ohdj.k ds varxZr Je ds Áokg dk mnkgj.k nhft, A 11 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \12 oS'ohdj.k ds fojks/k esa LFkkfir fdlh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk dk mnkgj.k nhft, A

nks vad okys Á'u1 oS'ohdj.k ds mn; ds nks dkj.k fyf[k, A 2 oS'ohdj.k ds nks jktuhfrd ÁHkko crkb, A 3 lapkj ds {ks= esa Økafr ykus okys nks lk/kuks dk mYys[k dhft, A 4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk mís'; D;k gS \5 nks egRoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa ds uke fyf[k, A 6 cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \7 oS'ohdj.k ds i{k esa nks rdZ nhft, A 8 oYMZ lks'ky Qksje dh igyh cSBd dc vkSj dgk¡ gqbZ Fkh A

pkj vad okys Á'u1 fo'o O;kih ikjLifjd tqM+ko D;k gS \blds dkSu & dkSu ls ?kVd gS \2 oS'ohdj.k esa ÁkS|ksfxdh ds ;ksxnku dh ppkZ dhft, A 3 oS'ohdj.k ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa nks & nks rdZ nhft, A 4 oS'ohdj.k ds vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa dh foospuk dhft, A 5 oS'ohdj.k ds lkaLÑfrd ÁHkkoksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, A 6 Hkkjr esa oS'ohdj.k ds fojks/kh fdu rdks± dk lgkjk ysrs gSa \

43 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

7 ÁLrqr dkVwZu esa oS'ohdj.k ds fdl igyw ij O;aX; fd;k x;k gS \

N% vad okys Á'u1 oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ crkrs gq,] blds dkj.kksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 2 Hkkjr }kjk viuk;h x;h ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr okLro esa oS'ohdj.k ds Áfr LohÑfr

gh Fkh A vki bl dFku ls fdrus lger gS rdZ nhft, A 3 oS'ohdj.k ds lanHkZ esa fodkl 'khy ns'kksa esa jkT; dh cnyrh Hkwfedk dk

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, A 4 oS'ohdj.k ds Hkkjr ij iM+s ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed ÁHkkoksa dh foospuk

dhft, A 5 fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dks i<+dj fuEufyf[kr Á'uksa ds mŸkj nhft, % Þ;g laxBu oSf'od O;kikj ds fu;eksa dks r; djrk gS A bl laxBu tujy

,xzhesaV vkWu VªsM ,aM VªSfQdß ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh ds :Ik esa dke djrk gS tks nwljs fo'o;q) ds ckn vfLro esa vk;k Fkk A buds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 150 gS A gj QSlyk lHkh lnL;ksa dh lgefr ls fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu vesfjdh ;wjksih; la?k rFkk tkiku tSlh cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr;k¡ fo'o O;kikj ds fu;eksa dks bl rjg cukus esa dke;kc gks xbZ gS ftlls muds fgr l/krs gks A fodkl 'khy ns'kksa dh cgq/kk f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd bl laxBu dh dk;Zfof/k ikjn'khZ ugha gs vkSj cM+h vkfFkZd rkdrs mUgs /kfd;krh gS A ß

¼d½ ÁLrqr ifDr;ksa esa fdl laxBu dh ckr dh tk jgh gS \ bldk mís'; D;k Fkk\¼[k½ tusjy ,xzhesaV vkWu VªsM ,aM VªSfQd esa egk'kfDr;ksa dks D;k ykHk gqvk \¼x½ fodkl 'khy ns'k bl ,xzhesaV ls vÁlUu D;ksa Fks \

44

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 oS'ohdj.k fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp oLrqvksa] lsokvksa] fopkjksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds Lora=

Áokg dks dgrs gSa A 2 lu~ 1991 esa A 3 ÁR;sd laLÑfr nwljh ls vyx vkSj fof'k"V gksrh gS bls gh lkaLÑfrd

oSfHkUuhdj.k dgrs gS A 4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu ¼ World Trade Organisation ½

5 ikjLifjd tqM+ko dk vFkZ gS fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj Hkkxksa dk ijLij ,d & nwljs ds utnhd vkuk A

6 WSF dk iwjk uke fo'o lkekftd Qksje ¼World Social Forum½ gS A 7 lalkj ds fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLÑfr;ksa ij vesfjdh laLÑfr ds c<+rs ÁHkko dks

eSDMksukYMhdj.k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A 8 O;kikj vkSj iw¡th dk fodkl gqvk gS A 9 ÁR;{k fons'k fuos'k ¼ QkWju Mk;jsDV bUosLVesaV ½ A ;g fdlh ns'k ds fodkl

esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS A 10 Hkkjr ds ;qokvksa }kjk ukSdjh gsrq vesfjdk tkuk vkfn A 11 lu~ 1995 esa A 12 oYMZ lks'ky Qksje ¼WSF½ A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 & ÁkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl A & cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk mn; vkfn A 2 & jkT; dh {kerk esa deh A & fofHkUu ns'kksa dh ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk esa o`f) vkfn A 3 & Qksu A & dEi;wVj A 4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk mís'; fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks

c<+kok nsuk gS A 5 & fo'o O;kikj laxBu A & varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkfn A 6 cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe ml dEiuh dks dgrs gS tks ,d ls T;knk ns'kksa esa viuh

xfrfof/k;ka pykrh gS A 7 & fo'o O;kikj esa o`f) A & ikjLifjd tqM+ko esa o`f) A 8 2001 es czkthy ds iksVksZ vyxsjs esa A

45 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

7 ÁLrqr dkVwZu esa oS'ohdj.k ds fdl igyw ij O;aX; fd;k x;k gS \

N% vad okys Á'u1 oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ crkrs gq,] blds dkj.kksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 2 Hkkjr }kjk viuk;h x;h ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr okLro esa oS'ohdj.k ds Áfr LohÑfr

gh Fkh A vki bl dFku ls fdrus lger gS rdZ nhft, A 3 oS'ohdj.k ds lanHkZ esa fodkl 'khy ns'kksa esa jkT; dh cnyrh Hkwfedk dk

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, A 4 oS'ohdj.k ds Hkkjr ij iM+s ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed ÁHkkoksa dh foospuk

dhft, A 5 fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dks i<+dj fuEufyf[kr Á'uksa ds mŸkj nhft, % Þ;g laxBu oSf'od O;kikj ds fu;eksa dks r; djrk gS A bl laxBu tujy

,xzhesaV vkWu VªsM ,aM VªSfQdß ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh ds :Ik esa dke djrk gS tks nwljs fo'o;q) ds ckn vfLro esa vk;k Fkk A buds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 150 gS A gj QSlyk lHkh lnL;ksa dh lgefr ls fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu vesfjdh ;wjksih; la?k rFkk tkiku tSlh cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr;k¡ fo'o O;kikj ds fu;eksa dks bl rjg cukus esa dke;kc gks xbZ gS ftlls muds fgr l/krs gks A fodkl 'khy ns'kksa dh cgq/kk f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd bl laxBu dh dk;Zfof/k ikjn'khZ ugha gs vkSj cM+h vkfFkZd rkdrs mUgs /kfd;krh gS A ß

¼d½ ÁLrqr ifDr;ksa esa fdl laxBu dh ckr dh tk jgh gS \ bldk mís'; D;k Fkk\¼[k½ tusjy ,xzhesaV vkWu VªsM ,aM VªSfQd esa egk'kfDr;ksa dks D;k ykHk gqvk \¼x½ fodkl 'khy ns'k bl ,xzhesaV ls vÁlUu D;ksa Fks \

44

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 oS'ohdj.k fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp oLrqvksa] lsokvksa] fopkjksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds Lora=

Áokg dks dgrs gSa A 2 lu~ 1991 esa A 3 ÁR;sd laLÑfr nwljh ls vyx vkSj fof'k"V gksrh gS bls gh lkaLÑfrd

oSfHkUuhdj.k dgrs gS A 4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu ¼ World Trade Organisation ½

5 ikjLifjd tqM+ko dk vFkZ gS fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj Hkkxksa dk ijLij ,d & nwljs ds utnhd vkuk A

6 WSF dk iwjk uke fo'o lkekftd Qksje ¼World Social Forum½ gS A 7 lalkj ds fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLÑfr;ksa ij vesfjdh laLÑfr ds c<+rs ÁHkko dks

eSDMksukYMhdj.k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A 8 O;kikj vkSj iw¡th dk fodkl gqvk gS A 9 ÁR;{k fons'k fuos'k ¼ QkWju Mk;jsDV bUosLVesaV ½ A ;g fdlh ns'k ds fodkl

esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS A 10 Hkkjr ds ;qokvksa }kjk ukSdjh gsrq vesfjdk tkuk vkfn A 11 lu~ 1995 esa A 12 oYMZ lks'ky Qksje ¼WSF½ A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 & ÁkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl A & cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk mn; vkfn A 2 & jkT; dh {kerk esa deh A & fofHkUu ns'kksa dh ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk esa o`f) vkfn A 3 & Qksu A & dEi;wVj A 4 fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk mís'; fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks

c<+kok nsuk gS A 5 & fo'o O;kikj laxBu A & varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkfn A 6 cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe ml dEiuh dks dgrs gS tks ,d ls T;knk ns'kksa esa viuh

xfrfof/k;ka pykrh gS A 7 & fo'o O;kikj esa o`f) A & ikjLifjd tqM+ko esa o`f) A 8 2001 es czkthy ds iksVksZ vyxsjs esa A

45 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Hkkx&2v/;k;&1

jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;k¡

izeq[k fcUnq%&& Hkkjr dks ,d lw= es ck/kus] yksdra= dh LFkkiuk rFkk lHk oxZ] /keZ] tkfr]

leqnk; ¼ Hkkjr esa jgus okys ½ ds yksxksa dh HkykbZ ds fy, fodkl djuk gh u, jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;k¡ Fkh A

& 14 & 15 vxLr] 1947 dks e/;jk=h fganqLrku vktkn gqvk ysfdu Hkkjr o ikfdLrku nks jk"Vªksa ds vyx & vyx fuekZ.k ls ns'k dh ,drk [kf.Mr gks xbZ A 14 & 15 vxLr dh e/;jkf= dks tokgj yky usg: dk Hkk"k.k fVªLV fon MsfLVuh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A

& foHkktu dh :Ik js[kk Bhd Ádkj ls fu/kkZfjr u gksus ds dkj.k ns'k dh turk bl ckr ls vufHkK Fkh fd oks Hkkjr esa gS ;k ikfdLrku esa A

& foHkktu dh lcls dfBu o Hk;kud vYila[;dksa dh Fkh A ikfdLrku esa fganw o fl[kksa dh cM+h rknkn Fkh tcfd Hkkjr esa eqlyeku vYila[;dksa dh la[;k dqy vkcknh dk 12 Áfr'kr Fkh A 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk iquokZl Hkh ljdkj ds fy, ,d leL;k Fkh A

& ,d nwljh fodV leL;k fgalk o ekjdkV dh Fkh tks nksuksa rjQ dkcw ls ckgj gks xbZ Fkh A

& yk[kksa 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ns'k dh vktknh dk eryc Fkk cs?kj vkSj csfBdkuk gksdj eghuksa vkSj dHkh dHkh lkyksa rd fdlh 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfoj esa ftanxh xqtkjuk Fkk A

& foHkktu ds nkSjku yxHkx 80 yk[k yksxksa dks lhek ikj tkuk iM+k A 5 ls 10 yk[k yksxksa dks tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+k A cPps eka & ckai ls fcNqM+ x;s gt+kjksa efgykvksa dks vxok fd;k x;k dqN ifjokjksa us dqy dh e;kZnk ds uke ij [kqn dh cgw csfV;ksa dks ekj Mkyk A

& Nk=ksa dks ^xnj* fQYe dk nsrs gq, jkspd rjhds ls ikB dks le>k;k tk ldrk gS A

30 tuojh 1948 dks xka/kh th dh ,d fganw vfroknh ukFkwjke xksMls }kjk gR;k ds ckn foHkktu ls tqM+s Øks/k o fgalk tknqbZ rkSj ij ean iM+ x;h A

vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa jg x;s ,d vYila[;d eqfLye ifjokj ds le{k vkbZ leL;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr fQYe ^xeZ gok* lu~ 1973 esa cuh Fkh A

Lora=rk ds le; Hkkjr esa ns'kh fj;klrksa dh la[;k 565 Fkh A ftUgsa fczfV'k ljdkj mudh LosPNk ij NksM+ xbZ Fkh bu fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa foy; ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Fkk A ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us Jh oh- ih- esuu ds lkFk bl

46

leL;k dks cM+s gh lqfu;ksftr <ax ls lqy>k;k A jtokM+ks dk Hkkjrh; la?k us foy; lgefr i= ^ baLVwesaV vkWQ ,Dls'ku* ij

gLrk{kj }kjk gksrk Fkk A gSnjkckn] d'ehj] twukx<+ o ef.kiqj dk foy; vU; fj;klrksa dh rqyuk esa

FkksM+k dfBu lkfcr gqvk A dsUnzh; ljdkj 1953 esa jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh A vk;ksx us

viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk fd jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k ogka cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk;s A

rsyxq Hkk"kh jkT; vka/kz Áns'k ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s iksV~Vh Jh jkeqeq us vkej.k vu'ku fd;k ftlesa mudh e`R;q gks xbZ A

{ks=h; laLÑfr o {ks=h; vlarqyu ds vk/kkj ij rhu jkT; >kj[k.M] NŸkhlx<+ o mŸkjkapy ¼ vc mŸkjk[k.M ½ lu~ 2000 esa cuk;s x;s gSa A

vka/kz Áns'k esa rsyaxkuk] egkjk"Vª esa fonHkZ o if'peh mŸkj Áns'k esa gfjr Áns'k jkT; cukus ds fy;s vkanksyu vc Hkh py jgs gSa A

Hkk"kk dh leL;k dks gy djus ds fy;s f=Hkk"kk;h QkewZys dks viuk;k x;k FkkA

,d vad okys Á'u1 HkkX;o/kw ls fpj Áfrf{kr HksaV ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \2 Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa jgus okys yksxksa dh D;k vis{kk,sa Fkh \3 Hkkjr dk foHkktu fdl vk/kkj ij gqvk \4 [kku vCnqy x¶Qkj [kkWu dkSu Fks \5 Lora=rk ds le; Hkkjr esa fdrus jtokM+s Fks \6 jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \7 ns'k ds foHkktu ls ÁHkkfor nks jkT;ksa ds uke crk,sa \8 bLVªwesaV vkWQ ,Dls'ku D;k Fkk \9 egkjktk cks/k panz flag dkSu Fks \10 f} & jk"Vª dk fl)kar D;k Fkk \

nks vad okys Á'u1 futke fdls dgk tkrk Fkk \Hkkjr esa foy; ds fo"k; esa bldh D;k uhfr Fkh \2 QSt vgen dkSu Fks \mudk ikfdLrkuh ljdkj ls Vdjko D;ksa cuk jgk \3 xqtjkr o gfj;k.kk Lora= jkT; cuus ls igys fdu ewy jkT;ksa ds vax Fks \4 dkSu ls nks jkT; {ks=h; valrqyu dks eqík cukdj vfLrRo esa vk;s \5 v;`rk izhr; ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ks \6 jtkdkj dkSu Fks \

47 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Hkkx&2v/;k;&1

jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;k¡

izeq[k fcUnq%&& Hkkjr dks ,d lw= es ck/kus] yksdra= dh LFkkiuk rFkk lHk oxZ] /keZ] tkfr]

leqnk; ¼ Hkkjr esa jgus okys ½ ds yksxksa dh HkykbZ ds fy, fodkl djuk gh u, jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh pqukSfr;k¡ Fkh A

& 14 & 15 vxLr] 1947 dks e/;jk=h fganqLrku vktkn gqvk ysfdu Hkkjr o ikfdLrku nks jk"Vªksa ds vyx & vyx fuekZ.k ls ns'k dh ,drk [kf.Mr gks xbZ A 14 & 15 vxLr dh e/;jkf= dks tokgj yky usg: dk Hkk"k.k fVªLV fon MsfLVuh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A

& foHkktu dh :Ik js[kk Bhd Ádkj ls fu/kkZfjr u gksus ds dkj.k ns'k dh turk bl ckr ls vufHkK Fkh fd oks Hkkjr esa gS ;k ikfdLrku esa A

& foHkktu dh lcls dfBu o Hk;kud vYila[;dksa dh Fkh A ikfdLrku esa fganw o fl[kksa dh cM+h rknkn Fkh tcfd Hkkjr esa eqlyeku vYila[;dksa dh la[;k dqy vkcknh dk 12 Áfr'kr Fkh A 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk iquokZl Hkh ljdkj ds fy, ,d leL;k Fkh A

& ,d nwljh fodV leL;k fgalk o ekjdkV dh Fkh tks nksuksa rjQ dkcw ls ckgj gks xbZ Fkh A

& yk[kksa 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ns'k dh vktknh dk eryc Fkk cs?kj vkSj csfBdkuk gksdj eghuksa vkSj dHkh dHkh lkyksa rd fdlh 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfoj esa ftanxh xqtkjuk Fkk A

& foHkktu ds nkSjku yxHkx 80 yk[k yksxksa dks lhek ikj tkuk iM+k A 5 ls 10 yk[k yksxksa dks tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+k A cPps eka & ckai ls fcNqM+ x;s gt+kjksa efgykvksa dks vxok fd;k x;k dqN ifjokjksa us dqy dh e;kZnk ds uke ij [kqn dh cgw csfV;ksa dks ekj Mkyk A

& Nk=ksa dks ^xnj* fQYe dk nsrs gq, jkspd rjhds ls ikB dks le>k;k tk ldrk gS A

30 tuojh 1948 dks xka/kh th dh ,d fganw vfroknh ukFkwjke xksMls }kjk gR;k ds ckn foHkktu ls tqM+s Øks/k o fgalk tknqbZ rkSj ij ean iM+ x;h A

vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa jg x;s ,d vYila[;d eqfLye ifjokj ds le{k vkbZ leL;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr fQYe ^xeZ gok* lu~ 1973 esa cuh Fkh A

Lora=rk ds le; Hkkjr esa ns'kh fj;klrksa dh la[;k 565 Fkh A ftUgsa fczfV'k ljdkj mudh LosPNk ij NksM+ xbZ Fkh bu fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa foy; ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Fkk A ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us Jh oh- ih- esuu ds lkFk bl

46

leL;k dks cM+s gh lqfu;ksftr <ax ls lqy>k;k A jtokM+ks dk Hkkjrh; la?k us foy; lgefr i= ^ baLVwesaV vkWQ ,Dls'ku* ij

gLrk{kj }kjk gksrk Fkk A gSnjkckn] d'ehj] twukx<+ o ef.kiqj dk foy; vU; fj;klrksa dh rqyuk esa

FkksM+k dfBu lkfcr gqvk A dsUnzh; ljdkj 1953 esa jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh A vk;ksx us

viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk fd jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k ogka cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk;s A

rsyxq Hkk"kh jkT; vka/kz Áns'k ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s iksV~Vh Jh jkeqeq us vkej.k vu'ku fd;k ftlesa mudh e`R;q gks xbZ A

{ks=h; laLÑfr o {ks=h; vlarqyu ds vk/kkj ij rhu jkT; >kj[k.M] NŸkhlx<+ o mŸkjkapy ¼ vc mŸkjk[k.M ½ lu~ 2000 esa cuk;s x;s gSa A

vka/kz Áns'k esa rsyaxkuk] egkjk"Vª esa fonHkZ o if'peh mŸkj Áns'k esa gfjr Áns'k jkT; cukus ds fy;s vkanksyu vc Hkh py jgs gSa A

Hkk"kk dh leL;k dks gy djus ds fy;s f=Hkk"kk;h QkewZys dks viuk;k x;k FkkA

,d vad okys Á'u1 HkkX;o/kw ls fpj Áfrf{kr HksaV ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \2 Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa jgus okys yksxksa dh D;k vis{kk,sa Fkh \3 Hkkjr dk foHkktu fdl vk/kkj ij gqvk \4 [kku vCnqy x¶Qkj [kkWu dkSu Fks \5 Lora=rk ds le; Hkkjr esa fdrus jtokM+s Fks \6 jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \7 ns'k ds foHkktu ls ÁHkkfor nks jkT;ksa ds uke crk,sa \8 bLVªwesaV vkWQ ,Dls'ku D;k Fkk \9 egkjktk cks/k panz flag dkSu Fks \10 f} & jk"Vª dk fl)kar D;k Fkk \

nks vad okys Á'u1 futke fdls dgk tkrk Fkk \Hkkjr esa foy; ds fo"k; esa bldh D;k uhfr Fkh \2 QSt vgen dkSu Fks \mudk ikfdLrkuh ljdkj ls Vdjko D;ksa cuk jgk \3 xqtjkr o gfj;k.kk Lora= jkT; cuus ls igys fdu ewy jkT;ksa ds vax Fks \4 dkSu ls nks jkT; {ks=h; valrqyu dks eqík cukdj vfLrRo esa vk;s \5 v;`rk izhr; ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ks \6 jtkdkj dkSu Fks \

47 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

7 Lora= Hkkjr ds mi & Á/kku ea=h vkSj ÁFke x`gea=h dkSu Fks] budk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds fy, D;k ;ksxnku Fkk \

8 jtokM+ksa ds foy; ls lacaf/kr Hkkjr ljdkj dk utfj;k & la{ksi esa crk,s \pkj vad okys Á'u1 ÞegkRek xka/kh dh gR;k okLro esa lkaLÑfrd ,drk o /keZfujis{krk ij geyk

Fkkß vius mŸkj dh iqf"V esa lgefr o vlgefr Li"V djsa \2 la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh tula[;k Hkkjr ds eqdkcys esa ,d pkSFkkbZ gS ysfdu

ogka 51 jkT; gSa A Hkkjr esa 100 ls Hkh T;knk jkT; D;ksa ugha gks ldrs gS \u, jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa vkbZ leL;kkvsa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ÁLrqr dFku dks Li"V djsa \

3 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa fui dks n'kkZ,sa A ¼,½ ns'k ds foHkktu ls ÁHkkfor nks jkT; A ¼ch½ nks ,sls jkT; tks igys la?k'kkflr jkT; Fks A 4 gSnjkckn dh fj;klr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh djsa \

N% vad okys Á'u1 Lora=rk ds Ik'pkr ns'k ds le> rhu eq[; pqukSfr;ka D;k Fkh \ bUgs fdl

Ádkj gy fd;k x;k \2 1947 dk lky vHkwiwoZ fgalk foLFkkiu dh =klnh dk lky D;ksa Fkk\ D;k

tulk/kkj.k us ns'k ds foHkktu dks lgt :Ik esa Lohdkj fd;k Fkk \ mŸkj ds i{k o foIk{k es mnkgj.k Hkh ÁLrqr dhft;s A

3 uhps fn;s x;s nks fopkjksa esa ls vki fdl fopkj dk leFkZu djsaxs rFkk D;ksa \ Hkkjr dk caVokjk teZuh dh rjg [kRe D;ksa ugha fd;k tk ldrk \ le>kb;sA

4 ns'k dk foHkktu /keZ ds vk/kkj ij gqvk Fkk ikfdLrku us Lo;a bLykfed jk"Vª ?kksf"kr fd;k D;k bl otg ls Hkkjr vius vki fgUnw jk"Vª cu x;k A bl lEcU/k esa vius fopkj ÁdV dhft;s A

5 Hkkjr ds ledkyhu ekufp= esa fj;klrsa@jtokMs+ n'kkZ,sa Lora=rk Ákfgr ds Ik'pkr~ jtokM+ksa ds 'kkldksa dk D;k joS;k Fkk \

vFkok

uhps fn, x, ekufp= esa ¼v½] ¼c½] ¼l½] ¼n½ ds :Ik esa fpfàr pkj ns'kh fj;klrksa dks igpkfu, A buesa ls fdlh ,d fj;klr dk Hkkjr la?k esa foy; djrs le; tks leL;k vkbZ ] mldk mYys[k dhft, A

48

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 14 & 15 vxLr dks e/;jk=h dks tokgj yky usg: }kjk fn;k x;k Hkk"k.k A 2 ¼1½ ns'k dk 'kklu yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls pyk;k tk,xk A ¼2½ ljdkj lcds Hkys ds fy, dke djsxh A 3 /keZ ds vk/kkj ij A 4 if'peksŸkj lhekÁkar ds fufoZokn usrk A5 65 6 1953 esa A

49 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

7 Lora= Hkkjr ds mi & Á/kku ea=h vkSj ÁFke x`gea=h dkSu Fks] budk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds fy, D;k ;ksxnku Fkk \

8 jtokM+ksa ds foy; ls lacaf/kr Hkkjr ljdkj dk utfj;k & la{ksi esa crk,s \pkj vad okys Á'u1 ÞegkRek xka/kh dh gR;k okLro esa lkaLÑfrd ,drk o /keZfujis{krk ij geyk

Fkkß vius mŸkj dh iqf"V esa lgefr o vlgefr Li"V djsa \2 la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh tula[;k Hkkjr ds eqdkcys esa ,d pkSFkkbZ gS ysfdu

ogka 51 jkT; gSa A Hkkjr esa 100 ls Hkh T;knk jkT; D;ksa ugha gks ldrs gS \u, jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa vkbZ leL;kkvsa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ÁLrqr dFku dks Li"V djsa \

3 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa fui dks n'kkZ,sa A ¼,½ ns'k ds foHkktu ls ÁHkkfor nks jkT; A ¼ch½ nks ,sls jkT; tks igys la?k'kkflr jkT; Fks A 4 gSnjkckn dh fj;klr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh djsa \

N% vad okys Á'u1 Lora=rk ds Ik'pkr ns'k ds le> rhu eq[; pqukSfr;ka D;k Fkh \ bUgs fdl

Ádkj gy fd;k x;k \2 1947 dk lky vHkwiwoZ fgalk foLFkkiu dh =klnh dk lky D;ksa Fkk\ D;k

tulk/kkj.k us ns'k ds foHkktu dks lgt :Ik esa Lohdkj fd;k Fkk \ mŸkj ds i{k o foIk{k es mnkgj.k Hkh ÁLrqr dhft;s A

3 uhps fn;s x;s nks fopkjksa esa ls vki fdl fopkj dk leFkZu djsaxs rFkk D;ksa \ Hkkjr dk caVokjk teZuh dh rjg [kRe D;ksa ugha fd;k tk ldrk \ le>kb;sA

4 ns'k dk foHkktu /keZ ds vk/kkj ij gqvk Fkk ikfdLrku us Lo;a bLykfed jk"Vª ?kksf"kr fd;k D;k bl otg ls Hkkjr vius vki fgUnw jk"Vª cu x;k A bl lEcU/k esa vius fopkj ÁdV dhft;s A

5 Hkkjr ds ledkyhu ekufp= esa fj;klrsa@jtokMs+ n'kkZ,sa Lora=rk Ákfgr ds Ik'pkr~ jtokM+ksa ds 'kkldksa dk D;k joS;k Fkk \

vFkok

uhps fn, x, ekufp= esa ¼v½] ¼c½] ¼l½] ¼n½ ds :Ik esa fpfàr pkj ns'kh fj;klrksa dks igpkfu, A buesa ls fdlh ,d fj;klr dk Hkkjr la?k esa foy; djrs le; tks leL;k vkbZ ] mldk mYys[k dhft, A

48

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 14 & 15 vxLr dks e/;jk=h dks tokgj yky usg: }kjk fn;k x;k Hkk"k.k A 2 ¼1½ ns'k dk 'kklu yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls pyk;k tk,xk A ¼2½ ljdkj lcds Hkys ds fy, dke djsxh A 3 /keZ ds vk/kkj ij A 4 if'peksŸkj lhekÁkar ds fufoZokn usrk A5 65 6 1953 esa A

49 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

7 iatkc vkSj if'pe caxky A 8 jtokM+s Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, lger & lgefr i= A 9 ef.kiqj ds egkjktk A 10 nks dkSeksa dk ns'k A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 gSnjkckn dk 'kkld] gSnjkckn dh fj;klr dks vktkn fj;klr dk ntkZ nsa A 2 mnZw ds egku dfo] okeiaFkh :>ku ds dkj.k A 3 xqtjkr & ckEcs Ákar] gfj;k.kk & iatkc A 4 >kj[kaM o NŸkhlx<+ A 5 iatkch Hkk"kk dh eq[; dfo;=h o dkFkkdkj] in~; Jh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur A6 gSnjkckn ds futk; ds v)Z lSfud cy A 7 ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy] nslh fj;klrksa dks Hkkjr la?k esa feykus esa egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk A 8 ljdkj dk :[k yphyk Fkk] og dqN bykdksa dks Lok;Ùkrk nsus ds fy, rS;kj

Hkh tSlk fd tEew d'kehj esa gqvk A

50

v/;k; 2,d ny ds ÁHkqRo dk nkSj

izeq[k fcUnq%&& Lora=rk laxzke ls gh yksdra= ds Áfr xgjh vkLFkk j[kus okys Hkkjr ds le{k

yksdra= dks LFkkfir djus dh pqukSrh lcls Áeq[k Fkh A gekjs usrk jktuhfr dks leL;k ds lek/kku dk mik; ekurs Fks A

& tuojh 1950 esa pquko vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k ysfdu fo'kky tula[;k] ns'k esa djhc 17 djksM+ ernkrk vkSj ftuesa ls 15 Qhlnh lk{kj & bl leL;kvksa ds jgrs pquko 1950 esa u gksdj 1952 esa gqvk ftls Þbfrgkl dk lcls cM+k tqvkß dk uke fn;k x;k A

& ns'k dh ,dek= ikVhZ] ftldk laxBu iwjs ns'k esa Fkk rFkk usg: th ds egkure O;fDrRo ds ÁHkko dh otg ls dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks 489 esa ls 384 lhVsa ÁkIr gqbZ A dE;wfuLV ikVhZ nwljs uacj ij jgha A

& 1957 rFkk 1962 ds pqukoksa esa Hkh dkaxzsl dks fot; gkfly gqbZ A & dkaxzsl ,d lkekftd vkSj fopkjkRed xBca/ku ds :Ik esa mHkjh] dkaxzsl us

vius vanj 'kkafroknh] Økafrdkjh] xjeiaFkh & ujeiaFkh] nf{k.kiaFkh & okeiaFkh] 'kkafroknh & vuqnkj oknh lHkh Hkkx ds e/;ekfxZ;ksa dks lekfgr fd;k A dkaxzsl ,d eap dh rjg Fkh ftl ij vusd lewV] fgr vkSj jktuhfrd ny rd vk tqVrs Fks A

& xqVksa es rkyesy] lgu'khyrk vkSj dkaxzsl ds xBca/kuh LoHkko us mls vlk/kkj.k rkdr nh A

& 1950 ds n'kd esa foi{kh ikfVZ;ksa dks uke & ekMk dk Áfrfuf/kRo feyk A 'kq:vkrh o"kks± esa dkaxzsl vkSj foi{kh nyksa ds usrkvksa ds chp ikjLifjd lEeku dk xgjk Hkko Fkk A varfj; ljdkj esa ';kek & Álkn eq[kthZ vkSj Mk0 vEcsMdj tSls foi{kh usrkvksa dk 'kkfey gksuk bl ckr dk Áek.k Fkk A

& ckn esa nyxr Hkkouk o vkilh laca/kks esa dqVrk vkus yxh rFkk vU; jktuhfrd nyksa dks egRo feyus ls dkaxzsl ds nkSj dk var gks x;k A

& eq[; foi{kh ikfVZ;k¡ %& Lora= ikVhZ 1959 Hkkjr tula?k 1951 dE;wfuLV o lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ¼ 1948 ½ dsjy caxky o fcgkj esa dE;wfuLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k dk dkQh ÁHkko jgk A

1964 esa bl ikVhZ dk foHkktu gqvk A

51 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

7 iatkc vkSj if'pe caxky A 8 jtokM+s Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, lger & lgefr i= A 9 ef.kiqj ds egkjktk A 10 nks dkSeksa dk ns'k A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 gSnjkckn dk 'kkld] gSnjkckn dh fj;klr dks vktkn fj;klr dk ntkZ nsa A 2 mnZw ds egku dfo] okeiaFkh :>ku ds dkj.k A 3 xqtjkr & ckEcs Ákar] gfj;k.kk & iatkc A 4 >kj[kaM o NŸkhlx<+ A 5 iatkch Hkk"kk dh eq[; dfo;=h o dkFkkdkj] in~; Jh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur A6 gSnjkckn ds futk; ds v)Z lSfud cy A 7 ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy] nslh fj;klrksa dks Hkkjr la?k esa feykus esa egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk A 8 ljdkj dk :[k yphyk Fkk] og dqN bykdksa dks Lok;Ùkrk nsus ds fy, rS;kj

Hkh tSlk fd tEew d'kehj esa gqvk A

50

v/;k; 2,d ny ds ÁHkqRo dk nkSj

izeq[k fcUnq%&& Lora=rk laxzke ls gh yksdra= ds Áfr xgjh vkLFkk j[kus okys Hkkjr ds le{k

yksdra= dks LFkkfir djus dh pqukSrh lcls Áeq[k Fkh A gekjs usrk jktuhfr dks leL;k ds lek/kku dk mik; ekurs Fks A

& tuojh 1950 esa pquko vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k ysfdu fo'kky tula[;k] ns'k esa djhc 17 djksM+ ernkrk vkSj ftuesa ls 15 Qhlnh lk{kj & bl leL;kvksa ds jgrs pquko 1950 esa u gksdj 1952 esa gqvk ftls Þbfrgkl dk lcls cM+k tqvkß dk uke fn;k x;k A

& ns'k dh ,dek= ikVhZ] ftldk laxBu iwjs ns'k esa Fkk rFkk usg: th ds egkure O;fDrRo ds ÁHkko dh otg ls dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks 489 esa ls 384 lhVsa ÁkIr gqbZ A dE;wfuLV ikVhZ nwljs uacj ij jgha A

& 1957 rFkk 1962 ds pqukoksa esa Hkh dkaxzsl dks fot; gkfly gqbZ A & dkaxzsl ,d lkekftd vkSj fopkjkRed xBca/ku ds :Ik esa mHkjh] dkaxzsl us

vius vanj 'kkafroknh] Økafrdkjh] xjeiaFkh & ujeiaFkh] nf{k.kiaFkh & okeiaFkh] 'kkafroknh & vuqnkj oknh lHkh Hkkx ds e/;ekfxZ;ksa dks lekfgr fd;k A dkaxzsl ,d eap dh rjg Fkh ftl ij vusd lewV] fgr vkSj jktuhfrd ny rd vk tqVrs Fks A

& xqVksa es rkyesy] lgu'khyrk vkSj dkaxzsl ds xBca/kuh LoHkko us mls vlk/kkj.k rkdr nh A

& 1950 ds n'kd esa foi{kh ikfVZ;ksa dks uke & ekMk dk Áfrfuf/kRo feyk A 'kq:vkrh o"kks± esa dkaxzsl vkSj foi{kh nyksa ds usrkvksa ds chp ikjLifjd lEeku dk xgjk Hkko Fkk A varfj; ljdkj esa ';kek & Álkn eq[kthZ vkSj Mk0 vEcsMdj tSls foi{kh usrkvksa dk 'kkfey gksuk bl ckr dk Áek.k Fkk A

& ckn esa nyxr Hkkouk o vkilh laca/kks esa dqVrk vkus yxh rFkk vU; jktuhfrd nyksa dks egRo feyus ls dkaxzsl ds nkSj dk var gks x;k A

& eq[; foi{kh ikfVZ;k¡ %& Lora= ikVhZ 1959 Hkkjr tula?k 1951 dE;wfuLV o lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ¼ 1948 ½ dsjy caxky o fcgkj esa dE;wfuLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k dk dkQh ÁHkko jgk A

1964 esa bl ikVhZ dk foHkktu gqvk A

51 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk fuekZ.k vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso us 1948 esa fd;k A ikVhZ yksdrkaf=d lektokn dh fopkj /kkjk esa fo'okl j[krh Fkh A

,d vad okys Á'u1 Hkkjr ds ÁFke pquko vk;qDr dk uke fyf[k;s a 2 fdlds vuqlkj ^jktuhfr esa uk;d iwtk dk Hkko lh/ks iru dh vksj ys tkrk

gS* A 3 igys rhu vke pqukoksa esa fdl ikVhZ dk cgqer feyk \4 Lora= ikVhZ dk xBu dc gqvk \5 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \6 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid dk uke fyf[k;s A 7 Hkkjrh; tula?k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh \8 ,d ny dh Á/kkurk dk dky fyf[k;s A 9 uEcwnjhikn dkSu Fks \10 1957 esa fo/kku lHkh pqukoksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik dsjy esa fdl ikVhZ dks cgqer

feyk \11 lafo/kku lHkh dh Ák:Ik lfefr ds v/;{k dkSu Fks \12 jktuhfr ls lcls T;knk vge nks ckrsa D;k gS \13 nks ns'kksa ds uke crk,s] tgka ,d ikVhZ dk ÁHkqRo dkusuh vkSj lSU; mik;ks ds

pyrs dk;e gqvk gS A

nks vad okys Á'u1 Hkkjr esa ÁFke Lora= o fu"i{k pquko dks bfrgkl dk lcls cM+k tqvk D;k

dgk x;k \2 lh- jkt xksikykpkjh dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft, \3 PRI D;k gS ] ;g fdl ns'k esa dk;Zjr gS\

4 bafMisaMsV yscj ikVhZ ¼ Independent Labour Party ½ ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks] mUgksus 1956 esa fdl /keZ dks viuk;k A

5 vkt ds le; ;s fdu nyksa ij lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk ÁHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gS A 6 dkaxzsl Á.kkyh D;k Fkh A

pkj vad okys Á'u1 mu dkjdksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s ftuds dkj.k dkaxzsl dks ÁFke vke pqukoksa esa

Hkkjh lQyrk gkfly dh \2 dE;wufLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k dh uhfr o dk;ZØe fyf[k;s A

52

3 dkaxzsl fdu vFkks± esa ,d fopkjkRed xaBca/ku Fkh \le>kb;s A4 ÁFke yksdlHkh ds pqukoksa ds le; Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr

crkb;s A 5 Hkkjr esa pqukoksa ds cnyrs rjhdksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 6 if.Mr tokgj yky usg: }kjk Hkkjr esa lkoZHkkSfed erkf/kdkjh ds fy;s fd;s

tkus okys Á;klksa ij lEiw.kZ fo'o dh fuxkgsa D;ksa fVdh Fkh \7 dkaxzsl ds xBca/kuh LoHkko us mls ,d vlk/kkj.k rkdr nh bl lEca/k esa vius

fopkj ÁdV dhft;s A 8 Hkkjrh; dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dk foHkktu dc vkSj D;ksa gqvk \

N% vad okys Á'u1 Hkkjr vkSj eSfDldksa esa ,d ikVhZ ds ÁHkqRo esa D;k varj jgk gS \ Ádk'k

Mkfy;sA 2 ,d nyh; ÁHkqRo dk Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds pfj= ij D;k Áfrdwy ÁHkko iM+k \

foLrkj ls le>kb;s A 3 dkaxzsl esa fo|eku fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft;s A 4 Hkkjr esa ÁFke vke pqukoksa ds lQy gks tkus ij fo'o D;ksa vkokd jg x;k \

mu dkjdksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s ftuds dkj.k pqukoksa ds lQy lapkyu esa ck/kk gks ldrh Fkh \

5 1996 esa ,e- ds- ,l- ,e us fnYyh esa tulk/kkj.k ds lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks ysdj ,d jk"Vªh; lfefr dk xBu fd;k rkfd lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks jk"Vªh; vfHk;ku dk :Ik fn;k tk lds A blls iwoZ ^miHkksDrk f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku dsUnz* ¼ daT;wej ,tqds'ku ,aM fjlpZ lSaVj ½] Ásl dkmafly rFkk 'kkSjh lfefr us lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk ,d elkSnk ÁLrkfor fd;k Fkk A 2002 esa ^lwpuk dh Lora=rk* uked ,d detksj fo/ks;d ikfjr gqvk Fkk] ftls ykxw ugha fd;k x;k Fkk A o"kZ 2004 esa] ,d vkj- Vh- vkbZ- fo/ks;d dks lnu ds iVy ij j[kk x;k ftls laln us ikfjr dj fn;k A twu 2005 esa] bl fo/ks;d dks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr ÁkIr gks xbZ A

¼1½ ,e- ds- ,l- ,l- dk foLr`r :Ik fyf[k, A ¼2½ ^lwpuk dh Lora=rk* uked fo/ks;d] 2002 dks ykxw D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k \¼3½ ^fo/ks;d dks lnu ds iVy ij j[kk x;k* & bu 'kCnksa dk dkuwu cukus dh

ÁfØ;k esa D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 lqdqekj lsu A2 Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj A

53 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk fuekZ.k vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso us 1948 esa fd;k A ikVhZ yksdrkaf=d lektokn dh fopkj /kkjk esa fo'okl j[krh Fkh A

,d vad okys Á'u1 Hkkjr ds ÁFke pquko vk;qDr dk uke fyf[k;s a 2 fdlds vuqlkj ^jktuhfr esa uk;d iwtk dk Hkko lh/ks iru dh vksj ys tkrk

gS* A 3 igys rhu vke pqukoksa esa fdl ikVhZ dk cgqer feyk \4 Lora= ikVhZ dk xBu dc gqvk \5 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \6 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid dk uke fyf[k;s A 7 Hkkjrh; tula?k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh \8 ,d ny dh Á/kkurk dk dky fyf[k;s A 9 uEcwnjhikn dkSu Fks \10 1957 esa fo/kku lHkh pqukoksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik dsjy esa fdl ikVhZ dks cgqer

feyk \11 lafo/kku lHkh dh Ák:Ik lfefr ds v/;{k dkSu Fks \12 jktuhfr ls lcls T;knk vge nks ckrsa D;k gS \13 nks ns'kksa ds uke crk,s] tgka ,d ikVhZ dk ÁHkqRo dkusuh vkSj lSU; mik;ks ds

pyrs dk;e gqvk gS A

nks vad okys Á'u1 Hkkjr esa ÁFke Lora= o fu"i{k pquko dks bfrgkl dk lcls cM+k tqvk D;k

dgk x;k \2 lh- jkt xksikykpkjh dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft, \3 PRI D;k gS ] ;g fdl ns'k esa dk;Zjr gS\

4 bafMisaMsV yscj ikVhZ ¼ Independent Labour Party ½ ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks] mUgksus 1956 esa fdl /keZ dks viuk;k A

5 vkt ds le; ;s fdu nyksa ij lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk ÁHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gS A 6 dkaxzsl Á.kkyh D;k Fkh A

pkj vad okys Á'u1 mu dkjdksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s ftuds dkj.k dkaxzsl dks ÁFke vke pqukoksa esa

Hkkjh lQyrk gkfly dh \2 dE;wufLV ikVhZ vkWQ bf.M;k dh uhfr o dk;ZØe fyf[k;s A

52

3 dkaxzsl fdu vFkks± esa ,d fopkjkRed xaBca/ku Fkh \le>kb;s A4 ÁFke yksdlHkh ds pqukoksa ds le; Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr

crkb;s A 5 Hkkjr esa pqukoksa ds cnyrs rjhdksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 6 if.Mr tokgj yky usg: }kjk Hkkjr esa lkoZHkkSfed erkf/kdkjh ds fy;s fd;s

tkus okys Á;klksa ij lEiw.kZ fo'o dh fuxkgsa D;ksa fVdh Fkh \7 dkaxzsl ds xBca/kuh LoHkko us mls ,d vlk/kkj.k rkdr nh bl lEca/k esa vius

fopkj ÁdV dhft;s A 8 Hkkjrh; dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dk foHkktu dc vkSj D;ksa gqvk \

N% vad okys Á'u1 Hkkjr vkSj eSfDldksa esa ,d ikVhZ ds ÁHkqRo esa D;k varj jgk gS \ Ádk'k

Mkfy;sA 2 ,d nyh; ÁHkqRo dk Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds pfj= ij D;k Áfrdwy ÁHkko iM+k \

foLrkj ls le>kb;s A 3 dkaxzsl esa fo|eku fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft;s A 4 Hkkjr esa ÁFke vke pqukoksa ds lQy gks tkus ij fo'o D;ksa vkokd jg x;k \

mu dkjdksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s ftuds dkj.k pqukoksa ds lQy lapkyu esa ck/kk gks ldrh Fkh \

5 1996 esa ,e- ds- ,l- ,e us fnYyh esa tulk/kkj.k ds lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks ysdj ,d jk"Vªh; lfefr dk xBu fd;k rkfd lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks jk"Vªh; vfHk;ku dk :Ik fn;k tk lds A blls iwoZ ^miHkksDrk f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku dsUnz* ¼ daT;wej ,tqds'ku ,aM fjlpZ lSaVj ½] Ásl dkmafly rFkk 'kkSjh lfefr us lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk ,d elkSnk ÁLrkfor fd;k Fkk A 2002 esa ^lwpuk dh Lora=rk* uked ,d detksj fo/ks;d ikfjr gqvk Fkk] ftls ykxw ugha fd;k x;k Fkk A o"kZ 2004 esa] ,d vkj- Vh- vkbZ- fo/ks;d dks lnu ds iVy ij j[kk x;k ftls laln us ikfjr dj fn;k A twu 2005 esa] bl fo/ks;d dks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr ÁkIr gks xbZ A

¼1½ ,e- ds- ,l- ,l- dk foLr`r :Ik fyf[k, A ¼2½ ^lwpuk dh Lora=rk* uked fo/ks;d] 2002 dks ykxw D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k \¼3½ ^fo/ks;d dks lnu ds iVy ij j[kk x;k* & bu 'kCnksa dk dkuwu cukus dh

ÁfØ;k esa D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 lqdqekj lsu A2 Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj A

53 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

3 dkaxzsl ikVhZ A 4 1959 esa A 5 1885 esa A 6 vkpk;Z ujsanz nso A 7 'ek;k Álkn eq[kthZ A8 1952 & 1962 A 9 dsjy esa dE;qfuLV fo/kk;d ny ds usrk A 10 dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dks A 11 Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj A 12 lŸkk vkSj ÁfrLi/kkZ A13 E;kaekj] csyk:l] bjhfVª;k A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 lk{kjrk dh deh] ns'k dk fo'kky vkdkj A 2 dkaxzsl ds ofj"B usrk vkSj Lora= Hkkjr ds ÁFke xoZuj tujy A

3 bLVhV~;w'kuy fjoksY;w'kujh ikVhZ] Lisfu'k esa mls PRI dgk tkrk gS] bldh LFkkiuk 1929 esa gqbZ A eSfDldksa esa A

4 ch- vkj- vEcsMdj] ckS) /keZ A 5 lektoknh ikVhZ] jk"Vªh; turk ny] turk ny ¼ lsD;wyj ½ 6 dkaxzsl dk 'kkld ny vkSj foi{k nksuksa dh Hkwfedk dks fuHkkuk & jktuhfr ds

ml dky [kaM dks dkaxzsl Á.kkyh dgk x;k A

54

v/;k;&3fu;ksftr fodkl dh jktuhfr

izeq[k fcUnq%&& forj.kkRed U;k; rFkk 'kh?kzxkeh vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstukc) gksuk

fu;ksftr fodkl dgykrk gS A& bLikr dks oSf'od Lrj ij ekax c<us ds dkj.k] m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ij mM+hlk

ljdkj dk /;ku x;k A ftlls jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o`f) rks LokHkkfod Fkh] ysfdu vkfnokfl;ksa ds foLFkkfir gksus dk [krjk vkSj orZEku ;k vkus okyh ih<+h ds fgrksa esa Vdjko gksus dh laHkkouk Hkh Fkh A

& Hkkjr ds fodkl dk vFkZ vkfFkZd fodkl] HkkSfrd Áxfr] vkfFkZD lkekftd U;k; gS] fofHkUu fgrksa ds chp Vdjko gksus ds lkFk gh fodkl dks lcls vko';d igys ekuk x;k A

& fodkl ds nks ekWMy Fks igyk mnkjoknh iw¡thoknh ekWMy rFkk nwljk lektoknh ekWMy A Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk ekMy ftlesa lkoZtfud o futh {ks= ds xq.kksa dk lekos'k Fkk] viuk;k A

& ;kstuk vk;ksx 1950 esa xBu v/;{k Á/kkuea=h HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk caVokjk] mRiknu dk fodsUnzhdj.k lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vthfodk ds lk/ku mís'; A

fu;kstu ns'k dh vkfFkZd lkekftd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj Ikj fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh ÁkfIr ds Á;Ru A

ckWEcs ;kstuk & 1944 esa m|ksxifr;ksa dk ,dtqV gks fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk pykus dk la;qDr ÁLrko ftlds rgr ljdkj vkS|ksfxd o vU; vkfFkZd fuos'k ds {ks= esa cM+s dne mBk;s A

iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a %& mís'; vkfFkZd fodkl] vkRefuHkZjrk jk"Vªh;rk vk; esa o`f) A

ÁFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk %& ¼ 1951 & 56 ½ esa Ñf"k {ks= ij tksj] ewy ea= Fkk & /khjt A

nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk %& ¼ 1956 & 61 ½ Hkkjh m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij tkjs] fo'ks"kK ih- lh- egkyuksfol ewy ea= lkoZtfud {ks= dk fodkl A

dsjy ekWMy %& fodsUnzhÑr fu;kstu] f'k{kk] Hkwfe lq/kkj LokLF;] xjhch mUewyu ij tksj A

eq[; fookn %& Ñf"k cuke m|ksx vFkkZr futh {ks= cuke lkoZtfud {ks= fookn] blh le; Hkwfe lq/kkj ds fy;s xaHkhj Á;kl gq, A

& nf{k.k iaFkh o okeiaFkh [kseks us feys tqys ekWMy fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkykspuk dh A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd blls Hkz"Vkpkj o vdq'kyrk c<+h gS A dqN vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj ljdkj dks ftruk djuk pkfg;s Fkk mruk ugha

55 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

3 dkaxzsl ikVhZ A 4 1959 esa A 5 1885 esa A 6 vkpk;Z ujsanz nso A 7 'ek;k Álkn eq[kthZ A8 1952 & 1962 A 9 dsjy esa dE;qfuLV fo/kk;d ny ds usrk A 10 dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dks A 11 Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj A 12 lŸkk vkSj ÁfrLi/kkZ A13 E;kaekj] csyk:l] bjhfVª;k A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 lk{kjrk dh deh] ns'k dk fo'kky vkdkj A 2 dkaxzsl ds ofj"B usrk vkSj Lora= Hkkjr ds ÁFke xoZuj tujy A

3 bLVhV~;w'kuy fjoksY;w'kujh ikVhZ] Lisfu'k esa mls PRI dgk tkrk gS] bldh LFkkiuk 1929 esa gqbZ A eSfDldksa esa A

4 ch- vkj- vEcsMdj] ckS) /keZ A 5 lektoknh ikVhZ] jk"Vªh; turk ny] turk ny ¼ lsD;wyj ½ 6 dkaxzsl dk 'kkld ny vkSj foi{k nksuksa dh Hkwfedk dks fuHkkuk & jktuhfr ds

ml dky [kaM dks dkaxzsl Á.kkyh dgk x;k A

54

v/;k;&3fu;ksftr fodkl dh jktuhfr

izeq[k fcUnq%&& forj.kkRed U;k; rFkk 'kh?kzxkeh vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstukc) gksuk

fu;ksftr fodkl dgykrk gS A& bLikr dks oSf'od Lrj ij ekax c<us ds dkj.k] m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ij mM+hlk

ljdkj dk /;ku x;k A ftlls jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o`f) rks LokHkkfod Fkh] ysfdu vkfnokfl;ksa ds foLFkkfir gksus dk [krjk vkSj orZEku ;k vkus okyh ih<+h ds fgrksa esa Vdjko gksus dh laHkkouk Hkh Fkh A

& Hkkjr ds fodkl dk vFkZ vkfFkZd fodkl] HkkSfrd Áxfr] vkfFkZD lkekftd U;k; gS] fofHkUu fgrksa ds chp Vdjko gksus ds lkFk gh fodkl dks lcls vko';d igys ekuk x;k A

& fodkl ds nks ekWMy Fks igyk mnkjoknh iw¡thoknh ekWMy rFkk nwljk lektoknh ekWMy A Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk ekMy ftlesa lkoZtfud o futh {ks= ds xq.kksa dk lekos'k Fkk] viuk;k A

& ;kstuk vk;ksx 1950 esa xBu v/;{k Á/kkuea=h HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk caVokjk] mRiknu dk fodsUnzhdj.k lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vthfodk ds lk/ku mís'; A

fu;kstu ns'k dh vkfFkZd lkekftd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj Ikj fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh ÁkfIr ds Á;Ru A

ckWEcs ;kstuk & 1944 esa m|ksxifr;ksa dk ,dtqV gks fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk pykus dk la;qDr ÁLrko ftlds rgr ljdkj vkS|ksfxd o vU; vkfFkZd fuos'k ds {ks= esa cM+s dne mBk;s A

iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a %& mís'; vkfFkZd fodkl] vkRefuHkZjrk jk"Vªh;rk vk; esa o`f) A

ÁFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk %& ¼ 1951 & 56 ½ esa Ñf"k {ks= ij tksj] ewy ea= Fkk & /khjt A

nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk %& ¼ 1956 & 61 ½ Hkkjh m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij tkjs] fo'ks"kK ih- lh- egkyuksfol ewy ea= lkoZtfud {ks= dk fodkl A

dsjy ekWMy %& fodsUnzhÑr fu;kstu] f'k{kk] Hkwfe lq/kkj LokLF;] xjhch mUewyu ij tksj A

eq[; fookn %& Ñf"k cuke m|ksx vFkkZr futh {ks= cuke lkoZtfud {ks= fookn] blh le; Hkwfe lq/kkj ds fy;s xaHkhj Á;kl gq, A

& nf{k.k iaFkh o okeiaFkh [kseks us feys tqys ekWMy fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkykspuk dh A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd blls Hkz"Vkpkj o vdq'kyrk c<+h gS A dqN vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj ljdkj dks ftruk djuk pkfg;s Fkk mruk ugha

55 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

fd;k ftlls bl vof/k esa xjhch ls T;knk deh ugha vkbZ A & [kk| ladV o gfjr Økafr 1865 & 67 ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds dqN fgLlksa fo'ks"kdj

fcgkj esa [kk| ladV gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik Ñf"k {ks= esa o`f) o vkRefuHkZjrk c<+kus ds fy;s gfjr Økafr }kjk mRiknu o rduhd esa lq/kkj gqvk A gfjr Økafr ds ldkjkRed o udkjkRed ifj.kke fudys A

& vkijs'ku ¶yM & 1970 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe ftlds vUrxZr lgdkjh nw/k mRikndksa dks mRiknu o forj.k ds jk"VªO;kih ra= ls tksM+k x;k A vk.kan 'kgj ¼ xqtjkt ½ AMUL }kjk oxhZt dwfj;j ¼ Milk man of India ½ dh eq[; Hkwfedk Fkh A

& 'osr Økafr dks fodkl ds ek/;e ds :Ik esa viuk;k x;k A & ckn esa cnyko & 1960 esa var esa fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk cnyh A Jherh bfUnjk

xka/kh us jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks fodkl lUnHkZ esa vf/kd egRo fn;k A & bfUnjk xka/kh us 14 cSdksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k A

,d vad okys Á'u1 mM+hlk fdl /kkrq ds fy, fo[;kr gS \2 ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ] ;kstuk vk;ksx dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS \3 futh {ks= ds nks mnkgj.k nhft, A 4 fodkl dk lektoknh ekWMy fdl ns'k us viuk;k Fkk \5 ih- lh- egkuyksfcl dkSu Fks \6 'osr Økafr D;k Fkh \7 Hkwfe lq/kkj ls D;k vfHkÁk;k gS \8 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vkSj lQy Á;kl D;k Fkk \9 Hkkjr ds dkSu ls nks jkT; Ñf"k ds fygkt ls le`) ekus x, gS \10 ^tksfuax* 'kCn ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

nks vad okys Á'u1 fu;ksftr fodkl dk vFkZ crkb;s \2 eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \3 vkWijs'ku ¶yM fdls dgrs gS \4 mM+hlk ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds Áfr vkfnokfl;ksa ds eu esa mBh fofHkUu

'kadkvksa ds fo"k; esa crk,sa \5 iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks viukus ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks D;k ykHk gqvk \6 lkoZtfud {ks= ds eq[; mís'; D;k Fks \7 fodkl dks ysdj eq[; cgls D;k Fkh \

56

8 Hkkjr esa Ñf"k lq/kkj ds fy, D;k dne mBk, x, \9 dsjy ekWMy ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \10 lkoZtfud {ks= ds nks mnkgj.k nsa \

Pkkj vadksa okys Á'u1 fodsanzhr fu;kstu ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 futh {ks= o lkoZtfud {ks= esa varj Li"V djsa \3 ;kstukdkjksa dk cqfu;knh y{; D;k Fkk \4 1940 & 50 ds n'kd esa nqfu;k Hkj esa fu;kstu ds i{k esa gok D;ksa cg jgh Fkh\5 ckWEcs Iyku ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 6 ÁFke o f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds mís'; esa varj Li"V dhft;s A 7 gfjr Økafr ds ldkjkRed o udkjkRed ÁHkko le>kb;s A 8 mnkjoknh iwathoknh ekWMy o lektoknh ekWMy esa varj le>kb;s A 9 pdcUnh ds ykHk fyf[k;s \10 lkoZtfud {ks= ds eq[; mís'; crkb;s \

N % vadks okys Á'u1 Ñf"k {ks= ds varxZr Hkwfe & lq/kkjksa ds fy, fd, x, Á;klksa dk mYys[k

dhft,\2 [kk| lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, Ñf"k dh ,d ubZ j.kuhfr cukbZ xbZ A

bl j.kuhfr dk uke fy[krs gq, bl ij ,d fuca/k fy[ksa \3 fefJr vFkZ O;oLFkk ds ekWMy dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, \4 1960 ds n'kd ds var esa Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh n'kk esa ,d u;k eksM+

vk;k bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft, \5 Hkkjr esa ;kstukc) fodkl esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, \6 fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks i<s vkSj fn, x, Á'uksa ds mŸkj nsa \ dqN vkykspd ,sls Hkh Fks ftudk ekuuk Fkk fd ljdkj dks ftruk pkfg, Fkk

mlus ugha fd;k A bu vkykspdksa us /;ku fnyk;k fd turk dh f'k{kk vFkok fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa ljdkj us dqN fo'ks"k /kujkf'k [kpZ ugha dh A ljdkj us flQZ mUgha {ks=ksa esa gLr{ksi fd;k tgk¡ futh {ks= tkus ds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkk A okLro esa] ljdkj us bl Ádkj ls futh {ks= dh equkQk dekus esa lgk;rk dhA blds vykok] enn xjhcksa dh gksuh pkfg, Fkh ijarq jkT; ds gLr{ksi ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik ,d u;k ^e/;oxZ* mB [kM+k gqvk tks fcuk fdlh fo'ks"k ftEesnkjh ds eksVh ru[okg lfgr vU; lqfo/kkvksa dks Hkksx jgk gS A bl vof/k esa xjhch esa T;knk deh ugha vkbZ] xjhcksa dk Áfr'kr dqy tula[;k esa Hkys de gqvk gks ysfdu mudh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS A

57 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

fd;k ftlls bl vof/k esa xjhch ls T;knk deh ugha vkbZ A & [kk| ladV o gfjr Økafr 1865 & 67 ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds dqN fgLlksa fo'ks"kdj

fcgkj esa [kk| ladV gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik Ñf"k {ks= esa o`f) o vkRefuHkZjrk c<+kus ds fy;s gfjr Økafr }kjk mRiknu o rduhd esa lq/kkj gqvk A gfjr Økafr ds ldkjkRed o udkjkRed ifj.kke fudys A

& vkijs'ku ¶yM & 1970 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe ftlds vUrxZr lgdkjh nw/k mRikndksa dks mRiknu o forj.k ds jk"VªO;kih ra= ls tksM+k x;k A vk.kan 'kgj ¼ xqtjkt ½ AMUL }kjk oxhZt dwfj;j ¼ Milk man of India ½ dh eq[; Hkwfedk Fkh A

& 'osr Økafr dks fodkl ds ek/;e ds :Ik esa viuk;k x;k A & ckn esa cnyko & 1960 esa var esa fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk cnyh A Jherh bfUnjk

xka/kh us jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks fodkl lUnHkZ esa vf/kd egRo fn;k A & bfUnjk xka/kh us 14 cSdksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k A

,d vad okys Á'u1 mM+hlk fdl /kkrq ds fy, fo[;kr gS \2 ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ] ;kstuk vk;ksx dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS \3 futh {ks= ds nks mnkgj.k nhft, A 4 fodkl dk lektoknh ekWMy fdl ns'k us viuk;k Fkk \5 ih- lh- egkuyksfcl dkSu Fks \6 'osr Økafr D;k Fkh \7 Hkwfe lq/kkj ls D;k vfHkÁk;k gS \8 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vkSj lQy Á;kl D;k Fkk \9 Hkkjr ds dkSu ls nks jkT; Ñf"k ds fygkt ls le`) ekus x, gS \10 ^tksfuax* 'kCn ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

nks vad okys Á'u1 fu;ksftr fodkl dk vFkZ crkb;s \2 eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \3 vkWijs'ku ¶yM fdls dgrs gS \4 mM+hlk ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds Áfr vkfnokfl;ksa ds eu esa mBh fofHkUu

'kadkvksa ds fo"k; esa crk,sa \5 iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks viukus ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks D;k ykHk gqvk \6 lkoZtfud {ks= ds eq[; mís'; D;k Fks \7 fodkl dks ysdj eq[; cgls D;k Fkh \

56

8 Hkkjr esa Ñf"k lq/kkj ds fy, D;k dne mBk, x, \9 dsjy ekWMy ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \10 lkoZtfud {ks= ds nks mnkgj.k nsa \

Pkkj vadksa okys Á'u1 fodsanzhr fu;kstu ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 futh {ks= o lkoZtfud {ks= esa varj Li"V djsa \3 ;kstukdkjksa dk cqfu;knh y{; D;k Fkk \4 1940 & 50 ds n'kd esa nqfu;k Hkj esa fu;kstu ds i{k esa gok D;ksa cg jgh Fkh\5 ckWEcs Iyku ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 6 ÁFke o f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds mís'; esa varj Li"V dhft;s A 7 gfjr Økafr ds ldkjkRed o udkjkRed ÁHkko le>kb;s A 8 mnkjoknh iwathoknh ekWMy o lektoknh ekWMy esa varj le>kb;s A 9 pdcUnh ds ykHk fyf[k;s \10 lkoZtfud {ks= ds eq[; mís'; crkb;s \

N % vadks okys Á'u1 Ñf"k {ks= ds varxZr Hkwfe & lq/kkjksa ds fy, fd, x, Á;klksa dk mYys[k

dhft,\2 [kk| lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, Ñf"k dh ,d ubZ j.kuhfr cukbZ xbZ A

bl j.kuhfr dk uke fy[krs gq, bl ij ,d fuca/k fy[ksa \3 fefJr vFkZ O;oLFkk ds ekWMy dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft, \4 1960 ds n'kd ds var esa Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh n'kk esa ,d u;k eksM+

vk;k bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft, \5 Hkkjr esa ;kstukc) fodkl esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, \6 fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks i<s vkSj fn, x, Á'uksa ds mŸkj nsa \ dqN vkykspd ,sls Hkh Fks ftudk ekuuk Fkk fd ljdkj dks ftruk pkfg, Fkk

mlus ugha fd;k A bu vkykspdksa us /;ku fnyk;k fd turk dh f'k{kk vFkok fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa ljdkj us dqN fo'ks"k /kujkf'k [kpZ ugha dh A ljdkj us flQZ mUgha {ks=ksa esa gLr{ksi fd;k tgk¡ futh {ks= tkus ds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkk A okLro esa] ljdkj us bl Ádkj ls futh {ks= dh equkQk dekus esa lgk;rk dhA blds vykok] enn xjhcksa dh gksuh pkfg, Fkh ijarq jkT; ds gLr{ksi ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik ,d u;k ^e/;oxZ* mB [kM+k gqvk tks fcuk fdlh fo'ks"k ftEesnkjh ds eksVh ru[okg lfgr vU; lqfo/kkvksa dks Hkksx jgk gS A bl vof/k esa xjhch esa T;knk deh ugha vkbZ] xjhcksa dk Áfr'kr dqy tula[;k esa Hkys de gqvk gks ysfdu mudh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS A

57 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Á'u %& 1 fodkl ds laca/k esa dqN vkykspdksa dk D;k fopkj Fkk \2 ÁLrqr vorj.k ds vuqlkj ^e/;oxZ* dh D;k fo'ks"krk gS \3 ys[kd dh xjhcksa ds fo"k; esa D;k jk; gS \fy[ksa A

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 yksV v;Ld A 2 ekpZ 1950] Á/kkuea=h A 3 [ksrh] fdlkuh] O;kikj A 4 lksfo;r la?k A 5 vFkZ'kkL=h] nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds ;kstukdkj A 6 nw/k rFkk nw?k ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dks c<kok nsuk os lqpk: :Ik ls mudh fcØh

djuk A 7 tehu ds NksVs & NksVs VqdM+ksa dks ,d lkFk djuk A 8 tehankjh ÁFkk dh lekfIr A 9 iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'peh mŸkj Áns'k A 10 bykdkcanh dh uhfr A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 forj.kkRed U;k; rFkk 'kh?kzxkeh vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk o) gksuk A 2 iwath fuos'k ljdkj dk U;wure gLr{ksi A 3 1970 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe ftlesa lgdkjh nw/k mRikndksa dks mRiknu vkSj

foi.ku ds jk"VªO;kih ra= ls tksM+k x;k A 4 dkjksckj dk foLFkkiu] vkthfodk nhuus dk Mj A 5 vFkZO;oLFkk dh ,d rLohj lkQ gksrh Fkh vkSj ljdkj ysus le; ds fy, blesa

gLr{ksi dj ldrh Fkh A 6 ¼1½ ns'k dk rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl A ¼2½ rduhdh fo"k;ksa ;s vkRefuHkZjrk A 7 dqN usrk vkS|ksxhdhj.k dks mfpr jkLrk ekurs Fks rks dqN dh utj esa Ñf"k dk

fodkl t:jh Fkk A 8 ¼1½ Hkwfe dh pdcanh A ¼2½ tehankj ÁFkk dh lekfIrA9 dsjy ds fodkl vkSj fu;kstu ds jkLrs dks dsjy ekWMYk dgk x;k A 10 f'k{kk] ck¡/k ifj;kstuk,sa A

58

v/;k;&4

Hkkjr ds fons'k laca/k

'khr ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr Lora= gqvk blh nkSjku ,f'k;k] vÝhdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk esa vusd ns'k Lora= gq, buesa ls dqN ns'kksa us nksuksa xqVksa ls nwj jgus dk fu.kZ; fy;k A 1955 esa ,Øks & ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh ,drk dk lEesyu ckMqax & b.Mksusf'k;k es gqvk A ;gha ij xqV fujis{k vkUnksyu dh uhao iM+h A xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dk igyk f'k[kj lEesyu flrEcj 1961 esa csyxzsM & ;wxksLykfo;k esa gqvk A ¼1½ tokgjyky usg: & Hkkjr A ¼2½ xeky vCnqy ukflj & feJ A ¼3½ ek'kZy tkst czkat VhVks & ;wxksLyfo;k A ¼4½ okes ,uØqek & ?kkuk A ¼5½ lqdk.kksa & b.Mksusf'k;k A

xqV fujis{krk dh uhfr ds mís'; ¼ fl)kUr ½ %& ¼ 1 ½ fdlh xqV esa 'kkfey u gksuk A ¼ 2 ½ Lora= A fons'kh uhfr A ¼ 3 ½ fo'o 'kkfUr o lqj{kk dks c<+kok A ¼ 4 ½ lkezkT;okn o mifuos'kokn dk fojks/k A ¼ 5 ½ uLy o jaxHksn dk fojks/k A ¼ 6 ½ fu'kL=hdj.k dks c<+kok A ¼ 7 ½ Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k o ekuokf/kdkj ykxw A

Hkkjr dh fons'kh uhfr ds fl)kUr %& ¼ 1 ½ xqV fujis{krk A ¼ 2 ½ 'kkfUriw.kZ lg vfLRRo A ¼ 3 ½ iap'khy A ¼ 4 ½ lkezkTokn o mifuos'kokn dk fojks/k A ¼ 5 ½ ;w,uvks dk leFkZu ¼ 6 ½ fcuk 'krZ fons'kh lgk;rk ÁkIr A ¼ 7 ½ {ks=h; lg;ksx A ¼ 8 ½ fu'kL=hdj.k A ¼ 9 ½ fo'o 'kkfUr A

59 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Á'u %& 1 fodkl ds laca/k esa dqN vkykspdksa dk D;k fopkj Fkk \2 ÁLrqr vorj.k ds vuqlkj ^e/;oxZ* dh D;k fo'ks"krk gS \3 ys[kd dh xjhcksa ds fo"k; esa D;k jk; gS \fy[ksa A

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 yksV v;Ld A 2 ekpZ 1950] Á/kkuea=h A 3 [ksrh] fdlkuh] O;kikj A 4 lksfo;r la?k A 5 vFkZ'kkL=h] nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds ;kstukdkj A 6 nw/k rFkk nw?k ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dks c<kok nsuk os lqpk: :Ik ls mudh fcØh

djuk A 7 tehu ds NksVs & NksVs VqdM+ksa dks ,d lkFk djuk A 8 tehankjh ÁFkk dh lekfIr A 9 iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'peh mŸkj Áns'k A 10 bykdkcanh dh uhfr A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 forj.kkRed U;k; rFkk 'kh?kzxkeh vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk o) gksuk A 2 iwath fuos'k ljdkj dk U;wure gLr{ksi A 3 1970 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe ftlesa lgdkjh nw/k mRikndksa dks mRiknu vkSj

foi.ku ds jk"VªO;kih ra= ls tksM+k x;k A 4 dkjksckj dk foLFkkiu] vkthfodk nhuus dk Mj A 5 vFkZO;oLFkk dh ,d rLohj lkQ gksrh Fkh vkSj ljdkj ysus le; ds fy, blesa

gLr{ksi dj ldrh Fkh A 6 ¼1½ ns'k dk rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl A ¼2½ rduhdh fo"k;ksa ;s vkRefuHkZjrk A 7 dqN usrk vkS|ksxhdhj.k dks mfpr jkLrk ekurs Fks rks dqN dh utj esa Ñf"k dk

fodkl t:jh Fkk A 8 ¼1½ Hkwfe dh pdcanh A ¼2½ tehankj ÁFkk dh lekfIrA9 dsjy ds fodkl vkSj fu;kstu ds jkLrs dks dsjy ekWMYk dgk x;k A 10 f'k{kk] ck¡/k ifj;kstuk,sa A

58

v/;k;&4

Hkkjr ds fons'k laca/k

'khr ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr Lora= gqvk blh nkSjku ,f'k;k] vÝhdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk esa vusd ns'k Lora= gq, buesa ls dqN ns'kksa us nksuksa xqVksa ls nwj jgus dk fu.kZ; fy;k A 1955 esa ,Øks & ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh ,drk dk lEesyu ckMqax & b.Mksusf'k;k es gqvk A ;gha ij xqV fujis{k vkUnksyu dh uhao iM+h A xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dk igyk f'k[kj lEesyu flrEcj 1961 esa csyxzsM & ;wxksLykfo;k esa gqvk A ¼1½ tokgjyky usg: & Hkkjr A ¼2½ xeky vCnqy ukflj & feJ A ¼3½ ek'kZy tkst czkat VhVks & ;wxksLyfo;k A ¼4½ okes ,uØqek & ?kkuk A ¼5½ lqdk.kksa & b.Mksusf'k;k A

xqV fujis{krk dh uhfr ds mís'; ¼ fl)kUr ½ %& ¼ 1 ½ fdlh xqV esa 'kkfey u gksuk A ¼ 2 ½ Lora= A fons'kh uhfr A ¼ 3 ½ fo'o 'kkfUr o lqj{kk dks c<+kok A ¼ 4 ½ lkezkT;okn o mifuos'kokn dk fojks/k A ¼ 5 ½ uLy o jaxHksn dk fojks/k A ¼ 6 ½ fu'kL=hdj.k dks c<+kok A ¼ 7 ½ Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k o ekuokf/kdkj ykxw A

Hkkjr dh fons'kh uhfr ds fl)kUr %& ¼ 1 ½ xqV fujis{krk A ¼ 2 ½ 'kkfUriw.kZ lg vfLRRo A ¼ 3 ½ iap'khy A ¼ 4 ½ lkezkTokn o mifuos'kokn dk fojks/k A ¼ 5 ½ ;w,uvks dk leFkZu ¼ 6 ½ fcuk 'krZ fons'kh lgk;rk ÁkIr A ¼ 7 ½ {ks=h; lg;ksx A ¼ 8 ½ fu'kL=hdj.k A ¼ 9 ½ fo'o 'kkfUr A

59 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Hkkjr phu 'kkfUr o la?k"kZ %& ¼v½ iap'khy & 29 vÁSy 1954 dks Hkkjr ds usg: o phu ds pkÅ ,u- ykbZ us bl

le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s A ¼1½ ijLij v[k.Mrk o ÁHkqlŸkk dk lEeku A ¼2½ ijLij ykHk o lekurk A ¼3½ vukØe.k ¼4½ vgLrk{ksi A ¼5½ 'kkfUriw.kZ lg vfLrRo A

¼ch½ frCcr %& 1958 esa phu ds fo:) fonzksg] 1959 esa nykbZ ykek dks Hkkjr us 'kj.k nh] Hkkjr phu dVqrkiw.kZ lEcU/k A

¼lh½ 1962 esa lhek fookn ds dkj.k nksuks ns'kksa esa ;q) gqvk A ;q) ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny ¼ lhikbvkbZ ½ 1964 esa nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr gqvk ftlesa ,d xqV ftlus ;q) esa phu dk i{k fy;k Fkk og lhihvkbZ,e dgyk;k A

¼Mh½ 1976 ls Hkkjr o phu ds chp jktuf;d laca/kksa dh iqu % 'kq:vkr gqbZ A ¼bZ½ rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; Á/kkuea=h jktho xka/kh 1988 dh phu ;k=k ds ckn ,d u;h

'kq:vkr gqbZ A ¼,Q½ flfDde ds foy; ij Hkh phu us ,srjkt trk;k A ¼th½ v:.kkpy Áns'k ds rokax {ks= ij vHkh phu viuk vf/kdkj trk jgk gS A ¼,p½ nksuks ns'kksa ds e/; O;kikfjd laca/k xfreku gS A

Hkkjr & ikfdLrku laca/k %& ¼1½ 1948 esa dck;fy;ksa ds os'k esa ikd lsuk dk d'ehj ij vkØe.k A ¼2½ 1965 esas ikfdLrku us xqtjkr ds dPN {ks= dh rjQ ls vkØe.k fd;k o

ijkftr gqvk A ¼3½ 10 tuojh 1966 esa yky cgknqj 'kkL=h o tujy v;wc [kku ds chp

mTcsfdLrku ¼ lksfo;r la?k ½ ds rk'kdan esa le>kSrk A ¼4½ Hkkjr ikd ;q) 1971 & ckaXykns'k dk fuekZ.k rFkk bafnjk xka/kh o tqfYQdkj

vyh HkqV~Vks ds chp f'keyk le>kSrk A ¼5½ 1999 esa ikfdLrku ls dkjfxy dks eqLr djkus ds fy, vkWijs'ku fot;

pyk;kA ¼6½ jsy & cl lqfo/kk dk foLrkj RkFkk O;kikfjd laca/kksa esa foLrkj A

Hkkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr %& loZÁFke 1974 esa jktLFkku ds tSlyesj ftys es iks[kj.k uked LFkku ij Hkkjr us

60

viuk igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k A ebZ 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa gh nwljk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;kA ebZ 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa gh nwljk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k A Ukhfr %& ¼1½ ijek.kq 'kkfDr dk 'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx A ¼2½ HksnHkko jfgr ijek.kq fu'kL=hdj.k ds Áfr opuc) A ¼3½ vkRej{kk ds fy, ijek.kq gfFk;kj j[ksxk ijUrq igys Á;ksx ogha djsxk A ¼4½ 1968 dh ijek.kq vÁlkj lfU/k ¼ ,uihVh ½HksnHkko iw.kZ gS A ¼5½ 1995 dh lh- Vh- ch- Vh dk fojks/k A

,d vad okys Á'u %& 1 'khr ;q) ds nkSj esa nks jos;kssa esa fdu dkj.kksa ls Vdjko Fkk \2 xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dk igyk lEesyu dc vkSj dagk gqvk \3 usQk ;k mŸkj iwohZ lkeUr fdl jkT; dks dgk tkrk gSa \4 1971 esa Hkkjr & ikd ;q) ds le; iwohZ ikfdLrku ds Áeq[k usrk dkSu Fks \5 Hkkjr us igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k dc fd;k \6 rk'kdan le>kSrk fdlds chp vkSj dc gqvk \7 ^bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ* dk xBu fdlus fd;k \8 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku dk ty fookn fdl laf/k }kjk lqy>k;k x;k \9 fczVsu }kjk feL= ij vkØe.k dc fd;k x;k A10 iap'khy D;k Fkk \

nks vad okys Á'u %& 1 fu'L=hdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 iap'khy ds dksbZ nks fla)krksa dk mYys[k djsa \3 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ds dksbZ nks cM+s mís'; crk,sa \4 Hkkjr us lksfo;r la?k ds lkFk 1971 esa dkSu lh laf/k vkSj D;ksa dh \5 1980 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr & vesfjdh laca/kks esa [kVkl D;ksa vk xbZ \6 I N A rFkk N A T O dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[ksa \7 ekdik ¼ C P I M ½ dk xBu fdl Ádkj gqvk \8 Hkkjr us lh- Vh- Ckh- Vh- ij gLrk{kj djus ls bUdkj D;ksa fd;k \9 f'keyk le>kSrk dc vkSj D;ksa gqvk \10 frCcr ds /kkfeZd xq: dkSu Fks] os Hkkjr esa 'kj.k D;ksa ysuk pkgrs Fks \

61 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Hkkjr phu 'kkfUr o la?k"kZ %& ¼v½ iap'khy & 29 vÁSy 1954 dks Hkkjr ds usg: o phu ds pkÅ ,u- ykbZ us bl

le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s A ¼1½ ijLij v[k.Mrk o ÁHkqlŸkk dk lEeku A ¼2½ ijLij ykHk o lekurk A ¼3½ vukØe.k ¼4½ vgLrk{ksi A ¼5½ 'kkfUriw.kZ lg vfLrRo A

¼ch½ frCcr %& 1958 esa phu ds fo:) fonzksg] 1959 esa nykbZ ykek dks Hkkjr us 'kj.k nh] Hkkjr phu dVqrkiw.kZ lEcU/k A

¼lh½ 1962 esa lhek fookn ds dkj.k nksuks ns'kksa esa ;q) gqvk A ;q) ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny ¼ lhikbvkbZ ½ 1964 esa nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr gqvk ftlesa ,d xqV ftlus ;q) esa phu dk i{k fy;k Fkk og lhihvkbZ,e dgyk;k A

¼Mh½ 1976 ls Hkkjr o phu ds chp jktuf;d laca/kksa dh iqu % 'kq:vkr gqbZ A ¼bZ½ rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; Á/kkuea=h jktho xka/kh 1988 dh phu ;k=k ds ckn ,d u;h

'kq:vkr gqbZ A ¼,Q½ flfDde ds foy; ij Hkh phu us ,srjkt trk;k A ¼th½ v:.kkpy Áns'k ds rokax {ks= ij vHkh phu viuk vf/kdkj trk jgk gS A ¼,p½ nksuks ns'kksa ds e/; O;kikfjd laca/k xfreku gS A

Hkkjr & ikfdLrku laca/k %& ¼1½ 1948 esa dck;fy;ksa ds os'k esa ikd lsuk dk d'ehj ij vkØe.k A ¼2½ 1965 esas ikfdLrku us xqtjkr ds dPN {ks= dh rjQ ls vkØe.k fd;k o

ijkftr gqvk A ¼3½ 10 tuojh 1966 esa yky cgknqj 'kkL=h o tujy v;wc [kku ds chp

mTcsfdLrku ¼ lksfo;r la?k ½ ds rk'kdan esa le>kSrk A ¼4½ Hkkjr ikd ;q) 1971 & ckaXykns'k dk fuekZ.k rFkk bafnjk xka/kh o tqfYQdkj

vyh HkqV~Vks ds chp f'keyk le>kSrk A ¼5½ 1999 esa ikfdLrku ls dkjfxy dks eqLr djkus ds fy, vkWijs'ku fot;

pyk;kA ¼6½ jsy & cl lqfo/kk dk foLrkj RkFkk O;kikfjd laca/kksa esa foLrkj A

Hkkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr %& loZÁFke 1974 esa jktLFkku ds tSlyesj ftys es iks[kj.k uked LFkku ij Hkkjr us

60

viuk igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k A ebZ 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa gh nwljk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;kA ebZ 1998 esa iks[kj.k esa gh nwljk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k A Ukhfr %& ¼1½ ijek.kq 'kkfDr dk 'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx A ¼2½ HksnHkko jfgr ijek.kq fu'kL=hdj.k ds Áfr opuc) A ¼3½ vkRej{kk ds fy, ijek.kq gfFk;kj j[ksxk ijUrq igys Á;ksx ogha djsxk A ¼4½ 1968 dh ijek.kq vÁlkj lfU/k ¼ ,uihVh ½HksnHkko iw.kZ gS A ¼5½ 1995 dh lh- Vh- ch- Vh dk fojks/k A

,d vad okys Á'u %& 1 'khr ;q) ds nkSj esa nks jos;kssa esa fdu dkj.kksa ls Vdjko Fkk \2 xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dk igyk lEesyu dc vkSj dagk gqvk \3 usQk ;k mŸkj iwohZ lkeUr fdl jkT; dks dgk tkrk gSa \4 1971 esa Hkkjr & ikd ;q) ds le; iwohZ ikfdLrku ds Áeq[k usrk dkSu Fks \5 Hkkjr us igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k dc fd;k \6 rk'kdan le>kSrk fdlds chp vkSj dc gqvk \7 ^bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ* dk xBu fdlus fd;k \8 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku dk ty fookn fdl laf/k }kjk lqy>k;k x;k \9 fczVsu }kjk feL= ij vkØe.k dc fd;k x;k A10 iap'khy D;k Fkk \

nks vad okys Á'u %& 1 fu'L=hdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkÁk; gS \2 iap'khy ds dksbZ nks fla)krksa dk mYys[k djsa \3 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr ds dksbZ nks cM+s mís'; crk,sa \4 Hkkjr us lksfo;r la?k ds lkFk 1971 esa dkSu lh laf/k vkSj D;ksa dh \5 1980 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr & vesfjdh laca/kks esa [kVkl D;ksa vk xbZ \6 I N A rFkk N A T O dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[ksa \7 ekdik ¼ C P I M ½ dk xBu fdl Ádkj gqvk \8 Hkkjr us lh- Vh- Ckh- Vh- ij gLrk{kj djus ls bUdkj D;ksa fd;k \9 f'keyk le>kSrk dc vkSj D;ksa gqvk \10 frCcr ds /kkfeZd xq: dkSu Fks] os Hkkjr esa 'kj.k D;ksa ysuk pkgrs Fks \

61 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Pkkj vad okys Á'u %& 1 ,Ýks ,f'k;kbZ ,drk LFkkfir djus esa Hkkjr dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh \2 1970 esa ikfdLrku dh jktuhfr ij fVIi.kh djsa A3 Hkkjr phu laca/kksa es ruko ds eq[; fcanq fy[ks \4 Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dh ÁÑfr crkus okys laoS/kkfud Áko/kku D;k gS \5 fo'o jktuhfr ds cnyrs lehdj.k fons'k uhfr dks fdl Ádkj ÁHkkfor djrs

gSa \6 Hkkjr ds igys ijek.kq ijh{k.k ds le; Hkkjr dks fdku dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk

djuk iM+k \7 ijek.kq laf/k;ksa dk Hkkjr us fdu dkj.kksa ls fojks/k fd;k \N% vadks okys Á'u %& 1 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dk ewY;kadu djsa \2 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku laca/kksa ds udkjkRed o ldkjkRed i{kksa dk foospu djsa \3 Hkkjr & phu laca/kks esa erHksn vkSj lgefr ds fcanq crk,s \4 ÞHkkjr ,d vksj fu'kL=hdj.k dks fons'k uhfr ;s txg nsdj leFkZu nsrk gS

nwljh vksj mldk viuk ijek.kq dk;ZØe Hkh gSAß D;k ;g fojks/kkHkkl gS ;k vko';drk Li"V djsa \

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lSU; ÁHkqRo] gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.k A 2 1961 esa] csyxzsM A 3 v:.kkpy Áns'k A 4 'ks[k eqthcqjZjgeku A 5 ebZ 1974 A 6 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h vkSj tujy v;wc [kku] 1966 esa A 7 usrkth lqHkk"k panz cksl A 8 fla/kq ty unh lfa/kA9 1956 esa A 10 tokgjyky usg: }kjk fons'k uhfr ls lacaf/kr fn;k x;k fl)kar A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij jksd yxkuk A 2 ¼ 1 ½ lHkh ns'kksa dh v[kMrk dk lEeku A ¼ 2 ½ 'kkafriw.kZ lg & vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk A

62

3 ¼ 1 ½ laÁ;qrk dh j{kk djuk A ¼ 2 ½ rsth ls vkfFkZd fodkl A 4 'kkafr o eS=h dh laf/k ikjLifjd vkfFkZd lg;ksx c<+kus ds fy, A 5 ¼ 1 ½ Hkkjr dk lksfo;r la?k dh vksj >qdko A ¼ 2 ½ vesfjdh lSU; xBca/ku esa ikfdLrku dk 'kkfey gksuk A 6 bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ] ukFkZ vVykafVd VªhVªh vkjxsukbts'ku A7 1964 esa Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ VwV xbZ A ml ikVhZ esa tks joS;k phu dk

i{k/kj Fkk mlus C P I M dk xBu fd;k A

63 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Pkkj vad okys Á'u %& 1 ,Ýks ,f'k;kbZ ,drk LFkkfir djus esa Hkkjr dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh \2 1970 esa ikfdLrku dh jktuhfr ij fVIi.kh djsa A3 Hkkjr phu laca/kksa es ruko ds eq[; fcanq fy[ks \4 Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dh ÁÑfr crkus okys laoS/kkfud Áko/kku D;k gS \5 fo'o jktuhfr ds cnyrs lehdj.k fons'k uhfr dks fdl Ádkj ÁHkkfor djrs

gSa \6 Hkkjr ds igys ijek.kq ijh{k.k ds le; Hkkjr dks fdku dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk

djuk iM+k \7 ijek.kq laf/k;ksa dk Hkkjr us fdu dkj.kksa ls fojks/k fd;k \N% vadks okys Á'u %& 1 Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dk ewY;kadu djsa \2 Hkkjr & ikfdLrku laca/kksa ds udkjkRed o ldkjkRed i{kksa dk foospu djsa \3 Hkkjr & phu laca/kks esa erHksn vkSj lgefr ds fcanq crk,s \4 ÞHkkjr ,d vksj fu'kL=hdj.k dks fons'k uhfr ;s txg nsdj leFkZu nsrk gS

nwljh vksj mldk viuk ijek.kq dk;ZØe Hkh gSAß D;k ;g fojks/kkHkkl gS ;k vko';drk Li"V djsa \

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lSU; ÁHkqRo] gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.k A 2 1961 esa] csyxzsM A 3 v:.kkpy Áns'k A 4 'ks[k eqthcqjZjgeku A 5 ebZ 1974 A 6 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h vkSj tujy v;wc [kku] 1966 esa A 7 usrkth lqHkk"k panz cksl A 8 fla/kq ty unh lfa/kA9 1956 esa A 10 tokgjyky usg: }kjk fons'k uhfr ls lacaf/kr fn;k x;k fl)kar A

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij jksd yxkuk A 2 ¼ 1 ½ lHkh ns'kksa dh v[kMrk dk lEeku A ¼ 2 ½ 'kkafriw.kZ lg & vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk A

62

3 ¼ 1 ½ laÁ;qrk dh j{kk djuk A ¼ 2 ½ rsth ls vkfFkZd fodkl A 4 'kkafr o eS=h dh laf/k ikjLifjd vkfFkZd lg;ksx c<+kus ds fy, A 5 ¼ 1 ½ Hkkjr dk lksfo;r la?k dh vksj >qdko A ¼ 2 ½ vesfjdh lSU; xBca/ku esa ikfdLrku dk 'kkfey gksuk A 6 bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ] ukFkZ vVykafVd VªhVªh vkjxsukbts'ku A7 1964 esa Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ VwV xbZ A ml ikVhZ esa tks joS;k phu dk

i{k/kj Fkk mlus C P I M dk xBu fd;k A

63 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k;&5dkaxzsl Á.kkyh % pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj iquZLFkkiuk

izeq[k fcUnq%&& Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk tUe 1885 esa gqvk A & Á/kkuea=h tokgj yky usg: dh e`R;q ebZ 1964 esa gqbZ blds ckn usg: th dk

jktuhfrd mŸkjkf/kdkj dkSu \ ,d egRoiw.kZ Á'u lcds le{k Fkk A & xjhck] lkaÁnkf;drk] vlekurk] {ks=h; foHkktu dh leL;kvksa ds jgrs dkaxzsl

ikVhZ ds v/;{k ds- dkejkt us viuh ikVhZ ds usrkvksa ls lykg e'kfojk djds yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dks fufoZjks/k Á/kkuea=h in gsrq pqu fy;k x;k A

& 11 tuojh 1966 rd 'kkL=h th Á/kkuea=h jgs A rk'kadn esa mudh e`R;q ds ckn dkaxzsl flfMadsV ds eksjkj th nslkbZ ds ctk; bafnjk xka/kh dks Á/kkuea=hcuk;k fd os vuqHkoghu gSa vkSj fn'kk funsZ'k gsrq flafMdsV ij fuHkZj jgsaxh A

& nks Á/kkuea=h dh e`R;q rFkk u;s Á/kkuea=h dk de vuqHkoh gksuk] Hkkjr ds pqukoh bfrgkl esa 1967 ds lky dks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ iM+ko ekuk tkrk Fkk A pkSFkk vke pquko 1967 es gqvk A

& ekulwu dh vlQyrk] [kk| ladV] fons'kh eqnzk ds deh] lSU; [kpsZ esa o`f) ls vkfFkZd fLFkfr fudV gksus ij foi{kh nyksa us ykHk cUn gksdj tu & vkanksyu fd, A

& dkaxzsl & iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mŸkj Áns'k] e/; Áns'k] fcgkj] if'pe caxky] mM+hlk enzkl o dsjy ¼9 jkT;ksa½ esa ljdkj ugha cuk ldh A bu jkT;ksa esa dkaxzsl ds vykok nwljs nyksa dh ny cny rFkk xBca/ku dh ljdkj cuh A

nzfoM equs= d"kxe~ & bl ny dks enzkl Ákar ¼ rfeyukMq ½ esa nzfoM+ laLÑfr dk leFkZu rFkk fganh fojks/kh vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djds lŸkk ÁkIr dhA

flafMdsV %& flafMdsV dkaxzsl ds Hkhrj rkdroj vkSj ÁHkko'kkyh usrkvksa dk lewg Fkk A blesa fuEu yksx 'kkfey Fks A 1 enzkl ds iwoZ eq[;ea=h & ds- dkejkt 2 cEcbZ ls & ,l- ds- ikfVy A3 eSlwj ¼ dukZVd ½ & ds ,l futfyaxIik A 4 vka/kz Áns'k & uhye latho jsM~Mh A 5 if'pe caxky & vrqY; ?kks"k A & jk"Vªifr pquko ¼ 1969 ½ & lu~ 1969 esa jk"Vªifr tkfdj gqlSu dh e`R;q ds

64

ckn jk"Vªifr ij ds pquko esa dkaxzsl flafMdsV us yksdlHkh v/;{k uhye latho jsM~Mh dks viuk ÁR;k'kh cuk;k ijUrq bafnjk xka/kh us flafMdsV ls vyx mijk"Vªifr oh- oh= fxfj dks ÁR;k'kh cuk;k A

bfUnjk xka/kh us fuokZpdksa ls vUrZ vkRek dh vkokt lquus dks dgka vkSj pqukoksa esa oh- oh- fxfj fot;h gq, A

& dkaxzsl foHkktu ¼ 1969 ½ & jk"Vªifr pquko esa gkj ls f[ku gksdj flafMdsV us bafnjk xka/kh dks dkaxzsl ls fu"dkflr fd;k Fkk bl Ádkj dkaxzsl dk nks Hkkxksa esa foHkktu A

¼1½ dkaxzsl vkxsZukbts'ku ¼ iqjkuh dkaxszl ½¼2½ dkaxzsl fjfDoftfuLV ¼ ubZ dkaxzsl ½ & xSazM vyka;l & 1971 ds pquko ls iwoZ lHkh cMs+ vkSj dkaxszlh xSj lkE;oknh

nyksa dk xBca/ku A & dkaxzsl iquLFkkZiuk ds Á;kl %& bafnjk xka/kh ds }kjk fuEu Á;kl fd;s x;saA ¼1½ xjhch gVkvksa dk ukjk ¼2½ fÁohilZ dh lekfIr ¼3½ cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k ¼4½ Hkwfe lq/kkj vkSj gncanh fo/ks;d ¼5½ oafprksa] nfyrksa] vYila[;dksa] efgyk o csjkstxkjksa dh lgk;rk A

,d vad okys Á'u %& 1 usg: dh e`R;q ds ckn Hkkjr dk Á/kkuea=h dkSu cuk \2 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h us dkSu lk ukjk fn;k \3 dkaxzsl dk tUe dc gqvk \4 fdl usrk ds 'kklu dky ds ckn xBca/ku dh 'kq: gqbZ \5 bafnjk xka/kh Á/kkuea=h cuus ls iwoZ fdl jktuhfrd in ij dk;Zjr Fkh \6 fÁoh ilZ D;k gS \7 feM Ms ehy dh ;kstuk ykxw djus dk Js; fdldks tkrk gS \8 dkaxzsl esa foHkktu dc gqvk \+9 loZÁFke Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; es fdl ikVhZ dh iw.kZ cgqer dh ljdkj cuh \

nks vadh; Á'u %& 1 1960 ds n'kd dks fdu dkj.kksa ls [krjukd n'kd dgk tkrk gS \2 fdl jk"Vªifr pquko esa ^varZvkRek* dh vkokt ij ernku ds fy, dgk x;k \3 pkSFks vke pqukoksa dks jktuhfrd Hkwdai dh laKk D;ksa nh xbZ \4 bafnjk dky esa dkaxzsl dk tuk/kkj dkSu ls oxZ ds yksx Fks \

65 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k;&5dkaxzsl Á.kkyh % pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj iquZLFkkiuk

izeq[k fcUnq%&& Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk tUe 1885 esa gqvk A & Á/kkuea=h tokgj yky usg: dh e`R;q ebZ 1964 esa gqbZ blds ckn usg: th dk

jktuhfrd mŸkjkf/kdkj dkSu \ ,d egRoiw.kZ Á'u lcds le{k Fkk A & xjhck] lkaÁnkf;drk] vlekurk] {ks=h; foHkktu dh leL;kvksa ds jgrs dkaxzsl

ikVhZ ds v/;{k ds- dkejkt us viuh ikVhZ ds usrkvksa ls lykg e'kfojk djds yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dks fufoZjks/k Á/kkuea=h in gsrq pqu fy;k x;k A

& 11 tuojh 1966 rd 'kkL=h th Á/kkuea=h jgs A rk'kadn esa mudh e`R;q ds ckn dkaxzsl flfMadsV ds eksjkj th nslkbZ ds ctk; bafnjk xka/kh dks Á/kkuea=hcuk;k fd os vuqHkoghu gSa vkSj fn'kk funsZ'k gsrq flafMdsV ij fuHkZj jgsaxh A

& nks Á/kkuea=h dh e`R;q rFkk u;s Á/kkuea=h dk de vuqHkoh gksuk] Hkkjr ds pqukoh bfrgkl esa 1967 ds lky dks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ iM+ko ekuk tkrk Fkk A pkSFkk vke pquko 1967 es gqvk A

& ekulwu dh vlQyrk] [kk| ladV] fons'kh eqnzk ds deh] lSU; [kpsZ esa o`f) ls vkfFkZd fLFkfr fudV gksus ij foi{kh nyksa us ykHk cUn gksdj tu & vkanksyu fd, A

& dkaxzsl & iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mŸkj Áns'k] e/; Áns'k] fcgkj] if'pe caxky] mM+hlk enzkl o dsjy ¼9 jkT;ksa½ esa ljdkj ugha cuk ldh A bu jkT;ksa esa dkaxzsl ds vykok nwljs nyksa dh ny cny rFkk xBca/ku dh ljdkj cuh A

nzfoM equs= d"kxe~ & bl ny dks enzkl Ákar ¼ rfeyukMq ½ esa nzfoM+ laLÑfr dk leFkZu rFkk fganh fojks/kh vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djds lŸkk ÁkIr dhA

flafMdsV %& flafMdsV dkaxzsl ds Hkhrj rkdroj vkSj ÁHkko'kkyh usrkvksa dk lewg Fkk A blesa fuEu yksx 'kkfey Fks A 1 enzkl ds iwoZ eq[;ea=h & ds- dkejkt 2 cEcbZ ls & ,l- ds- ikfVy A3 eSlwj ¼ dukZVd ½ & ds ,l futfyaxIik A 4 vka/kz Áns'k & uhye latho jsM~Mh A 5 if'pe caxky & vrqY; ?kks"k A & jk"Vªifr pquko ¼ 1969 ½ & lu~ 1969 esa jk"Vªifr tkfdj gqlSu dh e`R;q ds

64

ckn jk"Vªifr ij ds pquko esa dkaxzsl flafMdsV us yksdlHkh v/;{k uhye latho jsM~Mh dks viuk ÁR;k'kh cuk;k ijUrq bafnjk xka/kh us flafMdsV ls vyx mijk"Vªifr oh- oh= fxfj dks ÁR;k'kh cuk;k A

bfUnjk xka/kh us fuokZpdksa ls vUrZ vkRek dh vkokt lquus dks dgka vkSj pqukoksa esa oh- oh- fxfj fot;h gq, A

& dkaxzsl foHkktu ¼ 1969 ½ & jk"Vªifr pquko esa gkj ls f[ku gksdj flafMdsV us bafnjk xka/kh dks dkaxzsl ls fu"dkflr fd;k Fkk bl Ádkj dkaxzsl dk nks Hkkxksa esa foHkktu A

¼1½ dkaxzsl vkxsZukbts'ku ¼ iqjkuh dkaxszl ½¼2½ dkaxzsl fjfDoftfuLV ¼ ubZ dkaxzsl ½ & xSazM vyka;l & 1971 ds pquko ls iwoZ lHkh cMs+ vkSj dkaxszlh xSj lkE;oknh

nyksa dk xBca/ku A & dkaxzsl iquLFkkZiuk ds Á;kl %& bafnjk xka/kh ds }kjk fuEu Á;kl fd;s x;saA ¼1½ xjhch gVkvksa dk ukjk ¼2½ fÁohilZ dh lekfIr ¼3½ cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k ¼4½ Hkwfe lq/kkj vkSj gncanh fo/ks;d ¼5½ oafprksa] nfyrksa] vYila[;dksa] efgyk o csjkstxkjksa dh lgk;rk A

,d vad okys Á'u %& 1 usg: dh e`R;q ds ckn Hkkjr dk Á/kkuea=h dkSu cuk \2 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h us dkSu lk ukjk fn;k \3 dkaxzsl dk tUe dc gqvk \4 fdl usrk ds 'kklu dky ds ckn xBca/ku dh 'kq: gqbZ \5 bafnjk xka/kh Á/kkuea=h cuus ls iwoZ fdl jktuhfrd in ij dk;Zjr Fkh \6 fÁoh ilZ D;k gS \7 feM Ms ehy dh ;kstuk ykxw djus dk Js; fdldks tkrk gS \8 dkaxzsl esa foHkktu dc gqvk \+9 loZÁFke Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; es fdl ikVhZ dh iw.kZ cgqer dh ljdkj cuh \

nks vadh; Á'u %& 1 1960 ds n'kd dks fdu dkj.kksa ls [krjukd n'kd dgk tkrk gS \2 fdl jk"Vªifr pquko esa ^varZvkRek* dh vkokt ij ernku ds fy, dgk x;k \3 pkSFks vke pqukoksa dks jktuhfrd Hkwdai dh laKk D;ksa nh xbZ \4 bafnjk dky esa dkaxzsl dk tuk/kkj dkSu ls oxZ ds yksx Fks \

65 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

5 bafnjk xka/kh }kjk viuk tuk/kkj c<+kus ds fy, mBk;s x, dksbZ nks dne crk,¡\6 Mh- ,e- ds- jktuhfrd ikVhZ us fdl laLÑfr dk leFkZu vkSj fdl Hkk"kk dk

fojks/k fd;k \7 ÞxSM vyka;lß ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \8 bafnjk xka/kh dks Á/kkuea=h ds :Ik esa teus es le; D;ksa yxk \9 1996 esa 'kkL=h th ds ej.kksijkar Á/kkuea=h in ds fy, la?k"kZ fdu ds chp

gqvk rFkk fdlus ;g in dSls ÁkIr fd;k \

Pkkj vadh; Á'u %& 1 lu~ 1971 ds pqukoksa ds D;k ifj.kke ?kfVr gq, \2 Jhefr bafnjk xka/kh us fnlEcj 1970 esa yksd lHkk Hkax djus dh flQkfj'k djus

dh vko';drk D;ksa eglwl dh \3 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dks Á/kkuea=h cuus ij fdu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk

iM+k Fkk \4 pkSFks yksdlHkk pquko ds le; Hkkjr dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh \5 dkaxzsl ikVhZ fdu dkj.kksa dks ysdj 1969 esa foHkktu dh f'kdkj gqbZ \6 fuEu dk laca/k fdlls gS \ ¼d½ t; toku t; fdlku] ¼[k½ xjhch gVkvksa ¼x½ bafnjk gVkvks ¼?k½ vk;k jke x;k jke 7 fuEu 'kCnksa dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[kksa \ ¼1½ P.U.F.

¼2½ S.V.D. ¼3½ C.W.C

¼4½ D.M.K

N% vadh; Á'u %&1 1960 ds n'kd ls vkjaHk gqbZ ny cny dh jktuhfr ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkt

Hkh xzLr gS bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, nycny ds dqÁHkkoksa dh ppkZ djsa A 2 1967 ds vke pquko ds le; Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd o lkekftd fLFkfr

dk o.kZu djs A 3 pkSFks vke pquko 1967 ds Hkkjrh; jktuhfr Ikj D;k ÁHkko gq, \4 bafnjk xka/kh us dkaxzsl dks iquLFkkZfir djus ds fy, D;k j.kuhfr;ka cukbZ Fkh \

66

,d vadks ds Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h A 2 t; toku] t; fdlku A 3 1885 A4 bafnjk xka/kh A5 x`gea=h A 6 mif/k;ksa dh lekfIr A 7 ds- dkejkt A 8 1969

nks vadks ds Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 ¼1½ xjhch] vlekurk] lkaÁnkf;drk o {ks=h; foHkktu ds Á'u vulqy>s Fks A ¼2½ ns'k esa yksdrkaf=d ifj;kstukvksa dk vlQy gksuk A 2 oh- oh- fxjh A 3 ¼1½ dkaxzsl dh ÁkIr er Áfr'r rFkk lhV la[;k esa deh ¼2½ dkaxzsl 09 LFkkuksa ij pquko gkjh Fkh A 4 efgyk] nfyr] vkfnoklh] vYila[;d A 5 ¼1½ Áhfo ilZ dh lekfIr A ¼2½ cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k A 6 leFkZu & nfoM+ laLÑfr dk A fojks/k & fgUnh Hkk"kk dk A7 1971 ds pquko ds le; xSj lkE;oknh vkSj xSj dkaxzslh foi{kh nyksa }kjk cuk;k

xBca/ku A 8 ¼1½ ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr A ¼2½ yksdlHkk pqukoksa dh vxqvkbZ A 9 bafnjk xka/kh o eksjkj th nslkbZ A bafnjk xka/kh us

67 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

5 bafnjk xka/kh }kjk viuk tuk/kkj c<+kus ds fy, mBk;s x, dksbZ nks dne crk,¡\6 Mh- ,e- ds- jktuhfrd ikVhZ us fdl laLÑfr dk leFkZu vkSj fdl Hkk"kk dk

fojks/k fd;k \7 ÞxSM vyka;lß ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \8 bafnjk xka/kh dks Á/kkuea=h ds :Ik esa teus es le; D;ksa yxk \9 1996 esa 'kkL=h th ds ej.kksijkar Á/kkuea=h in ds fy, la?k"kZ fdu ds chp

gqvk rFkk fdlus ;g in dSls ÁkIr fd;k \

Pkkj vadh; Á'u %& 1 lu~ 1971 ds pqukoksa ds D;k ifj.kke ?kfVr gq, \2 Jhefr bafnjk xka/kh us fnlEcj 1970 esa yksd lHkk Hkax djus dh flQkfj'k djus

dh vko';drk D;ksa eglwl dh \3 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dks Á/kkuea=h cuus ij fdu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk

iM+k Fkk \4 pkSFks yksdlHkk pquko ds le; Hkkjr dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh \5 dkaxzsl ikVhZ fdu dkj.kksa dks ysdj 1969 esa foHkktu dh f'kdkj gqbZ \6 fuEu dk laca/k fdlls gS \ ¼d½ t; toku t; fdlku] ¼[k½ xjhch gVkvksa ¼x½ bafnjk gVkvks ¼?k½ vk;k jke x;k jke 7 fuEu 'kCnksa dk iw.kZ :Ik fy[kksa \ ¼1½ P.U.F.

¼2½ S.V.D. ¼3½ C.W.C

¼4½ D.M.K

N% vadh; Á'u %&1 1960 ds n'kd ls vkjaHk gqbZ ny cny dh jktuhfr ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkt

Hkh xzLr gS bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, nycny ds dqÁHkkoksa dh ppkZ djsa A 2 1967 ds vke pquko ds le; Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd o lkekftd fLFkfr

dk o.kZu djs A 3 pkSFks vke pquko 1967 ds Hkkjrh; jktuhfr Ikj D;k ÁHkko gq, \4 bafnjk xka/kh us dkaxzsl dks iquLFkkZfir djus ds fy, D;k j.kuhfr;ka cukbZ Fkh \

66

,d vadks ds Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 yky cgknqj 'kkL=h A 2 t; toku] t; fdlku A 3 1885 A4 bafnjk xka/kh A5 x`gea=h A 6 mif/k;ksa dh lekfIr A 7 ds- dkejkt A 8 1969

nks vadks ds Á'uksa ds mŸkj 1 ¼1½ xjhch] vlekurk] lkaÁnkf;drk o {ks=h; foHkktu ds Á'u vulqy>s Fks A ¼2½ ns'k esa yksdrkaf=d ifj;kstukvksa dk vlQy gksuk A 2 oh- oh- fxjh A 3 ¼1½ dkaxzsl dh ÁkIr er Áfr'r rFkk lhV la[;k esa deh ¼2½ dkaxzsl 09 LFkkuksa ij pquko gkjh Fkh A 4 efgyk] nfyr] vkfnoklh] vYila[;d A 5 ¼1½ Áhfo ilZ dh lekfIr A ¼2½ cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k A 6 leFkZu & nfoM+ laLÑfr dk A fojks/k & fgUnh Hkk"kk dk A7 1971 ds pquko ds le; xSj lkE;oknh vkSj xSj dkaxzslh foi{kh nyksa }kjk cuk;k

xBca/ku A 8 ¼1½ ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr A ¼2½ yksdlHkk pqukoksa dh vxqvkbZ A 9 bafnjk xka/kh o eksjkj th nslkbZ A bafnjk xka/kh us

67 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k; & 6Ykksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dk ladV

izeq[k fcUnq%&& 1967 ds ckn ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa cnyko vk jgs Fks] bafnjk xka/kh dh

yksdfÁ;rk pje lhek ij Fkh A bl nkSj esa U;k;ikfydk vkSj ljdkj ds vkilh fj'rksa esa Hkh ruko vk, A

& jktuhfr O;fDrxr gksrh tk jgh Fkh A dkaxzsl dh VwV ls bafnjk xka/kh vkSj muds fojksf/k;ksa ds chp erHksn xgjs gks x, Fks A

& lu~ 1973 ls lu~ 1975 ds chp vk;s cnykoksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dh ifj.krh ns'k esa vkikrdkyhu ykxw djus ds :Ik esa gqbZ A

& bu ?kVukvksa dh gi vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] Á'kklfud o U;kf;d lanHkks± esa le> ldrs gS A

& vkfFkZd lanHkZ %& 1971 esa xjhch gVkvksa ds ukjs ds ckotwn ns'k es xjhch cjdjkj] ckaXykns'k ladV ls vFkZO;oLFkk pjejkbZ rFkk USA us lgk;rk can dh] vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj fxjrh xbZ] eagxkbZ o csjkstxkjh cnh] ekuwlu dh vlQyrk ds dkj.k Ñf"k dh iSnkokj esa deh gqbZ rFkk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dk osru jksd fn;k x;k A

& jktuhfrd lanHkZ %& tuojh 1974 esa eagxkbZ o Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ xqtjkr esa rFkk ekpZ 1974 esa fcgkj esa vkanksyu gq,] if'peh caxky ds nkftZfyax ftys ds uDlyoknh ykus ds bykds esa 1967 ;s fdlku fonzksg gqvk rFkk t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k us laiw.kZ Økafr dk ukjk fn;k A

Á'kklfud lUnHkZ %& ¼1½ jsy deZpkfj;ksa us tkWtZ QukZfUMl ds usr`Ro esa cksul o lsok 'krks± ds fy,

gM+rky dh A ¼2½ jkeyhyk eSnku %& 25 twu 1975 dks t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k us lsuk iqfyl o

ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls ljdkj ds vuSfrd vkS voS/kkfud vkns'kksa dk ikyu u djus dk vkgoku fd;k A

¼3½ foi{kh nyksa us t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k dh vxqokbZ esa bafnjk xka/kh ls bLrhQs dh ekax dh A

U;kf;d lUnHkZ %& ¼1½ ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh] uhfr funsZ'kd dk;Zikfydk ds lEcU/kksa esa ruko ¼2½ 1973 esa ljdkj us ofj"Brk dh vuns[kh djds ,- ,u- js dks eq[; U;k;k/kh'k

cuk;k A

68

¼3½ 12 twu 1975 dks bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; us bafnjk xka/kh ds 1971 ds pquko dks voS/k ?kksf"kr fd;k A

vkikrdkyhu voLFkk %& 25 twu 1975 dks bafnjk xka/kh us ns'k esa van:uh xM+cM+h dh vk'kadk ds vk/kkj ij lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 352 dks ykxw djk fn; A

vkikrdky dk ifj.kke %& ¼1½ lekpkj i=ksa ¼ ehfM;k ½ ij Áfrca/k ¼2½ lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd laxBuksa Ikj Áfrca/k ¼3½ /kjuk] Án'kZu ,oa gM+rky ij jksd ¼4½ foi{kh usrkvksa dh fxj¶Rkkjh ¼5½ fuokjd utjacnh dk O;kid Á;ksx ¼6½ ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk LFkxu A

vkikrdky ds nkSjku ?kfVr ?kVuk,¡ %& ¼1½ xjhcksa ds fy, chl lw=h ykxw djuk] ¼2½ Hkwfe lq/kkj] Hkw iqufoZrj.k dk nq:Ik;ksx A ¼3½ Ásl & lsaljf'ki ykxw djuk A ¼4½ foi{kh usrkvksa dh fxj¶rkjh ¼5½ ulcUnh dk;ZØe A

vkikrdky ds lcd %& ¼1½ yksdra= ds Áfr yksxksa esa vkLFkk c<+h A ¼2½ Hkkjr ls yksdra= dh tM+s feVkuk cgqr dfBu gS A ¼3½ vc vkikrdky vkUrfjd v'kkfUr ds LFkku ij l'kL= fonzksg dh fLFkfr esa

eaf=ifj"kn~ dh jk"Vªifr dks fy[kr lykg ds Ik'pkr~ gh yxk;k tk,xk A ¼4½ ukxfjdksa esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds Áfr tkx:drk c<+h A

vkikrdky ds ckn dh jktuhfr %& ¼1½ 1997 ds ykslHkk pquko ifj.kke % dkxzsl dh gkj] turk ikVhZ dks cgqer ¼2½ dsUnz esa igyh ckj xSj dkaxzslh ljdkj dk xBu] eksjkjth nslkbZ Á/kkuea=h cusaA¼3½ vkikrdky dh tkap ds fy, 'kkg vk;ksx dk xBu A

69 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k; & 6Ykksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dk ladV

izeq[k fcUnq%&& 1967 ds ckn ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa cnyko vk jgs Fks] bafnjk xka/kh dh

yksdfÁ;rk pje lhek ij Fkh A bl nkSj esa U;k;ikfydk vkSj ljdkj ds vkilh fj'rksa esa Hkh ruko vk, A

& jktuhfr O;fDrxr gksrh tk jgh Fkh A dkaxzsl dh VwV ls bafnjk xka/kh vkSj muds fojksf/k;ksa ds chp erHksn xgjs gks x, Fks A

& lu~ 1973 ls lu~ 1975 ds chp vk;s cnykoksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dh ifj.krh ns'k esa vkikrdkyhu ykxw djus ds :Ik esa gqbZ A

& bu ?kVukvksa dh gi vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] Á'kklfud o U;kf;d lanHkks± esa le> ldrs gS A

& vkfFkZd lanHkZ %& 1971 esa xjhch gVkvksa ds ukjs ds ckotwn ns'k es xjhch cjdjkj] ckaXykns'k ladV ls vFkZO;oLFkk pjejkbZ rFkk USA us lgk;rk can dh] vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj fxjrh xbZ] eagxkbZ o csjkstxkjh cnh] ekuwlu dh vlQyrk ds dkj.k Ñf"k dh iSnkokj esa deh gqbZ rFkk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dk osru jksd fn;k x;k A

& jktuhfrd lanHkZ %& tuojh 1974 esa eagxkbZ o Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ xqtjkr esa rFkk ekpZ 1974 esa fcgkj esa vkanksyu gq,] if'peh caxky ds nkftZfyax ftys ds uDlyoknh ykus ds bykds esa 1967 ;s fdlku fonzksg gqvk rFkk t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k us laiw.kZ Økafr dk ukjk fn;k A

Á'kklfud lUnHkZ %& ¼1½ jsy deZpkfj;ksa us tkWtZ QukZfUMl ds usr`Ro esa cksul o lsok 'krks± ds fy,

gM+rky dh A ¼2½ jkeyhyk eSnku %& 25 twu 1975 dks t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k us lsuk iqfyl o

ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls ljdkj ds vuSfrd vkS voS/kkfud vkns'kksa dk ikyu u djus dk vkgoku fd;k A

¼3½ foi{kh nyksa us t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k dh vxqokbZ esa bafnjk xka/kh ls bLrhQs dh ekax dh A

U;kf;d lUnHkZ %& ¼1½ ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh] uhfr funsZ'kd dk;Zikfydk ds lEcU/kksa esa ruko ¼2½ 1973 esa ljdkj us ofj"Brk dh vuns[kh djds ,- ,u- js dks eq[; U;k;k/kh'k

cuk;k A

68

¼3½ 12 twu 1975 dks bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; us bafnjk xka/kh ds 1971 ds pquko dks voS/k ?kksf"kr fd;k A

vkikrdkyhu voLFkk %& 25 twu 1975 dks bafnjk xka/kh us ns'k esa van:uh xM+cM+h dh vk'kadk ds vk/kkj ij lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 352 dks ykxw djk fn; A

vkikrdky dk ifj.kke %& ¼1½ lekpkj i=ksa ¼ ehfM;k ½ ij Áfrca/k ¼2½ lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd laxBuksa Ikj Áfrca/k ¼3½ /kjuk] Án'kZu ,oa gM+rky ij jksd ¼4½ foi{kh usrkvksa dh fxj¶Rkkjh ¼5½ fuokjd utjacnh dk O;kid Á;ksx ¼6½ ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk LFkxu A

vkikrdky ds nkSjku ?kfVr ?kVuk,¡ %& ¼1½ xjhcksa ds fy, chl lw=h ykxw djuk] ¼2½ Hkwfe lq/kkj] Hkw iqufoZrj.k dk nq:Ik;ksx A ¼3½ Ásl & lsaljf'ki ykxw djuk A ¼4½ foi{kh usrkvksa dh fxj¶rkjh ¼5½ ulcUnh dk;ZØe A

vkikrdky ds lcd %& ¼1½ yksdra= ds Áfr yksxksa esa vkLFkk c<+h A ¼2½ Hkkjr ls yksdra= dh tM+s feVkuk cgqr dfBu gS A ¼3½ vc vkikrdky vkUrfjd v'kkfUr ds LFkku ij l'kL= fonzksg dh fLFkfr esa

eaf=ifj"kn~ dh jk"Vªifr dks fy[kr lykg ds Ik'pkr~ gh yxk;k tk,xk A ¼4½ ukxfjdksa esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds Áfr tkx:drk c<+h A

vkikrdky ds ckn dh jktuhfr %& ¼1½ 1997 ds ykslHkk pquko ifj.kke % dkxzsl dh gkj] turk ikVhZ dks cgqer ¼2½ dsUnz esa igyh ckj xSj dkaxzslh ljdkj dk xBu] eksjkjth nslkbZ Á/kkuea=h cusaA¼3½ vkikrdky dh tkap ds fy, 'kkg vk;ksx dk xBu A

69 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Tkurk ikVhZ ljdkj dk 'kklu %& ¼1½ fn'kkghu] dygiw.kZ] detksj usr`Ro ,oa vO;ofLFkr 'kklu dk f'kdkj ¼2½ turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj 18 eghus esa fxj ¼3½ 1980 esa e/;kof/k pquko gq, ftlesa bafnjk xka/kh ¼ dkaxzsl & 1 ½ Hkkjh cgqer ls

thrh A

,d vad ds Á'u1 xjhch gVkvksa dk ukjk dc vkSj fdlus fn;k \2 1974 ds fcgkj vkanksyu dk ukjk D;k Fkk \3 laiw.kZ Økafr dk vkgoku fdlus fd;k \4 pk: etwenkj dkSu Fks \5 t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k dks fdu nyksa dk leFkZu feyk \6 dkaxzsl QkWj MseksØslh dk xBu dc vkSj fdlus fd;k A7 laln & ekpZ dk usr`Ro dc vkSj fdlus fd;k A 8 Hkkjr esa igyh ckj xSj & dkaxzslh ljdkj dc cuh \9 'kkg vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh \10 pkS/kjh pj.k flag fdl dky esa Hkkjr ds Á/kkuea=h jgs \

nks vadh; Á'u1 xqtjkr esa tuojh 1974 ds Nk= vkanksyu ds dkj.k crkb, \2 t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k us fcgkj ds vkanksyudkjh Nk=ksa ds fuea=.k dks fdu 'krks±

ij Lohdkj fd;k Fkk \3 xqtjkt vkSj fcgkj ds Nk= vkanksyuksa ds Áeq[k usrkvksa ds uke fyf[k, \4 fuokjd utjcanh dk D;k vFkZ gS \5 vkikrdky ds nkSjku laoS/kkfud Áko/kkuksa fd, x, fdUgh nks ifjorZuksa dk

mYys[k dhft, \6 Ásl lsaljf'ki dk fojks/k djus okys fdUgh nks lekpkj i=ksa ds uke fyf[k, \7 1977 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa ds fdUgh nks ifj.kkeksa dk mYys[k dhft, \8 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa mu LFkkuksa dks n'kkZ,sa tgka 1977 ds yksd lHkh pquko ;%& ¼,½ dkaxzsl gkjh A ¼ch½ dkaxszl cqjh rjg ijkftr gqbZ A ¼lh½ ,sls jkT; tgka dkaxzsl vkSj mlds lkFkh nyksa dks Hkkjh fot; ÁkIr gqbZ A ¼Mh½ Ásl lsaljf'ki ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

70

pkj vadh; Á'u 1 1970 ds n'kd esa U;k;ikfydk vkSj ljdkj ds chp la?k"kZ ds Áeq[k eqn~ns D;k

Fks \2 Ásl lsaljf'ki ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, \3 1977 ds pqukoksa esa igyh ckj xsj dkaxzslh ljdkj cuus ds D;k dkj.k Fks \4 fuEufyf[kr esa esy fcBk,a %& ¼ d ½ laiw.kZ Økafr ¼ 1 ½ bafnjk xka/kh ¼ [k ½ xjhch gVkvksa ¼ 2 ½ t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k ¼ x ½ Nk= vkanksyu ¼ 3 ½ fcgkj vkUnksyu ¼ ?k ½ jsy gM+rky ¼ 4 ½ tkWtZ QuhZfMl 5 D;k vkUrfjd v'kkafr ds uke ij vkikrdky yxkuk vko';d Fkk \ vius

mŸkj ds i{k esa rdZ ns A 6 fcgkj ds Nk= vkUnksyu esa t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft, \

N% vadh; Á'u 1 1975 ds vkikrdky ds dkj.kksa dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dhft, \2 ^Hkkjr esa 1975 ds vkikrdky ds nkSjku ljdkj us jpukRed vkSj neukRed

nksuksa rjg dh uhfr;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k A vius fopkj O;Dr dhft, A 3 vkikrdky ds Áeq[k lcdksa dh ppkZ dhft, A

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 1971 esa ] bafnjk xka/kh A 2 liw.kZ Økafr vc ukjk gS A Hkkoh bfrgkl gekjk gS A 3 t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k A 4 dE;qfuLV Økafrdkjh A 5 Hkkjrh; tula?k] dkaxzsl ¼vks½] Hkkjrh; yksdny] lks'kfyLV ikVhZ vkSj xSj

dkaxzslh ny A 6 1977 esa] txthou jk; A 7 1975 esa] t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k A 8 1977 esa A 9 turk ikVh± us 1977 esa A10 tqykbZ 1979 ls tuojh 1980 ds chp A

71 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

Tkurk ikVhZ ljdkj dk 'kklu %& ¼1½ fn'kkghu] dygiw.kZ] detksj usr`Ro ,oa vO;ofLFkr 'kklu dk f'kdkj ¼2½ turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj 18 eghus esa fxj ¼3½ 1980 esa e/;kof/k pquko gq, ftlesa bafnjk xka/kh ¼ dkaxzsl & 1 ½ Hkkjh cgqer ls

thrh A

,d vad ds Á'u1 xjhch gVkvksa dk ukjk dc vkSj fdlus fn;k \2 1974 ds fcgkj vkanksyu dk ukjk D;k Fkk \3 laiw.kZ Økafr dk vkgoku fdlus fd;k \4 pk: etwenkj dkSu Fks \5 t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k dks fdu nyksa dk leFkZu feyk \6 dkaxzsl QkWj MseksØslh dk xBu dc vkSj fdlus fd;k A7 laln & ekpZ dk usr`Ro dc vkSj fdlus fd;k A 8 Hkkjr esa igyh ckj xSj & dkaxzslh ljdkj dc cuh \9 'kkg vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh \10 pkS/kjh pj.k flag fdl dky esa Hkkjr ds Á/kkuea=h jgs \

nks vadh; Á'u1 xqtjkr esa tuojh 1974 ds Nk= vkanksyu ds dkj.k crkb, \2 t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k us fcgkj ds vkanksyudkjh Nk=ksa ds fuea=.k dks fdu 'krks±

ij Lohdkj fd;k Fkk \3 xqtjkt vkSj fcgkj ds Nk= vkanksyuksa ds Áeq[k usrkvksa ds uke fyf[k, \4 fuokjd utjcanh dk D;k vFkZ gS \5 vkikrdky ds nkSjku laoS/kkfud Áko/kkuksa fd, x, fdUgh nks ifjorZuksa dk

mYys[k dhft, \6 Ásl lsaljf'ki dk fojks/k djus okys fdUgh nks lekpkj i=ksa ds uke fyf[k, \7 1977 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa ds fdUgh nks ifj.kkeksa dk mYys[k dhft, \8 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa mu LFkkuksa dks n'kkZ,sa tgka 1977 ds yksd lHkh pquko ;%& ¼,½ dkaxzsl gkjh A ¼ch½ dkaxszl cqjh rjg ijkftr gqbZ A ¼lh½ ,sls jkT; tgka dkaxzsl vkSj mlds lkFkh nyksa dks Hkkjh fot; ÁkIr gqbZ A ¼Mh½ Ásl lsaljf'ki ls D;k vfHkÁk; gS \

70

pkj vadh; Á'u 1 1970 ds n'kd esa U;k;ikfydk vkSj ljdkj ds chp la?k"kZ ds Áeq[k eqn~ns D;k

Fks \2 Ásl lsaljf'ki ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, \3 1977 ds pqukoksa esa igyh ckj xsj dkaxzslh ljdkj cuus ds D;k dkj.k Fks \4 fuEufyf[kr esa esy fcBk,a %& ¼ d ½ laiw.kZ Økafr ¼ 1 ½ bafnjk xka/kh ¼ [k ½ xjhch gVkvksa ¼ 2 ½ t;Ádk'k ukjk;.k ¼ x ½ Nk= vkanksyu ¼ 3 ½ fcgkj vkUnksyu ¼ ?k ½ jsy gM+rky ¼ 4 ½ tkWtZ QuhZfMl 5 D;k vkUrfjd v'kkafr ds uke ij vkikrdky yxkuk vko';d Fkk \ vius

mŸkj ds i{k esa rdZ ns A 6 fcgkj ds Nk= vkUnksyu esa t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft, \

N% vadh; Á'u 1 1975 ds vkikrdky ds dkj.kksa dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dhft, \2 ^Hkkjr esa 1975 ds vkikrdky ds nkSjku ljdkj us jpukRed vkSj neukRed

nksuksa rjg dh uhfr;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k A vius fopkj O;Dr dhft, A 3 vkikrdky ds Áeq[k lcdksa dh ppkZ dhft, A

,d vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 1971 esa ] bafnjk xka/kh A 2 liw.kZ Økafr vc ukjk gS A Hkkoh bfrgkl gekjk gS A 3 t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k A 4 dE;qfuLV Økafrdkjh A 5 Hkkjrh; tula?k] dkaxzsl ¼vks½] Hkkjrh; yksdny] lks'kfyLV ikVhZ vkSj xSj

dkaxzslh ny A 6 1977 esa] txthou jk; A 7 1975 esa] t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k A 8 1977 esa A 9 turk ikVh± us 1977 esa A10 tqykbZ 1979 ls tuojh 1980 ds chp A

71 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 ¼1½ c<+rh eagxkbZ A ¼2½ mPp inksa ij tkjh Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ A 2 ¼1½ vkanksyu vfglad jgsxk A ¼2½ flQZ fcgkj rd lhfer ugha jgsxk A 3 xqtjkr & eksjkj th nslkbZ A fcgkj & t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k A 4 'kd ds vk/kkj ij fxj¶rkjh lacf/k laoS/kkfud Áko/kku A 5 ¼1½ Á/kkuea=h] jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpj dks vnkyr esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA ¼2½ yksdlHkh ds dk;Zdky dks 5 ls c<kdj 6 o"kZ djuk A6 ¼1½ bafM;u ,DlÁsl ¼2½ LVsVleSu A 7 ¼1½ dkaxzsl dh gkj ¼2½ turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj A 8 ekufp= esa ÁSfDVl djokbZ tk, A 9 dqN Nkius ls igys ljdkj ls vuqefr ysuk vko';d A

72

v/;k;&7Tku vkanksyu dk mn;

Lej.kh; fcanq %&Tku vkanksyu %&Ykksdrkaf=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa dqN leL;k,¡ ,oa ekxsa ,slh gksrh gS ftudksa mBkus esa jktuhfrd nyksa dh fnypLih ux.; gksrh gSa A ,sls esa turk }kjk pyk, x, vkanksyu tu & vkanksyu dgykrs gS A 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa xSj jktuhfrd jgus okys es vkanksyu dbZ ckj ckn esa jktuhfrd #i Hkh ys ysrs gaS A

Hkkjr esa izeq[k tu & vkanksyu %&& fpidks vkanksyu& nfyr iSFklZ & rkM+h fojk/kh vkanksyu& Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u dk vkanksyu& ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu& lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vkanksyu& tu yksdiky vkanksyu Tku & vkanksyu dh izÑfr %&& jktuhfrd nyksa ls Lora=& ny vk/kfjr vkanksyu

Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa tu vkanksyu dk egRo %&& jktuhfrd #i ls misf{kr ekaxks o leL;kvksa dks eq[; /kkjk esa yk, & vkanksyu dh jktuhfrd ls yksdra= dks l'kDr djus esa lgk;d& turk esa jktuhfrd tkx#drk QSykus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h& ljdkj ] iz'kklu ,oa jktuSfrd nyksa dk /;ku fof'k"V ekaxksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh

vksj vkÑ"V djus esa lQy jgs A & fofHkUu visf{kr oxksZ ds lkFk & lkFk lkekftd ,oa Ik;kZoj.k laca/kh eqn~nks dks

mBkus esa dkjxj fl) gq, A

,d vad ds iz'u 1 fpidks vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dgk¡ gqbZ Fkh \2 ny vk/kkfjr vkanksyuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS \3 fuEu dFku dks 'kq) djds nksckjk fyf[k, % Hkkjrh; fdlku dk vkanksyu Fkk A

73 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

nks vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj %& 1 ¼1½ c<+rh eagxkbZ A ¼2½ mPp inksa ij tkjh Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ A 2 ¼1½ vkanksyu vfglad jgsxk A ¼2½ flQZ fcgkj rd lhfer ugha jgsxk A 3 xqtjkr & eksjkj th nslkbZ A fcgkj & t; Ádk'k ukjk;.k A 4 'kd ds vk/kkj ij fxj¶rkjh lacf/k laoS/kkfud Áko/kku A 5 ¼1½ Á/kkuea=h] jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpj dks vnkyr esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA ¼2½ yksdlHkh ds dk;Zdky dks 5 ls c<kdj 6 o"kZ djuk A6 ¼1½ bafM;u ,DlÁsl ¼2½ LVsVleSu A 7 ¼1½ dkaxzsl dh gkj ¼2½ turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj A 8 ekufp= esa ÁSfDVl djokbZ tk, A 9 dqN Nkius ls igys ljdkj ls vuqefr ysuk vko';d A

72

v/;k;&7Tku vkanksyu dk mn;

Lej.kh; fcanq %&Tku vkanksyu %&Ykksdrkaf=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa dqN leL;k,¡ ,oa ekxsa ,slh gksrh gS ftudksa mBkus esa jktuhfrd nyksa dh fnypLih ux.; gksrh gSa A ,sls esa turk }kjk pyk, x, vkanksyu tu & vkanksyu dgykrs gS A 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa xSj jktuhfrd jgus okys es vkanksyu dbZ ckj ckn esa jktuhfrd #i Hkh ys ysrs gaS A

Hkkjr esa izeq[k tu & vkanksyu %&& fpidks vkanksyu& nfyr iSFklZ & rkM+h fojk/kh vkanksyu& Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u dk vkanksyu& ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu& lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vkanksyu& tu yksdiky vkanksyu Tku & vkanksyu dh izÑfr %&& jktuhfrd nyksa ls Lora=& ny vk/kfjr vkanksyu

Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa tu vkanksyu dk egRo %&& jktuhfrd #i ls misf{kr ekaxks o leL;kvksa dks eq[; /kkjk esa yk, & vkanksyu dh jktuhfrd ls yksdra= dks l'kDr djus esa lgk;d& turk esa jktuhfrd tkx#drk QSykus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h& ljdkj ] iz'kklu ,oa jktuSfrd nyksa dk /;ku fof'k"V ekaxksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh

vksj vkÑ"V djus esa lQy jgs A & fofHkUu visf{kr oxksZ ds lkFk & lkFk lkekftd ,oa Ik;kZoj.k laca/kh eqn~nks dks

mBkus esa dkjxj fl) gq, A

,d vad ds iz'u 1 fpidks vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dgk¡ gqbZ Fkh \2 ny vk/kkfjr vkanksyuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS \3 fuEu dFku dks 'kq) djds nksckjk fyf[k, % Hkkjrh; fdlku dk vkanksyu Fkk A

73 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

4 *nfyr iSaFklZ* dk xBu dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk A5 ,u- ,Q- ,Q- dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 6 nfyr iaSFklZ dk xBu fdlus fd;k \7 rkM+h fojks/kh vkanksyu dh izeq[k usrk dk uke fyf[k, \8 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u ds izeq[k usrk dk uke fyf[k, \9 Lkwpuk ds vf/kdkj vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dc gqbZ \

10 Lkwpuk dk vf/kdkj (RTI) vf/kfu;e dc ykxq gq, \11 ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu dh izeq[k usrk dkSu gS \12 ueZnk lkxj cka/k fdl jkT; esa gS \

nks vad okys iz'u 1 fpidks vkanksyu dh dksbZ nks ekaxsa fyf[k, \2 fpidks vkanksyu ds D;k izHkko gq, \3 nfyr iaSFklZ ds mn; ds D;k dkj.k Fks \4 nfyr iaSFklZ dh eq[; xfrfof/k;k¡ D;k Fkh \5 ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk D;k gS \6 Hkkjrh; fdlku vkanksyu ds rjhds d;k Fks \7 rkM+h fojk/kh vkanksyu D;k Fkk \8 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;qfu;u dh dksbZ nks ek¡x fyf[k, A9 lwpuk dk vf/kdkj D;k gS \

10 us'kuy fQ'koZd'k Qksje NFF ds izeq[k mn~ns'; fyf[k, \

pkj vad okys iz'u 1 tu vkanksyuks ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 2 fpidks vkanksyu ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A 3 fpidks vkanksyu esa 'kq#vkrh ekaxksads vykok vU; cgqr lh ekaxs Hkh tqM+ x;h A

Li"V fdft, A4 nfyr iaSFklZ us dkSu dkSu lh izeq[k leL;k,¡ mBk;h \5 ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu us cka/k ifj;kstukvksa dk fojks/k D;ks fd;k \6 tu vkUnksyuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ny vk/kkfjr o xsj & nyh; vkUnksyu

D;k gksrs gS \7 fpidks vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ij vius fopkj nhft, A 8 lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk egRo Li"V dhft, A

74

9 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u }kjk uCcs ds n'kd esa mBk, x, eqíksa vkSj viuk;s x;s rjhdks ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A

10 rkM+h & fojks/kh vkanksyu us ns'k dk /;ku fdu eqíksa dh rjQ [khapk \

6 vad okys iz'u 1 Lora=rk ds ckn cus Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa tkfr ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dh lekfIr

dh O;oLFkk dj nh A blds ckotwn nfyr ;qokvksa dks nfyr iaSFklZ ds xBu dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+h A

2 21 oha lnh ds Hkkjr esa tu vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk ij vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,A

3 lekt ds xgjs rukoksa vkSj turk ds {kksHk dks ,d lgh fn'kk nsdj tu vkanksyuksa us ,d rjg ls yksdra= dh j{kk dh gS A bl dFku ds lanHkZ esa tu & vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A

4 Lora= Hkkjr ds fdUgha rhu tu & vkanksyu dk o.kZu dhft, A5 uhps fn, x;s vorj.k dks i<+s vkSj Ikz'uksa ds mŸkj nsa & % &&&&& yxHkx lHkh u, lekftd vkanksyu ubZ leL;ksa tSls Ik;kZoj.k dk

fouk'k] efgykvksa dh cngkyh] vkfnoklh laLÑfr dk uk'k vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku &&&& ds lek/kku dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, mHkjs A buesa ls dksbZ Hkh vius vki es lektO;oLFkk ds ewyxkeh cnyko ds loky ls ugha tqM+k Fkk bl vFkZ esa ;s vkanksyu vrhr dh Ñkfrdkjh fopkj/kkjkvksa ls ,dne vyx gS A ysfdu ;s vkanksyu cM+h cqjh rjg fc[kjs gq, gSa vkSj ;gh budh detksjh gS A &&&&& lkekftd vkanksyuksa dk ,d cM+k nk;jk ,slh phtks dh pisV es gS fd og Bksl rFkk ,d tqV tu & vkanksyu dk #i ugh ys ikrk vkSj u gh oafprksa vkSj xjhcksa ds fy, izklafxd gks ikrk gS A

¼d½ u, lkekftd vkanksyu vkSj Ñkfrdkjh fopkj/kkjkvks esa D;k varj gS A¼[k½ ys[kd ds vuqlkj lkekftd vkanksyuksa dh lhek,¡ D;k & D;k gS A

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj1 mrjk[kaM esa A 2 ny vk/kkfjr vkanksyuksa ls vfHkizk; nu vkanksyuks ls gS ftuesa jktuhfrd nyksa

dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS A3 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u dk vkanksyu eq[;r% le`) fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu Fkk A4 lu~ 1972 esa egkjk"Vª es A 5 us'kuy fQ'kodZlZ Qksje A6 egkjk"Vª ds nfyr ;qokvksa us A7 'kjkc canh A

75 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

4 *nfyr iSaFklZ* dk xBu dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk A5 ,u- ,Q- ,Q- dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 6 nfyr iaSFklZ dk xBu fdlus fd;k \7 rkM+h fojks/kh vkanksyu dh izeq[k usrk dk uke fyf[k, \8 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u ds izeq[k usrk dk uke fyf[k, \9 Lkwpuk ds vf/kdkj vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dc gqbZ \

10 Lkwpuk dk vf/kdkj (RTI) vf/kfu;e dc ykxq gq, \11 ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu dh izeq[k usrk dkSu gS \12 ueZnk lkxj cka/k fdl jkT; esa gS \

nks vad okys iz'u 1 fpidks vkanksyu dh dksbZ nks ekaxsa fyf[k, \2 fpidks vkanksyu ds D;k izHkko gq, \3 nfyr iaSFklZ ds mn; ds D;k dkj.k Fks \4 nfyr iaSFklZ dh eq[; xfrfof/k;k¡ D;k Fkh \5 ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk D;k gS \6 Hkkjrh; fdlku vkanksyu ds rjhds d;k Fks \7 rkM+h fojk/kh vkanksyu D;k Fkk \8 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;qfu;u dh dksbZ nks ek¡x fyf[k, A9 lwpuk dk vf/kdkj D;k gS \

10 us'kuy fQ'koZd'k Qksje NFF ds izeq[k mn~ns'; fyf[k, \

pkj vad okys iz'u 1 tu vkanksyuks ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 2 fpidks vkanksyu ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A 3 fpidks vkanksyu esa 'kq#vkrh ekaxksads vykok vU; cgqr lh ekaxs Hkh tqM+ x;h A

Li"V fdft, A4 nfyr iaSFklZ us dkSu dkSu lh izeq[k leL;k,¡ mBk;h \5 ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu us cka/k ifj;kstukvksa dk fojks/k D;ks fd;k \6 tu vkUnksyuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ny vk/kkfjr o xsj & nyh; vkUnksyu

D;k gksrs gS \7 fpidks vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ij vius fopkj nhft, A 8 lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk egRo Li"V dhft, A

74

9 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u }kjk uCcs ds n'kd esa mBk, x, eqíksa vkSj viuk;s x;s rjhdks ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A

10 rkM+h & fojks/kh vkanksyu us ns'k dk /;ku fdu eqíksa dh rjQ [khapk \

6 vad okys iz'u 1 Lora=rk ds ckn cus Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa tkfr ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dh lekfIr

dh O;oLFkk dj nh A blds ckotwn nfyr ;qokvksa dks nfyr iaSFklZ ds xBu dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+h A

2 21 oha lnh ds Hkkjr esa tu vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk ij vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,A

3 lekt ds xgjs rukoksa vkSj turk ds {kksHk dks ,d lgh fn'kk nsdj tu vkanksyuksa us ,d rjg ls yksdra= dh j{kk dh gS A bl dFku ds lanHkZ esa tu & vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkfy;s A

4 Lora= Hkkjr ds fdUgha rhu tu & vkanksyu dk o.kZu dhft, A5 uhps fn, x;s vorj.k dks i<+s vkSj Ikz'uksa ds mŸkj nsa & % &&&&& yxHkx lHkh u, lekftd vkanksyu ubZ leL;ksa tSls Ik;kZoj.k dk

fouk'k] efgykvksa dh cngkyh] vkfnoklh laLÑfr dk uk'k vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku &&&& ds lek/kku dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, mHkjs A buesa ls dksbZ Hkh vius vki es lektO;oLFkk ds ewyxkeh cnyko ds loky ls ugha tqM+k Fkk bl vFkZ esa ;s vkanksyu vrhr dh Ñkfrdkjh fopkj/kkjkvksa ls ,dne vyx gS A ysfdu ;s vkanksyu cM+h cqjh rjg fc[kjs gq, gSa vkSj ;gh budh detksjh gS A &&&&& lkekftd vkanksyuksa dk ,d cM+k nk;jk ,slh phtks dh pisV es gS fd og Bksl rFkk ,d tqV tu & vkanksyu dk #i ugh ys ikrk vkSj u gh oafprksa vkSj xjhcksa ds fy, izklafxd gks ikrk gS A

¼d½ u, lkekftd vkanksyu vkSj Ñkfrdkjh fopkj/kkjkvks esa D;k varj gS A¼[k½ ys[kd ds vuqlkj lkekftd vkanksyuksa dh lhek,¡ D;k & D;k gS A

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj1 mrjk[kaM esa A 2 ny vk/kkfjr vkanksyuksa ls vfHkizk; nu vkanksyuks ls gS ftuesa jktuhfrd nyksa

dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS A3 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u dk vkanksyu eq[;r% le`) fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu Fkk A4 lu~ 1972 esa egkjk"Vª es A 5 us'kuy fQ'kodZlZ Qksje A6 egkjk"Vª ds nfyr ;qokvksa us A7 'kjkc canh A

75 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

8 egsanz flag fVdSr A 9 lu~ 1990 es A10 lu~ 2005 esa A11 es?kk ikVdj A12 e/;izns'k esa A

2 vadks okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj1 & futh dEifu;ksa }kjk dh tk jgh isM+ks dh dVkbZ #dokuk A & LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa dk vius izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ij fuea=.k 2 & ljdkj dks >qduk iM+k A & ;g vkanksyu vU; vkanksyuksa ds fy, izsj.kk & lzksr cu x;k A3 & f'kf{kr nfyr ;qokvksa esa vkØks'k & tkfrxr HksnHkko lekIr djus laca/kh laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dks ykxw djus esa

ljdkj dh vlQyrk A 4 & nfyrsa ij vR;kpkjksa dks #dokuk ] tkfr izFkk dks lekIr djuk ] Hkwfeghu

xjhc fdlku ] 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd etnwj vkSj nfyr lfgr lkjs oafpr oxksZa dk ,d laxBu cukuk vkSj ,d eap iznku djuk A

5 & ueZnk vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ij 30 cM+s ] 135 e/;e vkSj 3000 NksVs cka/k cukus dh ifj;kstuk A

6 & /kjuk ] izn'kZu ] ?ksajko ] jSyh vkfn A7 & rkM+h & fojk/kh vkanksyu vka/kz izns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa }kjk pyk;k

x;k vkanksyu Fkk ftlesa mUgksaus eafnjk dh fcØh ij izfrca/k yxkus dh ek¡x dh Fkh A

8 & Qlyksa dh [kjhn ewY; esa o`f) & dtZ ekQh & lLrh fctyh vkfn A9 & lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds }kjk turk dks ljdkjh nLrkostksa dh izekf.kr

izfrfyfi izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj ] lkoZtfud ?kks"k.kkvksa ls lacaf/kr fjdkMZ gkfly djus dk vf/kdkj A

10 eNqvkjksa dh vkthfodk dks cpkus ds fy, dkuwuh la?k"kZ eNqvkjksa ds fgrksa ds fy, laxBu A

76

v/;k;&8{ks=h; vkadk{kk,a

Lej.kh; fcanq %&{ks=h; vkdka{kk,¡ %& Hkkjr tSls fofo/krk okys ns'k esa {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dk mHkkj vR;ar LokHkkfod gS A vko';drk bls ladh.kZ {ks=okn dh ctk; lkFkZd fn'kk nsdj ns'k dk larqfyr fodkl djus dh gS A

{ks=okn ds dkj.k %& & lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurk A & /kkfeZd fofHkUurk A & vlarqfyr fodkl A & HkkSxksfud fofo/krk A & jktSfufrd LokFkZ vkfn A

{ks=okn ls mHkjs jktuhfrd ny %& & vle esa vle xt ifj"kn~ A& iatkc esa vdkyhny A & tEew d'ehj esa uS'kuy dkaÝsal A & egkjk"Vª esa f'ko lsuk A & rfeyukMw esa D M K vkSj A I D M K

& vka/kz Áns'k esa rsyxqns'ke vkfn A

{ks=okn ds nq"ifj.kke %& & ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dks pqukSfr A & larqfyr fodkl esa ck/kd A & yksdrkaf=d ÁfØ;k esa ck/kd A & jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks Bsl A Hkkjr esa {ks=h;rk lEcU/kh Áeq[k leL;k¡ %& & d'ehj elyk A

{ks=h; vkdka{kk,a & iatkc dh leL;k A & Hkk"kk lEcU/kh fookn A& iwoksZrj ds jkT;ksa esa {ks=h;rk A

77 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

8 egsanz flag fVdSr A 9 lu~ 1990 es A10 lu~ 2005 esa A11 es?kk ikVdj A12 e/;izns'k esa A

2 vadks okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj1 & futh dEifu;ksa }kjk dh tk jgh isM+ks dh dVkbZ #dokuk A & LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa dk vius izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ij fuea=.k 2 & ljdkj dks >qduk iM+k A & ;g vkanksyu vU; vkanksyuksa ds fy, izsj.kk & lzksr cu x;k A3 & f'kf{kr nfyr ;qokvksa esa vkØks'k & tkfrxr HksnHkko lekIr djus laca/kh laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dks ykxw djus esa

ljdkj dh vlQyrk A 4 & nfyrsa ij vR;kpkjksa dks #dokuk ] tkfr izFkk dks lekIr djuk ] Hkwfeghu

xjhc fdlku ] 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd etnwj vkSj nfyr lfgr lkjs oafpr oxksZa dk ,d laxBu cukuk vkSj ,d eap iznku djuk A

5 & ueZnk vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ij 30 cM+s ] 135 e/;e vkSj 3000 NksVs cka/k cukus dh ifj;kstuk A

6 & /kjuk ] izn'kZu ] ?ksajko ] jSyh vkfn A7 & rkM+h & fojk/kh vkanksyu vka/kz izns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa }kjk pyk;k

x;k vkanksyu Fkk ftlesa mUgksaus eafnjk dh fcØh ij izfrca/k yxkus dh ek¡x dh Fkh A

8 & Qlyksa dh [kjhn ewY; esa o`f) & dtZ ekQh & lLrh fctyh vkfn A9 & lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds }kjk turk dks ljdkjh nLrkostksa dh izekf.kr

izfrfyfi izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj ] lkoZtfud ?kks"k.kkvksa ls lacaf/kr fjdkMZ gkfly djus dk vf/kdkj A

10 eNqvkjksa dh vkthfodk dks cpkus ds fy, dkuwuh la?k"kZ eNqvkjksa ds fgrksa ds fy, laxBu A

76

v/;k;&8{ks=h; vkadk{kk,a

Lej.kh; fcanq %&{ks=h; vkdka{kk,¡ %& Hkkjr tSls fofo/krk okys ns'k esa {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dk mHkkj vR;ar LokHkkfod gS A vko';drk bls ladh.kZ {ks=okn dh ctk; lkFkZd fn'kk nsdj ns'k dk larqfyr fodkl djus dh gS A

{ks=okn ds dkj.k %& & lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurk A & /kkfeZd fofHkUurk A & vlarqfyr fodkl A & HkkSxksfud fofo/krk A & jktSfufrd LokFkZ vkfn A

{ks=okn ls mHkjs jktuhfrd ny %& & vle esa vle xt ifj"kn~ A& iatkc esa vdkyhny A & tEew d'ehj esa uS'kuy dkaÝsal A & egkjk"Vª esa f'ko lsuk A & rfeyukMw esa D M K vkSj A I D M K

& vka/kz Áns'k esa rsyxqns'ke vkfn A

{ks=okn ds nq"ifj.kke %& & ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dks pqukSfr A & larqfyr fodkl esa ck/kd A & yksdrkaf=d ÁfØ;k esa ck/kd A & jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks Bsl A Hkkjr esa {ks=h;rk lEcU/kh Áeq[k leL;k¡ %& & d'ehj elyk A

{ks=h; vkdka{kk,a & iatkc dh leL;k A & Hkk"kk lEcU/kh fookn A& iwoksZrj ds jkT;ksa esa {ks=h;rk A

77 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& vle esa ckgjh yksxksa ds f[kykQ fojks/k A & nzfoM+ vkanksyu vkfn A

,d vad okys Á'u 1 {ks=okn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, A 2 lkr cgus fdls dgk tkrk gS \3 jktuhfrd ny f'ko lsuk LFkkiuk fdlk jkT; esa gqbZ \4 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 370 esa D;k Áko/kku gS \5 rsyqxwns'ke fdl jkT; dk Áeq[k {ks=h; ny gS \6 Mh- ,e- ds ¼ D M K ½ dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 7 vktknh ds le; tEew & d'ehj ds 'kkld dkSu Fks \8 vklw dk 'kCn foLrkj dhft, A9 vkuUniqj lkfgc ÁLrko fdl jkT; ls lEcfU/kr gS \10 fjDr LFkku Hkfj;s %& d'ehj eqn~nk Hkkjr vkSj ------- ds chp fookn dk ,d cM+k dkj.k jgk gS A 11 fuEu dFku dks 'kq) djds iqu % fyf[k, % gjapn flag yksaxksaoky f'ko lsuk ds

usrk jgs gSa A

2 vdksa okys Á'u 1 {ks=okn ds mn; ds dksbZ nks dkj.k fyf[k, A 2 lkr cguw jkT;ksa ds uke fyf[k, A 3 tEew & d'ehj ds rhu {ks=ksa ds uke fyf[k, A4 vkWijs'ku Cyw LVkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \5 1980 esa vdkyh ny dh dksbZ nks ek¡xs D;k Fkh \6 fdUgh pkj {ks=h; nyksa ds uke fyf[k, A 7 vklw ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 8 Hkkjr esa pys fdUgh nks {ks=h; vkanksyuksa dk mYys[k dhft, A 9 {ks=h; vkanksyuksa ds nks lcd fyf[k, A

Pkkj vadksa okys Á'u 1 {ks=okn ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh dhft, A 2 {ks=okn ds dkj.kksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 3 vyxko okn vkSj {ks=okn esa varj Li"V dhft, A 4 vkuUniqj lkfgc ÁLrko ds ckjs esa D;k fookn Fks \

78

5 iatkc le>kSrs dh eq[; ckrs D;k Fkh \6 us'kuy dkaÝsl ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 7 vle vkanksyu fdl Ádkj lkaLÑfrd vfHkeku vkSj vkfFkZd fiNMs+iu dk

ifj.kke Fkk \8 d'ehj elys ij fofHkUu i{k D;k gS \9 {ks=h; vlarqyu dh leL;k ds fy, lek/kku lq>kb, A 10 iwoksZrj {ks= dh leL;k,¡ D;k gSa \11 nzfoM+ vkanksyu D;k Fkk \12 ÁLrqr vorj.k ds vk/kkj ij fuEu Á'uksa ds mŸkj nhft, %& gtkfjdk dk ,d xhr ---- ,drk dh fot; ij gS] iwoksZŸkj ds lkr jkT;ksa dks

bl xhr esa ,d gh ek¡ dh lkr csfV;k¡ dgk x;k gS ---------- es?kky; vius jkLrs xbZ -------- v:.kkpy Hkh vyx gqbZ vkSj fetksje vle ds }kj ij nwYgs dh rjg nwljh csVh ls C;kg jpkus dks [kM+k gS ------- bl xhr dk var vleh yksxksa dh ,drk dks cuk, j[kus ds ladYi ds lkFk gksrk gS vkSj blesa ledkyh vle esa ekStwn NksVh & NksVh dkSeksa dks Hkh vius lkFk ,dtqV j[kus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS ------- djch vkSj feftax HkkbZ cgu gekjs gh fÁ;tu gSa A

Á'u %& ¼d½ ys[kd ;gk¡ fdl ,drk dh ckr dg jgk gS \¼[k½ iqjkus jkT; vle ls vyx djds iwoksZŸkj ds vU; jkT; D;ksa cuk, x, \¼x½ D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd Hkkjr ds lHkh {ks=ksa ds Åij ,drk dh ;gh ckr ykxw

gks ldrh gS \D;ksa \

6 vdksa okys Á'u %& 1 Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls mBus okyh {ks=h; ek¡xksa ls fofo/krk esa ,drk ds

fl)kar dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS A bl dFku ij fVIi.kh dhft, A 2 gj {ks=h; vkanksyu vyxkooknh ek¡x dh rjQ vxzlj ugha gksrk A mnkgj.k

nsdj bl rF; dh O;k[;k dhft, A 3 {ks=h; valrqyu ds dkj.kksa ,oa lek/kkuksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, A 4 orZeku Hkkjr ds le{k ekStwn vulqy>h rhu {ks=h; elyksa dk mYys[k dhft,

tks ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, pqukSfr cus gq, gSa A 5 fn, x, iwokZrj Hkkjr ds js[kk & ekufp= dk v/;;u dhft, ftlesa N% jkT;ksa

dks A , B , C , D , E vkSj I ds lkFk viuh mŸkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k, a

79 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

& vle esa ckgjh yksxksa ds f[kykQ fojks/k A & nzfoM+ vkanksyu vkfn A

,d vad okys Á'u 1 {ks=okn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, A 2 lkr cgus fdls dgk tkrk gS \3 jktuhfrd ny f'ko lsuk LFkkiuk fdlk jkT; esa gqbZ \4 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 370 esa D;k Áko/kku gS \5 rsyqxwns'ke fdl jkT; dk Áeq[k {ks=h; ny gS \6 Mh- ,e- ds ¼ D M K ½ dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A 7 vktknh ds le; tEew & d'ehj ds 'kkld dkSu Fks \8 vklw dk 'kCn foLrkj dhft, A9 vkuUniqj lkfgc ÁLrko fdl jkT; ls lEcfU/kr gS \10 fjDr LFkku Hkfj;s %& d'ehj eqn~nk Hkkjr vkSj ------- ds chp fookn dk ,d cM+k dkj.k jgk gS A 11 fuEu dFku dks 'kq) djds iqu % fyf[k, % gjapn flag yksaxksaoky f'ko lsuk ds

usrk jgs gSa A

2 vdksa okys Á'u 1 {ks=okn ds mn; ds dksbZ nks dkj.k fyf[k, A 2 lkr cguw jkT;ksa ds uke fyf[k, A 3 tEew & d'ehj ds rhu {ks=ksa ds uke fyf[k, A4 vkWijs'ku Cyw LVkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \5 1980 esa vdkyh ny dh dksbZ nks ek¡xs D;k Fkh \6 fdUgh pkj {ks=h; nyksa ds uke fyf[k, A 7 vklw ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 8 Hkkjr esa pys fdUgh nks {ks=h; vkanksyuksa dk mYys[k dhft, A 9 {ks=h; vkanksyuksa ds nks lcd fyf[k, A

Pkkj vadksa okys Á'u 1 {ks=okn ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh dhft, A 2 {ks=okn ds dkj.kksa ij Ádk'k Mkfy;s A 3 vyxko okn vkSj {ks=okn esa varj Li"V dhft, A 4 vkuUniqj lkfgc ÁLrko ds ckjs esa D;k fookn Fks \

78

5 iatkc le>kSrs dh eq[; ckrs D;k Fkh \6 us'kuy dkaÝsl ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 7 vle vkanksyu fdl Ádkj lkaLÑfrd vfHkeku vkSj vkfFkZd fiNMs+iu dk

ifj.kke Fkk \8 d'ehj elys ij fofHkUu i{k D;k gS \9 {ks=h; vlarqyu dh leL;k ds fy, lek/kku lq>kb, A 10 iwoksZrj {ks= dh leL;k,¡ D;k gSa \11 nzfoM+ vkanksyu D;k Fkk \12 ÁLrqr vorj.k ds vk/kkj ij fuEu Á'uksa ds mŸkj nhft, %& gtkfjdk dk ,d xhr ---- ,drk dh fot; ij gS] iwoksZŸkj ds lkr jkT;ksa dks

bl xhr esa ,d gh ek¡ dh lkr csfV;k¡ dgk x;k gS ---------- es?kky; vius jkLrs xbZ -------- v:.kkpy Hkh vyx gqbZ vkSj fetksje vle ds }kj ij nwYgs dh rjg nwljh csVh ls C;kg jpkus dks [kM+k gS ------- bl xhr dk var vleh yksxksa dh ,drk dks cuk, j[kus ds ladYi ds lkFk gksrk gS vkSj blesa ledkyh vle esa ekStwn NksVh & NksVh dkSeksa dks Hkh vius lkFk ,dtqV j[kus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS ------- djch vkSj feftax HkkbZ cgu gekjs gh fÁ;tu gSa A

Á'u %& ¼d½ ys[kd ;gk¡ fdl ,drk dh ckr dg jgk gS \¼[k½ iqjkus jkT; vle ls vyx djds iwoksZŸkj ds vU; jkT; D;ksa cuk, x, \¼x½ D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd Hkkjr ds lHkh {ks=ksa ds Åij ,drk dh ;gh ckr ykxw

gks ldrh gS \D;ksa \

6 vdksa okys Á'u %& 1 Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls mBus okyh {ks=h; ek¡xksa ls fofo/krk esa ,drk ds

fl)kar dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS A bl dFku ij fVIi.kh dhft, A 2 gj {ks=h; vkanksyu vyxkooknh ek¡x dh rjQ vxzlj ugha gksrk A mnkgj.k

nsdj bl rF; dh O;k[;k dhft, A 3 {ks=h; valrqyu ds dkj.kksa ,oa lek/kkuksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, A 4 orZeku Hkkjr ds le{k ekStwn vulqy>h rhu {ks=h; elyksa dk mYys[k dhft,

tks ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, pqukSfr cus gq, gSa A 5 fn, x, iwokZrj Hkkjr ds js[kk & ekufp= dk v/;;u dhft, ftlesa N% jkT;ksa

dks A , B , C , D , E vkSj I ds lkFk viuh mŸkj iqfLrdk esa fyf[k, a

79 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr

phu ] HkwVku ] ckaXykns'k ] if'pe caxky ] caxky dh [kkM+h ] Ek;k¡ekj

¼1½ os nks jkT; tks Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds le; vle jkT; dk Hkkx ugha Fks A¼2½ bl jkT; ds usrk us 1986 esa jktho xka/kh ds lkFk ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

fd, A ¼3½ bl jkT; us 1951 esa vius vki dks Hkkjr ls vyx ,d Lora= jkT; ?kksf"kr

dj fn;k Fkk A¼4½ 1972 esa vle jkT; ls dkV dj cuk;k x;k jkT; A ¼5½ Hkkjr esa foy; ds dkj.k ;g jkT; Hkkjr dk 22 ok¡ jkT; cuk A

80

1 vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 {ks=okn dk vFkZ gS vius {ks= fo'ks"k ds fgrksa dks loksZifj le>uk rFkk vU;

{ks=ksa ds fgrksa dh vusns[kh djuk A 2 iwokZrj Hkkjr ds lkr jkT;ksa dks A3 egkjk"Vª A 4 tEew & d'ehj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;k gS A 5 vka/kz Áns'k esa A 6 nzfoM+ eqUuss= dM+xe A 7 egkjkt gfj flag A 8 vky vle LVwMsaV~l ;wfu;u A 9 iatkc ls A 10 d'ehj A 11 gjpan flag ykSaxksoky vdkyh ny ds usrk jgs gS A

2 vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 & Hkk"kkokn & tkfrokn & {ks=h; vlarqyu bR;kfn A 2 vle] es?kky;] f=iqjk] fetksje] ef.kiqj] ukxkySam vkSj v:.kkpy Áns'k A 3 tEew d'ehj vkSj yík[k A 4 twu 1984 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Lo.kZ eafnj esa vkardokfn;ksa ds f[kykQ pyk;k

x;k vkijs'ku Fkk A 5 & Hkk[kM+k & ukaxy ifj;kstuk iatkc ds fu;a=.k esa gks A & paMhx< iatkc dks fn;k tk, A 6 f'ko lsuk] vdkyh ny] rsyxq ns'ke] us'kuy dkaÝsal vkfn A 7 vkWy vle LVwMsaVl ;wfu;u ¼ vklw ½ vle dk ,d Nk= laxBu Fkk tks voS/k

vkÁoklh] caxkyh vkSj vU; ckgjh yksxksa ds ncncs ds f[kykQ Fkk A 8 & iatkc vkanksyu A & vle vkanksyu A 9 & {ks=h; vkdka{kk,a yksdra= dk gh fgLlk gSa A & {ks=h; leL;kvksa dk lek/kku okrkZ }kjk yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls djuk pkfg,A

81 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr

phu ] HkwVku ] ckaXykns'k ] if'pe caxky ] caxky dh [kkM+h ] Ek;k¡ekj

¼1½ os nks jkT; tks Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds le; vle jkT; dk Hkkx ugha Fks A¼2½ bl jkT; ds usrk us 1986 esa jktho xka/kh ds lkFk ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

fd, A ¼3½ bl jkT; us 1951 esa vius vki dks Hkkjr ls vyx ,d Lora= jkT; ?kksf"kr

dj fn;k Fkk A¼4½ 1972 esa vle jkT; ls dkV dj cuk;k x;k jkT; A ¼5½ Hkkjr esa foy; ds dkj.k ;g jkT; Hkkjr dk 22 ok¡ jkT; cuk A

80

1 vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 {ks=okn dk vFkZ gS vius {ks= fo'ks"k ds fgrksa dks loksZifj le>uk rFkk vU;

{ks=ksa ds fgrksa dh vusns[kh djuk A 2 iwokZrj Hkkjr ds lkr jkT;ksa dks A3 egkjk"Vª A 4 tEew & d'ehj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;k gS A 5 vka/kz Áns'k esa A 6 nzfoM+ eqUuss= dM+xe A 7 egkjkt gfj flag A 8 vky vle LVwMsaV~l ;wfu;u A 9 iatkc ls A 10 d'ehj A 11 gjpan flag ykSaxksoky vdkyh ny ds usrk jgs gS A

2 vad okys Á'uksa ds mŸkj1 & Hkk"kkokn & tkfrokn & {ks=h; vlarqyu bR;kfn A 2 vle] es?kky;] f=iqjk] fetksje] ef.kiqj] ukxkySam vkSj v:.kkpy Áns'k A 3 tEew d'ehj vkSj yík[k A 4 twu 1984 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Lo.kZ eafnj esa vkardokfn;ksa ds f[kykQ pyk;k

x;k vkijs'ku Fkk A 5 & Hkk[kM+k & ukaxy ifj;kstuk iatkc ds fu;a=.k esa gks A & paMhx< iatkc dks fn;k tk, A 6 f'ko lsuk] vdkyh ny] rsyxq ns'ke] us'kuy dkaÝsal vkfn A 7 vkWy vle LVwMsaVl ;wfu;u ¼ vklw ½ vle dk ,d Nk= laxBu Fkk tks voS/k

vkÁoklh] caxkyh vkSj vU; ckgjh yksxksa ds ncncs ds f[kykQ Fkk A 8 & iatkc vkanksyu A & vle vkanksyu A 9 & {ks=h; vkdka{kk,a yksdra= dk gh fgLlk gSa A & {ks=h; leL;kvksa dk lek/kku okrkZ }kjk yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls djuk pkfg,A

81 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k;&9

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa u, cnyko

Lej.kh; fcanq %&1989 ds ckn u, cnyko %& 1989 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dh gkj gqbZ rFk xBca/ku ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ A bl izdkj dkaxzsl iz.kky dk lekiu gks x;k A blds ckn jkf"Vª; jktuhfr esa eaMy eqÌs ds }kjk vU; fiNM+k oxZ dk mHkkj vk;k A 1991 esa Hkqxrku ladV ds pyrs ns'k dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa cnyko fd;k x;k vkSj mnkfjdj.k dh uhfr viuk;h x;h tks vkxs pydj sHkh jktuhfrd nyksa dh loZlEefr ikus esa lQy jgh A v;k/;k ds ckcVh efLtn eqÌs us ns'k dh jktuhfr dks lkEiznkf;d Hkaoj esa my>k fn;k A

xBca/ku dk nkSj %& 1989 rd dsUnzh; jktuhfr esa dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo Fkk ysfdu 1989 ds ckn fdlh Hkh ,d jktuSfrd ny ds fy, vdsys ljdkj cukus yk;d fLFkfr ugha vk;h A blh ds lkFk 'kq# gqvk feyh & tqyh ljdkjksa dk nkSj vFkkZr xBca/kuksa dk nkSj tksa fujarj vkt rd tkjh gS A nksuksa cM+h ikfVZ;ksa & dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik us us vius & vius lg;ksxh nyksa ds lkFk xBca/ku cuk, gq, gSa A

Uk, eqÌs %& 20 'krkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa Hkjrh; jkthufr dks >d>ksjus ds fy, eqÌs lkeus vk,A lcls igys eaMy eqÌs us ns'k esa fiNM+s oxZ dks ykecn fd;k blds ckn nfyr vkSj fiNM+ksa dh lPph gennZ gksus dk ukjk nsdj cl;k ns'k dh jkf"Vª; jktuhfr esa vvkus esa lQy jgh A ckcjh efLtn fookn ds ckn fganqRo dh ygj ij lokj ikVhZ cuus esa lQy jgh A ysfdu vU; nyksa us /keZfujis{krk dh nqgkbZ nsrs gq, mls ljdkj cukus dk volj nsus ls badkj dj fn;k A vkxs pydj Hkktik us vius fy, fe= ny <w¡<s vkSj xBca/ku cukdj pquko yM+k vkSj ljdkj vius fe= nyksa ds lkFk feydj pquko yM+h vkSj 2004 vkSj 2009 esa vius xBca/ku dh ljdkj cukus esa lQy jgh A

Uk;h lgefr dk mn; %& bl cnyko ds nkSj esa cgqr lh ckrsa ,slh gS ftu ij dekscs'k lHkh jktuhfrd nyksa dh lgefr gS A lgefr ds bu eqÌksa esa ls dqN gS %& u;h vkfFkd uhfr] nfyr vkSj fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds lkekftd jktuSfrd nkos dh LohÑr ] izkarh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk fopkj/kkjk dh txg dk;Zflf) ij cy vkfn A

82

,d vad okys iz'u 1 dsUnz esa xBcU/ku ljdkjksa dk vkSj dc 'kq# gqvk \2 e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks dc ykxw fd;k x;k \3 vU; fiNM+k oxZ fdls dgrs gS \4 Hkkjr esa u;h vkfFkZd uhfr dc ykxw dh xbZ \

5 lizax (U.P.A.) dk 'kCn foLrkj D;k gS \

6 jktx (N.D.A) dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A7 eaMy eqÌk D;k Fkk \8 jktho xk¡/kh dh e`R;q dc gqbZ A blds ckn Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h dkSu cus A9 cgqtu lekt ikVhZ ds lLFkkid dkSu Fks \10 1989 dh xBca/ku ljdkj dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k Fkk \

nks vad okys iz'u 1 Hkkjr esa 1989 ds pqukoksa ds ckn D;k cnyko vk, \2 eaMy vk;ksx dh fdUgh nks flQkfj'kksa dk mYys[k dhft, A 3 xBca/ku ls vki D;k le>rs gS \4 fuEufyf[kr esa esy djsa % ¼d½ lokZuqHkfr dh jktuhfr 1 'kkgckuks ekeyk ¼[k½ tkfr vk/kkfjr ny 2 vU; fiNM+k oXkZ dk mHkkj ¼x½ ilZuy yk¡ vkSj ySafxd U;k; 3 xBca/ku ljdkj ¼?k½ {ks=h; ikfVZ;ksa dh c<+rh rkdr 4 vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ij lgefr 5 xBca/ku dh dksbZ nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k, A6 Hkkjr esa gq, lkEiznkf;d naxksa ds nks mnkgj.k fyf[k, A 7 1996 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa lcls cM+h ikfVZ gksus ds ckotwn dks n'kkZ;k x;k

gS\oh- ih- flag ds usr`Ro okyh jkf"Vª; ekspkZ ljdkj dh oke ekspkZ ¼;gk¡ izrhd #i esa T;ksfr clq½ vkSj Hkktik ¼;gk¡ izrhd #i esa ,y- ds- vkMok.kh½ us leFkZu fn;k Fkk A os nksuksa dg jgs fd ge ljdkj dks ckgj ls leFkZu nsaxs A

4 vad okys iz'u 1 eaMy vk;ksx vkSj mldh flQkfj'kksa ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 2 dkaxzsl ds izHkqRo dk nkSj lekIr gks x;k gS A blds ckotwn ns'k dh jktuhfr

ij dkaxzsl dk vlj yxkrkj dk;e gS A D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gS\ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft, A

83 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

v/;k;&9

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa u, cnyko

Lej.kh; fcanq %&1989 ds ckn u, cnyko %& 1989 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dh gkj gqbZ rFk xBca/ku ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ A bl izdkj dkaxzsl iz.kky dk lekiu gks x;k A blds ckn jkf"Vª; jktuhfr esa eaMy eqÌs ds }kjk vU; fiNM+k oxZ dk mHkkj vk;k A 1991 esa Hkqxrku ladV ds pyrs ns'k dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa cnyko fd;k x;k vkSj mnkfjdj.k dh uhfr viuk;h x;h tks vkxs pydj sHkh jktuhfrd nyksa dh loZlEefr ikus esa lQy jgh A v;k/;k ds ckcVh efLtn eqÌs us ns'k dh jktuhfr dks lkEiznkf;d Hkaoj esa my>k fn;k A

xBca/ku dk nkSj %& 1989 rd dsUnzh; jktuhfr esa dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo Fkk ysfdu 1989 ds ckn fdlh Hkh ,d jktuSfrd ny ds fy, vdsys ljdkj cukus yk;d fLFkfr ugha vk;h A blh ds lkFk 'kq# gqvk feyh & tqyh ljdkjksa dk nkSj vFkkZr xBca/kuksa dk nkSj tksa fujarj vkt rd tkjh gS A nksuksa cM+h ikfVZ;ksa & dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik us us vius & vius lg;ksxh nyksa ds lkFk xBca/ku cuk, gq, gSa A

Uk, eqÌs %& 20 'krkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa Hkjrh; jkthufr dks >d>ksjus ds fy, eqÌs lkeus vk,A lcls igys eaMy eqÌs us ns'k esa fiNM+s oxZ dks ykecn fd;k blds ckn nfyr vkSj fiNM+ksa dh lPph gennZ gksus dk ukjk nsdj cl;k ns'k dh jkf"Vª; jktuhfr esa vvkus esa lQy jgh A ckcjh efLtn fookn ds ckn fganqRo dh ygj ij lokj ikVhZ cuus esa lQy jgh A ysfdu vU; nyksa us /keZfujis{krk dh nqgkbZ nsrs gq, mls ljdkj cukus dk volj nsus ls badkj dj fn;k A vkxs pydj Hkktik us vius fy, fe= ny <w¡<s vkSj xBca/ku cukdj pquko yM+k vkSj ljdkj vius fe= nyksa ds lkFk feydj pquko yM+h vkSj 2004 vkSj 2009 esa vius xBca/ku dh ljdkj cukus esa lQy jgh A

Uk;h lgefr dk mn; %& bl cnyko ds nkSj esa cgqr lh ckrsa ,slh gS ftu ij dekscs'k lHkh jktuhfrd nyksa dh lgefr gS A lgefr ds bu eqÌksa esa ls dqN gS %& u;h vkfFkd uhfr] nfyr vkSj fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds lkekftd jktuSfrd nkos dh LohÑr ] izkarh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk fopkj/kkjk dh txg dk;Zflf) ij cy vkfn A

82

,d vad okys iz'u 1 dsUnz esa xBcU/ku ljdkjksa dk vkSj dc 'kq# gqvk \2 e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks dc ykxw fd;k x;k \3 vU; fiNM+k oxZ fdls dgrs gS \4 Hkkjr esa u;h vkfFkZd uhfr dc ykxw dh xbZ \

5 lizax (U.P.A.) dk 'kCn foLrkj D;k gS \

6 jktx (N.D.A) dk 'kCn foLrkj fyf[k, A7 eaMy eqÌk D;k Fkk \8 jktho xk¡/kh dh e`R;q dc gqbZ A blds ckn Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h dkSu cus A9 cgqtu lekt ikVhZ ds lLFkkid dkSu Fks \10 1989 dh xBca/ku ljdkj dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k Fkk \

nks vad okys iz'u 1 Hkkjr esa 1989 ds pqukoksa ds ckn D;k cnyko vk, \2 eaMy vk;ksx dh fdUgh nks flQkfj'kksa dk mYys[k dhft, A 3 xBca/ku ls vki D;k le>rs gS \4 fuEufyf[kr esa esy djsa % ¼d½ lokZuqHkfr dh jktuhfr 1 'kkgckuks ekeyk ¼[k½ tkfr vk/kkfjr ny 2 vU; fiNM+k oXkZ dk mHkkj ¼x½ ilZuy yk¡ vkSj ySafxd U;k; 3 xBca/ku ljdkj ¼?k½ {ks=h; ikfVZ;ksa dh c<+rh rkdr 4 vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ij lgefr 5 xBca/ku dh dksbZ nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k, A6 Hkkjr esa gq, lkEiznkf;d naxksa ds nks mnkgj.k fyf[k, A 7 1996 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa lcls cM+h ikfVZ gksus ds ckotwn dks n'kkZ;k x;k

gS\oh- ih- flag ds usr`Ro okyh jkf"Vª; ekspkZ ljdkj dh oke ekspkZ ¼;gk¡ izrhd #i esa T;ksfr clq½ vkSj Hkktik ¼;gk¡ izrhd #i esa ,y- ds- vkMok.kh½ us leFkZu fn;k Fkk A os nksuksa dg jgs fd ge ljdkj dks ckgj ls leFkZu nsaxs A

4 vad okys iz'u 1 eaMy vk;ksx vkSj mldh flQkfj'kksa ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A 2 dkaxzsl ds izHkqRo dk nkSj lekIr gks x;k gS A blds ckotwn ns'k dh jktuhfr

ij dkaxzsl dk vlj yxkrkj dk;e gS A D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gS\ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft, A

83 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

3 'kkgckukssa ekeys ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A4 Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds mn; ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A5 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ ds c<+rs izHkko dh ppkZ dhft, A 6 clik ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A7 xBca/ku ljdkjksa ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa rdZ nhft, A

6 vad okys iz'u 1 20 oha 'kkrkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa Hkjrh; jktuhfr dh fo'ks"kk,¡ fyf[k, A2 xBc/ku jktuhfr dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, Hkkjr esa gksus okys xBcU/kuksa dh

izØfr ds ckjs esa fooj.k nhft, A 3 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa fofHkUu nyksa ds chp O;kid lgefr okys elyksa dh pplZ

dhft, A 4 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa nyksa ds c<+rs egRo dh ppkZ dhft, A5 1989 ds Ik'pkr~ ls dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik dh pqukoh lQyrk dh eq[; izo`fr;k¡

D;k jgh \

1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1 lu~ 1989 esa A 2 lu~ 1990 esa A

3 vuqlwfpr tkfr (SC) vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ls vyx oxZ tks lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd #i ls fiNM+s oxZ dks vU; fiNM+k oxZ (OBC) dgk x;k gS A

4 lu~ 1991 esa A

5 la;qDr izxfr'khy xBca/ku (United Progressive Allience)

6 jkf"Vª; yksdrkaf=d xBca/ku (National democratic Allience)7 eaMy vk;ksx dh flQkfj'k dks ykxw djus ds ckn blds fojkf/k;ksa vkSj leFkZdksa

ds chp pyk fookn A 8 lu~ 1991 esa A blds ckn ns'k dk iz/kkuea=h ujflEgkjko dks cuk;k x;k A 9 dka'khjke A10 oh- ih- flag us A2 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1 & dsanz esa ,d ny ds opZLo dk var & xBca/ku ;qx dk vkjaEHk gqvk 2 & vU; iNM+k oxZ dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa esa 27 izfr'kr

vkj{k.k

84

& vU; fiNM+k oxZ dh fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds fy, Hkwfe lq/kkj 3 & xBca/ku dk vFkZ gksrk gS nks ;k vf/kd jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk feydj pquko

yM+uk rFkk ljdkj cukuk A 4 d & IV

[k & II

Xk & I

?k & III

5 & nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jktuSfrd nyksa dh Hkkxhnkjh & U;wure lka>k dk;ZØe (minimum common progressive)

6 & 1984 esa gq, flD[k fojks/kh naxsa & 2002 esa gq, xqtjkr naxs 7 & ml le; vf/kdka'k ikfVZ;k¡ Hkktik dh uhfr;ksa ds fo#) Fkh A blfy,

Hkktik yksdlHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr ugha dj ldh vkSj ljdkj cukus esa foQy jgh A

85 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

3 'kkgckukssa ekeys ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A4 Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds mn; ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A5 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ ds c<+rs izHkko dh ppkZ dhft, A 6 clik ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, A7 xBca/ku ljdkjksa ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa rdZ nhft, A

6 vad okys iz'u 1 20 oha 'kkrkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa Hkjrh; jktuhfr dh fo'ks"kk,¡ fyf[k, A2 xBc/ku jktuhfr dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, Hkkjr esa gksus okys xBcU/kuksa dh

izØfr ds ckjs esa fooj.k nhft, A 3 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa fofHkUu nyksa ds chp O;kid lgefr okys elyksa dh pplZ

dhft, A 4 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa nyksa ds c<+rs egRo dh ppkZ dhft, A5 1989 ds Ik'pkr~ ls dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik dh pqukoh lQyrk dh eq[; izo`fr;k¡

D;k jgh \

1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1 lu~ 1989 esa A 2 lu~ 1990 esa A

3 vuqlwfpr tkfr (SC) vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ls vyx oxZ tks lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd #i ls fiNM+s oxZ dks vU; fiNM+k oxZ (OBC) dgk x;k gS A

4 lu~ 1991 esa A

5 la;qDr izxfr'khy xBca/ku (United Progressive Allience)

6 jkf"Vª; yksdrkaf=d xBca/ku (National democratic Allience)7 eaMy vk;ksx dh flQkfj'k dks ykxw djus ds ckn blds fojkf/k;ksa vkSj leFkZdksa

ds chp pyk fookn A 8 lu~ 1991 esa A blds ckn ns'k dk iz/kkuea=h ujflEgkjko dks cuk;k x;k A 9 dka'khjke A10 oh- ih- flag us A2 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1 & dsanz esa ,d ny ds opZLo dk var & xBca/ku ;qx dk vkjaEHk gqvk 2 & vU; iNM+k oxZ dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa esa 27 izfr'kr

vkj{k.k

84

& vU; fiNM+k oxZ dh fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds fy, Hkwfe lq/kkj 3 & xBca/ku dk vFkZ gksrk gS nks ;k vf/kd jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk feydj pquko

yM+uk rFkk ljdkj cukuk A 4 d & IV

[k & II

Xk & I

?k & III

5 & nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jktuSfrd nyksa dh Hkkxhnkjh & U;wure lka>k dk;ZØe (minimum common progressive)

6 & 1984 esa gq, flD[k fojks/kh naxsa & 2002 esa gq, xqtjkr naxs 7 & ml le; vf/kdka'k ikfVZ;k¡ Hkktik dh uhfr;ksa ds fo#) Fkh A blfy,

Hkktik yksdlHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr ugha dj ldh vkSj ljdkj cukus esa foQy jgh A

85 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

lSEiy iz'u i= & 1jktuhfr foKku

d{kk 12

le; 3 ?kaVs vad&100lkekU; funsZ'k %& 1 iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 & vad & izR;sd dk ^,d^ vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 20 'kCn A2 iz'u la[;k AA ls 20 & vad & izR;sd ds ^nks^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 40 'kCn3 iz'u la[;k & 21 ls 30 & vad & izR;sd ds ^pkj^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 100 'kCn A4 iz'u la[;k & 31 ls 35 & vad & izR;sd ds ^N%^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 150 'kCn A

iz'u 1 isUVkxu D;k gS

iz'u 2 1970 ds pqukoksa esa fdl ikVhZ dks iwohZ ikfdLrku dh lhVksa ij fot; feyh

iz'u 3 orZeku esa la;qDr jk"Vª ds lnL;ksa dh fdruh la[;k gS 1

iz'u 4 lqj{kk dh ikjEifjd /kkj.kk esa lcls [krjukd fdls ekuk tkrk gS 1

iz'u 5 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk xBu dc gqvk \ bldh fopkj/kkjk dk eq[; fcUnq D;k gS 1

iz'u 6 feYd eSu vkWQ bf.M;k ds uke ls izfl) O;fDr dk uke fy[ksa 1

iz'u 7 dkSu ls ladsr ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; yksdrU= esa ifjiDork gS 1

iz'u 8 rk'kdUn le>kSrk fdu nks ns'kksa ds chp gqvk 1

iz'u 9 Hkkjr dk igyk i;kZoj.kh; vkUnksyu dkSu lk Fkk rFkk ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk fdl jkT; esa cukbZ xbZ 1

86

iz'u 10 tEew & d'ehj dks fdrus jktuhfrd o lkekftd Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS 1

iz'u 11 'khr;q) ds nkSjku xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu us fdl izdkj pqukSrh nhA 2

iz'u 12 lksfo;r O;oLFkk ds 1970 ds n'kd ds vafre o"kksZ esa yM+[kM+kus ds dkj.k fy[ksa A 2

iz'u 13 vkids fopkj ls phu ds vykok dkSu lk ns'k vkfFkZd #i ls 'kfDr dk oSdfYid dsUnz gks ldrk gSA 2

iz'u 14 lSU; Vdjko vkSj izfr}f}r okys ns'kksa esa fo'okl cgkyh ds nks mik; fy[ksaA 2

iz'u 15 uhps fy[kh ifaDr;ksa dks i<+ dj mÙkj nsa &% lg;ksx ewyd lqj{kk esa Hkh vafre mik; ds #i esa cy & iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA varjk"Vªh; fcjknjh mu ljdkjksa ls fucVus ds fy;s cy iz;ksx dh vuqefr ns ldrh gSa tks viuh gh turk dks ekj jgh gks vFkok xjhch ] egkekjh vkSj izy;adkjh ?kVukvks dh ekj >sy jgh turk ds nq[k & nnZ dh mis{kk dj jgh gks A

1 D;k xjhch ] egkekjh dks cy & iwoZd dkcw esa fd;k tk ldrk gS A 2 ,sls cy iz;ksx ds fdl lko/kkuh dh t#jr gS\ 2

iz'u 16 m|ksxkasa dks lkoZtfud {ks=kssa esa ykus ds D;k nq"ifj.kke fudysA 2

iz'u 17 [kk| ladV ds D;k ifj.kke gq,\ 2

iz'u 18 orZeku ds ctk; ipkl ds n'kd esa nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dh igpku dgha T;knk Fkh A blds i{k esa rdZ nsa 2

ge yksx vkt dh cfuLcr rc T;knk xjhc ] detksj vkSj u, Fks rks 'kk;n nqfu;k esa gekjh igpku dgha T;knk Fkh A gS uk fofp= ckr \

iz'u 19 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u us ljdkj ds i{k dkSu lh ekaxsa j[kha 2

iz'u 20 nfyr iSaFklZ dh eq[; xfrfof/k;k¡ D;k jgha 2

87 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

lSEiy iz'u i= & 1jktuhfr foKku

d{kk 12

le; 3 ?kaVs vad&100lkekU; funsZ'k %& 1 iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 & vad & izR;sd dk ^,d^ vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 20 'kCn A2 iz'u la[;k AA ls 20 & vad & izR;sd ds ^nks^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 40 'kCn3 iz'u la[;k & 21 ls 30 & vad & izR;sd ds ^pkj^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 100 'kCn A4 iz'u la[;k & 31 ls 35 & vad & izR;sd ds ^N%^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 150 'kCn A

iz'u 1 isUVkxu D;k gS

iz'u 2 1970 ds pqukoksa esa fdl ikVhZ dks iwohZ ikfdLrku dh lhVksa ij fot; feyh

iz'u 3 orZeku esa la;qDr jk"Vª ds lnL;ksa dh fdruh la[;k gS 1

iz'u 4 lqj{kk dh ikjEifjd /kkj.kk esa lcls [krjukd fdls ekuk tkrk gS 1

iz'u 5 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk xBu dc gqvk \ bldh fopkj/kkjk dk eq[; fcUnq D;k gS 1

iz'u 6 feYd eSu vkWQ bf.M;k ds uke ls izfl) O;fDr dk uke fy[ksa 1

iz'u 7 dkSu ls ladsr ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; yksdrU= esa ifjiDork gS 1

iz'u 8 rk'kdUn le>kSrk fdu nks ns'kksa ds chp gqvk 1

iz'u 9 Hkkjr dk igyk i;kZoj.kh; vkUnksyu dkSu lk Fkk rFkk ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk fdl jkT; esa cukbZ xbZ 1

86

iz'u 10 tEew & d'ehj dks fdrus jktuhfrd o lkekftd Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS 1

iz'u 11 'khr;q) ds nkSjku xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu us fdl izdkj pqukSrh nhA 2

iz'u 12 lksfo;r O;oLFkk ds 1970 ds n'kd ds vafre o"kksZ esa yM+[kM+kus ds dkj.k fy[ksa A 2

iz'u 13 vkids fopkj ls phu ds vykok dkSu lk ns'k vkfFkZd #i ls 'kfDr dk oSdfYid dsUnz gks ldrk gSA 2

iz'u 14 lSU; Vdjko vkSj izfr}f}r okys ns'kksa esa fo'okl cgkyh ds nks mik; fy[ksaA 2

iz'u 15 uhps fy[kh ifaDr;ksa dks i<+ dj mÙkj nsa &% lg;ksx ewyd lqj{kk esa Hkh vafre mik; ds #i esa cy & iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA varjk"Vªh; fcjknjh mu ljdkjksa ls fucVus ds fy;s cy iz;ksx dh vuqefr ns ldrh gSa tks viuh gh turk dks ekj jgh gks vFkok xjhch ] egkekjh vkSj izy;adkjh ?kVukvks dh ekj >sy jgh turk ds nq[k & nnZ dh mis{kk dj jgh gks A

1 D;k xjhch ] egkekjh dks cy & iwoZd dkcw esa fd;k tk ldrk gS A 2 ,sls cy iz;ksx ds fdl lko/kkuh dh t#jr gS\ 2

iz'u 16 m|ksxkasa dks lkoZtfud {ks=kssa esa ykus ds D;k nq"ifj.kke fudysA 2

iz'u 17 [kk| ladV ds D;k ifj.kke gq,\ 2

iz'u 18 orZeku ds ctk; ipkl ds n'kd esa nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dh igpku dgha T;knk Fkh A blds i{k esa rdZ nsa 2

ge yksx vkt dh cfuLcr rc T;knk xjhc ] detksj vkSj u, Fks rks 'kk;n nqfu;k esa gekjh igpku dgha T;knk Fkh A gS uk fofp= ckr \

iz'u 19 Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u us ljdkj ds i{k dkSu lh ekaxsa j[kha 2

iz'u 20 nfyr iSaFklZ dh eq[; xfrfof/k;k¡ D;k jgha 2

87 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

iz'u 21 D;k 'kkWd Fksjsih lkE;okn ls iw¡thokn dh rjQ laØe.k dk lcls csgrj rjhdk Fkh\ 4

iz'u 22 vesjhdk o Hkkjr ds lEcU/kksa dk o.kZu djsa 4

iz'u 23 vkfl;ku ds izfr Hkkjr ds utfj;s dk o.kZu djs\ 4

iz'u 24 n{ksl dh LFkkiuk ds dksbZ pkj mís'; fy[ksa 4

iz'u 25 la;qDr jk"Vª esa lq/kkj dk vFkZ gS ] lqj{kk ifj"kn ds <+k¡psa esa cnyko A bl dFku dk lR;kiu djsa A 4

iz'u 26 oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k fdu & fdu vk/kkjksa ij fd;k tkrk gS\ 4

iz'u 27 LorU= Hkkjr esa ykdrU= dks viukus esa dkSu lh pqukSrh Fkh A Hkkjr us bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk dSls fd;kA 4

iz'u 28 bfUnjk xk¡/kh us dkaxzsl dks iqu% LFkkfir djus ds fy;s D;k j.kuhfr;k¡ viukbZ Fkh \ 4

iz'u 29 vktknh ds le; ls tEeq & d'ehj dh jktuhfr lnSo fooknxzLr ,oa la?k"kZ;qDr jgh gS A D;ksa\ 4

iz'u 30 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh dks fpfUgr djrs gq, iwoksZRrj dh lkr & cguksa ds uke Hkjsa 4

iz'u 31 'khr ;q) ds ruko dks de vFkok esa Hkkjr us D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vFkok

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fd, x, iz;klksa dk o.kZu djsaA 6

iz'u 32 1960 ds n'kd dh dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lanHkZ esa ^flafMdsV^ ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ flafMdsV us dkaxzsl ikVhZ esa D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ

vFkok os ljdkjs ftUgsa yksdra= fojk/kh ekuk tkrk gS ] ernkrk mUgsa Hkkjh n.M nsrs

88

gS A 1975 & 77 dh vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh O;k[;k djsA 6

iz'u 33 1970 ds n'kd dh uo vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdyu djsA vFkok

uhps fy[ks x|ka'k ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds mRRkj ns A ^^yksx viuk ?kj & ckj NkM+us ds fy;s etcwj gq, A nkuksa rjQ ds

vYila[;k vius ?kjksa ls Hkkx [kMs gq, vkSj vLFkkbZ rkSj ij mUgs 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfojksa esa iukg ysuh iM+h A dy rd tks yksxksa dk viuk oru gqvk djrk Fkk] ogha dh iqfyl vFkok LFkkuh; iz'kklu vc bu yksxksa ls #[kkbZ dk cjrko dj jgk Fkk yksxksa dks lhek ds nwljh rjQ tkuk iM+k vkSj ,slk mUgsa gj gky esas djuk Fkk A vdlj yksxksa us iSny pydj ;g nwjh r; dh A lhek de nksuksa vksj gtkjksa dh rknkn esa vkSjrksa dks vxok dj fy;k x;k A mUgsa tcju 'kknh dj vxok djus okys dk /keZ viukuk iM+k A bTtr cpkus ds uke ij ?kj dh cgw & csfV;ksa dksa ekj Mkyk x;k A cPps vius ek¡& cki ls fcNM+ x;s A

I) yksxksa dks viuk ?kj D;ksa NksM+uk iM+k \II) foHkktu ds le; fL=;ksa dh D;k nqnZ'kk gqbZ \IV) vRila[;dksa dk D;k vFkZ gS \V) lhek ikj yksxksa dh D;k ijs'kkfu;k¡ Fkh\ 6

iz'u 34 'kkg tkap vk;ksx dk xBu D;ksa fd;k x;k \vk;ksx us fjiksZV esa D;k fu"d"kZ fn,

vFkok vikafjifjd lqj{kk esa 'kkfey [krjs ds u;s lzksrksa dh O;k[;k djsa 6

iz'u 35 mu ckrksa dk mYys[k djsa ftu ij vf/kdka'k jktuhfrd nykds dh lgefr gS A

vFkok vkt ds fo'o esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds opZLo ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh izeq[k

ck/kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa 6

89 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

iz'u 21 D;k 'kkWd Fksjsih lkE;okn ls iw¡thokn dh rjQ laØe.k dk lcls csgrj rjhdk Fkh\ 4

iz'u 22 vesjhdk o Hkkjr ds lEcU/kksa dk o.kZu djsa 4

iz'u 23 vkfl;ku ds izfr Hkkjr ds utfj;s dk o.kZu djs\ 4

iz'u 24 n{ksl dh LFkkiuk ds dksbZ pkj mís'; fy[ksa 4

iz'u 25 la;qDr jk"Vª esa lq/kkj dk vFkZ gS ] lqj{kk ifj"kn ds <+k¡psa esa cnyko A bl dFku dk lR;kiu djsa A 4

iz'u 26 oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/k fdu & fdu vk/kkjksa ij fd;k tkrk gS\ 4

iz'u 27 LorU= Hkkjr esa ykdrU= dks viukus esa dkSu lh pqukSrh Fkh A Hkkjr us bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk dSls fd;kA 4

iz'u 28 bfUnjk xk¡/kh us dkaxzsl dks iqu% LFkkfir djus ds fy;s D;k j.kuhfr;k¡ viukbZ Fkh \ 4

iz'u 29 vktknh ds le; ls tEeq & d'ehj dh jktuhfr lnSo fooknxzLr ,oa la?k"kZ;qDr jgh gS A D;ksa\ 4

iz'u 30 Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh dks fpfUgr djrs gq, iwoksZRrj dh lkr & cguksa ds uke Hkjsa 4

iz'u 31 'khr ;q) ds ruko dks de vFkok esa Hkkjr us D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vFkok

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fd, x, iz;klksa dk o.kZu djsaA 6

iz'u 32 1960 ds n'kd dh dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lanHkZ esa ^flafMdsV^ ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ flafMdsV us dkaxzsl ikVhZ esa D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ

vFkok os ljdkjs ftUgsa yksdra= fojk/kh ekuk tkrk gS ] ernkrk mUgsa Hkkjh n.M nsrs

88

gS A 1975 & 77 dh vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh O;k[;k djsA 6

iz'u 33 1970 ds n'kd dh uo vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdyu djsA vFkok

uhps fy[ks x|ka'k ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds mRRkj ns A ^^yksx viuk ?kj & ckj NkM+us ds fy;s etcwj gq, A nkuksa rjQ ds

vYila[;k vius ?kjksa ls Hkkx [kMs gq, vkSj vLFkkbZ rkSj ij mUgs 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfojksa esa iukg ysuh iM+h A dy rd tks yksxksa dk viuk oru gqvk djrk Fkk] ogha dh iqfyl vFkok LFkkuh; iz'kklu vc bu yksxksa ls #[kkbZ dk cjrko dj jgk Fkk yksxksa dks lhek ds nwljh rjQ tkuk iM+k vkSj ,slk mUgsa gj gky esas djuk Fkk A vdlj yksxksa us iSny pydj ;g nwjh r; dh A lhek de nksuksa vksj gtkjksa dh rknkn esa vkSjrksa dks vxok dj fy;k x;k A mUgsa tcju 'kknh dj vxok djus okys dk /keZ viukuk iM+k A bTtr cpkus ds uke ij ?kj dh cgw & csfV;ksa dksa ekj Mkyk x;k A cPps vius ek¡& cki ls fcNM+ x;s A

I) yksxksa dks viuk ?kj D;ksa NksM+uk iM+k \II) foHkktu ds le; fL=;ksa dh D;k nqnZ'kk gqbZ \IV) vRila[;dksa dk D;k vFkZ gS \V) lhek ikj yksxksa dh D;k ijs'kkfu;k¡ Fkh\ 6

iz'u 34 'kkg tkap vk;ksx dk xBu D;ksa fd;k x;k \vk;ksx us fjiksZV esa D;k fu"d"kZ fn,

vFkok vikafjifjd lqj{kk esa 'kkfey [krjs ds u;s lzksrksa dh O;k[;k djsa 6

iz'u 35 mu ckrksa dk mYys[k djsa ftu ij vf/kdka'k jktuhfrd nykds dh lgefr gS A

vFkok vkt ds fo'o esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds opZLo ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh izeq[k

ck/kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa 6

89 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

jktuhfr foKku POLITICAL SCIENCE

Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100

le; 3 ?kaVs vad&100lkekU; funsZ'k %& 1 lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA2 iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 & vad & izR;sd dk ^,d^ vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 20 'kCn A3 iz'u la[;k 11 ls 20 & vad & izR;sd ds ^nks^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 40 'kCn4 iz'u la[;k & 21 ls 30 & vad & izR;sd ds ^pkj^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 100 'kCn A

90

Series : SKS/1Code No.dksM ua-

59/1/1

Roll No.jksy ua-

Candidates must write the Code on the title page of the answer book.

ijh{kkFkhZ dksM dks mÙkj&iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"Bij vo'; fy[ksaA

d`i;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i= esa eqfær i`"B 8 gSa

iz'u&i= esa nkfgus gkFk dh vksj fn, x, dksM uEcj dks Nk= iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"B fy[ksaA

d`i;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i= esa 35 iz'u gSaA

d`i;k iz'u dk mÙkj fy[kuk 'kq: djus ls igys] iz'u dk Øekad vo'; fy[ksaA

bl iz'u&i= dks i<+us ds fy, 15 feuV dk le; fn;k x;k gSA iz'u&i= dk forj.k iwokZg~u esa 10-15 cts fd;k tk;sxkA 10-15 cts ls 10-30 cts rd Nk= dsoy iz'u&i= dks i<sa+xs vkSj bl vof/k ds nkSjku o mÙkj&iqfLrdk dk dksbZ mÙkj ugha fy[ksxsA

Please check that this question paper contains 8 printed pages.

Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.

Please check that this question paper contains 35 questions.

Please write down the Serial Number of the question before attempting it.

15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be distributed at 10.515 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer-book during this period.

5 iz'u la[;k & 31 ls 35 & vad & izR;sd ds ^N%^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 150 'kCn A6 iz'u la[;k 30 ekufp= ij vk/kkfjr gSA bldk mÙkj viuh mÙkj&iqfLrdk esa

fy[ksaAGeneral Instructions:

i. All questions are compulsory.

ii. Question numbers 1-10 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.

iii. Question numbers 11-20 are of 2 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.

iv. Question numbers 21-30 are of 4 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.

v. Question numbers 31-35 are of 6 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.

vi. Question number 30 is baed on Map. Write the answer in your answer book.

iz'u 1 la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds lanHkZ esa ^9@11* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ What is meant by '9/11' in the context of U.S.A.?

iz'u 2 fuEufyf[kr dFku dks lgh djds iqu% fyf[k,% vkfl;ku (ASEAN) ls vfHkizk; gS ^nf{k.k iwoZ vÝhdk jk"Vªksa dk laxBuA Correct the following statement and rewrite:

ASEAN stands for 'Association of South East African Nation'.

iz'u 3 la;qDr jk"Vª dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds fdrus LFkkbZ rFkk fdrus vLFkkbZ lnL; gksrs gSa\

How many Permanent Members and how many Non-permanent Members does the U.N. Security Council have?

iz'u 4 ^lqj{kk* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ What is mean by 'Security'?

iz'u 5 eqfLye yhx }kjk fn;k x;k ^f}&jk"Vª fl)kar D;k gS\ What is the 'Two Nation Theory' advanced by the Muslim League?

iz'u 6 dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid v/;{k dk uke fyf[k,A 1948 ds i'pkr bl ikVhZ dks D;k uke fn;k x;k\

Name the founder Present of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this Party after 1948?

91 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

BOARD PAPER - 2013

jktuhfr foKku POLITICAL SCIENCE

Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100

le; 3 ?kaVs vad&100lkekU; funsZ'k %& 1 lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA2 iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 & vad & izR;sd dk ^,d^ vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 20 'kCn A3 iz'u la[;k 11 ls 20 & vad & izR;sd ds ^nks^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 40 'kCn4 iz'u la[;k & 21 ls 30 & vad & izR;sd ds ^pkj^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 100 'kCn A

90

Series : SKS/1Code No.dksM ua-

59/1/1

Roll No.jksy ua-

Candidates must write the Code on the title page of the answer book.

ijh{kkFkhZ dksM dks mÙkj&iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"Bij vo'; fy[ksaA

d`i;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i= esa eqfær i`"B 8 gSa

iz'u&i= esa nkfgus gkFk dh vksj fn, x, dksM uEcj dks Nk= iqfLrdk ds eq[k&i`"B fy[ksaA

d`i;k tk¡p dj ysa fd bl iz'u&i= esa 35 iz'u gSaA

d`i;k iz'u dk mÙkj fy[kuk 'kq: djus ls igys] iz'u dk Øekad vo'; fy[ksaA

bl iz'u&i= dks i<+us ds fy, 15 feuV dk le; fn;k x;k gSA iz'u&i= dk forj.k iwokZg~u esa 10-15 cts fd;k tk;sxkA 10-15 cts ls 10-30 cts rd Nk= dsoy iz'u&i= dks i<sa+xs vkSj bl vof/k ds nkSjku o mÙkj&iqfLrdk dk dksbZ mÙkj ugha fy[ksxsA

Please check that this question paper contains 8 printed pages.

Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.

Please check that this question paper contains 35 questions.

Please write down the Serial Number of the question before attempting it.

15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be distributed at 10.515 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer-book during this period.

5 iz'u la[;k & 31 ls 35 & vad & izR;sd ds ^N%^ A vf/kdre 'kCn lhek & 150 'kCn A6 iz'u la[;k 30 ekufp= ij vk/kkfjr gSA bldk mÙkj viuh mÙkj&iqfLrdk esa

fy[ksaAGeneral Instructions:

i. All questions are compulsory.

ii. Question numbers 1-10 are of 1 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each.

iii. Question numbers 11-20 are of 2 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each.

iv. Question numbers 21-30 are of 4 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.

v. Question numbers 31-35 are of 6 mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.

vi. Question number 30 is baed on Map. Write the answer in your answer book.

iz'u 1 la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds lanHkZ esa ^9@11* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ What is meant by '9/11' in the context of U.S.A.?

iz'u 2 fuEufyf[kr dFku dks lgh djds iqu% fyf[k,% vkfl;ku (ASEAN) ls vfHkizk; gS ^nf{k.k iwoZ vÝhdk jk"Vªksa dk laxBuA Correct the following statement and rewrite:

ASEAN stands for 'Association of South East African Nation'.

iz'u 3 la;qDr jk"Vª dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds fdrus LFkkbZ rFkk fdrus vLFkkbZ lnL; gksrs gSa\

How many Permanent Members and how many Non-permanent Members does the U.N. Security Council have?

iz'u 4 ^lqj{kk* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ What is mean by 'Security'?

iz'u 5 eqfLye yhx }kjk fn;k x;k ^f}&jk"Vª fl)kar D;k gS\ What is the 'Two Nation Theory' advanced by the Muslim League?

iz'u 6 dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid v/;{k dk uke fyf[k,A 1948 ds i'pkr bl ikVhZ dks D;k uke fn;k x;k\

Name the founder Present of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this Party after 1948?

91 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

BOARD PAPER - 2013

iz'u 7 Hkkjr esa dkSu ls vke pquko ds ckn] dsaæ esa igyh ckj dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo lekIr gqvk\

After which general Election in India did Congress Party lose its dominance for the first time at the Centre?

iz'u 8 Ykky cgknqj 'kkL=h ds fu/ku ds i'pkr] dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds fdu nks usrkvksa ds chp] dkaxzsl lalnh; ny dk usrk cuus ds fy, pquko gqvk Fkk\

After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri, which two leaders of the Congress Party contested against one another to become leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party?

iz'u 9 ml tu vkanksyu dk uke fyf[k, ftlesa ek¡x dh xbZ Fkh fd ouksa dh dVkbZ dk dksbZ Hkh Bsdk fdlh ckgjh O;fDr dks ugh fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

Name the popular movement which demanded that no forest exploiting contract should be given to any outsider.

iz'u 10 Hkkjr esa fdl o"kZ ls] dsaæ esa xBca/ku dh ljdkjksa dk ;qx izkjEHk gqvk\ From which year did the era of Coalition Governments at the Centre begin in

India?

iz'u 11 'khr 'kq) ds fy, mÙkjnk;h nk egk'kfDr;ksa des uke fyf[k,A fo'o ,dy /kqzoh; dc cuk\

Name the two superpowers responsible for Cold War. When did the world become unipolar?

iz'u 12 ̂'kkWd Fksjsih* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ What is meant by 'Shock Therapy'?

iz'u 13 vkfl;ku (ASEAN) {ks=h; eap dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\ bldk eq[; mís'; D;k Fkk\

When was the ASEAN Regional Forum established? What was its main objective?

iz'u 14 ^lqj{kk* dh ijaijkxr vo/kkj.k dks Li"V dhft,A Explain the traditional concept of 'Security'?

iz'u 15 la;qDr jk"Vª tSls varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\ Why are International Organizations like the U.N. required?

92

iz'u 16 fdu pkj nslh fj;klrksa us 'kq:&'kq: esa Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gksus dk fojks/k fd;k Fkk\

Which four Princely States of Indian initially resisted to join the Indian Union?

iz'u 17 fodkl ds nks ekWMy dkSu ls gSa\ Hkkjr us dkSu ls ekWMy dks viuk;k\ Which are the two models of development? Which model of development was

adopted by India?

iz'u 18 Hkkjr dh xqV fujis{krk dh uhfr D;k gS\ What is India's Policy of Non-alignment?

iz'u 19 ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk tSlh fodkl ifj;kstukvksa ls lEc) fpark ds fdUgha nks eqíksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

Mention any two issues of concern related to development projects such as Sardar Sarovar Project.

iz'u 20 eaMy deh'ku dh fdUgha nks flQ+kfj'kksa dk mtkxj dhft,A Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandal Commission.

iz'u 21 lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dksbZ nks dkj.k Li"V dhft,A Explain any two reasons for the disintegration of the U.S.S.R.

iz'u 22 varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk ds izksRlkgu gsrq] Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa fn, x,] fdUgha pkj jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd fl)karksa dks lwphc) dhft,A

List any four 'Directive Principles of State Policy'. Given in the Constitution of India for the Promotion of International peace and security.

iz'u 23 vejhdh opZLo ds jkLrs esa vkus okys fdUgha nks vojks/kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A Describe any two constraints on American Hegemony.

iz'u 24 Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp fookn ds fdUgha nks izeq[k eqíksa dk o.kZu dhft, ftuds dkj.k 1971 dk ;q) gqvkA

Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan Leading to the War of 1971.

iz'u 25 lqj{kk dks [krjs ds fdUgha pkj u;s lzksrksa dh igpku rFkk O;k[;k dhft,A Identify and explain any four new sources of threat to security.

93 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

iz'u 7 Hkkjr esa dkSu ls vke pquko ds ckn] dsaæ esa igyh ckj dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo lekIr gqvk\

After which general Election in India did Congress Party lose its dominance for the first time at the Centre?

iz'u 8 Ykky cgknqj 'kkL=h ds fu/ku ds i'pkr] dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds fdu nks usrkvksa ds chp] dkaxzsl lalnh; ny dk usrk cuus ds fy, pquko gqvk Fkk\

After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri, which two leaders of the Congress Party contested against one another to become leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party?

iz'u 9 ml tu vkanksyu dk uke fyf[k, ftlesa ek¡x dh xbZ Fkh fd ouksa dh dVkbZ dk dksbZ Hkh Bsdk fdlh ckgjh O;fDr dks ugh fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

Name the popular movement which demanded that no forest exploiting contract should be given to any outsider.

iz'u 10 Hkkjr esa fdl o"kZ ls] dsaæ esa xBca/ku dh ljdkjksa dk ;qx izkjEHk gqvk\ From which year did the era of Coalition Governments at the Centre begin in

India?

iz'u 11 'khr 'kq) ds fy, mÙkjnk;h nk egk'kfDr;ksa des uke fyf[k,A fo'o ,dy /kqzoh; dc cuk\

Name the two superpowers responsible for Cold War. When did the world become unipolar?

iz'u 12 ̂'kkWd Fksjsih* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ What is meant by 'Shock Therapy'?

iz'u 13 vkfl;ku (ASEAN) {ks=h; eap dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\ bldk eq[; mís'; D;k Fkk\

When was the ASEAN Regional Forum established? What was its main objective?

iz'u 14 ^lqj{kk* dh ijaijkxr vo/kkj.k dks Li"V dhft,A Explain the traditional concept of 'Security'?

iz'u 15 la;qDr jk"Vª tSls varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\ Why are International Organizations like the U.N. required?

92

iz'u 16 fdu pkj nslh fj;klrksa us 'kq:&'kq: esa Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gksus dk fojks/k fd;k Fkk\

Which four Princely States of Indian initially resisted to join the Indian Union?

iz'u 17 fodkl ds nks ekWMy dkSu ls gSa\ Hkkjr us dkSu ls ekWMy dks viuk;k\ Which are the two models of development? Which model of development was

adopted by India?

iz'u 18 Hkkjr dh xqV fujis{krk dh uhfr D;k gS\ What is India's Policy of Non-alignment?

iz'u 19 ljnkj ljksoj ifj;kstuk tSlh fodkl ifj;kstukvksa ls lEc) fpark ds fdUgha nks eqíksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

Mention any two issues of concern related to development projects such as Sardar Sarovar Project.

iz'u 20 eaMy deh'ku dh fdUgha nks flQ+kfj'kksa dk mtkxj dhft,A Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandal Commission.

iz'u 21 lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds dksbZ nks dkj.k Li"V dhft,A Explain any two reasons for the disintegration of the U.S.S.R.

iz'u 22 varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk ds izksRlkgu gsrq] Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa fn, x,] fdUgha pkj jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd fl)karksa dks lwphc) dhft,A

List any four 'Directive Principles of State Policy'. Given in the Constitution of India for the Promotion of International peace and security.

iz'u 23 vejhdh opZLo ds jkLrs esa vkus okys fdUgha nks vojks/kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A Describe any two constraints on American Hegemony.

iz'u 24 Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp fookn ds fdUgha nks izeq[k eqíksa dk o.kZu dhft, ftuds dkj.k 1971 dk ;q) gqvkA

Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan Leading to the War of 1971.

iz'u 25 lqj{kk dks [krjs ds fdUgha pkj u;s lzksrksa dh igpku rFkk O;k[;k dhft,A Identify and explain any four new sources of threat to security.

93 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

iz'u 26 oS'ohdj.k ds fdUgha pkj ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A Explain any four consequences of globalization.

iz'u 27 igys rhu vke pqukoksa esa] dkaxzsl ds izHkqRo ds fdUgha pkj dkj.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A

Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three General Elections.

iz'u 28 ^nfyr isaFklZ* uked laxBu dk xBu dgk¡ vkSj dc gqvk\ bldh fdUgha rhu xfrfof/k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Where and when was the organization 'Dalit Panthers' formed? Describe any three of its activities.

iz'u 29 ^vkikrdky* vkSj blds bnZ&fxnZ ds le; dks laoS/kkfud ladV dk dky D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A

Why is the 'Emergency' and the period around it known as the period of Constitutional crisis? Explain.

iz'u 30 fn, x, ;wjksi ds jktuhfrd js[kk ekufp= esa ;wjksih; la?k ds pkj lnL; ns'kksa dks A, B, C rFkk D }kjk fpfg~ur fd;k x;k gSA uhps nh xbZ tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij budh igpku dhft, vkSj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa buds lgh uke] lacaf/kr Øe la[;k ,oa v{kj lfgr fyf[k,%

1- iqrZxky vkSj Ýkal ds chp fLFkr ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d iqjkuk lnL; ns'kA 2- csfYt;e vkSj uhnjySaM ds fudV fLFkr ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d iqjkuk

lnL; ns'kA 3- ;wjksih; la?k ds nks u;s lnL; ns'kA In the given Political Outline Map of Europe, four member countries of the

European Union have been marked A, B, C and D. Identify them with the help of information given below and write their correct names in your answer-book along with their respective serial number and the alphabet concerned:

i. An older member of the European Union Located between Portugal and France.

ii. An older member of the European Union located near Belgium and Netherlands.

iii. Two new members of the European Union.

EUROPEAN UNION MAP

94

uksV % fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vghu ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, iz'u Øekad 30 ds LFkku ij gS%

30-1 ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ esa gqbZ Fkh\ 30-2 ;wjksih; la?k dh lk>h eqæk dk uke fyf[k,A 30-3 lwjksih; la?k ds fdUgha nks iqjkus lnL; ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,A 30-4 ;wjksih; la?k ds fdUgha nks u;s lnL; ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,A Note: The following question are for Blind Candidates only, in lieu of

Questions number 30.

30.1 In which year was the European Union established?

30.2 Name the common currency of the European Union.

30.3 Write the names of any two older member countries of the European Union.

30.4 Name any two new member countries of the European Union.

iz'u 31 fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks /;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlds uhps fy[ksa iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%

{ks=h; vdka{kkvksa dks nckus dh txg] muds lkFk yksdrkaf=d ckrphr dk rjhdk viukuk lcls vPNk gksrk gSA t+jk vLlh ds n'kd dh vksj ut+j nkSM+k,¡ & iatck esa mxzokn dk t+ksj Fkk iwoksZÙkj esa leL;k,¡ cuh gqbZ FkhA

95 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

iz'u 26 oS'ohdj.k ds fdUgha pkj ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A Explain any four consequences of globalization.

iz'u 27 igys rhu vke pqukoksa esa] dkaxzsl ds izHkqRo ds fdUgha pkj dkj.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A

Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three General Elections.

iz'u 28 ^nfyr isaFklZ* uked laxBu dk xBu dgk¡ vkSj dc gqvk\ bldh fdUgha rhu xfrfof/k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Where and when was the organization 'Dalit Panthers' formed? Describe any three of its activities.

iz'u 29 ^vkikrdky* vkSj blds bnZ&fxnZ ds le; dks laoS/kkfud ladV dk dky D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A

Why is the 'Emergency' and the period around it known as the period of Constitutional crisis? Explain.

iz'u 30 fn, x, ;wjksi ds jktuhfrd js[kk ekufp= esa ;wjksih; la?k ds pkj lnL; ns'kksa dks A, B, C rFkk D }kjk fpfg~ur fd;k x;k gSA uhps nh xbZ tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij budh igpku dhft, vkSj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa buds lgh uke] lacaf/kr Øe la[;k ,oa v{kj lfgr fyf[k,%

1- iqrZxky vkSj Ýkal ds chp fLFkr ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d iqjkuk lnL; ns'kA 2- csfYt;e vkSj uhnjySaM ds fudV fLFkr ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d iqjkuk

lnL; ns'kA 3- ;wjksih; la?k ds nks u;s lnL; ns'kA In the given Political Outline Map of Europe, four member countries of the

European Union have been marked A, B, C and D. Identify them with the help of information given below and write their correct names in your answer-book along with their respective serial number and the alphabet concerned:

i. An older member of the European Union Located between Portugal and France.

ii. An older member of the European Union located near Belgium and Netherlands.

iii. Two new members of the European Union.

EUROPEAN UNION MAP

94

uksV % fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vghu ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, iz'u Øekad 30 ds LFkku ij gS%

30-1 ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ esa gqbZ Fkh\ 30-2 ;wjksih; la?k dh lk>h eqæk dk uke fyf[k,A 30-3 lwjksih; la?k ds fdUgha nks iqjkus lnL; ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,A 30-4 ;wjksih; la?k ds fdUgha nks u;s lnL; ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,A Note: The following question are for Blind Candidates only, in lieu of

Questions number 30.

30.1 In which year was the European Union established?

30.2 Name the common currency of the European Union.

30.3 Write the names of any two older member countries of the European Union.

30.4 Name any two new member countries of the European Union.

iz'u 31 fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks /;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlds uhps fy[ksa iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%

{ks=h; vdka{kkvksa dks nckus dh txg] muds lkFk yksdrkaf=d ckrphr dk rjhdk viukuk lcls vPNk gksrk gSA t+jk vLlh ds n'kd dh vksj ut+j nkSM+k,¡ & iatck esa mxzokn dk t+ksj Fkk iwoksZÙkj esa leL;k,¡ cuh gqbZ FkhA

95 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

vle ds Nk= vkanksyu dj jgs Fks vkSj d'ehj ?kkVh esa ekgkSy FkkA bu elyksa dks ljdkj us dkuwu O;oLFkk dh xM+cM+h dk lk/kkj.k ekeyk u ekudj iwjh xaHkhjrk fn[kkbZA ckrphr ds t+fj;s ljdkj us {ks=h; vkanksyuksa ds lkFk le>kSrk fd;kA

iz'u 1- {ks=h; vkdka{kk,¡ ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, fdl izdkj [krjk gSa\ 2- yksdrkaf=d ckrphr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ 3- vle esa py jgs vkanksyu dk usr`Ro dkSu dj jgs Fks\ 4- {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dks larq"V djus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us D;k dne

mBk,\ vFkok

fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks /;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlds uhps fy[ks iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%

okLro esa] dka'khjke ds usr`Ro esa O;kogkfjd jktuhfr ij vk/kkfjr ,d laxBu clik ¼ch,lih½ dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl laBu dk fo'okl FKk fd cgqtu ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ vkSj /kkfeZd vYila[;d½ ns'k dh vkcknh esa lcls vf/kd Fks vkSj la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ,d et+cwr jktuhfr rkdr FksA

1- dka'khjke us dkSu lk laBu cuk;k\ 2- clik ¼ch,lih½ dk foLr`r :i D;k gS\ 3- fdUgha nks vYila[;d lewgksa ds uke fyf[k,A 4- cgqtuksa dks ,d et+cwr jktuhfrd 'kfDr D;ksa le>k tkrk gS\ Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression. Look at the situation in the eighties - militancy had erupted in Punjab; problems were persisting in the North-East; students in Assam were agitating; Kashmir Valley was on the boil. Instead of treating these as simple law and order problems, the Government of India reached negotiated settlement with regional movements.

Questions

i) How are regional aspirations dangerous for the unity of the country?

ii) What is meant by democratic negotiations?

iii) Who was leading the agitation in Assam?

iv) What steps were taken by the Government of India to respond to the regional aspirations?

OR

Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

In fact, the BSP under Kanshi Ram's leadership was envisaged as a

96

organization based on pragmatic politics. It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujans (SCs, STs, OBCs and religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their number.

Questions

i) Which organization was formed by Kanshi Ram?

ii) Give the full form of BSP.

iii) Name any two religious minorities.

iv) Why are the Bahujans considered a formidable political force?

iz'u 32 ^i;kZoj.k ds izfr jkT;ksa dh lk>h ijarq vyx&vyx ft+Eesokfj;k¡ gSaA* mi;qDr mnkgj.k nsrs gq,] bl dFku dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

'States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment.' Analyse the statement giving suitable examples.

vFkok i;kZoj.k lEca/kh eqíksa ij Hkkjr ds i{k dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A Analyse India's stand on environmental issues.

iz'u 33 1947 esa] fczfV'k bafM;k ds foHkktu ds fdUgha rhu ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

vFkok Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu dh izfØ;k vkSj mlds vk/kkj dh O;k[;k

dhft,A Explain any three consequences of partition of British India in 1947.

OR

Explain the process and basis of the reorganisation of States of India Union.

iz'u 34 D;k 1975 esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djuk vfuok;Z Fkk\ fdUgha rhu mi;qDr rdks± }kjk vius mÙkj dk leFkZu dhft,A

vFkok 1975 esa yxk, x, vkikrdky ls lh[ks fdUgha rhu ikBksa dh O;k[;k

dhft,A 'Was the declaration of emergency in 1975 necessary?' Support your answer

with any three suitable arguments.

OR

Explain any three lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975.

iz'u 35 lksof;r iz.kkyh D;k Fkh\ lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh fdUgha pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk vkdyu dhft,A

vFkok

97 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

vle ds Nk= vkanksyu dj jgs Fks vkSj d'ehj ?kkVh esa ekgkSy FkkA bu elyksa dks ljdkj us dkuwu O;oLFkk dh xM+cM+h dk lk/kkj.k ekeyk u ekudj iwjh xaHkhjrk fn[kkbZA ckrphr ds t+fj;s ljdkj us {ks=h; vkanksyuksa ds lkFk le>kSrk fd;kA

iz'u 1- {ks=h; vkdka{kk,¡ ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, fdl izdkj [krjk gSa\ 2- yksdrkaf=d ckrphr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ 3- vle esa py jgs vkanksyu dk usr`Ro dkSu dj jgs Fks\ 4- {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dks larq"V djus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us D;k dne

mBk,\ vFkok

fuEufyf[kr vorj.k dks /;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj mlds uhps fy[ks iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%

okLro esa] dka'khjke ds usr`Ro esa O;kogkfjd jktuhfr ij vk/kkfjr ,d laxBu clik ¼ch,lih½ dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl laBu dk fo'okl FKk fd cgqtu ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ vkSj /kkfeZd vYila[;d½ ns'k dh vkcknh esa lcls vf/kd Fks vkSj la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ,d et+cwr jktuhfr rkdr FksA

1- dka'khjke us dkSu lk laBu cuk;k\ 2- clik ¼ch,lih½ dk foLr`r :i D;k gS\ 3- fdUgha nks vYila[;d lewgksa ds uke fyf[k,A 4- cgqtuksa dks ,d et+cwr jktuhfrd 'kfDr D;ksa le>k tkrk gS\ Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression. Look at the situation in the eighties - militancy had erupted in Punjab; problems were persisting in the North-East; students in Assam were agitating; Kashmir Valley was on the boil. Instead of treating these as simple law and order problems, the Government of India reached negotiated settlement with regional movements.

Questions

i) How are regional aspirations dangerous for the unity of the country?

ii) What is meant by democratic negotiations?

iii) Who was leading the agitation in Assam?

iv) What steps were taken by the Government of India to respond to the regional aspirations?

OR

Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

In fact, the BSP under Kanshi Ram's leadership was envisaged as a

96

organization based on pragmatic politics. It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujans (SCs, STs, OBCs and religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their number.

Questions

i) Which organization was formed by Kanshi Ram?

ii) Give the full form of BSP.

iii) Name any two religious minorities.

iv) Why are the Bahujans considered a formidable political force?

iz'u 32 ^i;kZoj.k ds izfr jkT;ksa dh lk>h ijarq vyx&vyx ft+Eesokfj;k¡ gSaA* mi;qDr mnkgj.k nsrs gq,] bl dFku dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

'States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment.' Analyse the statement giving suitable examples.

vFkok i;kZoj.k lEca/kh eqíksa ij Hkkjr ds i{k dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A Analyse India's stand on environmental issues.

iz'u 33 1947 esa] fczfV'k bafM;k ds foHkktu ds fdUgha rhu ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

vFkok Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu dh izfØ;k vkSj mlds vk/kkj dh O;k[;k

dhft,A Explain any three consequences of partition of British India in 1947.

OR

Explain the process and basis of the reorganisation of States of India Union.

iz'u 34 D;k 1975 esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djuk vfuok;Z Fkk\ fdUgha rhu mi;qDr rdks± }kjk vius mÙkj dk leFkZu dhft,A

vFkok 1975 esa yxk, x, vkikrdky ls lh[ks fdUgha rhu ikBksa dh O;k[;k

dhft,A 'Was the declaration of emergency in 1975 necessary?' Support your answer

with any three suitable arguments.

OR

Explain any three lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975.

iz'u 35 lksof;r iz.kkyh D;k Fkh\ lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh fdUgha pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk vkdyu dhft,A

vFkok

97 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

'khr ;q) ds i'pkr] xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dh izklafxdrk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

What was the Soviet System? Assess any four features of the Soviet System.

OR

Examine the relevance of the Non-aligned Movement after the Cold War era.

98 99

jktuhfr foKku POLITICAL SCIENCE

mñ1 11 flrEcj 2001 dks vigj.kdrkZvksa us foekuksa dks vejhdk dh egÙoiw.kZ bekjrksa ^cYMZ VªsM lsaVj* vkSj ^isaVkxu* ls Vdjk fn;kA ftls vesjhdh lanHkZ es 9@11 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

mñ2 nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk laxBuA

mñ3 LFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 5 rFkk vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 ¼ftls 1965 esa 11 ls c<+k dj 15 fd;k x;k Fkk½A

mñ4 lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS ^[krjs ls vkt+knh*A 'kkfUr iw.kZ rjhdksa ls [krjksa ls fuiVus dh rS;kjh gh lqj{kk gSA

mñ5 f}&jk"Vª ds fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z gS /kkfeZd cgqla[;k ds vk/kkj ij foHkktuA

mñ6 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid v/;{k dk uke vkpk;Z ujsUæ nso FkkA

mñ7 1977 esa NBh yksd lHkk pquko esa igyh ckj dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo lekIr gqvkA

mñ8 bafnjk xk¡/kh ,oa eksjkjth nslkbZ ds chpA

mñ9 fpidks vkUnksyuA

mñ10 1989 ds pqukoksa ds i'pkr xBca/ku ljdkjksa dk ;qx izkjEHk gqvkA

mñ11 1- vesfjdk ¼iw¡thoknh egk'kfDr½ 2- lksfo;r la?k ¼lkE;oknh egk'kfDr½ 1991 esa] lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds i'pkr fo'o ,dy /kqzoh; cukA

mñ12 ^'kkWd Fksjsih* vFkkZr vk?kkr igq¡pkdj mipkj djukA lkE;okn ls iw¡thokn dh vksj cnyus dh izfØ;k Fkh ftls fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k }kjk pyk;k@fn;k x;k FkkA

jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

ANSWER-KEY

'khr ;q) ds i'pkr] xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dh izklafxdrk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

What was the Soviet System? Assess any four features of the Soviet System.

OR

Examine the relevance of the Non-aligned Movement after the Cold War era.

98 99

jktuhfr foKku POLITICAL SCIENCE

mñ1 11 flrEcj 2001 dks vigj.kdrkZvksa us foekuksa dks vejhdk dh egÙoiw.kZ bekjrksa ^cYMZ VªsM lsaVj* vkSj ^isaVkxu* ls Vdjk fn;kA ftls vesjhdh lanHkZ es 9@11 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

mñ2 nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk laxBuA

mñ3 LFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 5 rFkk vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 ¼ftls 1965 esa 11 ls c<+k dj 15 fd;k x;k Fkk½A

mñ4 lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS ^[krjs ls vkt+knh*A 'kkfUr iw.kZ rjhdksa ls [krjksa ls fuiVus dh rS;kjh gh lqj{kk gSA

mñ5 f}&jk"Vª ds fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z gS /kkfeZd cgqla[;k ds vk/kkj ij foHkktuA

mñ6 lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds laLFkkid v/;{k dk uke vkpk;Z ujsUæ nso FkkA

mñ7 1977 esa NBh yksd lHkk pquko esa igyh ckj dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo lekIr gqvkA

mñ8 bafnjk xk¡/kh ,oa eksjkjth nslkbZ ds chpA

mñ9 fpidks vkUnksyuA

mñ10 1989 ds pqukoksa ds i'pkr xBca/ku ljdkjksa dk ;qx izkjEHk gqvkA

mñ11 1- vesfjdk ¼iw¡thoknh egk'kfDr½ 2- lksfo;r la?k ¼lkE;oknh egk'kfDr½ 1991 esa] lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds i'pkr fo'o ,dy /kqzoh; cukA

mñ12 ^'kkWd Fksjsih* vFkkZr vk?kkr igq¡pkdj mipkj djukA lkE;okn ls iw¡thokn dh vksj cnyus dh izfØ;k Fkh ftls fo'o cSad o vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k }kjk pyk;k@fn;k x;k FkkA

jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

ANSWER-KEY

mñ3 1967 esa ik¡p ns'kksa us cSadkWd ?kks".kk i= ij gLrk{kj dj vkfl;ku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

vkfl;ku dk eq[; mís'; vkfFkZd fodkl dks rst+ djuk gSA

mñ14 lqj{kk dh ijEijkxr ?kkj.kk ds vUrZxr ckgjh lqj{kk o vkUrfjd lqj{kk ls tqM+s elsy vkrs gSA

ckgjh lqj{kk%& lSU; [k+rjs dks fdlh ns'k ds fy;s lcls cM+k o T+;knk [krjukd ekuk tkrk gSA lSU; geys dh /kedh nsdj laizHkqÙkk] Lora=rk o ml ns'k ds dsUæh; ewY;ksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA

vkUrfjd lqj{kk %& bldk lEcU/k ns'k dh van:uh lqj{kk ls gksrk gSA

mñ15 la;qDr jk"Vª tSls laxBuksa dh vko';drk blfy, iM+rh gS D;ksafd%& 1- ,sls laBu lg;ks djus] 'kkafr dk;e djus] fooknksa dks lqy>kus dh mik;

o lwpukvksa dks tqVkus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA 2- fu;eksa o ukSdj'kkgh dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dj fo'okl cgkyhA

mñ16 tEew d'ehj] gSnjkckn] twukx<+ rFkk ef.kiqjA

mñ17 fodkl ds nks ekWMy mnkjoknh ¼iwathoknh½ rFkk lektoknh Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dks viuk;k ftlesa futh o lkoZtfud nksuksa ds xq.k gSA

mñ18 ;g egk'kfDr;ksa ds xqVksa esa 'kkfey u gksus dk vkUnksyu FkkA ysfdu ;g fLFkfr i`Fkdrkokn vFkok rVLFkrk dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrhA Hkkjr us Hkh vius dks nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa ls vyx jg viuh fons'k uhfr dk;e dhA

mñ19 1- iquZOkl%& yxHkx 245 xk¡o Mwc ds {ks= esa vk jgs Fks ftUgsa nksckjk ls clkus dh fpark LFkkuh; dk;ZdÙkkvksa dks FkhA

2- jkstxkj%& blh ls jkstxkj dk eqík Hkh tqMk FkkA iquZokflr yksxksa dks nksckjk ls O;olk; 'kq: djus o jkstxkj ryk'kus dh leL;k FkhA

mñ20 1- vU; fiNMs oxks± dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa 277 vkj{k.k dh flQkfj'k dhA 2- dsUæ o jkT; ljdkj }kjk pyk, tk jgs oSKkfud o rduhdh laLFkkuksa esa

vkschlh ds fy;s 27% vkj{k.k dh ckr dhAmñ21 1- lksfo;r la?k esa ,d ny dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ncnck FkkA ljdkj turk

dh bPNk dks iw.kZ dj ikus esa vleFkZ FkhA x.kjkT;ksa ds lewg esa :l dk vf/kd izHkqÙo FkkA

100

2- lksfo;r ukxfjdksa dk iwjk vkfFkZd] lkekftd o jktuhfrd thou iwjh rjg jkT; ds fu;a=.k esa FkkA ukSdj'kkgh dk f'kdatk dlrk tk jgk FkkA

mñ22 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 51 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks c<+kus gsrq uhfr&fun'skd fl)kUrksa esa dgk x;k fd%&

1½ vurjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh vfHko`f)A 2½ jk"Vªksa ds chp U;k;laxr o lEekuiwo.kZ laca/kksa dks cukukA 3½ laxfBr yksxksa ds ,d&nwljs ls O;ogkjksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k vkSj

laf/k&ck/;rkvksa ds izfr vknj c<+kukA 4½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; fooknksa dh e/;LFkrk }kjk fuiVkjs dks izksRlkguA

mñ23 1½ laLFkkxr cukoV & ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh O;oLFkk blds dk;Zdkjh vax dks vesfjdk dh lSfud 'kfDr ds vlhfer iz;ksx ij jksd yxkrh gSA

2½ vesfjdh lekt dh mUeqDr izd`fÙk&nwljk vijks/k buds lekt dh mUeqDr izd`fÙk gS tks budh lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ij jksd yxkrh gSA

mñ24 1½ Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds chp 1971 esa ckXykns'k dh Lora=rk dks ysdj ;q) gqvk ftlds QyLo:i iwohZ ikfdLrku ckaXykns'k ds :i esa Lora= gks x;kA

2½ 1948 ds ;q) ds QyLo:i d'ehj ds nks fgLls gks x,A ,d fgLlk ikfdLrku vf/kd`r dgyk;k rFkk nwljk Hkkjr dkA nksuksa ds chp fu;a=.k lhek js[kk dks ysdj Hkh 1971 esa ;q) gqvkA

mñ25 1½ vkradokn & 11 flrEcj 2001 esa vesfjdk ij gq, geys us bls fo'oO;kih cuk fn;k rhkh ls vesfjdk o vU; ns'kksa us bl ij /;ku nsuk vkjEHk fd;kA

2½ oSf'od xjhch & lHkh mUur lalk/kuksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh fo'o esa xjhcksa dh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh gks jgh gSA mÙkj o nf{k.k ds ns'kksa ds chp fo"kerk c<+h gSA

3½ 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh thou ck/kk;sa & 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk fofHkUu ns'kksa esa igq¡puk ogk¡ ds yksxksa ds thou ij lh/kk vlj Mkyrk gSA

4½ ,M~l vkSj cMZQyw & bu chekfj;ksa us loZ= vius iSj QSyk yksxksa ds thou esa Hk; mRiUu fd;k gSA

mñ26 jktuSfrd izHkko & lwpuk o rduhd dh enn ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; T+;knk rkdroj gks x;sA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh /kkj.kk dh txg U;wure gLr{ksidkjh

101 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

mñ3 1967 esa ik¡p ns'kksa us cSadkWd ?kks".kk i= ij gLrk{kj dj vkfl;ku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

vkfl;ku dk eq[; mís'; vkfFkZd fodkl dks rst+ djuk gSA

mñ14 lqj{kk dh ijEijkxr ?kkj.kk ds vUrZxr ckgjh lqj{kk o vkUrfjd lqj{kk ls tqM+s elsy vkrs gSA

ckgjh lqj{kk%& lSU; [k+rjs dks fdlh ns'k ds fy;s lcls cM+k o T+;knk [krjukd ekuk tkrk gSA lSU; geys dh /kedh nsdj laizHkqÙkk] Lora=rk o ml ns'k ds dsUæh; ewY;ksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA

vkUrfjd lqj{kk %& bldk lEcU/k ns'k dh van:uh lqj{kk ls gksrk gSA

mñ15 la;qDr jk"Vª tSls laxBuksa dh vko';drk blfy, iM+rh gS D;ksafd%& 1- ,sls laBu lg;ks djus] 'kkafr dk;e djus] fooknksa dks lqy>kus dh mik;

o lwpukvksa dks tqVkus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA 2- fu;eksa o ukSdj'kkgh dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dj fo'okl cgkyhA

mñ16 tEew d'ehj] gSnjkckn] twukx<+ rFkk ef.kiqjA

mñ17 fodkl ds nks ekWMy mnkjoknh ¼iwathoknh½ rFkk lektoknh Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dks viuk;k ftlesa futh o lkoZtfud nksuksa ds xq.k gSA

mñ18 ;g egk'kfDr;ksa ds xqVksa esa 'kkfey u gksus dk vkUnksyu FkkA ysfdu ;g fLFkfr i`Fkdrkokn vFkok rVLFkrk dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrhA Hkkjr us Hkh vius dks nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa ls vyx jg viuh fons'k uhfr dk;e dhA

mñ19 1- iquZOkl%& yxHkx 245 xk¡o Mwc ds {ks= esa vk jgs Fks ftUgsa nksckjk ls clkus dh fpark LFkkuh; dk;ZdÙkkvksa dks FkhA

2- jkstxkj%& blh ls jkstxkj dk eqík Hkh tqMk FkkA iquZokflr yksxksa dks nksckjk ls O;olk; 'kq: djus o jkstxkj ryk'kus dh leL;k FkhA

mñ20 1- vU; fiNMs oxks± dks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa 277 vkj{k.k dh flQkfj'k dhA 2- dsUæ o jkT; ljdkj }kjk pyk, tk jgs oSKkfud o rduhdh laLFkkuksa esa

vkschlh ds fy;s 27% vkj{k.k dh ckr dhAmñ21 1- lksfo;r la?k esa ,d ny dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ncnck FkkA ljdkj turk

dh bPNk dks iw.kZ dj ikus esa vleFkZ FkhA x.kjkT;ksa ds lewg esa :l dk vf/kd izHkqÙo FkkA

100

2- lksfo;r ukxfjdksa dk iwjk vkfFkZd] lkekftd o jktuhfrd thou iwjh rjg jkT; ds fu;a=.k esa FkkA ukSdj'kkgh dk f'kdatk dlrk tk jgk FkkA

mñ22 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 51 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks c<+kus gsrq uhfr&fun'skd fl)kUrksa esa dgk x;k fd%&

1½ vurjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh vfHko`f)A 2½ jk"Vªksa ds chp U;k;laxr o lEekuiwo.kZ laca/kksa dks cukukA 3½ laxfBr yksxksa ds ,d&nwljs ls O;ogkjksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k vkSj

laf/k&ck/;rkvksa ds izfr vknj c<+kukA 4½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; fooknksa dh e/;LFkrk }kjk fuiVkjs dks izksRlkguA

mñ23 1½ laLFkkxr cukoV & ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa esa 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu dh O;oLFkk blds dk;Zdkjh vax dks vesfjdk dh lSfud 'kfDr ds vlhfer iz;ksx ij jksd yxkrh gSA

2½ vesfjdh lekt dh mUeqDr izd`fÙk&nwljk vijks/k buds lekt dh mUeqDr izd`fÙk gS tks budh lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ij jksd yxkrh gSA

mñ24 1½ Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds chp 1971 esa ckXykns'k dh Lora=rk dks ysdj ;q) gqvk ftlds QyLo:i iwohZ ikfdLrku ckaXykns'k ds :i esa Lora= gks x;kA

2½ 1948 ds ;q) ds QyLo:i d'ehj ds nks fgLls gks x,A ,d fgLlk ikfdLrku vf/kd`r dgyk;k rFkk nwljk Hkkjr dkA nksuksa ds chp fu;a=.k lhek js[kk dks ysdj Hkh 1971 esa ;q) gqvkA

mñ25 1½ vkradokn & 11 flrEcj 2001 esa vesfjdk ij gq, geys us bls fo'oO;kih cuk fn;k rhkh ls vesfjdk o vU; ns'kksa us bl ij /;ku nsuk vkjEHk fd;kA

2½ oSf'od xjhch & lHkh mUur lalk/kuksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh fo'o esa xjhcksa dh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh gks jgh gSA mÙkj o nf{k.k ds ns'kksa ds chp fo"kerk c<+h gSA

3½ 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh thou ck/kk;sa & 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk fofHkUu ns'kksa esa igq¡puk ogk¡ ds yksxksa ds thou ij lh/kk vlj Mkyrk gSA

4½ ,M~l vkSj cMZQyw & bu chekfj;ksa us loZ= vius iSj QSyk yksxksa ds thou esa Hk; mRiUu fd;k gSA

mñ26 jktuSfrd izHkko & lwpuk o rduhd dh enn ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; T+;knk rkdroj gks x;sA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh /kkj.kk dh txg U;wure gLr{ksidkjh

101 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

jkT; us ys yhA vkfFkZd izHkko & vkfFkZd izokg esa rsth vkbZ nqfu;k esa oLrqvksa ds O;kikj esa

btkQk vk;kr ij izfrca/k de gq,sA lkaLd`frd izHkko & if'peh laLd`fr dk izHkko c<+ jgk gSA igukos o gekjs

[kku&iku esa ;s lkQ fn[krk gSA lksp dk nk;jk & lHkh jk"Vª ds ukxfjdksa dh lksp dk nk;jk c<+k lHkh us

,d&nwljs ds fopkjksa dks ubZ rduhd ds tfj;s tkuus o crkus dh dksf'k'k dhA bUVjusV dk iz;ksx bldk mnkgj.k gSA

mñ27 1- dfj'kekbZ usrk & bl ikVhZ esa usg: th Fks tks jktuhfr ds lcls dfj'kekbZ vkSj yksdfiz; usrk FksA mUgksus Lo;a iwjs ns'k ds pquko vfHk;kuksa dh vxqvkbZ dhA

2- lokZf/kd oksV ikus okys dh thr & ds fl)kUr dk ykHk dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks feykA

3- jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds okfjl ds :i esa mUgs pqukoksa esa ykHk feykA vkt+knh ds vkUnksyu esa vxz.kh jgs usrk dkaxzsl esa FksA

4- laxBu o usVodZ & laxBu esa lHkh fopkj /kkjkvksa ds usrk Fks usVodZ LFkkuh; Lrj rd FkkA

mñ28 nfyr iSaFklZ* uked laxBu dk xBu ^egkjk"Vª* esa ^1972* esa nfyr ;qokvksa }kjk gqvkA

xfrfof/k;k¡ & fofHkUu bykdksa esa nfyrksa ij c<+ jgs vR;kpkj ls yM+uk] gks jgs

vR;kpkjksa dk yxkrkj fojks/kA & ^nfyr iSaFklZ* dh izeq[k fopkj/kkjkRed uhfr Fkh tkfr izFkk dks lekIr

djukA & Hkwfeghu xjhc fdlku] 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd et+nwj vkSj nfyr lfgr vkSj

oafprksa dks muds vf/kdkj fnykukA

mñ29 ^vkikrdky* vkSj blds bnZ&fxnZ ds le; dks laoS/kkfud ladV dk dky blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ml le; lafo/kku ds fu;eksa dh vuns[kh dh xbZ laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku fd;s x;sA nwljs 'kCnksa esa laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa esa viuh ethZ ds vuqlkj Qsjcny fd;kA

39ok¡ la'kks/ku ikfjr dj jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] iz/kkuea=h] yksdlHkk ds Lihdj ds fuokZpu ls lEcfU/kr loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;k¡ Nhu yhaA

42 osa la'kks/ku us U;k;ikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa ij jksd yxk nhA

102

vuqPNsn 14] 21 o 22 ds rgr feyus okys lHkh vf/kdkj Nh fy;s x;sA

mñ30 1- LisuA 2- iwñ teZuhA 3- iksySaM] psdksLyksokfd;kA us=ghu fo|kfFk;ksa ds fy, 30-1 ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk 1992 esa gqbZA 30-2 ;wjksA 30-3 Ýkal] bXyS.MA 30-4 iksySaM] gaxjhA

103 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

jkT; us ys yhA vkfFkZd izHkko & vkfFkZd izokg esa rsth vkbZ nqfu;k esa oLrqvksa ds O;kikj esa

btkQk vk;kr ij izfrca/k de gq,sA lkaLd`frd izHkko & if'peh laLd`fr dk izHkko c<+ jgk gSA igukos o gekjs

[kku&iku esa ;s lkQ fn[krk gSA lksp dk nk;jk & lHkh jk"Vª ds ukxfjdksa dh lksp dk nk;jk c<+k lHkh us

,d&nwljs ds fopkjksa dks ubZ rduhd ds tfj;s tkuus o crkus dh dksf'k'k dhA bUVjusV dk iz;ksx bldk mnkgj.k gSA

mñ27 1- dfj'kekbZ usrk & bl ikVhZ esa usg: th Fks tks jktuhfr ds lcls dfj'kekbZ vkSj yksdfiz; usrk FksA mUgksus Lo;a iwjs ns'k ds pquko vfHk;kuksa dh vxqvkbZ dhA

2- lokZf/kd oksV ikus okys dh thr & ds fl)kUr dk ykHk dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks feykA

3- jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds okfjl ds :i esa mUgs pqukoksa esa ykHk feykA vkt+knh ds vkUnksyu esa vxz.kh jgs usrk dkaxzsl esa FksA

4- laxBu o usVodZ & laxBu esa lHkh fopkj /kkjkvksa ds usrk Fks usVodZ LFkkuh; Lrj rd FkkA

mñ28 nfyr iSaFklZ* uked laxBu dk xBu ^egkjk"Vª* esa ^1972* esa nfyr ;qokvksa }kjk gqvkA

xfrfof/k;k¡ & fofHkUu bykdksa esa nfyrksa ij c<+ jgs vR;kpkj ls yM+uk] gks jgs

vR;kpkjksa dk yxkrkj fojks/kA & ^nfyr iSaFklZ* dh izeq[k fopkj/kkjkRed uhfr Fkh tkfr izFkk dks lekIr

djukA & Hkwfeghu xjhc fdlku] 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd et+nwj vkSj nfyr lfgr vkSj

oafprksa dks muds vf/kdkj fnykukA

mñ29 ^vkikrdky* vkSj blds bnZ&fxnZ ds le; dks laoS/kkfud ladV dk dky blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ml le; lafo/kku ds fu;eksa dh vuns[kh dh xbZ laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku fd;s x;sA nwljs 'kCnksa esa laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa esa viuh ethZ ds vuqlkj Qsjcny fd;kA

39ok¡ la'kks/ku ikfjr dj jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] iz/kkuea=h] yksdlHkk ds Lihdj ds fuokZpu ls lEcfU/kr loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;k¡ Nhu yhaA

42 osa la'kks/ku us U;k;ikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa ij jksd yxk nhA

102

vuqPNsn 14] 21 o 22 ds rgr feyus okys lHkh vf/kdkj Nh fy;s x;sA

mñ30 1- LisuA 2- iwñ teZuhA 3- iksySaM] psdksLyksokfd;kA us=ghu fo|kfFk;ksa ds fy, 30-1 ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk 1992 esa gqbZA 30-2 ;wjksA 30-3 Ýkal] bXyS.MA 30-4 iksySaM] gaxjhA

103 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

mñ31 1- {ks=h; vkdka{kk,¡ ns'k esa vkUrfjd ruko iSnk djrh gSa jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk dks c<+krh gS ftlls ns'k dh v[kaMrk o ,drk dks [krjk iSnk gksrk gSA

2- yksdrkaf=d ckrphr ls vfHkizk; gS fd laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds nk;js esa jg dj leL;k dk lek/kkuA jktuhfrd lqyg t:jhA

3- vle ds Nk=ksa }kjk ftUgsa ^vkWy vle LVwMsaVl ;wfu;u ¼vklw AASU½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ;s xSj&jktuSfrd laxBu gSA

4- Hkkjr ljdkj us {ks= o Hkk"kkbZ lewgksa vFkkZr {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dh larqf"V gsrq mUgsa viuh laLd`fr cuk, j[kus dk vf/kdkj fn;kA

vFkok 1- dka'khjke ds usr`Ro esa clik (BSP) dk xBu gqvkA 2- cgqtu lektoknh ikVhZA 3- vYila[;d lewg%& ¼1½ ¼2½ 4- vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ vkSj /kkfeZd

vYila[;d ns'k dh vkcknh esa lcls vf/kd Fks blh vk/kkj ij dgk x;k fd ;s ,d etcwr jktuhfrd rkdr vFkkZr 'kfDr gSA

mñ32 ftEesnkjh lk>h ijUrq Hkwfedk;sa vyx&vyx ds lanHkZ esa%& 1- mÙkjh xksyk)Z ds fodflr jkT;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd %& i;kZoj.k j{kk

cldh ftEesnkjh blds fy;s fodkl dk;ks± ij izfrcU/k yxkuk lcdk leku drZO; gSA

2- nf{k.kh xksyk)Z ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds vuqlkj%& fodkl izfØ;k ds nkSjku fodflr ns'kksa us i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr fd;k gS bldh {kfriwfrZ Hkh mUgsa djuh pkfg,A fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodkl dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

3- vesfjdk o phu izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu djus okys lcls cM+s ns'k gS rFkk vQxkfuLrku o ekyoh tSls ns'k bl lwph esa lcls uhps vkrs gSaA xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu esa vesfjdk o phu yxHkx leku gSA blds fy;s bu nksuksa ns'kksa dh ftEesnkjh vf/kd gks tkrh gSA

vFkok Hkkjr us i;kZoj.k lEca/kh eqíksa ij mlds lq/kkj gsrq vusdksa dne mBk,A 1- ^us'kuy vkWVks&¶;wy ikWfylh* ds varxZr okguksa ds fy, LpNrj b±/ku

vfuok;Z dj fn;k gSaA 2- 2001 ds ÅtkZ&laj{k.k vf/kfuf;e ikfjr gqvk ftlesa ÅtkZ ds T+;knk

dkjxj bLrseky dh igydneh dh xbZA 3- 2002 esa D;ksVks izksVksdkWy ij gLrk{kj fd;sA

104

4- 2003 ds fctyh vf/kfu;e ds rgr iquuZok ÅtkZ ds bLrseky dks c<+kok fn;kA

5- jkT; iznw"k.k cksMZ dk xbuA 6- ck;ks Mht+y dh ;kstuk rFkk fo'o i;kZoj.k laj{k.k iz;klksa esa HkkxhnkjhA

mñ33 1- lkEiznkf;d naxs & ,d /keZ ds yksxksa us nwljs /keZ ds yksxksa dks csjgeh ls ekjk mUgksaus ,d&nwljs ds bykdksa esa tkuk NksM+ fn;kA ykgkSj] ve`rlj rFkk dydÙkk tSls 'kgjksa esa naxs HkM+d mBsA

2- 'kj.kkFkhZ leL;k & yksx viuk ?kj NksM+us ij etcwj gq,A 80yksxksa dks lhek ikj tkuk iM+kA cPps ek¡&cki ls fcNM x,A vLFkkbZ rkSj ij yEcs le; rd yksxksa dks 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfojksa esa jguk iM+kA

3- foÙkh; o iz'kklfud leL;k & ;s leL;k bruh fodV Fkh ftlus vius gh ns'k esa O;fDr dks ijk;k cuk fn;kA yksxksa ds jkst+xkj fNu x;s] iz'kklu us muds izfr cs:[kkbZ dk cjrko fd;kA nSfud vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ;k nks oDr dh jksVh rd dk fBdkuk u FkkA

vFkok Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa dk iquZxBu%& & gekjh jk"Vªh; ljdkj us ,sls lhekdau dks [kkfjt dj fn;k tks

iz'kklfud lqfo/kk ds fygkt ls r; dh xbZ FkhA jkT; dk iquZxBu Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij gksuk r; gqvk rFkk izkarh; dkaxzsl&lfefr;ksa dks Hkk"kkbZ bykds ds vk/kkj ij cuk;k x;kA

& usrkvksa dks fpark Fkh fd Hkk"kk dks vk/kkj cukus ls ns'k esa vO;oLFkk QSy ldrh gSA

& iqjkus eækl izkar ds rsyqxq&Hkk"kh {ks=ksa esa fojks/k HkM+d mBsA ljdkj ^gk¡&uk* dh nqfo/kk esa iMh FkhA

& 1952 esa vka/kz&izns'k ds jkT; cuus ds ckn ;s ekax c<+us yxhA 1953 esa jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] mlus viuh fjiksZV esa ekuk fd Hkk"kk dk vk/kkj gh mfpr gS blls naxs ugha ,drk c<+sxhA 1956 esa blls lEcfU/kr vf/kfu;e ikfjr gqvkA ftlds vk/kkj ij 14 jkT; o 6 dsUæ 'kflr izns'k cusA

mñ34 ^gk¡* ljdkj ds vuqlkj vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk fuEufyf[kr rhu dkj.kksa ls mi;qDr FkhA

1- jktuhfrd la?k"kZ dk eSnku rS;kj gks pqdk FkkA foi{kh ikfVZ;k¡ rFkk t; izdk'k ukjk;.k ds dkj.k ckj&ckj ?kjuk] izn'kZu o bfUnjk xka/kh ds bLrhQs dh ekax ds dkj.k 'kklu esa vfLFkjrk c<+ jgh FkhA

105 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

mñ31 1- {ks=h; vkdka{kk,¡ ns'k esa vkUrfjd ruko iSnk djrh gSa jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk dks c<+krh gS ftlls ns'k dh v[kaMrk o ,drk dks [krjk iSnk gksrk gSA

2- yksdrkaf=d ckrphr ls vfHkizk; gS fd laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds nk;js esa jg dj leL;k dk lek/kkuA jktuhfrd lqyg t:jhA

3- vle ds Nk=ksa }kjk ftUgsa ^vkWy vle LVwMsaVl ;wfu;u ¼vklw AASU½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ;s xSj&jktuSfrd laxBu gSA

4- Hkkjr ljdkj us {ks= o Hkk"kkbZ lewgksa vFkkZr {ks=h; vkdka{kkvksa dh larqf"V gsrq mUgsa viuh laLd`fr cuk, j[kus dk vf/kdkj fn;kA

vFkok 1- dka'khjke ds usr`Ro esa clik (BSP) dk xBu gqvkA 2- cgqtu lektoknh ikVhZA 3- vYila[;d lewg%& ¼1½ ¼2½ 4- vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ vkSj /kkfeZd

vYila[;d ns'k dh vkcknh esa lcls vf/kd Fks blh vk/kkj ij dgk x;k fd ;s ,d etcwr jktuhfrd rkdr vFkkZr 'kfDr gSA

mñ32 ftEesnkjh lk>h ijUrq Hkwfedk;sa vyx&vyx ds lanHkZ esa%& 1- mÙkjh xksyk)Z ds fodflr jkT;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd %& i;kZoj.k j{kk

cldh ftEesnkjh blds fy;s fodkl dk;ks± ij izfrcU/k yxkuk lcdk leku drZO; gSA

2- nf{k.kh xksyk)Z ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds vuqlkj%& fodkl izfØ;k ds nkSjku fodflr ns'kksa us i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr fd;k gS bldh {kfriwfrZ Hkh mUgsa djuh pkfg,A fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodkl dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

3- vesfjdk o phu izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk nksgu djus okys lcls cM+s ns'k gS rFkk vQxkfuLrku o ekyoh tSls ns'k bl lwph esa lcls uhps vkrs gSaA xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu esa vesfjdk o phu yxHkx leku gSA blds fy;s bu nksuksa ns'kksa dh ftEesnkjh vf/kd gks tkrh gSA

vFkok Hkkjr us i;kZoj.k lEca/kh eqíksa ij mlds lq/kkj gsrq vusdksa dne mBk,A 1- ^us'kuy vkWVks&¶;wy ikWfylh* ds varxZr okguksa ds fy, LpNrj b±/ku

vfuok;Z dj fn;k gSaA 2- 2001 ds ÅtkZ&laj{k.k vf/kfuf;e ikfjr gqvk ftlesa ÅtkZ ds T+;knk

dkjxj bLrseky dh igydneh dh xbZA 3- 2002 esa D;ksVks izksVksdkWy ij gLrk{kj fd;sA

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4- 2003 ds fctyh vf/kfu;e ds rgr iquuZok ÅtkZ ds bLrseky dks c<+kok fn;kA

5- jkT; iznw"k.k cksMZ dk xbuA 6- ck;ks Mht+y dh ;kstuk rFkk fo'o i;kZoj.k laj{k.k iz;klksa esa HkkxhnkjhA

mñ33 1- lkEiznkf;d naxs & ,d /keZ ds yksxksa us nwljs /keZ ds yksxksa dks csjgeh ls ekjk mUgksaus ,d&nwljs ds bykdksa esa tkuk NksM+ fn;kA ykgkSj] ve`rlj rFkk dydÙkk tSls 'kgjksa esa naxs HkM+d mBsA

2- 'kj.kkFkhZ leL;k & yksx viuk ?kj NksM+us ij etcwj gq,A 80yksxksa dks lhek ikj tkuk iM+kA cPps ek¡&cki ls fcNM x,A vLFkkbZ rkSj ij yEcs le; rd yksxksa dks 'kj.kkFkhZ f'kfojksa esa jguk iM+kA

3- foÙkh; o iz'kklfud leL;k & ;s leL;k bruh fodV Fkh ftlus vius gh ns'k esa O;fDr dks ijk;k cuk fn;kA yksxksa ds jkst+xkj fNu x;s] iz'kklu us muds izfr cs:[kkbZ dk cjrko fd;kA nSfud vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ;k nks oDr dh jksVh rd dk fBdkuk u FkkA

vFkok Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa dk iquZxBu%& & gekjh jk"Vªh; ljdkj us ,sls lhekdau dks [kkfjt dj fn;k tks

iz'kklfud lqfo/kk ds fygkt ls r; dh xbZ FkhA jkT; dk iquZxBu Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij gksuk r; gqvk rFkk izkarh; dkaxzsl&lfefr;ksa dks Hkk"kkbZ bykds ds vk/kkj ij cuk;k x;kA

& usrkvksa dks fpark Fkh fd Hkk"kk dks vk/kkj cukus ls ns'k esa vO;oLFkk QSy ldrh gSA

& iqjkus eækl izkar ds rsyqxq&Hkk"kh {ks=ksa esa fojks/k HkM+d mBsA ljdkj ^gk¡&uk* dh nqfo/kk esa iMh FkhA

& 1952 esa vka/kz&izns'k ds jkT; cuus ds ckn ;s ekax c<+us yxhA 1953 esa jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] mlus viuh fjiksZV esa ekuk fd Hkk"kk dk vk/kkj gh mfpr gS blls naxs ugha ,drk c<+sxhA 1956 esa blls lEcfU/kr vf/kfu;e ikfjr gqvkA ftlds vk/kkj ij 14 jkT; o 6 dsUæ 'kflr izns'k cusA

mñ34 ^gk¡* ljdkj ds vuqlkj vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk fuEufyf[kr rhu dkj.kksa ls mi;qDr FkhA

1- jktuhfrd la?k"kZ dk eSnku rS;kj gks pqdk FkkA foi{kh ikfVZ;k¡ rFkk t; izdk'k ukjk;.k ds dkj.k ckj&ckj ?kjuk] izn'kZu o bfUnjk xka/kh ds bLrhQs dh ekax ds dkj.k 'kklu esa vfLFkjrk c<+ jgh FkhA

105 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

2- ljdkj us ns'k ds vUnj dh xM+cfM+;ksa dk okLrk nsdj vuqPNsn 352 dks ykxw fd;kA ljdkj dk rdZ Fkk xaHkhj ladV dh ?kMh dks ns[krs gq, vkikrdky t:jh gS vkSj ?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZA

3- vfLFkjrk iSnk gksus ls iz'kklu dk /;ku fodkl dk;ks± ls Hkax gks jgk gSA lkjh rkdr dkuwu&cgkyh ij yxkuh iM+rh gSA 'kkg&vk;ksx dks fy[ks i= esa izxfr'khy dk;ks± esa foi{k }kjk ck/kk igq¡pkus dh ckr fy[kkA vkikrdky dks mijksDr dkj.kksa ls mfpr Bgjk;kA

vFkok 1- Hkkjr ls yksdra= dks osnkdj ikuk dfBu%& vkikrdky ds nkSjku Hkkjr

yksdrkaf=d ugha jg x;k FkkA ysfdu FkksM+s le; ckn gh lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dk dk;Z yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls 'kq: gks x;kA

2- vFkZxr my>ko dk izdV gksuk%& vkikrdky ls lafo/kku esa of.kZr vkikrdky ds izko/kkuksa ds dqN vFkZxr my>ko Hkh izdV gq, ftUgsa lqy>k fy;k x;kA vc ^van:uh* vkikrdky flQZ ^l'kL= foæksg* dh fLFkfr esa yxk;k tk ldrk FkkA ea=hifj"kn }kjk jk"Vªifr dks fyf[kr tkudkjh nsuk t:jhA

3- vf/kdkjksa ds izfrtkx:drk%& ukxfjd vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr T+;knk lpsr gks x,A vnkyrksa us ukxfjd ds vf/kdkjksa ds izfr j{kk esa lØh; Hkwfedk viukbZA

mñ35 lu~ 1947 dh cksY'ksfod Økafr ds ckn lektoknh x.kjkT; dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftldk mís'; ,d lerkewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk] tgk¡ iw¡thokn o futh laifÙk dk var dj lekurk ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr lekt dh jpuk djuk FkkA blh fu;fU=r O;oLFkk dks ^lskfo;r iz.kkyh* dgk x;kA

lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk,sa%& 1- lEifÙk ij jkT; dk LokfeRo%& futh lEifÙk dh laLFkk dks lekIr dj

mls iw.kZ; jkT; ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa j[kk x;kA Hkwfe o mRiknu ij jkT; dk fu;a=.kA

2- forj.k iz.kkyh%& forj.k O;oLFkk Hkh ljdkj ds gkFkksa esa Fkh tgk¡ ukxfjdksa dks nSfud vko';drk dh oLrq,sa Hkh lekurk ds fl)kUr ds rgr gh nh tkrh FkhaA

3- jkT; o ikVhZ dh laLFkk dks izkFkfedrk%& lksfo;r iz.kkyh us fuekZrkvksa us jkT; vkSj ^ikVhZ dh laLFkk* dks izkFkfedrk o egÙo fn;kA lksfo;r vFkZo;oLFkk ;kstukc) o jkT; ds fu;U=.k esa FkhA

4- vFkZO;oLFkk o lalk/ku%& lksfo;r la?k dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh rqyuk esa dgha T;knk mUur FkhA fo'kky ÅtkZ lalk/ku [kfut rsy] yksgk&bLikr vkfn FksA lapkj iz.kkyh mUur FkhA

106

vFkok xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr 'khr;q) ds lanHkZ esa iuih FkhA vktHkh xqVfujis{krk dh

izklafxdrk rFkk izHkkodkfjrk esa dksbZ dHkh ugha vkbZ gSA D;ksafd%& 1- ;s ,sls NksVs fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa dk xqV gS ftUgsa fdlh dk fiNyXxwcuus

dh t:jr ughaA 2- ;g vkUnksyu ekStwnk vlekurkvksa ds fy;s oSdfYid fo'o&O;oLFkk iznku

djrk gSA 3- blds tfj;s vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk dks yksdra=/kehZ cukus ds iz;kl fd;s

x;s gSA 4- uo&Lora= jk"Vªksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq ekxZ&iz'kLr djrk gSA

107 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku

2- ljdkj us ns'k ds vUnj dh xM+cfM+;ksa dk okLrk nsdj vuqPNsn 352 dks ykxw fd;kA ljdkj dk rdZ Fkk xaHkhj ladV dh ?kMh dks ns[krs gq, vkikrdky t:jh gS vkSj ?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZA

3- vfLFkjrk iSnk gksus ls iz'kklu dk /;ku fodkl dk;ks± ls Hkax gks jgk gSA lkjh rkdr dkuwu&cgkyh ij yxkuh iM+rh gSA 'kkg&vk;ksx dks fy[ks i= esa izxfr'khy dk;ks± esa foi{k }kjk ck/kk igq¡pkus dh ckr fy[kkA vkikrdky dks mijksDr dkj.kksa ls mfpr Bgjk;kA

vFkok 1- Hkkjr ls yksdra= dks osnkdj ikuk dfBu%& vkikrdky ds nkSjku Hkkjr

yksdrkaf=d ugha jg x;k FkkA ysfdu FkksM+s le; ckn gh lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dk dk;Z yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls 'kq: gks x;kA

2- vFkZxr my>ko dk izdV gksuk%& vkikrdky ls lafo/kku esa of.kZr vkikrdky ds izko/kkuksa ds dqN vFkZxr my>ko Hkh izdV gq, ftUgsa lqy>k fy;k x;kA vc ^van:uh* vkikrdky flQZ ^l'kL= foæksg* dh fLFkfr esa yxk;k tk ldrk FkkA ea=hifj"kn }kjk jk"Vªifr dks fyf[kr tkudkjh nsuk t:jhA

3- vf/kdkjksa ds izfrtkx:drk%& ukxfjd vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr T+;knk lpsr gks x,A vnkyrksa us ukxfjd ds vf/kdkjksa ds izfr j{kk esa lØh; Hkwfedk viukbZA

mñ35 lu~ 1947 dh cksY'ksfod Økafr ds ckn lektoknh x.kjkT; dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftldk mís'; ,d lerkewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk] tgk¡ iw¡thokn o futh laifÙk dk var dj lekurk ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr lekt dh jpuk djuk FkkA blh fu;fU=r O;oLFkk dks ^lskfo;r iz.kkyh* dgk x;kA

lksfo;r iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk,sa%& 1- lEifÙk ij jkT; dk LokfeRo%& futh lEifÙk dh laLFkk dks lekIr dj

mls iw.kZ; jkT; ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa j[kk x;kA Hkwfe o mRiknu ij jkT; dk fu;a=.kA

2- forj.k iz.kkyh%& forj.k O;oLFkk Hkh ljdkj ds gkFkksa esa Fkh tgk¡ ukxfjdksa dks nSfud vko';drk dh oLrq,sa Hkh lekurk ds fl)kUr ds rgr gh nh tkrh FkhaA

3- jkT; o ikVhZ dh laLFkk dks izkFkfedrk%& lksfo;r iz.kkyh us fuekZrkvksa us jkT; vkSj ^ikVhZ dh laLFkk* dks izkFkfedrk o egÙo fn;kA lksfo;r vFkZo;oLFkk ;kstukc) o jkT; ds fu;U=.k esa FkhA

4- vFkZO;oLFkk o lalk/ku%& lksfo;r la?k dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh rqyuk esa dgha T;knk mUur FkhA fo'kky ÅtkZ lalk/ku [kfut rsy] yksgk&bLikr vkfn FksA lapkj iz.kkyh mUur FkhA

106

vFkok xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr 'khr;q) ds lanHkZ esa iuih FkhA vktHkh xqVfujis{krk dh

izklafxdrk rFkk izHkkodkfjrk esa dksbZ dHkh ugha vkbZ gSA D;ksafd%& 1- ;s ,sls NksVs fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa dk xqV gS ftUgsa fdlh dk fiNyXxwcuus

dh t:jr ughaA 2- ;g vkUnksyu ekStwnk vlekurkvksa ds fy;s oSdfYid fo'o&O;oLFkk iznku

djrk gSA 3- blds tfj;s vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk dks yksdra=/kehZ cukus ds iz;kl fd;s

x;s gSA 4- uo&Lora= jk"Vªksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq ekxZ&iz'kLr djrk gSA

107 jktuhfrd foKkujktuhfrd foKku