UNSC HANDBOOK

IKER ZUGASTI – RAFAEL CARRERA – GABRIEL PANTOJA – MICHELLE PAPADAKIS

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Índice

1 Carta de Bienvenida

3 - 5 Introducción al comité

6 - 19 Tópico único

19 – 21 Bibliografía.

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Welcome letter

Our fellow Munners:

It is a great honor to be part of this prestigious model, and it is also an honor to

represent the heads of one of the most important committees from the United Nations.

The Security Council has always been a challenge to adapt in every MUN exercise we

have been through, and we accepted the challenge with the intention of bringing you,

the delegates, an experience in which you all get to know better the functions and

work of this organism; with all the responsibility it takes, we hope these three days of

debate will exceed your expectations the same way we expect you to exceed ours.

This is the tenth time the Security Council is going to be represented in MONUUNAM,

and we are proud that you all are going to be part of this memorable edition, with the

passion, heart, wiseness, leadership and knowledge a delegate must have to

participate in events of this magnitude. For this tenth edition we have decided to put

our talent and efforts on the syrian crisis, a topic that has apparently reduced its

importance on the agenda, but after the recent events and the world’s actual political

restructuring, we could be witnesses of history being made in the Middle East, and we

want to see what the future generation leaders will do.

The following handbook is intended for you to understand the situation we are

debating. Here, you will find information about the committee, our topic and our

intentions. Thank you for accepting this challenge with us, we hope your preparation

will make this one the best representations of this committee ever in a MUN exercice.

Welcome to UNSC, welcome to MONUUNAM.

Sincerely,

Iker Zugasti, President

Rafael Carrera Palaviccini , Vicepresident

Gabriel Pantoja González, Vicepresident

Michelle Papadakis Barradas, Conference Officer

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Committee Description

The United Nations Security Council was founded in 1946 alongside the

other five main organs of the United Nations (General Assembly,

Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice,

Trusteeship Council). It is established in Article V, articles 23-32 of the

Charter of the United Nations and its specific powers are laid down in

Chapters VI, VII, VIII, and XII.

The Security Council consists of 15 members, five of them are permanent

with right of veto (United States of America, Russian Federation, People’s

Republic of China, United Kingdom and the French Republic), the other

ten members are elected by the General Assembly to service the

council for a year with the possibility of one reelection. Under paragraph

3 of resolution 1991 A (XVIII), the General Assembly decided that the ten

non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected

according to the following pattern

● “(a) Five from African and Asian States;

● “(b) One from Eastern European States;

● “(c) Two from Latin American States;

● “(d) Two from Western European and other States.”[1]

If the Security Council considers important the participation of a non

member country of the Security Council or the United Nations it may call

it to participate, although with no right to vote. “All members of the

United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the

Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make

recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the

power to make decisions that member states are then obligated to

implement under the Charter.”[2]

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The prime responsibility of the Security Council is maintaining the

international peace and security between the Members of the United

Nations acting in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the

United Nations. Other of its responsibilities is to make changes to the

Charter and admitting new members to the United Nations. All of the

States signed the Charter are obligated to comply with Council decisions

also called resolutions, these according to the Article 25 of the Charter.[3]

To make its work more effective the Security Council has the capacity to

create subsidiary organs to attack specific problems. The first thing the

Council looks to achieve are peaceful resolutions, for that the Council

may: “set forth principles for such an agreement; undertake investigation

and mediation, in some cases; dispatch a mission; appoint special

envoys; or request the Secretary-General to use his good offices to

achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute.”[4]

Functions and powers

“Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the

Security Council are:

● To maintain international peace and security in accordance

with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;

● to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to

international friction;

● to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the

terms of settlement;

● to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to

regulate armaments;

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● to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of

aggression and to recommend what action should be taken;

● to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other

measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop

aggression;

● to take military action against an aggressor;

● to recommend the admission of new Members;

● to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in

"strategic areas";

● to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of

the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect

the Judges of the International Court of Justice.”[5]

Members list:

● China, Permanent with the right of veto

● France Permanent with the right of veto

● Russian Federation Permanent with the right of veto

● United Kingdom, Permanent with the right of veto

● United States, Permanent with the right of veto

Non-permanent

● Bolivia (2018)

● Egypt (2017)

● Ethiopia (2018)

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● Italy (2018)

● Japan (2017)

● Kazakhstan (2018)

● Senegal (2017)

● Sweden (2018)

● Ukraine (2017)

● Uruguay (2017)

Observers:

● Syria

● Turkey

● Iran[6]

Topic: Syrian Crisis.

The Syrian civil war has been going on for years, with no end in sight

because of the many factions involved including wealthy nations who

have great interest in this region, such as the United States, Russia and

Arab States. The problem has escalated to a refugee crisis as never seen

before, thousands for civilian casualties, the formation of ISIS which is

mostly established in the Syrian country, a terrorist organization who has

brought havoc to the entire world and now is one of the participants in

this war. It is also of great concern to this Council to investigate and stop

at once the spread and use of chemical weapons or any other weapon

of mass destruction of being used in this civil war and in any other place.

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The Security Council is tasked to maintain peace and international

security, that is why is a prime goal to end or at least stop its expansion. It

will be the responsibility of the delegations representing its nations in this

committee to get to a resolution that stops the suffering of the Syrian

people and to avoid organizations as ISIS to grow, to get all of the

participants to an agreement and if that is not a possibility, to take

action as the UN Security Council and not as individual nations.

To get into all the context of the syrian situation and how it started, also

how it grew to a civil crisis, we have to see the roots of the problem itself.

As we know, the arab region has been in religious, political and

communication repression. The people, was tired of it, but also, afraid to

get killed. It all started, with a name: Mohamed Bouazizi.

● The morning of december 17th of 2010, everything changed

for that region of the world, because set himself on fire in protest

against police harassment. The moment sparks an unprecedented

outburst of popular protest and demands for reform.[7]

● At first, it was Tunisia, the birthplace of Mohamed, and the first

one which government collapsed. On January 14th 2011, after the

people’s protest marches, President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, left the

power and the tunisian democracy, could convene to elections

and the writing of a new constitution.

● The tension of the situation and the spreading of the news and

recent events, took Egypt to the “25 January Revolution”, where

protest took place, at the Cairo. “Bread, Freedom and Social

Equality” – did not only pose a threat to Arab regimes but also

threatened many economic and political systems around the

world. Arab and other systems do not allow freedom of thought

and expression, or the development of an independent and

functioning political system.[8]

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● On February 13th, 2011, in Yemen, the president Ali Abdullah

Saleh, tried to change the constitution to stay as president,

permanently, this caused such protesting by the people, that his

government, killed hundreds of protestants.

● In Bahrain, took place a massive attack against protesters,

because they wanted reforms similar to the ones that had been

placed in other arab nations. This, on february 14th, 2011.

● On Libya, February 2011, a hard political message was sent, by

stepping on a carpet where the image of the leader Mu'ammar

al-Gaddafi, during the uprising in the libyan capital. Provoking an

internal conflict which today, keeps Libya divided.

● Friday of Dignity, happened in Yemen, March 2011. This

because, protesters take to the streets after around 50 people are

killed and hundreds injured in Sana’a when armed men, including

snipers, open fire at a peaceful demonstration. [9]

All of this events, demonstrate that the arab region wanted many things

in common, but the syrian nation, was not the exception, things were

similar, but taking into account the syrian perspective, things happened,

are still affecting all of this region.

Since 2011 the syrian territory has suffered of instability caused by an

international conflict that started as a civil war during the Arab Spring.

After six years the conflict has divided in four sides, each side with foreign

allies[1] , there is not much agreement between the international

supporters involved about who they are fighting for and who they’re

fighting against because of the multiple characters and willing of those

on scene.

On 2010, at least 20 countries of North Africa and Middle East had a

series of protest and public manifestations demanding and endorsing

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democracy and civil rights on their homelands. For three years western

countries (NATO members principally) supported those arab movements,

no matter if they were pacifist or if they could have the possibility of

evolving in an armed conflict.

On March 2011, the syrian government of president Bashar Al’Assad

responded violently against public manifestants, sending army troops to

the zone and presumably violated international agreements about

weaponry by using chemical weapons at least two times (according to

USA complaints)[10]. This information was denied by Assad’s

administration, but started a massive media attack against the syrian

government, with the heat of the moment, radical protesters begun

unifying forces.

On july, the rebels started shooting back, groups of syrian troops left the

army and joined the rebels calling themselves the free syrian army. By this

time, a civil war had begun. With the foreign backup on the rebel side,

Damasco’s main headquarters decided to set free an amount of

religious extremists in order to achieve the goal of delegitimize their

opponents and difficult the foreign support, but it seems it did not

worked at all, many jihadist around the world sated down in syria for

joining the war, and on January of 2012 the world known terrorist

association Al-Qaeda formed a new group called Jabhat Al-nusra which

was considered the most powerful rebel force at the moment. In that

same year, kurdish armed groups took apart their interests from the

government’s and stated bases on the north-east of syrian territory,

along with that, Iran, Assad’s most powerful and nearest partner on the

region intervene on its behalf, sending aircrafts with soldiers daily by the

end of 2012.

With Iran involved, oil rich states of the gulf, commonly known as “The

Arab Gulf States” begun sending money and weapons to the rebels by

turkish frontiers. Later, a lebanon paramilitary and political group called

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Hezbollah joined Assad’s forces on the west of Syria, that wasn’t good

news for Saudi Arabia, country that started a new route supporting the

rebels with weapons and several amounts of money traveling by Jordan

(who also opposes Assad). So, by the middle of 2013 the conflict was

divided by islam branch sides, sunni islamist countries supporting the

rebels and shia islamic countries supporting Assad’s administration.

On April 2013 with Barack Obama in office, the CIA was instructed to

train and equip syrian rebels (same situation as they did with the chilean

coup in 1973, among many others), at the same time the US government

urges the Gulf States to stop founding extremist groups, but that goes

completely ignored by them. on september 10th, Obama made a

public announce in which he stated:

“ it is in the national security interests of the united states, to respond to

Assad’s regime use of chemical weapons to a targeted military

strike.” (Obama 2013)

After the United States declarations the Russian Federation intervened

with diplomatic agendas where they invited Syria to leave their chemical

weapons in control of the united nations for avoiding a USA military strike.

While the United Nations and conflict involved countries kept their course

on supporting each side, in 2014 a former Al-Qaeda jihadist group from

Iraq created their own terrorist group, calling themselves a true muslim

state by the name of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). This group did

not fight along with any side of the conflict, they oppose each of them

and fight for their self called territory with the goal of establishing a

caliphate.

With ISIS on the map the situation became even more chaotic, the

Obama’s administration started a new program with the pentagon to

train rebels, but now they will only train those who are willing to fight ISIS

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(not Assad). Meanwhile the turkish government bombed kurdish troops in

the north of Iraq and Syria, but they do not bombed ISIS, this caused a

confusion between the parts. The United States recognizes ISIS as their

main threat, but the US allies like Turkey and the gulf states have different

goals on their minds.

In between 2014 and 2015, russian government send their first group of

soldiers to join the Assad’s forces, Russia says they are only there to

confront ISIS, same way as the United States, but actually they ended up

attacking more rebel groups than the terrorist ones. In 2015 the mayor

bombing process in middle east history took place. The syrian

government was surrounded by rebels, terrorists and foreign military,

having control of less than a half of all the syrian territory while ISIS (now

called Islamic State) reached to posses a great amount of land and

cities.

By the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016, the russian armed forces

destroyed over 70 military bases from the Islamic State, a big deal

considering that the United States had been bombing the territory for

more than two years and they weren’t that efficient.

The Islamic State became weaker by the time Russia and Assad’s

administration destroyed their headquarters, and the situation seemed

to be reaching it’s end when Donald Trump was elected president. As

president elect, Trump stated that Assad should be able to stay in power.

along with a presumably future support from the new office running the

white house and the usual support, founding and training from the

russian army, the syrian government was able to defeat the islamic state

on Alepo, the last city controlled fully by the terrorists at the end of 2016.

On March 2017, chemical weapons were used to attack civilians, social

media exploded on complaints, and president Trump established his

government is interested on deposing Assad’s dictatorship, changing his

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initial declarations and security programs in that nation that had been

only public preoccupied on ISIS.

Diagram showing the four divisions of the conflict and their participants:

IRAN

RUSSIA

Bashar Al Assad

HEZBOLLA

ISIS

KURDS

USA (OBAMA’S

ADMINISTRATION)

GULF STATES

TURKEY

REBELS

JORDAN, USA (TRUMP’S

ADMINISTRATION)

Our goal is to make you all delegates think about this problem not only

as you see it on the news, but with an open mind and the closest feeling

of empathy you can express by making the situation yours, having

recognized the process as such and developing skills in negotiation for

world peace.

ISIS

The acronym ISIS, corresponds to the Islamic State of Iraq and

Syria, but recently the group has become solitary. As such, it assumes

religious authority for all Muslims around the world and aspires to

politically control the majority of the Muslim-inhabited Middle East

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regions. ISIS was formed in 1999 under the name of "Organization of

monotheism and jihad", but over the years it has changed it’s name on

multiple occasions. It’s origin was in Jordan, but after the invasion of Iraq

by the United States in 2003, the group expanded its actions in this

country, becoming its center of operations.

Under Al-Zarqawi's command, in 2006 the group merged with

several other small Iraqi insurgent groups, gaining a presence there. Al-

Zarqawi was assassinated on June of 2006, with which the direction of

the organization changed. In October 2006, under a new leadership, the

group established for the first time the mention of an Islamic State,

renaming itself the "Islamic State of Iraq" (ISI), appointing one of its

leaders with the title of Emir and another with Greater real political

power. This provoked strong counter-reactions, even by Iraqi and other

jihadists, but the group continued to gather power in Iraq. In 2010, both

ISI leaders were killed and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the current leader of

the ISIS

In 2013 the group expanded to Syria and there took the current name of

ISIS, or "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant". The Levant is a region that

includes, in addition to Syria, parts of other countries like Israel, Jordan

and Lebanon, and to expand its influence and political power to all this

region is the primary objective of ISIS at present. (View map1)

After the civil war broke out in Syria, the so-called Free Syrian Army

(FSA) was created, consisting of moderate rebels who represent the

main opposition to ISIS in that country and have therefore been

supported by the United States with Weapons and training. Today his

defeat seems imminent. Just 300 jihadists still resist in a stronghold of the

center of Mosul, the capital of the caliphate in northern Iraq from where

Abubaker al-Baghdadi radiated its power. Thousands of foreign fighters

from the Islamic State have been surrounded this week with 100,000

civilians in Raqa, the northeastern Syrian city that was headquarters and

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terror planning center. The sides in the war in Syria are now fighting to

seize the territory that the ISIS is abandoning in a rapid decline.

Map 1. Localization of ISIS 1

The Kurds

The Kurds are an ethnic group that currently inhabit in a region of

Kurdistan. Its territory is divided among four states: Turkey, Iraq, Iran and

Syria (view map 2). Some estimates (since there are no rigorous

censuses) suggest that the number of people that make up this ethnic

group amounts to 30-35 million people, making it the fourth largest ethnic

group in the Middle East. There are four dialects that are spoken in the

territory: the Sorani, the Zasakí, Goraní and the Kurmanji. And while the

predominant religion is Sunni Islam, there are also Alevites, Shiites,

Zoroastrians, Yezidis, and Christians.

At the end of the first world war and the defeat of the Ottoman Empire,

the Kurds achieved recognition of their country's independence with the

1 Allen Greene Richard and Thompson Nick (2016), “ISIS: Everything you need to know”, from IHS conflict Monitor of CNN [Online], Atlanta, available on: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/14/world/isis-everything-you-need-to-know/index.html

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Seyres Treaty, but the agreement was never ratified and was replaced

by the Treaty of Lausanne, signed by Great Britain , France, Italy, Japan,

Greece, Romania, the Serbian-Croatian-Slovenian kingdom and Turkey

on July 24, 1923 which recognized the Turkish state and divided the

territory of the Kurds as we know them now .

The Kurdish population is distributed in several countries as follows: in Iraq

there are approximately 4 million Kurds (representing 25% of the

population); Syria: 2 million; Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and

Kazakhstan: 500,000; Turkey: 20 million (25% of the population); Germany

and the rest of Western Europe: 2 million; Rest of the world: 4 million.[12] In

addition, it is important to note that Kurdistan has almost all the drinking

water of Turkey as its territory owns the Euphrates and Tigris rivers (which

are strategic for Turkey)

Throughout history independent movements have emerged in Turkey,

Syria, Iraq and Iran without the support of other nations, not to mention

that with the founding of the Kurdistan Workers' Party by Abdullah

Öcalan, who is currently the main Kurdish independence force in Turkey,

they have not won the sympathy of the United States and its main allies

for its communist orientation.

Today, the Kurds have been emerged as one of the most important lines

of defense against jihadist advances in northern Iraq and Syria, forcing

the West to recognize them as key allies in the battle.

Sunnis and Shiites

Although there is a marked separation between Sunnis and Shiites,

it is also important to note the profound similarities. The most important

point that unites Sunni and Shiite Islam is the belief in Muhammad (the

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man chosen by Allah as the prophet of Islam) who guided the Muslims to

live life according to the precepts of the Quran.

The Sunnis and Shiites also share the belief of the five pillars of Islam:

- The unity of Allah and the prophecy of Muhammad,

- Five mandatory sentences

- Fasting

- The charity

- The pilgrimage to Mecca

The story of the division of Islam between Sunnis and Shiites began after

the death of the prophet Muhammad (in 632 A.D) when the need to

choose the successor in the government of the Islamic caliphate came

to light. To understand the main difference, it’s important to establish

who are who in the history of Islam. The word Shiite comes from the word

Shia, which means "the feast (of Ali)." Shiites are mainly found in Iran and

Iraq, and among Palestinians. They (Shiites) consider themselves to be

direct descendants of Ali and the true heirs of Muhammad. While Sunni

refers to the Sunna, or oral traditions and interpretations of the Quran,

Sunnis believe that the position of the caliph[13] should be a position in

which one is chosen by the religious leaders of the Islamic community,

and does not depend on the direct lineage of Muhammad.

Today, most of the world's Muslims are Sunnis (Approximately 80 percent)

and are spread across Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Whereas, the

Shiites (Approximately 13 percent), represent the minority. [14] (View

graphic 1)

Shiite and Sunni Muslim political movements are seeking the

establishment of Islamic law as the sole basis of government. These

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movements have become popular in many Muslim countries because of

the predominant view of the people, but the most important (and what

adds to their popularity) to these movements is the participation of

religious leaders in them.

Graphic 1. Distribution of sunnis and Shias [15]

This religious division is increasing the conflicts in the already existing

tension in the Middle East and Muslim countries. Because "they have

fueled the Syrian civil war that threatens to transform the map of the

Middle East." [16]

In the Arab world, Shiite groups supported by Iran have recently

gained significant Political victories, including the regime of Syrian

President Bashar al-Assad, who has ruled since 1970, is based on Alawis,

a Shia heterodox sect that, as it's mentioned, accounts for about 13

percent of the Syrian population as a pillar of its power. The Alawis

dominate the top of the country's military and security services and are

the backbone of the forces struggling to support the Assad regime in

Syria's civil war. Hezbollah, the Lebanese Shiite militia and the political

movement, is the strongest party in Lebanon.

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Two of the most important terrorist groups (Sunni al-Qaeda and Shia

Hezbollah) have committed a series of terrorist acts and their attacks

have shifted from a focus on the West and Israel to other Muslims, such

as the assassination of Shiite civilians by Al Qaeda in Iraq and Hezbollah's

involvement in the Syrian civil war. Two countries competing for the

leadership of Islam, Sunni Saudi Arabia and Iranian Shiites, have used

sectarianism to promote their ambitions. "The Middle East is undergoing a

transformation that will take place over a generation, rooted in conflicts

that go back thousands of years," (Obama 2016) The manipulation of

believers has made faith a tool of mobilization. This is understandable if

we situate ourselves in a context like the one that currently lives in this

region: where the national borders are the result of the game between

the powers, religion is often the strongest identity element

Proxy war

Proxy war “is a war fought between groups or smaller countries

that each represent the interests of other larger powers, and may have

help and support from these”.[17]

With regard to Syria, we have mentioned throughout this manual, the

large number of actors who are now involved in the conflict that has

become increasingly complex, this in turn has led to the emergence of a

number of networks involving many characters in history. Understanding

who exerts the influence is necessary to explain why the series of efforts

that have been deployed have fail and why the Syrian conflict became

a proxy war.

If we go back to 2011 we will remember that in that year it was believed

that the current conflict in Syria was just another uprising of the Arab

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Spring, which has now become a war of powers that justified the

intervention of different countries. This situation has turned Syria into a

strategic battlefield because the conflict ceased to be a simple battle

between those who were on favor or against Assad at the moment that

acquired sectarian connotations, creating clashes between Sunnis and

Shiites, without mention that the emergence of the Islamic group has

given a turn to history.

For their part, Iran and Russia have supported the government of

President Assad and have gradually increased their support in recent

years. The Syrian government has met with support on the battlefield

since 2013 of the Shiite Islamic movement Hezbollah. Meanwhile, the

Sunni-dominated opposition attracted support from its international

allies: Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Jordan, along with the United

States, the United Kingdom and France.

In Syria, Russia quickly announced its unswerving support for Assad, even

after the regime's brutal crackdown on the uprisings. The United States

responded by implementing secret programs led by the CIA in

neighboring countries to train and arm the rebels. Despite the threat of

military intervention against the Syrian government, the United States has

continued to participate indirectly in the fight against Assad.

Syria has become a war of power between the United States and Russia.

“The Americans and Russians tried to convince themselves that they

shared common interests in Syria and could agree to fight terrorism

together. What is at stake is the role that the United States wants to play

in the world and the role that Russia can play in the world”.[18] “There is a

need for an effective coordination in the efforts to clear Syria of all terror

groups because so many countries are involved there” (Binali Yildirim,201

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Guide questions:

What’s your nation principal interest on the conflict?

Which is your nation’s position and capability on military

resources?

Has your nation been part of the UNSC before?

Which are the most important actions of your country in the

council?

Is your country supporting or opposing Assad’s administr

Sources of Information :

1 General Assembly (2017). “Rules of procedure”, from GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE

UNITED NATIONS [Online]. New York, available on:

http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/elect.shtml#1 [Consulted May 05, 2017]

2 Security Council. (2017). “What is the Security Council?”, from United Nations

Organization [Online] New York, available on: http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/

[Consulted May 05, 2017]

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3 Security Council. (2017). “The Security Council”, from United Nations Organization

[Online], New York, available on: http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ [Consulted February

13, 2017]

4 Security Council. (2017). “What is the Security Council?”, from United Nations

Organization [Online], New York, available on:: http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/

[Consulted February 13, 2017]

5 Security Council. (2017). “Functions and Powers”, from United Nations Organization

[Online], New York, available on: http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/functions.shtml

[Consulted May 9, 2017]

6 Security Council. (2017). “Current Members”, from United Nations Organization.

[Online], New York, available on: http://www.un.org/en/sc/members/ [Consulted May

18, 2017]

7 Amnesty International (2017) “The ‘Arab Spring’: Five years on”, from Amnesty

International [Online], London, available on:

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/01/arab-spring-five-years-on/

[Consulted May 05, 2017]

8 MEMO, “The meaning behind the 25 January Revolution”, from Middle East Monitor [Online],

Tunisia, available on: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20150128-the-meaning-behind-the-25-

january-revolution/ [Consulted May 05, 2017]

9 Amnesty International (2017) “The ‘Arab Spring’: Five years on”, from Amnesty International

[Online], London, available on: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/01/arab-

spring-five-years-on/ [Consulted May 05, 2017]

10 Kawashima Yuta (2017), “Timeline of Syrian Chemical Weapons Activity, 2012-2017”,

from Arms control Association [Online], Washington DC, avaialble on:

https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Timeline-of-Syrian-Chemical-Weapons-Activity

[May 05, 2017]

11 Allen Greene Richard and Thompson Nick (2016), “ISIS: Everything you need to

know”, from IHS conflict Monitor of CNN [Online], Atlanta, available on:

http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/14/world/isis-everything-you-need-to-know/index.html

12 BBC (2017) “Who are the kurds?” from BBC [Online], London, available at:

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29702440 [Consulted August 08, 2017]

13 Black Ian (2015) “Sunni v Shia: why the conflict is more political than religious”, from

The Guardian Graphic, London, available

on:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/05/sunni-shia-why-conflict-more-

political-than-religious-sectarian-middle-east [Consulted August 08, 2017] 14 The fact book of the center of Central Intelligence Agency (2017), “Religions”, from

CIA The World Factbook [Online], Langley, available on:

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html

[Consulted August 08, 2017]

15 Black Ian (2015) “Sunni v Shia: why the conflict is more political than religious”, from

The Guardian Graphic, London, available

UNSC – MONUUNAM 2017

on:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/05/sunni-shia-why-conflict-more-

political-than-religious-sectarian-middle-east [Consulted August 08, 2017]

16 Council on Foreign Relations(2014), ”The Suni- Shia Divided”, from Council on Foreign

Relations [Online], New York, available on: https://www.cfr.org/interactives/sunni-shia-

divide?cid=otr-marketing_url-sunni_shia_infoguide#!/sunni-shia-divide?cid=otr-

marketing_url-sunni_shia_infoguide [Consulted August 08, 2017]

17 Cambridge Dictionary (2017), “Proxy War”, from Cambridge Dictionary, [Online],

Cambridge, available on: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/proxy-

war [Consulted August 08, 2017]

17 Spiegel (2016), “How syria became the new global war” from Der Spiegel, [Online],

Hamburg, available on: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/syria-war-became-

conflict-between-usa-and-russia-and-iran-a-1115681.html [Consulted August 08, 2017]