Unstable Relationships (Part 1) Outcomes i.Give examples of common instabilities(esp. plasmas) ii....
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Transcript of Unstable Relationships (Part 1) Outcomes i.Give examples of common instabilities(esp. plasmas) ii....
Unstable Relationships(Part 1)
Outcomes
i. Give examples of common instabilities(esp. plasmas)ii. Recognise generic susceptibility to instabilityiii. Describe the nature of population instabilitiesiv. Describe the nature of modal instabilities v. Distinguish between absolute and convective instability
N St J Braithwaite QuAMP ’06
5. Unstable modes
1. Ideas about instability2. Unstable populations I: (nonlinear) differential equations
3. What is plasma ?
4. Unstable populations II: species in a plasma
6. Normal modes and instability
Common examples of instability
• Balloon buoyancy/burst• Falling off a log • Rayleigh Taylor – heavier fluid over lighter fluid• Population explosion • Audio ‘feedback’• Squeaking balloon• ‘Wheel wobble’• Kelvin Helmholtz – differential fluid flow(s)
Idea
s ab
out
inst
abili
ty
Coupled population growth (foxes and rabbits)
fox as predator tends to reduce rabbits population rabbit as food tends
to increase fox population
foxes compete for foodU
nsta
ble
popu
latio
ns
Equilibrium population (foxes and rabbits)
equilibrium points
equilibrium conditionsUns
tabl
e po
pula
tions
Sinusoidal oscillations (electric circuits)
dv
dt=
iC, v=−L
didt
C L
i
v
&x =k1y, &y=−k2x
&&x=k1&y=−k1k2x&&x=−kx
x=Asinωt+ Bcosωt
Uns
tabl
e po
pula
tions
Sinusoidal oscillations (electric circuits)
dv
dt=
iC, v=−L
didt
C L
i
v
&x =k1y, &y=−k2x
&&x=k1&y=−k1k2x&&x=−kx
x=Asinωt+ Bcosωt
Uns
tabl
e po
pula
tions
Sinusoidal oscillations
&x =k1y, &y=−k2x
&&x=−k1&y=−k1k2x&&x=−kx
x=Asinωt+ Bcosωt
Uns
tabl
e po
pula
tions
C L
i
v
foxrabbit
Instability: weakly-damped, undamped or growing interchanges of energy or information between two (or more) reservoirs
back
Uns
tabl
e po
pula
tions
The Tarantula Nebula
(Hubble Space Telescope)
The Aurora Borealis
(Jan Curtis, 6/9/96)
Lightning over Oxford
(A A Goruppa, 1994)
Wha
t’s a
pla
sma
?
Fusion research plasmas (JET)…hot physics with hot engineering
A Plasma Ball…
High pressure1-10 kPa Ar 100 V 13.56
MHz
Plasma in a nut shell
• an ionised gas • a condition of matter beyond gaseous (amounting for >99% of the matter of the visible universe)• exist from astronomical to microscopic scales• behave as quasineutral mixture of charged fluids and neutral gas • components are hot enough to radiate electromagnetic energy (glow)• particularly interesting when not in equilibrium (like solids, liquids and gases)
Wh
at’s
a
pla
sma
?
fully ionisedpartially ionised
10 Pa = 75 mtorr 0.005% ionised
gas density 2 1020 m-3
plasma density 1016 m-3
Wh
at’s
a
pla
sma
?
E
F = q(E + v B)q
natural time scale
mdv
dt=q v×B ~mv/ τ
τ ce =meB
ωce =eBm
cyclotron frequency
B
Lorentz force
an electron passing a single -/+ charge at the origin at
110 km h–1 (30 m s–1)
-2
-1
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Binary collisions
Wh
at’s
a
pla
sma
?
elastic
inelastic
surfacevolume
Making charges
A +B±→ A+ +B±+ e-
A +hν → A+ +e-
A +B* → A+ +B+e-
efast- +A → A+ +eslow
- +eslow-
A
B
B
Wh
at’s
a
pla
sma
?
Losing charges
A + e- → A -+hνAB* + e- → A -+B
e-+A+ + e- → A+efaster-
e-+A+B→ AB-
AB-+C+ → ABC
neutralisation
Volume loss rate depends on concentrations
Surface loss rate depends on fluxes
Steady state but not thermodynamic equilibrium
...characterising plasmas - sustaining the steady state...
Wh
at’s
a
pla
sma
?
&ne =dne
dt=K iznenO2
+ Ko-detnOn– + Ke-detnen– + Km-dretnmn–
−Katt2nenO2−Krec2nen+
unst
able
pro
duct
ion–
loss
Stable plasmas
Electrode voltage envelope for stable oxygen plasma.
Stable Oxygen plasma (500 mT, 25 W)
Nigham & Wiegand, 1974 “Changes in the electron density lead to a change in the electron temperature due to the quasi-steady nature of the electron energy”
Volume production = wall loss
Ionization rate: Ki(Te) – strong function
ne … Te and then ne
(negative feedback).
unst
able
pro
duct
ion–
loss
Unstable Plasma
An output voltage envelope for unstable oxygen plasma.
[Attachment about 100 x faster than electron impact detachment and ion-ion recombination]
Unstable Oxygen plasma (500 mT, 150 W)
unst
able
pro
duct
ion–
loss
The electron density peaks where light output peaks.
500 mT, 150 W600 mT, 50 W500 mT, 50 W
Oxygen plasma
Filtered Photo diode signal
500 mT, 150 W
unst
able
pro
duct
ion–
loss
Photodiode signal shows 3-5 kHz instabilities in oxygen plasma.
Oxygen plasma (500 mT, 150 W)(a) Unfiltered signal (b) Filtered signal
A Descoeudres, L Sansonnens and Ch Hollenstein Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 12 (2003) 152–157
RF on
unst
able
pro
duct
ion–
loss
instability seen growing to saturation within a few cycles of switch on
Unstable Relationships(Part 2)
Outcomes
i. Give examples of common instabilities(esp. plasmas)ii. Recognise generic susceptibility to instabilityiii. Describe the nature of population instabilitiesiv. Describe the nature of modal instabilities v. Distinguish between absolute and convective instability
N St J Braithwaite QuAMP ’06
5. Unstable modes
1. Ideas about instability2. Unstable populations I: (nonlinear) differential equations
3. What is plasma ?
4. Unstable populations II: species in a plasma
6. Normal modes and instability
unst
able
mod
es
C S Corr, P G Steen and W G GrahamPlasma Sources Sci. Technol. 12 (2003) 265–272
P Chabert, A J Lichtenberg, M A Lieberman and A M MarakhtanovPlasma Sources Sci. Technol. 10 (2001) 478–489
unst
able
pro
duct
ion–
loss
–ene
rgy-
inpu
t
C S Corr, P G Steen and W G GrahamPlasma Sources Sci. Technol. 12 (2003) 265–272
C S Corr, P G Steen and W G GrahamPlasma Sources Sci. Technol. 12 (2003) 265–272
unst
able
pro
duct
ion–
loss
–ene
rgy-
inpu
t
P Chabert, A J Lichtenberg, M A Lieberman and A M MarakhtanovPlasma Sources Sci. Technol. 10 (2001) 478–489
unst
able
mod
es
unst
able
mod
es
P Chabert, A J Lichtenberg, M A Lieberman and A M MarakhtanovPlasma Sources Sci. Technol. 10 (2001) 478–489
back
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
Maxwell
div D = ρdiv B = 0
curl E = −∂B∂t
curl H = J f+∂D∂t
D =εε0E
B =μμ0H
=1
= ?
Electromagnetism in plasmas
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
E, H ~ exp –iωt
But at HF, the conductivity term can be neglected
Dielectric function permittivity for a plasma
Dielectric model: Motion of a bound electron in an E-M field
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
lossesresonances
Dielectric function permittivity for a plasma
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
P =(ε −1)E
Polarization:
Dielectric function:
Dielectric function permittivity for a plasma
Dielectric model: free electron in an e-m field
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
= 0 for free electron
= 0 for low collisionless
Dielectric function permittivity for a plasma
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
Polarization in magnetized plasma
Dielectric properties of plasma now dependent on polarization of E-M radiation
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
mod
es in
pla
smas
Electromagnetic waves in magnetized, collisionless plasma
weakly magnetized strongly magnetized