Traffic Safety TS4273 Traffic Engineering. SPEED REALLY DOES KILL.
UNSIGNALISED INTERSECTIONS TS4273 Traffic Engineering.
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Transcript of UNSIGNALISED INTERSECTIONS TS4273 Traffic Engineering.
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UNSIGNALISED INTERSECTIONSUNSIGNALISED INTERSECTIONS
TS4273 Traffic EngineeringTS4273 Traffic Engineering
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Scope and ObjectivesScope and Objectives
This chapter deals with 3-arm and 4-arm unsignalised intersections which are formally controlled by the basic Indonesian traffic code rule give-way to the left.
This method assumes right angled intersections in flat alignment and is valid for degree of saturation less than 0,8-0,9.
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Traffic Safety ConsiderationsTraffic Safety Considerations
• Effect of intersection layout– 3-arm with T-shape 40% lower accident
rates than 4-arm.– Y-shape have 15-50% higher accident rates
than T-shape.
• Effect of geometric design– Median (3-4m) on major road reduces the
accident rates (if the road wider than 10m)
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Traffic Safety ConsiderationsTraffic Safety Considerations
• Effect of intersection control– Yield sign control reduces the accident rates
60% compare to priority from the left– Stop sign control reduces the accident rates
40% as compared to yield sign.– Traffic signal control reduces the accident
rates 20-50% compared to uncontrolled operation.
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Performance Measures of Performance Measures of Unsignalised IntersectionsUnsignalised Intersections
• Capacity (C)
• Degree of saturation (DS)
• Delay
• Queue probability
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Range of Variation in Empirical Data Range of Variation in Empirical Data for Input Variables (4-Arm)for Input Variables (4-Arm)
Variable Min. Avg. Max.
Approach width (m) 3,5 5,4 9,1
Left-turn ratio 0,10 0,17 0,29
Right-turn ratio 0,00 0,13 0,26
Minor road flow ratio 0,27 0,38 0,50
Light vehicle-% 29 56 75
Heavy vehicle-% 1 3 7
Motorcycle-% 19 33 67
Unmotorised flow ratio 0,01 0,08 0,22
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Range of Variation in Empirical Data Range of Variation in Empirical Data for Input Variables (3-Arm)for Input Variables (3-Arm)
Variable Min. Avg. Max.
Approach width (m) 3,5 4,9 7,0
Left-turn ratio 0,06 0,26 0,50
Right-turn ratio 0,09 0,29 0,51
Minor road flow ratio 0,15 0,29 0,41
Light vehicle-% 34 56 78
Heavy vehicle-% 1 5 10
Motorcycle-% 15 32 54
Unmotorised flow ratio 0,01 0,07 0,25
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Definition of Unsignalised Definition of Unsignalised Intersection Types in IHCM (4-Arm)Intersection Types in IHCM (4-Arm)
Type CodeMajor road approaches
Minor road approaches
No. of lanes Median No. of lanes
422 1 N 1
424 2 N 1
424M 2 Y 1
444 2 N 2
444M 2 Y 2
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Definition of Unsignalised Definition of Unsignalised Intersection Types in IHCM (3-Arm)Intersection Types in IHCM (3-Arm)
Type CodeMajor road approaches
Minor road approaches
No. of lanes Median No. of lanes
322 1 N 1
324 2 N 1
324M 2 Y 1
344 2 N 2
344M 2 Y 2
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STEP A-1: Geometric ConditionsSTEP A-1: Geometric Conditions
• Date• Handle by• City and province• Major and minor road names• Case• Period• Sketch of intersection geometry and
dimension
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STEP A-2: Traffic ConditionSTEP A-2: Traffic Condition
• Sketch of turning movement flow
• Traffic composition
• pcu-factor
• K-factor
• pce-values
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STEP A-2: Traffic ConditionSTEP A-2: Traffic Condition
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STEP A-3: Environmental ConditionSTEP A-3: Environmental Condition
• City Size (p.3-29 Table A-3:1 or p.3-34 Table B-5:1)
• Road Environment (p.3-29 Table A-3:2 or p.3-35 Table B-6:1)
• Side Friction (p.3-29 Table A-3:2 or p.3-35 Table B-6:1)
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City Size Classes CSCity Size Classes CS[Table A-3:1 p.3-29][Table A-3:1 p.3-29]
City Size Inhab. (M)
Very Small 0,1
Small > 0,1 - 0,5
Medium > 0,5 - 1,0
Large > 1,0 - 3,0
Very Large > 3,0
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Road Environment Type RERoad Environment Type RE[Table A-3:2 p.3-29][Table A-3:2 p.3-29]
Commercial
Commercial land use (e.g. shops, restaurants, offices) with direct
roadside access for pedestrians and vehicles
ResidentialResidential land use with direct roadside access for pedestrians
and vehicles
Restricted Access
No or limited direct roadside access (e.g. due to the existence
of physical barriers, frontage streets etc).
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Side Friction class SFSide Friction class SF
• Side friction describes the impact of road side activities in the intersection area on the traffic discharge, e.g. pedestrians walking on or crossing the carriageway, angkot and buses stopping to pick up or let off passengers, vehicle entering and leaving premises and parking lots outside the carriageway.
• Side friction is defined qualitatively from traffic engineering judgment as high, medium or low.
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STEP B-1: Approach Width STEP B-1: Approach Width and Intersection Typeand Intersection Type
10m
10m
10m
10m
A
B
C
D
a
b
c
d
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STEP B-1: Approach Width and STEP B-1: Approach Width and Intersection TypeIntersection Type
Average intersection approach width, WI:
WI = (a/2+b+c/2+d/2)/4
If A is only exit:
WI = (b+c/2+d/2)/3
Road entry widths:
WAC = (a/2+c/2)/2
WBD = (b+d/2)/2
10m
10m
10m
10m
A
B
C
D
a
b
c
d
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STEP B-1: Approach Width and STEP B-1: Approach Width and Intersection TypeIntersection Type
Average road approach width WAC,WBD (m)
WBD = (b+d/2)/2 < 5,5
No. of lanes (total for both directions) 2
WAC = (a/2+c/2)/2 5,5
No. of lanes (total for both directions) 4
10m
10m
10m
10m
A
B
C
D
a
b
c
d
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STEP B-1: Approach Width and STEP B-1: Approach Width and Intersection TypeIntersection Type
Average road approach widths WAC, WBD and Average intersection approach width WI.
• WAC = (WA+WC)/2 and WBD = (WB+WD)/2
• WI = (WA+WC+WB+WD)/no. intersection arms.
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STEP B-1: Approach Width and STEP B-1: Approach Width and Intersection TypeIntersection Type
IT CodeNo. of
intersection arms
No. of minor road
lanes
No. of major road
lanes
322 3 2 2
324 3 2 4
342 3 4 2
422 4 2 2
424 4 2 4
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STEP B-2: Base Capacity Value CSTEP B-2: Base Capacity Value C00
Intersection Type Base Capacity C0 (pcu/h)
322 2.700
342 2.900
324 or 344 3.200
422 2.900
424 or 444 3.400
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STEP B-3: Approach Width STEP B-3: Approach Width Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FWW
• 422 FW = 0,70 + 0,0866 WI
• 424 or 444 FW = 0,61 + 0,0740 WI
• 322 FW = 0,73 + 0,0760 WI
• 324 or 344 FW = 0,62 + 0,0646 WI
• 342 FW = 0,67 + 0,0698 WI
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STEP B-3: Approach Width STEP B-3: Approach Width Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FWW
• 422 FW = 0,70 + 0,0866 WI
• 424 or 444 FW = 0,61 + 0,0740 WI
• 322 FW = 0,73 + 0,0760 WI
• 324 or 344 FW = 0,62 + 0,0646 WI
• 342 FW = 0,67 + 0,0698 WI
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STEP B-4: Major Road Median STEP B-4: Major Road Median Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FMM
Description Type MMedian
adjustment factor, FM
No major road median. None 1,00
Major road median exists, width < 3m
Narrow 1,05
Major road median exists, width 3m
Wide 1,20
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STEP B-5: City Size Adjustment STEP B-5: City Size Adjustment Factor FFactor FCSCS
City Size Inhab. (M) FCS
Very Small 0,1 0,82
Small > 0,1 - 0,5 0,88
Medium > 0,5 - 1,0 0,94
Large > 1,0 - 3,0 1,00
Very Large > 3,0 1,05
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STEP B-6: Road Environment, Side STEP B-6: Road Environment, Side Friction & Unmotorised AF FFriction & Unmotorised AF FRSURSU
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Ratio of Unmotorised Vehicles pUM
Ro
ad
En
vir
on
me
nt
Typ
e, S
ide
Fri
cti
on
an
d
Un
mo
tori
se
d V
eh
icle
s A
dju
stm
en
t F
acto
r F
RS
U
CH CM CL RH RM RL RAHML
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STEP B-7: Left-Turning STEP B-7: Left-Turning Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FLTLT
LTLT pF 61,184,0
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STEP B-8: Right-Turning STEP B-8: Right-Turning Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FRTRT
• 4-arm
• 3-arm
0,1RTF
RTRT pF 922,009,1
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STEP B-9: Minor Road Flow Ratio STEP B-9: Minor Road Flow Ratio Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FMIMI
422 (pMI 0,1-0,9)
• FMI=1,19pMI2-1,19pMI+1,19
424 (pMI 0,1-0,3)
• FMI=16,6pMI4-33,3pMI
3+25,3pMI2-8,6pMI+1,95
444 (pMI 0,3-0,9)
• FMI=1,11pMI2-1,11pMI+1,11
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STEP B-9: Minor Road Flow Ratio STEP B-9: Minor Road Flow Ratio Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FMIMI
322 (pMI 0,1-0,5)• FMI=1,19pMI
2-1,19pMI+1,19
322 (pMI 0,5-0,9)• FMI=-0,595pMI
2+0,595pMI+0,74
342 (pMI 0,1-0,5)• FMI=1,19pMI
2-1,19pMI+1,19
342 (pMI 0,5-0,9)• FMI=2,38pMI
2-2,38pMI+1,49
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STEP B-9: Minor Road Flow Ratio STEP B-9: Minor Road Flow Ratio Adjustment Factor FAdjustment Factor FMIMI
324 (pMI 0,1-0,3)
• FMI=16,6pMI4-33,3pMI
3+25,3pMI2-8,6pMI+1,95
344 (pMI 0,3-0,5)
• FMI=1,11pMI2-1,11pMI+1,11
344 (pMI 0,5-0,9)
• FMI=-0,555pMI2+0,555pMI+0,69
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STEP B-10: Actual Capacity CSTEP B-10: Actual Capacity C
MIRTLTRSUCSMW FFFFFFFCC 0
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STEP C-1: Degree of Saturation DSSTEP C-1: Degree of Saturation DS
CQtotalDS /
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STEP C-2: Delays D STEP C-2: Delays D (Intersection Traffic Delay DT(Intersection Traffic Delay DTII))
DS 0,60
• DTI = 2 + 8,2078DS - (1-DS)2
DS > 0,60
• DTI = [1,0504/(0,2742-0,2042DS)] - (1-DS)2
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STEP C-2: Delays D STEP C-2: Delays D (Major Road Traffic Delay DT(Major Road Traffic Delay DTMAMA))
DS 0,60
• DTMA = 1,8 + 5,8234DS - (1-DS) 1,8
DS > 0,60
• DTMA = [1,05034/(0,346-0,246DS)] - (1-DS) 1,8
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STEP C-2: Delays D STEP C-2: Delays D (Minor Road Traffic Delay DT(Minor Road Traffic Delay DTMIMI))
• DTMI = (QTOTAL x DTI – QMA x DTMA) / QMI
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STEP C-2: Delays D STEP C-2: Delays D (Intersection Geometric Delay DG)(Intersection Geometric Delay DG)
• DS < 1,00
• DG = (1-DS) x (pTx6 + (1-pT)x3) + 4xDS
• DS 1,00• DG = 4
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STEP C-2: Delays D STEP C-2: Delays D (Intersection Delay D)(Intersection Delay D)
• D = DG + DTI
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STEP C-3: Queue ProbabilitySTEP C-3: Queue Probability
32 47,5668,2471,47(%) DSDSDSQP
32 49,1066,2002,9(%) DSDSDSQP
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STEP C-4: Evaluation of STEP C-4: Evaluation of Traffic PerformanceTraffic Performance
• If the obtain DS values are too high (> 0,75), we should revise our assumptions regarding approach width etc and make a new set of calculations.
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Perbaikan Simpang Tak Bersinyal di Indonesia
• Perbaikan geometri (sudut & radius tikungan)
• Manajemen lalulintas (rambu & marka)
• Pengaturan PKL (represif & preventif)
• Pulau lalulintas (lebar jalan > 10 m)
• Lebar median di jalan utama (min 3-4 m)