UNOCHA: World Humanitarian Data and Trends 2015

8/20/2019 UNOCHA: World Humanitarian Data and Trends 2015

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WORLD

HUMANITARIAN

DATA AND TRENDS

2015


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WORLD

HUMANITARIAN

DATA AND TRENDS

2015


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Introduction

World Humanitarian Data and Trends presents global-and country-level data-and-trend analysis abouthumanitarian crises and assistance. Its purpose isto consolidate this information and present it in anaccessible way, providing policymakers, researchersand humanitarian practitioners with an evidence baseto support humanitarian policy decisions and providecontext for operational decisions.

The information presented covers two main areas:humanitarian needs and assistance in 2014, andhumanitarian trends, challenges and opportunities.This edition also features a new section on regionalperspectives, which showcases region-specific trendsidentified by OCHA’s regional offices. The reportintends to provide a comprehensive picture of the

global humanitarian landscape, and to highlightmajor trends in the nature of humanitarian crises, theirdrivers, and the actors that participate in prevention,response and recovery. The 2015 edition buildson previous iterations of the report, providing anoverview of 2014 as well as selected case studiesthat can be used for humanitarian advocacy.

There are many gaps in the available informationdue to the complexity of humanitarian crises. Eventhe concepts of humanitarian needs and assistanceare flexible. There are also inherent biases in theinformation. For example, assistance provided by

communities and by local and national Governmentsis less likely to be reported. The outcomes and impactof assistance are difficult to measure and rarelyreported. Funding data is more available than othertypes of information. There are also limitations on theavailability and quality of data. Further information onlimitations is provided in the ‘User’s Guide’.

The data presented in this report is from a variety ofsource organizations with the mandate, resources andexpertise to collect and compile relevant data, as wellas OCHA-managed processes and tools, such as theinter-agency appeal process and the Financial Tracking

Service (FTS). All the data presented in this report ispublicly available through the source organizations andthrough the report’s own data set. Further informationon data sources is provided in the ‘User’s Guide’.

World Humanitarian Data and Trends is an initiativeof the Policy Analysis and Innovation Section of

OCHA’s Policy Development and Studies Branch(PDSB). This report is just one part of OCHA’s effortsto improve data and analysis on humanitariansituations worldwide and build a humanitarian datacommunity. This edition was developed with internaland external partners, whose contributions are listedin the ‘Sources and References’ section. OCHAextends its sincere gratitude to all those partnersfor their time, expertise and contributions.

Interpreting the visualsand data

The report uses many visual representations ofhumanitarian data and trends. There is also somelimited narrative text and analysis, which providesbasic orientation and helps to guide individualinterpretation. However, there may be multiple waysto interpret the same information.

The ‘User’s Guide’ contains more detailedmethodological information and specific technicalnotes for each figure. Readers are encouragedto refer to the technical notes for more detaileddescriptions of decisions and assumptions made inpresenting the data.

For the latest information on needs and funding

requirements for current strategic response plans orinter-agency appeals, see fts.unocha.org.

Accessing the data

All the data presented in this report can bedownloaded through the Humanitarian DataExchange (https://data.hdx.rwlabs.org/). The reportcan be explored through its interactive companionmicrosite www.unocha.org/humanity360 .

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ContentsHighlights 2

The year in review – 2014

Humanitarian assistance in 2014

Overall funding, capacity and reporting 6Humanitarian needs: inter-agency appeals, funding and visibility Inter-agency appeal analysis and public awareness 8

Humanitarian needs: sector funding Funding per sector, CERF contributions per sector 14

Conflict in 2014 Overall numbers of refugees, IDPs and asylum seekers; number of political conflicts 16

Natural disasters in 2014 Overall trends in natural disasters, number of affected people and cost of disasters 18

Global landscape Migration, global demographics, health, technology, gender-based violence and poverty 20

Issues of increasing concern Statelessness, forced labour and human trafficking 22

Regional perspectives

Responding to natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific region 26

Initial response and key immediate needs 28

The impact of conflict on humanitarian action in the Middle East and North Africa Regional overview and country pages: Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, oPt, Pakistan, Syria, Yemen 30

Regional refugee-hosting countries in focus Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey 39

Trends, challenges and opportunities

The cost of humanitarian assistance 42

The evolution of the Central Emergency Response Fund 44

The evolution of country-based pooled funds 46

Funding trends: where does the money come from? 48

The humanitarian-development nexus in protracted crises 52

Measuring impact: the case of Darfur 54

Long-term trends in natural disasters 58

Long-term trends in conflict 60

Vulnerability and cycles of internal displacement 62

Disaster-related displacement and middle-income countries 64

The impact of explosive weapons on civilian populations 66

The use of improvised explosive devices 68

The data deficit: the case of East Africa 70

Online volunteer coordination: the Ebola emergency 72

Innovative tools for data coordination and collection 74

Social media and humanitarian disasters: Typhoon Ruby 76

Perceptions about humanitarian action 78

User’s guide

Limitations, technical notes by figure, sources and references 84

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Highlights1

The humanitarian communityis doing more, for more people

2014 was a record year on many fronts. Thehumanitarian community2 targeted more peoplethan ever before (76 million) and it received morefunding than even before ($10.8 billion through inter-agency appeals, $24.5 billion overall). Developmentindicators (page 52) in the six crises with continuousinter-agency appeals for 10 years or more, such asinfant mortality rate and access to improved watersources, have improved as humanitarian spendingper person has increased.

However, not all records reached in 2014 had such a

positive note. Four inter-agency appeals surpassedthe billion-dollar mark (Iraq, South Sudan, the SyriaRegional Refugee Response Plan and the SyriaHumanitarian Assistance Response Plan), and themajority of funding requested and provided went tothese mega-crises. The global fundinggap was the largest to date, both in absolute terms($7 billion) and percentage terms (40 per cent). Theamount of funding requested through inter-agencyappeals was also a record ($18 billion). Within thecontext of UN peace operations, humanitarianaction became the costliest UN activity ($10 billion),

with funding levels surpassing the budget ofpeacekeeping operations ($8 billion) (page 42).

Last year’s report introduced a metric to understandthe level of public attention for different crises bycalculating the ratio of ReliefWeb reports to webpage visits. Using that same metric, it was possibleto observe potential cases of donor fatigue anddiscrepancies with the widely held notion that fundingfollows public attention (page 8). For example, SouthSudan ranked highly in terms of public attention and

received high levels of funding. However, Somaliaranked high in attention but its funding levels dropped

by two percentage points.

Conflict, the absence of politicalsolutions and vulnerability continuedto drive protracted crises

Protracted, conflict-driven emergencies continued totest the humanitarian community’s capacity. In total,59.5 million were displaced by conflict or violence,with an average 30,000 new displacements per day.Between 2011 and 2014, nearly 145,000 deaths andinjuries were recorded from the use of explosive

weapons; 78 per cent were civilians (page 66). Theoverall number of people affected by natural disastersor displaced by conflict increased to 200.5 million,more than 50 million compared with 2013.

Global conflict trends were even more dramatic inthe Middle East and North Africa region (page 30).This was the only region in the world to experience anincrease in high-intensity conflicts, reaching a record14 in 2014. Further, the number of IDPs in the regionmore than doubled in five years, from 6.7 million to15.6 million between 2009 and 2014. In the absenceof political solutions, the region’s crises are likely to

continue affecting the livelihoods, safety and resilienceof communities.

Better analysis and new technologiesare creating incentives to be moreefficient and effective

The humanitarian community continued to innovateand find new ways to work more efficientlyand effectively. During the Ebola crisis, digital

1 All the information in this section is featured in infographicsthroughout the report. For specific sources, please referto the appropriate figure as well as the ‘User’s Guide’. Themost recent year for which complete data is available is2014. Therefore, this publication is not intended to provideinformation on the status of current emergencies. Its aimis to track some of the root causes of today’s crises andunderstand the provenance of humanitarian requirements.

2 Humanitarian assistance involves a plethora of actors,from affected people and communities to local andnational Governments, civil society and international aidorganizations. Organizations account for what they do invarying ways, and the efforts of many actors may not bereported. This publication acknowledges the importantcontribution of all humanitarian actors, and uses the term‘humanitarian community’ to denote those actors that receiveinternational humanitarian funding.

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humanitarians established a Skype group (page 74) to assist information sharing. The group alsofacilitated the participation of non-traditionalresponders. Separately, online volunteers compiledinformation on healthcare facilities (page 72). Theinformation was then mapped out to provide acomprehensive picture of existing healthcare facilitiesand released to support responders. Open-sourcetools, such as KoBoToolbox facilitated assessmentsby providing a template for data collectors and thecapacity to share results in real-time and perform

quick analysis. The use of social media to supporthumanitarian response also evolved: followingTyphoon Ruby (page 76) in the Philippines, over12,000 tweets were categorized to gain informationabout humanitarian aid, requests for help andlocations of damage.

Humanitarians also made headway in buildingprogramming based on data analysis: a study of31 Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) grantsfor Haiti and the Asia-Pacific region show that nearly85 per cent of funding was used to support responsein the food, WASH, health, shelter and logistics sector

(page 28). This type of insight and analysis will lead tobetter programming and pre-positioning of supplies.

National Governments further demonstrated theircommitment to build their capacity to undertake

disaster management capacity. In the Asia-Pacificregion, the number of countries with a formal disastermanagement authority continuously increased since2006 to reach a record 26. Further, all of the 10countries that had the highest numbers of disastersand disaster-affected people (page 58) had a formaldisaster management authority.

Despite these advances, the humanitariancommunity continued to experience challenges intruly understanding humanitarian need: measuringimpact continues to be a challenge, and the lack ofsex and age-disaggregated data makes it difficult to

understand the special requirements of women andchildren in humanitarian situations. Data is patchy: astudy of 10 countries in Africa (page 70) showed that atthe national level, data was available for a wide rangeof development indicators (e.g. education, access todrinking water, mobile phone use) but there was barelyany information available on disaster risk reduction orgender dimensions.

In May 2016, humanitarians, policy-makers andaffected people will meet at the World HumanitarianSummit. This presents a unique opportunity to supporta move towards a new humanitarian paradigm – an

Agenda for Humanity – driven by analysis, based ona full understanding of needs and risks, promotingcollective outcomes and shared accountability, andleveraging each other’s comparative advantages totruly meet the needs of affected people.

26m

82.5m

3.8bn

19.5bn2005 to 2015

Amount requested throughinter-agency appeals US$ billion

People targetedat mid-year

million

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

2 0 1 4

2 0 1 5

Figure A: Inter-agency appeals: funding requested

and people targeted

Highli


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“This year the UN marks itsseventieth anniversary. Sadly,there is little time for reflectionor celebration. More pressingare the competing demandsand challenges fuelled by anupsurge in conflict, diseaseand human suffering … theinternational community must

rise to the moment.” Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General, 2015


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THE YEAR INREVIEW, 2014


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Affectedpeople

141 million affected peopleby natural disasters

59.5 million people forciblydisplaced by violenceand conflict

76 millionpeople targeted byinter-agency appeals

6



In 2014, overall needs and requirements increased, putting even more strain on responders. Notwithstanding current crises,2014 was a record year on many fronts: funding requirements ($18 billion), overall contributions ($24.5 billion), people targeted(76 million) and a 40 per cent funding gap. The size of the humanitarian community continued to expand: the number of jobsadvertised through ReliefWeb and the number of hiring organizations increased by over 3,000 each. There was, however,

a slight decrease in the number of organizations participating in inter-agency appeals. On a positive note, the numberof incidents affecting aid workers decreased, potentially due to investments in security management.

Sources: Aid Worker Security Database, ALNAP, CRED EM-DAT, FTS, OCHA, ReliefWeb, UNHCR


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667 humanitarianorganizationsparticipating ininter-agency appeals

4,480 global number ofoperational aid agencies

Capacity

Funding

I

i

l

Program/Project management 9,345Monitoring and Evaluation 4,435Media/Communications 2,446

Internationalhumanitarian funding

$24.5 billion

OECD-DAC Donors

$16.8 billion (represents 10.8% of ODA)

Non-DAC Donors

$1.9 billion

Private Donors

$5.8 billion

Requirements for consolidatedappeals $18 billion

Funding for consolidated

appeals $10.8 billion

Per cent covered 60%

Unmet requirements $7.2 billion

26,309 jobs advertisedon ReliefWeb

4,094 organizationshiring through ReliefWeb

190 aid worker securityincidents in 2014

329 aid workers affected bysecurity incidents in 2014

Top three advertised job categoriesNumber of jobs


It is still difficult to gauge the impact of international humanitarian assistance. Compounding this challenge, informationabout national capacities and funding outside of traditional channels is not regularly captured or reported. Assistance is oftemeasured in terms of funding, but this is not an accurate proxy for humanitarian need. Over the last year, there has beenincreased support for programming based on common risk analysis and more evidence-based decision-making, with platfo

such as the Humanitarian Data Exchange facilitating openness and data sharing.

FIGU


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Afghanistan Requested $406m Funded $309m

76% of requirement met

Targeted people 5 million Funding per person $62

Burkina Faso Requested $99m Funded $41m


Targeted people 1.3 million Funding per person $31

Cameroon

Requested $126m Funded $73m



Central African Republic Requested $555m Funded $379m



Chad Requested $618m Funded $227m



Funds requested/receivedCountry details Awareness

748 3,468

1,225 7,086

3,329 65,5

1:6

1:20

964 6,857

1:8

1:5

1:10

18,4391,878

Sources: FTS, inter-agency appeal documents, ReliefWeb, UNHCR

8

Humanitarian needs – inter-agency appeals, funding and visibil

In 2014, appeal funding requirements increased by 38 per cent compared with 2013. There have been eight new appeals since2013, bringing the total to 27 in 2014. There were three level-three emergencies: Central African Republic (CAR), the Philippine(Super Typhoon Haiyan) and Syria. A record number of inter-agency appeals surpassed the billion-dollar mark (Iraq, South Sudathe Syria Regional Refugee Response Plan and the Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan). The majority of funding

requested and provided went to these mega-crises. Iraq, South Sudan and the Syria response plans accounted for approximate55 per cent of funding required and requested. Globally, the average amount of funding received per person increased by$28 to $182. In 2014, only four per cent of projects were gender-specific, showing no increase from previous years.



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Democratic Republic of the Congo Requested $832m Funded $393m



Haiti Requested $157m Funded $90m



Djibouti Requested $74m Funded $21m



3,134 32,2

996 16,56

235 1,950

1:9

Gambia Requested $18m Funded $4m



283 1,624

1:17

1:11


1:6

0:0

Up Down Same New

compared to 2013Amount

received

Amount

requested

Reports

published

Web page

visits

Ratio of rep

to visits

Last year’s report introduced a metric to understand the level of public attention for different crises by calculating theratio of reports to web page visits. Using that same metric, it was possible to observe potential cases of donor fatigue adiscrepancies with the widely held notion that funding follows public attention. As with last year, South Sudan ranked hiin attention and funding. However, this was not the case for Somalia. That country continued to rank highly in attention,

its funding level dropped by 2 percentage points. The attention level on Afghanistan dropped by 4 points, but its fundilevel increased by 2 percentage points. The overall trend shows that while public interest can sometimes be aligned witfunding, there is no direct correlation between attention and inter-agency appeal funding.

FIGU

Humanitarian needs – inter-agency appeals, funding and visib


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Iraq Requested $1,113m Funded $819m



Mali Requested $481m Funded $239m



Mauritania Requested $91m Funded $38m



3,419 50,6

19,1041,906

544 2,242

955 5,616

1,916 11,774

1:5


1:7

1:6

1,200 14,658

1:13

1:11

1:15

Niger Requested $305m Funded $173m



Myanmar Requested $192m Funded $129m



Nigeria Requested $93m Funded $18m




0



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2,717 23,7

n/a n/a*


787 5,009

1:7

1:9

2,837 25,2

1:9

occupied Palestinian territoryRequested $931mFunded $502m


Targeted people 1.9 millionFunding per person $264

Philippines(Typhoon Haiyan and Zamboaga)

Requested $789mFunded $475m



366 1,378

1:4

Republic of CongoRequested $14mFunded $5m



Sahel Region




SenegalRequested $64mFunded $21m



0:0

Up Down Same New


received

Amount

requested

Reports

published

Web page

visits

Ratio of re

to visit

* The ratio of reports to visits cannot be calculated for regional or multi-national responses because web page visits could be duplicated.



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South SudanRequested $1,802mFunded $1,595m



SudanRequested $986mFunded $547m



4,504 111,84

1,635 47,591

1:25

South Sudan RegionalRefugee Response Plan (RRRP)(Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and Uganda)




2,935 26,592

n/a n/a

1:30

1:10

SomaliaRequested $933mFunded $458m


Targeted people 2 millionFunding per person $229



2



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Syria Humanitarian AssistanceResponse Plan (SHARP)

Requested $2,256mFunded $1,123m



Syria RegionalResponse Plan (RRP)

Requested $3,741mFunded $2,333m



Yemen




1:14

5,455 78

n/a n/a

1,128 14,998

1:15


0:0

Up Down Same New


received

Amount

requested

Reports

published

Web page

visits

Ratio of rep

to visit



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753 243,144 353 3 1,267

Multi-sector Protection/human rights

Safety and security(staff and operations)

Sector not

specified

650 699 518

42

491 203 179

22

609 272

45%

12%

15% 1% 8% 49%

1% 4%

75% 29% 35%

Coordination andsupport services

Agriculture Economic recoveryand infrastructure

Education

Mine action

57% 47% 14%52%

5,517

3%

4

Humanitarian needs – sector funding

2014 saw a repeating pattern in terms of sector funding. Multisectoral programmes and the food-assistance sectorcontinued to have the largest funding requests. Food assistance is generally the best-funded sector, but coordinationand support services was the best-funded sector in 2014. It received a similar funding level in 2013 (77 per cent),so this change in pattern reflects decreasing funding levels for emergency food aid rather than increased support

for coordination.

Sources: CERF, inter-agency appeal documents, FTS



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1,798 987476 468

Shelterand NIFs

Water andsanitation

4,426 2,0242,909 1,025

12%12%

4% 7%

66% 51%

Food Health

26% 47%

$18bn

60%Per cent funded

$10.8bn

4%

Total funded (US$m)

Percentage funded

Total requested (US$m)

CERF % of total fundsKEY

Comparison to 2013 Up Down No change

FIGU

The Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) comprised 4 per cent of the total funding available in 2014 ($412 millionThis marked a slight decrease compared with 2013, when CERF contributed $482 million. Its largest contribution inabsolute terms went to emergency food assistance ($109 million), and its largest contribution in percentage terms(49 per cent) went to one of the worst-funded sectors: safety and security of staff and operations. In 2014, only $6 millio

of CERF funding went towards projects addressing gender-based violence.

Humanitarian needs – sector fund


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59.5 millionInternally Displaced

Persons (IDPs)

38.2 million

Refugees

Number of individuals forciblydisplaced because of persecution,conflict, generalized violence orhuman rights violations.

19.5 million

Top five countries:total numberof IDPs, 2014

Top five countries:highest refugee-producers

1.8 millionAsylum-seekers

Syria 3.88 million

Afghanistan 2.59 mill

Somalia 1.11 million

Sudan 666,000

South Sudan 616,200

Sources: Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, Institute for Economics and Peace, IDMC, UNHCR

Number of people affected by conflict

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Conflict in 2014

Forty-six extremely violent political conflicts took place in 2014, marking an increase of one compared to 2013. Thetotal number of political conflicts increased by 10 to 424. The overall number of refugees and people forcibly displacedby violence or conflict increased by 8.3 million to reach a staggering 59.5 million people worldwide. The number ofinternally displaced persons (IDPs) increased by roughly 15 per cent to reach a new high of 38.2 million. There were



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Economic cost of conflic

Top five countries:number of new IDPs, 2014

of the world’srefugees

of the world’s IDPs

equivalent to13.4% of global GDP

newdisplacements

60%

45%

56%

$14.3 trillion

424 177 46

Number of conflicts*

Political conflicts Violent crises Highly violent crises

Iraq 2.7 million

South Sudan 1.3 million

Syria 1.1 million

Democratric Republic of Congo 1 million

Nigeria 0.9 million

Syria 7.6 million

Colombia 6 million

Iraq 3.3 million

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.7 million

Pakistan 1.9 million

* For a description of conflict intensity, see technical note and Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research.

Conflict in 2

FIGU

approximately twice as many IDPs as refugees. Protracted crises in five countries—Democratic Republic of the Congo(DRC), Iraq, Nigeria, South Sudan and Syria—accounted for 60 per cent of new IDPs. In 2014, 51 per cent of refugeeswere under 18 years. The proportion of of refugee girls and women has gradually increased from 48 per cent in 2011to 50 per cent in 2014.


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Number ofnatural disasters

Number ofcountries affected

Number ofaffected people

Totaldamage

Occurrence of disaster types

319 107 141 million $110 billion

Top five costliest disasters US$ billions

184 155 137148

135

95 84 90106

100

25

20 16 1635

9

30 29 2849

3 million

Sri Lanka

Drought5

Brazil

4 million

Burkina Faso

China

Top five countries by numberof people affected

Floods5.1

India, Pakistan

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

CycloneHudhud

Drought

Flood

Earthquake

Storm

7

India

Japan

Earthquake

Winterdamage

Same New − compared to 2013

10 million

Philippines

5.7 million

India

58 million

China

5

5.9

8

Natural disasters in 2014

Roughly the same number of natural disasters occurred in 2014 as in 2013. However, the number of affected peopleincreased from 97 million in 2013 to 141 million in 2014. This could be explained by an increase in the number of droughtsThis was the only disaster category that registered an increase in 2014, and droughts accounted for 39 per cent of affected


Sources: CRED EM-DAT, MunichRE


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Numbers of disastersper region

Number of people affected by naturaldisaster per region

millions

Africa 14452

9

75

39

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

33.3

97.9

7.7

2.90.2

Type of disasters per region

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm

O c e a

nia

E u r ope

A s ia

A m

e r i c as

A f r i ca

FIGU

people. In terms of mortality, floods and landslides accounted for 63 per cent of fatalities. Forty-eight per cent of disastoccurred in Asia. Over 85 per cent of people killed and 86 per cent of those affected were also in Asia. As in 2013, Chinthe Philippines and India remained the top three countries in terms of the number of people affected.

Natural disasters in 2


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BASELINE: In 2014, global GrossDomestic Product (GDP) was$77.87 trillion, with an annual growthof 2.6 per cent. Inequality has reachedunsurpassed levels: the richest1 per cent of people own 48 per centof global wealth. Of the remainder,94.5 per cent is owned by the world’srichest 20 per cent, leaving 5.5 percent of global wealth to be distributedamong 80 per cent of the world’spopulation.

PROJECTION: Increasing inequalitywill result in the 1 per cent havingmore wealth than 99 per cent of theglobal population in the next twoyears. Global GDP is expected toincrease to 3.1 per cent in 2016.

EconomyClimate change

Pandemics

Diaspora

Food security Gender-based violence

BASELINE: Of the world’s 570million farms, 9 out of 10 are runby families. Family farms produceabout 80 per cent of the world’sfood. By 2014, approximately 805million people were chronicallyundernourished, down more than

100 million over the last decade.

PROJECTION: In 2050, global foodproduction will have to increase by60 per cent from its 2005-2007levels to meet increasing demandby the world’s projected populationof 9.7 billion.

BASELINE: No year since 1880 hasbeen as warm as 2014. In 2014,48 per cent of disasters occurred inAsia. In East Asia and the Pacific, thenumber of people exposed to floodsand tropical cyclones has increasedby 70 per cent since 1980.

PROJECTION: Climate change mayreduce raw water quality and poserisks to drinking water quality, evenwith conventional treatment. Climatechange without adaptation willnegatively affect crop productionfor local temperature increases of2°C or more. Future annual losses dueto disasters are estimated at $314billion in built environments.

BASELINE: One in every three womenhas been beaten, coerced into sex orabused in some other way, frequentlyby someone she knows. Globally, upto 38 per cent of murders of womenare committed by an intimate partner.Six-hundred million women globally

are living in countries where domesticviolence is still not considered a crime.

PROJECTION: One in five womenworldwide will become a victimof rape or attempted rape in herlifetime. The majority of thesevictims will be young women.

BASELINE: By the end of 2014, therewere 12,861 confirmed cases ofEbola in Guinea, Liberia, and SierraLeone. About 75 per cent of newhuman diseases are caused bymicrobes that originate in animals.

PROJECTION: Pandemics such asEbola, MERS, HIV/AIDS and SARSwill continue to be spurred bypopulation growth, increased globaltrade and travel, global warmingand poverty. Methods for dealingwith pandemics will need to changefrom reactive to proactive tomanage the threat.

BASELINE: Remittances constitutethe second largest source of foreigncapital (after foreign directinvestment). In 2014, 245 millionmigrants sent half a trillion dollars totheir countries of origin, supportingon average 4.5 people each andaffecting over 1 billion peopleworldwide.

PROJECTION: Diaspora groups areas diverse as the communities theyserve, and there is not enough data

to understand the capacities and roleof the diaspora. In the humanitariancontext, diaspora could become akey aid partner.

0

Global landscape

Sources: CRED, DESA, FAO, Global Slavery Index 2014, ILO, IOM, ITU, Millennium Development Goals Progress Report,NRC, Oxfam, UNHCR, UNISDR, UNDP, UNESCO, UNODC, UN Women, USAID, WHO, World Bank

Conflicts and natural disasters have been seen as the main drivers of humanitarian need. They are often treated asdiscrete events, with little analysis of the underlying causes and warning signs. Today, the humanitarian landscapeis changing more rapidly than ever. Global risks are recognized as increasingly central to humanitarian crises. Theycan make people more vulnerable and prevent them from building the resilience necessary to cope with shocks. The

protracted and recurrent crises we see around the world today are a direct result of this vulnerability. In some cases, this



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BASELINE: In 2014, approximately3.8 billion people lived in urbanareas. Fifty-three per cent of theworld’s urban population lived inAsia, followed by Europe (14 percent) and Latin America and theCaribbean (13 per cent).

PROJECTION: By 2050, 66 per centof the world’s population could livein urban areas, adding 2.5 billionpeople to urban populations. China,India and Nigeria are expected toaccount for 37 per cent of theworld’s urban population growthbetween 2014 and 2050.

UrbanizationHealth

BASELINE: In 2014, over 22,000migrants died en route to Europe.Of the 232 million global migrants,72 million live in Europe. Youths agedbetween 15 and 24 account forapproximately 12 per cent ofinternational migrants.

PROJECTION: Family migration isthe main and largest channel ofentry for migrants, and it has greatimpact on human and economicdevelopment. Greater attention to

coherent policy is necessary toassess the potential of the family unitin international migration, as well asprotection challenges.

Migration Technology Poverty

Population

BASELINE: Since 1990, the mortalityrate for children under age 5 hasdeclined by approximately50 per cent. Maternal mortality hasdeclined by 45 per cent. Pneumoniaand diarrhoea account for 70 percent of deaths in 15 countries, all of

them in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.Pneumonia kills 2,600 children a day.

PROJECTION: Unless early actionis taken, preventable diseases willcontinue to be the main causes forthe deaths of children under age 5.

BASELINE: In 2014, there were6.9 billion mobile telephonesubscriptions. For every Internet userin the developed world, there are twoin the developing world. However,two thirds of the population living indeveloping countries remain offline.Seventy-seven per cent of Twitteraccounts were for users outside theUnited States.

PROJECTION: By the end of 2015,there will be 7 billion mobile

telephone subscriptions, 5.5 billionof which will be from developingcountries. There will be 3.2 billionInternet users, 2 billion of whom willbe from developing countries.

BASELINE: In 2014, the world'spopulation was 7.2 billion people.Global population is increasing ata slower rate than 10 years ago,by 1.18 per cent annually, or83 million people a year.

PROJECTION: By 2050, the worldpopulation will increase to 9.7billion people. More than half of tglobal increase will be in ninecountries: DRC, Ethiopia, India,Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan,Tanzania, Uganda and the USA.

Decreasing concern

Increasing concern

No change in concern

BASELINE: In 2014, an estimated863 million people lived in slums,the majority in sub-Saharan Africa(approximately 200 million).

PROJECTION: By 2030,approximately 3 billion people wineed adequate housing. To meetthis, 96,150 housing units need tobe completed per day from nowuntil 2030.

FIGU

Gobal landsc

vulnerability is exacerbated by the absence of a political solutions to conflicts. The humanitarian community has placerenewed emphasis on better understanding the drivers of crises, to move towards an evidence-based model where throot causes of humanitarian need are better understood and, therefore, the humanitarian community can serve affectpeople in a more effective way.


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Issues of increasing concern

Slavery andforced labour

BASELINE: A total of3.5 million people are underUNHCR’s statelessnessmandate, but estimatesindicate there are atleast 10 million statelesspeople. Statelessness affectspeople in Asia and the Pacificmore than the other regions.A total of 97.6 per cent

of the number of reportedstateless persons are foundin 20 countries.

Statelessness Childrenin conflict

BASELINE: More than 90 per centof countries have legislationcriminalizing human trafficking.

It is estimated that women accountfor 55 to 60 per cent of all traffickingvictims detected globally. Womenand girls together account for some75 per cent, 27 per cent of victimsare children.

Human trafficking

Increasing concer

3.5 millionUNHCR statelessness mandate

PROJECTION: Statelessnessdestroys a person’s political identity,leaving him/her more vulnerableto human rights violations.Statelessness can facilitateforced removal from a country.Statelessness may continue dueto racial, ethnic or religiousdiscrimination.

BASELINE: In 2014, an estimated230 million children lived in areasaffected by armed conflicts. Nearly15 million children were caught up inviolent conflict in CAR, Iraq, Palestine,South Sudan, Syria and Ukraine.

PROJECTION: Children facetremendous challenges in conflict:hundreds are kidnapped goingto/coming from school, tens ofthousands are recruited or used byarmed groups, and attacks oneducation and health facilities areincreasing in many conflict areas.

PROJECTION: Despite legislativeprocess to criminalize trafficking,there are few convictions for humantrafficking.

75% 27%55-60%Women Women

and girls

in 5 countries

Children

Of all traffick victims detected globally

PROJECTION: The number ofchildren recruited for child labour isdecreasing, but the proportion ofchildren in domestic work isincreasing. Most countries providesome training to front-line lawenforcement on how to identifyvictims of modern slavery, but victimassistance continues to be weak.

35.8 millionpeople in modern slavery

61%

BASELINE: Modern slavery compriseshuman trafficking, slavery/slavery-likepractices (debt bondage, forced/servile marriage, sale/exploitation ofchildren, descent-based slavery) andforced labour. An estimated 35.8million men, women and children arein modern slavery globally. Sixty-oneper cent of people are in fivecountries in Asia and Europe.

Worldwide, approximately14 per cent of girls aged between5 and 14 are engaged in childlabour, the majority unpaid.

10 millionEstimatedstatelesspeople

found in 20 countries

97.6%

Sources: CRED, DESA, FAO, Global Slavery Index 2014, ILO, IOM, ITU, Millennium Development Goals Progress Report,NRC, Oxfam, UNHCR, UNISDR, UNDP, UNESCO, UNODC, UN Women, USAID, WHO, World Bank

2



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200.5 million people were affected by natural disasor displaced by conflict and viole

Conflict and violence displaced 30,000 people per d

Over 22,000 migrants died en route to Euro

77 per cent of Twitter accounts were for users outside the United Sta

Within the context of UN peace operations, humanitarian action was the cost

activity, surpassing the peacekeeping budget by $2 billio

The cost of global conflict was estimated at $14.3 trillio

19.3 million people were displaced by natural disast91 per cent of this displacement was due to weather-related eve

Civilians comprised 78 per cent of the almost 145,000 deaths and injucaused by explosive weapons between 2011 and 20

Since 2006 85 per cent of CERF funding in Asia-Pacific has bused primarily to fund 5 sectors: food, WASH, health, shelter and logis

Between 2009 and 2014, the number of IDPs in the Middle East and North Africa reg

more than doubled from 6.7 million to 15.6 mil

Women accounted for 55 to 60 per cent of all human trafficking vict

Only 4 per cent of projects in inter-agency appeals w

200.5 million people were affected by natural disasor displaced by conflict and viole

Conflict and violence displaced 30,000 people per d

Over 22,000 migrants died en route to Euro

77 per cent of Twitter accounts were for users outside the United Sta

Within the context of UN peace operations, humanitarian action was the cost

activity, surpassing the peacekeeping budget by $2 billio

The cost of global conflict was estimated at $14.3 trillio

19.3 million people were displaced by natural disast91 per cent of this displacement was due to weather-related eve

Civilians comprised 78 per cent of the almost 145,000 deaths and injucaused by explosive weapons between 2011 and 20

Since 2006 85 per cent of CERF funding in Asia-Pacific has bused primarily to fund 5 sectors: food, WASH, health, shelter and logis

Between 2009 and 2014, the number of IDPs in the Middle East and North Africa reg

more than doubled from 6.7 million to 15.6 mil

Women accounted for 55 to 60 per cent of all human trafficking vict

Only 4 per cent of projects in inter-agency appeals wgender-specific, showing no increase from previous ye

Key facts 201


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“To reaffirm humanity, we mustalso counteract the politicizationof aid. In today’s conflicts,life-saving assistance, like accessto water or healthcare, is oftenused as a tool or a weapon ...All humanitarian action mustseek not only to end sufferingand meet immediate needs,but to keep people safe fromharm and enable them to livewith dignity.”

Stephen O’Brien, Emergency Relief Coordinator and

Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, 2015


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REGIONALPERSPECTIVES


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14

16

18 19

2223

24

26 26

12

14

21

2324

2627

2930

31

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

3

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Changing the face of response

DisasterManagementLegislation

(cumulative)

12Number of National Disaster Management Authorities (cumulative)

of global naturaldisasters

of the world'surban population

IN 2014

65%

people affected by naturaldisasters world wide

88%

40%

of globaleconomic losses

53%

2 billion peopleAPPROXIMATELY

Over the last ten years, nationalauthorities have taken

considerable measures to invest intheir response capacity to mitigatethe effects of a disaster. They havedone this, in part, through theestablishment of national disastermanagement agencies.

Average disasterlosses per year

$162billion

Between2004 and 2014,

the regionaccounted for...

Responding to natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific region

Since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Governments in the Asia-Pacific region have increased their capacity to respondto natural disasters. Evidence for this can be seen in the increase in disaster management legislation passed, and thenumber of national disaster management authorities established in the past 10 years. These national disaster managementauthorities and systems are increasingly capable of managing an effective response to many of the disasters they face.

Moreover, the growing prominence of bilateral response in the region and the intention of regional organizations to playa central role are changing the face of humanitarian response.

Sources: CRED EM-DAT, OCHA ROAP

Asia-Pacific is the world’s most disaster-prone region

6



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The Asia-Pacific region encompasses botthe Himalayan fault system and the PacifiRing of Fire, making it one of the mostseismically active regions in the world. Soof the most devastating earthquakes andtsunamis have occurred in this region. Thmap shows locations with a 20 per centprobability that the maximum degree ofearthquake intensity will be exceeded in next 50 years. Intensity is measured on a

scale of one (feeble) to twelve (catastrop

There are three active storm basins in theAsia-Pacific region: the Northwest PacificBasin, the South Pacific Basin and the Bayof Bengal. They have a combined averagof 42 tropical cyclones per year. Some haresulted in catastrophic damage and lossand required a huge internationalhumanitarian response. Nineteen of the 2deadliest storms have occurred in theAsia-Pacific region. The map showslocations where there is a 10 per centprobability that storms of a given intensitwill strike in the next 10 years.

Degree I-VDegree VIDegree VIIDegree VIIIDegree IX-XII

One: 118-153 kmhTwo: 154-177 kmhThree: 178-209 kmhFour: 210-249 kmhFive: 250+ kmh

Earthquake Intensity

Modified Mercalli Scale

Tropical Storm IntensitySaffir-Simpson Scale

Areas at risk from tropical storms

Areas at risk from earthquake activityand volcanic erruptions

Number of earthquakes >Degree VII2005-2014

110

Number of tropical storms2005-2014

401

East Asia, Asia-Pa

FIGU

Note: The boundaries and names shown and the desginations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nation

Responding to natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific reg


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27%

19%

18%

6%

15%

15%

$253m

ALL OTHER

SECTORS

Overall

85% of CERF rapidresponse funding went

to the food, health,shelter, WASH and

logistics sectorsbetween2006 and

2014$ 6 7 M

I L L I O N

$ 3 8 M

I L L I O N

$ 1 6

M I L

L I O N

$ 3 8

M I L L I O N

$ 4 7 M I L L I O N

$ 4 7

M

I L L I O

N

85%Pre-identifyingkey immediate needs

helps respondersto be betterprepared

In many middle-income countries with substantial domestic capacity (see figure 7), the value of external assistance isincreasingly seen as boosting the speed and volume of life-saving assistance provided in the early stages of the response,and augmenting national and regional capacity when affected States become overwhelmed. In the Asia-Pacific region, recenthumanitarian operations have highlighted the need to realign international response in a way that supports communities,

national and local authorities, and regional organizations. When humanitarian relief is delivered quickly and critical needsaddressed immediately, communities are better placed to focus on restoring livelihoods and recovering from the shock.

Sources: CERF, OCHA ROAP

88

Initial response and key immediate needs

Key immediate needs



33/104


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People displaced byviolence and conflictMillions

Number of conflicts

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

55 55

62

6971

74

1

2

3

16.3 16.4 15.9 17.7 22.0 27.9

40%32%40%44%33%25%

2.8 2.1 4.5 3.0 1.8 1.0 2.0 1.2 6.0 4.1 9.0 5.4

Funding gap

Total

RequestedReceived

Humanitarian fundingthrough inter-agencyappealsUS$ billions

Refugees

IDPs

The Middle East and North Africa region has witnessed an upsurge in violent conflict and displacement, particularly in thewake of the Arab revolutions. Since 2010, the number of conflicts, refugees and IDPs has grown in the region. Between 2009and 2014, the number of conflicts increased by 35 per cent, from 55 to 74. In that same period, the number of IDPs more thandoubled from 6.7 million to 15.6 million, while the number of refugees increased by nearly half from 5 million to 7.5 million.

The upsurge in conflict has led to worrying patterns of sexual and gender-based violence targeting women, girls and minoritygroups. A convergence of factors related to culture, stigma and access to services all impact reporting, making it impossible tohave an accurate picture of incidences, prevalence and dynamics.

The impact of conflict on humanitarian actionin the Middle East and North Africa region

Regional overview

Sources: Aid Worker Security Database, Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, IDMC, OCHA ROMENA, UNHCR, UNRWA

0



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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

241

298

166187

296

373

10

15

27

People targeted for assistancethrough inter-agency appealsMillions, at mid-year

33

Security

Security incidents

Aid workers affected

50 74 68 102 155

100

138 172 133 176 303 199

PartnershipsOrganizations participatingin inter-agency appeals(UN Agency, NGO or RedCross/Red Crescent

)

The information gap

It is inherently difficult to collect humanitariandata, particularly in volatile situations. This isillustrated by the information gaps in this

infographic. Funding data is more readilyavailable than other types of data. Theoutcomes and impact of assistance are difficultto measure and rarely reported. When they are,the lack of common standards for data andsharing protocols impede information flows.

The humanitarian community has mobilized to provide life-saving assistance and protection to the most vulnerable peopleThe amount of funding requested through inter-agency appeals more than quadrupled between 2009 and 2014, whilea record number of partner organizations participated in the appeals (373 in 2014) and contributed to the response.Humanitarian access and low funding levels continue to be challenges in aid delivery: on average, appeals in the region

had a 36 per cent funding gap between 2009 and 2014, roughly the same as the global funding gap.

Middle East and North A

FIGU

The impact of conflict on humanitarian action in the Middle East and North A


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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

0.

0.

0.

1.

20

40

60

80

FOOD FOOD PROTECTION PROTECTION HEALTH

24%

26 57 51 56 81 5462 123 92 105 167 127

35% 27% 50% 27% 31%

0.4 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.1

61

90

90 92116

88 89

58 60 59 63 66

5

2.5 0.8

4 5

5

9

9 9 7 1.7

Total


Humanitarian fundingthrough inter-agencyappeal US$ millions

Funding gap

Partnerships Organizations participatingin inter-agency appeal

International NGOs National NGOs

RequestedReceived

Security

Top sector by numberof people targetedMillions, as reportedby country team

TargetedReached

Security incidentsAid workers affected

Targeted

People targeted for assistancethrough inter-agency appealsMillions, at midyear

RefugeesIDPs

Afghanistan

“Despite more than a decade of international and government development efforts … Afghanistan remains a protracted,complex emergency where five million people need life-saving assistance. This does not include the many more millionswho are suffering the effects of chronic poverty.” – Mark Bowden, Humanitarian Coordinator for Afghanistan, 2014

2



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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Active INGOsActive national NGOs Most partn

SHELTER4030 8WFOOD

HIGHEST NUMBER PER SECTOR

FOOD FOOD HEALTH

1 3 4 9 1 1

2.7 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.3 3.5

43

29

46

RequestedReceived

Security



Humanitarian fundingthrough inter-agencyappeal

US$ millions

Funding gap


International NGOs

Top sector by number

of people targetedMillions, as reportedby country team

Targeted

59 4

National NGOs79 90

33% 78% 65% 61% 39% 34%

1

1

RefugeesIDPs

Iraq

Since January 2014, 2.9 million people have fled their homes in three mass waves of displacement and multiple smallerones. The humanitarian crisis in Iraq is a protection crisis above all else. Populations have been subjected to massexecutions, systematic rape and horrendous acts of violence. Civilians who have remained in ISIL areas are at risk of repby combatants as they retake territory from ISIL.



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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4People displaced byviolence and conflictMillions

Funding gap

Total

Partnerships


IDPs


93

3

18

179

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

68%17%

0.1 0.4

RequestedReceived

5

101520

25

30

35

Libya

Armed conflict and political instability have affected over 3 million people. Health and protection needs of the affectedpopulation stand out in terms of scope, scale and severity. The conflict has restricted access to basic services, led to forceddisplacement and impacted people’s safety and security. Women, children, the elderly and those with low economic meansare particularly vulnerable.

4



39/104


40/104

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

9 17 18 1240 28 29 25 41 18



Funding gap



Security

Top sector by numberof people targetedMillions, as reportedby country team

TargetedReached


74

43

11 1.3 0.7 1.231.23.714

14

7

5

3 7

11

TargetedReached

51

4029

36

32

70

62

130

69

98

55

75

People targeted for assistancethrough inter-agency appealMillions, at mid-year

1212

WASH HEALTHHEALTH NUTRITION

3.1 3.3 2.9

23% 35% 56% 83%

2.3 2.3 3.40.

1.

2.

3.

4.

RequestedReceived

Total

50

1,001,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

RefugeesIDPs

Pakistan

The displacement of population due to insecurity and natural disasters has been a major humanitarian concern for the pastfew years. Recurrent security operations in the north-west region displaced 1.6 million people in 2015. Monsoon floodsin 2015 affected approximately 1.6 million people in more than 4,000 villages. Pakistan also suffers from a prevalence ofunder-nutrition with an estimated 14 million pregnant and lactating women and 22 million children affected.

6



41/104

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

SHELTER SHELTER

SHELTER SHELTERWASH WASH EDUCATION

1 21 44 263 25 69 42



Funding gap


International NGOsNational NGOs

Security

Top sector by number

of people targetedMillions, as reportedby country team

TargetedReached


11 22

16

11073

6 10

28 43

8

16

22

8

1

5.76.2

NON-FOOD ITEMS

1610

WASH

3.4 2.6 2.5 4.3

38% 32% 51%

7.4 8.5

RequestedReceived

Total

RefugeesIDPs

Sector with highest numberof active INGOs

Sector with highest numberof active national NGOs

Syria

“In the past four years, the number of people in need of humanitarian assistance has increased twelve-fold. That figure now 12.2 million. Nearly half of all Syrians have been forced from their homes: 7.6 million have been internally displaceand 3.9 million have fled to neighbouring countries, making this the largest displacement crisis in the world.”- Yacoub El Hillo, UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Syria, 2015.



42/104


43/104

20132014 2014 2013 2014

Egypt

Humanitarian funding throughinter-agency appeal

Partnerships Top sectors by number of people targeted

Lebanon

Jordan

Turkey

Lebanon

Jordan

Turkey

2013

66 142

1,216 1,515

977 1,014

372

2014 2013 2014

Millions, as reported by country

US$ miMillions


People displaced by violenceand conflict

Refugees IDPs

98

17140

59

Requested Received Funding gap(%)

45

13 1516

5052

21

1

47

21

51

13

0.60.6

0.60.4

0.60.3

0.60.6

2.8

44%

40%

26%

59%

45%

28%

21%

0.2

1.6

2.8

2.4

0.2

1.2

2.6

1.5

53

Targeted Reached

For decades, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria have been home to nearly half of all Palestinian refugees. Since 2013, the numberefugees in the region has increased drastically, particularly with Syrian refugees fleeing the conflict. The majority of refugehave fled to neighbouring countries, including Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. While some refugees are housed in caa vast proportion – approximately half – are living in urban areas, with different needs to refugees in camps.

The sheer scale of refugees in the region has opened up debate about how the international community can better suppomiddle-income economies hosting large refugee populations, in particular, by making financing instruments accessibleto them such as loans through international financial institutions. The scale of the refugee crisis has also renewed calls forsupporting them in re-establishing a livelihood, to ultimately reduce vulnerability and need.

Regional refugee-hosting countries in focus

FIGUR

Sources: Aid Worker Security Database, IDMC, OCHA ROMENA, UNHCR, UNRWA



44/104

“Technology and social mediaare giving people more accessto more information than everbefore. This connectivity meansthey can quickly reach out toothers and form groups aroundissues. It has … empoweredpeople in ways we would neverhave thought possible 25 yearsago – and given them a muchmore powerful and audible voiceto demand what they need.”

Stephen O’Brien, Emergency Relief Coordinator

and Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, 2015


45/104

TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES


46/104

56

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0

5

10

15

20

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

U S $ B I L L I O N S

Humanitarian action in the context of peace operations

Humanitarian inter-agency appeal funding Peacekeeping budget Special Political Missions budgetPeacebuilding Fund Average length of UN peace operations

Y E A R S

2

7

12

17

22

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Humanitarian funding throughinter-agency appeals

US$ billions

through inter-agencyappeals

adjusted for inflationAmount requestedAmount received

Amount requestedAmount received

The average lengthof humanitarianinter-agencyappeals is seven

consecutive years

The cost of humanitarian assistance

The humanitarian system has continued to professionalize and grow. Since 2004, the number of people targeted forassistance has more than doubled to reach 82.5 million in 2015, but the increase in funding requirements has risen at amuch faster rate. In the same time frame, the cost of humanitarian assistance increased sixfold, from $3.4 billion to $19.5billion. However, the number of inter-agency appeals has remained relatively stable at an average of 30 per year. Within the

context of UN peace operations,* humanitarian action is the costliest activity. For example, in 2014, inter-agency appealfunding was more than $10 billion, while funding for peacekeeping operations stood at $8 billion.

* Peace operations include peacekeeping operations, Special Political Missions and Peacebuilding Fund projects. Development activities are not includedin this calculation (see technical note for more information). Sources: Aid Worker Security Database, FAO, FTS, OECD, UN University, UN budgetdocuments, World Bank

Trends

2



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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

2 0 1 4

50

100

150

200

250

Security for aid workers Number of projects and organizationsparticipating in inter-agency appeals

US$ millions

People affected and people targetedfor assistance

US$ millions

Trends in energy, foodand oil prices

2 0 0 9

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

2 0 0 9

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

2 0 0 9

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

2 0 1 4

2 0 0 9

Number of people:

Targeted through inter-agency appealsAffected by conflict Affected by natural disasters

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Projects Appealing organizations

50

100

150

200

250

Food Price Index Oil (US$ per barrel)Energy price index (US$)

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

United Nations field security costsNumber of security incidents against aid workersNumber of aid workers killed

M I L L I O N S

Many factors play a role in explaining this cost increase, such as the complexity and length of crises, logistics and theupsurge in conflict. For example, funding for health and multisector projects (geared mostly towards IDPs and refugees)increased from $1.8 million in 2010 to $10.4 mill ion in 2013. Surprisingly, inflation and drops in oil and food prices havenot had as big an impact as envisaged. The fourfold increase in the number of appealing organizations since 2004, as w

as the increase in funding per affected person (see figure 12), point to the most probable factor increasing the cost: thegrowth of projects per crisis as crises are prolonged and the layers of assistance increase.

The cost of humanitarian assista

FIGUR


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CERF disbursements by yearUS$ million

Top 10 cumulative recipients of CERF funds, 2006 to 2014US$ million

Total CERF funding by sector, 2006 to 2014 US$ million

71 170

2006

180 77

299

958

601

379333 329 327350

2007

230 123

385

2008

300 128

453

2009

268 129

392

2010

276 13

429

241 239197 184 183

DRC Sudan Somalia Ethiopia Pakistan

182 134 76 13257 62 109 51

Food Health Water andsanitation

Shelter andnon-food items

Multi-sector Health –nutrition

Agriculture

CERF is one of the fastest and most effective ways to support rapid humanitarian response for people affected by naturaldisasters and armed conflict. The Fund, which is managed by the Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC), has a $450 millionannual funding target and receives voluntary contributions from donors year-round. This money is set aside for immediateuse at the onset of emergencies, in rapidly deteriorating situations (rapid response) and in protracted crises that fail to

attract sufficient resources (underfunded emergencies). CERF has a loan facility of up to $30 million

CERF was considered a bold innovation and one of the major successes of the 2005 humanitarian reform. As the globalemergency response fund, it provides the ERC with a quick, flexible, impartial and reliable tool to support life-saving

The evolution of the Central Emergency Response Fund

Source: CERF

Trends

4



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188 15951 14 12 11

2013

308 174

479

2014

291 170

480

2011

283 143

465

2012

331 158

426

140 128 128 108 106

Kenya Chad Niger South Sudan Yemen

102 60 92 77 5638 68 36 31

Coordination andstupport services

Protection/Human

Rights/Rule of Law

Education Economic recoveryand infrastructure

Security Mine acti

Rapidresponse

KEY

Underfunemergen

Rapidresponse

Underfunemergen

Total contributionsto CERF

Alloca

response worldwide. CERF allocates funds for life-saving activities on the basis of needs identified by humanitarianpartners. CERF strengthens humanitarian response through reinforcing coordination, partnerships and leadership. Sinceits establishment, contributions to CERF have increased from $298 million in 2006 to $480 in 2014. CERF has disbursedapproximately $421 million on average per year. Approximately two-thirds of CERF funds are allocated through the rap

response window and one third through the underfunded emergencies grants. To-date, CERF has supported life-savinghumanitarian response in 94 countries and territories.

FIGUR

The evolution of the Central Emergency Response F


50/104

CHF fundingby country

4. Somalia3. Somalia

2. Sudan1. DRC

CHF fundingper year

4.

Central AfricanRepublic

5. Central AfricanRepublic 5. Central African

Republic

5. Central AfricanRepublic

4. S. Sudan

1. S. Sudan

3. DRC2. DRC

4. Somalia

5. Central African

Republic

2. Sudan

4. Somalia3. Sudan 3. Sudan

1. Somalia2. DRC 2. DRC

3. Sudan

CHF allocationsby sector

1. Health 1. Health 1. Health2. Water 2. Water 2. Water

3. Agriculture4. Support5. Food

3. Shelter

5. Shelter

4. Agriculture3. Agriculture

5. Support4. Support

1. Health

3. Water 2. Support

5. Not specified

4. Agriculture

1. Health2. Water

5. Food

3. Support4. Shelter

1. S. Sudan 1. S. Sudan

2010

215

2011

348

2012

364

2013

334

2014

321

Country-based pooled funds (CBPFs) are multi-donor humanitarian financing instruments established by the Emergency

Relief Coordinator (ERC). These innovative humanitarian funds allow governments and private donors alike to pool their

contributions to support a specific emergency. CBPFs are managed by OCHA at the country-level under the leadership of

the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC). They complement other sources of funding, are field-driven and aligned with country

humanitarian response plans (HRPs). This ensures that flexible, coordinated, inclusive and needs-based funding is available

and prioritized at the local level by the relief partners closest to people in need.

The evolution of country-based pooled funds

Sources: FTS, OCHA

Trends

6

FIGURE X


Common Humanitarian FundsUS$ millions


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4. Health5. Infrastructure

2. Water 1. Shelter

ERF fundingby country

ERF fundingper year

ERF allocationsby sector

4. Agriculture 4. Food5. Food 5. Food

3. Support

1. Health2. Water 3. Shelter

5. Multi-sector

3. Agriculture

1. Health 1. Health 1. Health2. Water

3. Water 2. Water

5. Shelter4. Shelter 4. Shelter

3. Multi-sector2. Multi-sector

5. oPt4. South Sudan3. Afghanistan

2. Yemen

1. Ethiopia

5. Pakistan4. Afghanistan3. Yemen2. Ethiopia

1. Syria

5. Afghanistan4. Pakistan

3. Yemen2. Ethiopia

1. Syria

5. Ethiopia4. Yemen

3. Syria

2. Turkey

1. Afghanistan

5. Afghanistan4. oPt3. Ethiopia

2. Pakistan1. Haiti

2012

85

2011

76

2013

86

2014

193

2010

148

Donor contributions to each CBPF are un-earmarked and allocated by the HC through an in-country consultative process

They provide rapid funding to scale up humanitarian operations, fill critical gaps and strengthen partnerships with aid

organizations, including local and international NGOs. OCHA currently manages pooled funds in 18 countries and ensure

the systemized use of the gender marker in funding decisions. CBPFs have received more than $2.2 billion in contribution

since 2011. Until 2014, there were two types of CBPFs: Common Humanitarian Funds and Emergency Respoonse Funds.Since 2015, the distinction is no longer in use.

Emergency Response FundsUS$ millions

Until 2014, there were two types of CBPFs: CommonHumanitarian Funds (CHFs) and Emergency ResponseFunds (ERFs). CHFs were used normally for projects in aStrategic Response Plan for large, persistent emergencies.ERFs were mostly used to address unforeseen humanitarianneeds. Between 2010 and 2014, the health sector receivedthe most funding from both CHFs and ERFs. On average,14 countries have received an ERF per year and five

countries have received a CHF. With the issuance of theglobal guidelines on CBPFs in 2015, OCHA is moving awfrom the distinction between CHFs and ERFs in an effortto streamline the funds’ management and operation. AllCBPFs will be primarily aligned to support the delivery ofthe Humanitarian Response Plans (HRPs), while retaining tflexibility to allocate funds to unforeseen events.

The evolution of country-based pooled fu

FIGUR


52/104

Official

DevelopmentAssistance(ODA)

Inter-agency appealamount funded

Humanitarianaid outsideinter-agencyappeals

457

473

Total humanitarian assistance, US$ millions

The Philippines

Inter-agency appeal(amount requested)

788

Totalhumanitarian

assistance

930

Remittances

Totalhumanitarassistance

Total developmentfunding

Foreign directinvestment,net inflows

3,737

3 2 4

2 6, 1 0

0 P i e

s i z

e : N o

t t o s

cale

106

218

2014 2012 20112013

I N F O C U S

I N F O C U S

Funding trends: where does the money come from?

Sources: FTS, OCHA, OECD, World Bank

Humanitarian spending is usuallya very small portion of financialsupport provided to a country.Humanitarian funding is a smallproportion of overall OfficialDevelopment Assistance (ODA),and it pales in comparison todevelopment funding, remittancesand foreign direct investment.Donor governments, particularlyOECD-DAC Member States, tend toprovide the largest contributions tohumanitarian assistance, but otherdonors and private organizations areincreasing their support. A study ofa complex crisis (Iraq) and a natural

disaster (Philippines) showed thatfunding patterns were strikinglysimilar, with humanitarian assistancebeing only a small portion of ODA,overshadowed by remittances and/or foreign direct investment.

8

Trends



53/104

Government contributions (inter-agency app

CERF (inter-agency app

Others/various (inter-agency app

Donor government contributions (outside app

Private contributions (outside app

CERF (outside app

120

10 Allocations of unearmarked funds by UN Agen(inter-agency app

Private contributions (inter-agency app

308

28

5

7

93

358

Inter-agency appeal(amount funded)


Allocations of unearmarked funds by UN Agen(inter-agency app

Private contributions (inter-agency app

CERF (inter-agency app

Others/various (inter-agency app

Total humanitarianassistance (outside appeal)

OECD DAC developmentfunding

Non-DAC developmentfunding (reported to DAC)8

53

91

39

0.7

0.9

12

0.1

51

0.8

0.3

210

Donor government contribut(outside app

Private contributions (outside app

Allocations of unearmarked funds by UN Agen(outside app

Inter-agency appeal(amount requested)

2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2

53

FIGUR

Funding trends: where does the money come frFunding trends: where does the money come fr


54/104

IraqIraq

Inter-agency apamount funded

Inter-agency ap(amount reques

Iraq - SyriaCrisis RegionaRefugee Resp

1,113

Total

humanitarian

assistance

245

1,367

2014 2013 2012 2011 2

Remittances

OfficialDevelopment

Assistance(ODA)

2 7 3

1,629

2, 8 5 2

P I E

S I Z

E : N O T

T O S C

ALE

I N F OC U S

I N F O C U S

Foreign directinvestment,net inflows

800

1,3751,375

In the cases of Iraq and thePhilippines, humanitarian fundingwas small compared to ODA. 2013is the last year for which full financial

data is available. In that year,humanitarian assistance was 15 percent of overall ODA. In turn, overallODA was only half the size of foreigndirect investment. The largest donorregion for Iraq was the Middle East.

In the Philippines in 2013,humanitarian assistance was 32 percent of overall ODA. Remittances,however, were nearly 80 times theamount of ODA. At a time when thecost of humanitarian assistance isincreasing, humanitarian respondersmust look to other funding sourcesto continue to meet the needsof affected people.

0

Trends



55/104

759

26

7

4

4

7

559


Allocations of unearmarked funds by UN Agencies(inter-agency appeal)

Private contributions (inter-agency appeal)

CERF (inter-agency appeal)

Others/various (inter-agency appeal)

Humanitarian aid outsideinter-agency appeals

Donor government contributions (outside appeal)

Private contributions (outside appeal)567

2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 20

CERF (outside app

Donor governmcontributions (outside app

Private contributi(outside appTotal humanitarian

assistance

Total development funding

OECD-DAC development fund

Non-DAC development fund(reported to DA32

4

10

240

1,343

254

Funding trends: where does the money come fr


56/104

$65 $113 $161 $80

$40 $40 $171 $219

$125 $198 $165 $119

$95 $76 $70 $248

$191 $298 $145 $260

$75 $146 $136 $77

$99 $145 $141 $167

2011 2012 2013 2014

DRC

CAR

Chad

oPt

Somalia

Sudan

Average

Funding per targeted personUS$

The humanitarian-development nexus in protracted crises

2

Sources: FTS, World Justice Project - Rule of Law Index, UNDP, World Bank

To date, there have been six crises with an inter-agency appeal renewed for ten consecutive years or more: Chad, CentralAfrican Republic (CAR), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), Somalia and Sudan.Beyond their protracted nature, these crises exhibit links between development indicators and humanitarian action in-country. Over the last five years, as funding per person has increased, development indicators have improved. In some

cases, the cause of the increase in per capita spending was directly related to a major emergency, such as the 2013 conflictin CAR. But this is not necessarily the case in all instances.

Trends



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Infant mortalityper 1,000 live births

Cereal yield kg per hectare

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Rule of law index

Access to improved water sources by percentage of population

DRC CAR Chad Somalia Sudan oPt

Select development indicators

156

119

89

90

51

19

-1.55

-1.83

68.2

50.7

32

55.5

96

105

560

61

504

-1.6

-2.21

58.4

28.4

772-1.57

111

962

-1.48

101

762

-1.45 -1.37

-2.44

1.25

23

2,092

-0.36 -0.44

16

47.2

64.8

44.7

FIGUR

The humanitarian-development nexus in protracted c

The success of the Millennium Development Goals has contributed to improvement of development, but the expansionof humanitarian action may also be playing a role in promoting development. Humanitarian and development action sha goal to build local capacities and improve resilience, but there is a question about the extent to which humanitarians become involved in development work. The most important question is how humanitarians and development actors can

build more effective partnerships to make better use of scarce resources.


58/104

February 2003 April 2003 January 2004 April 2004

989,920 853,000

430,0

5,540

May 2014December 2014January 2015July 2015

Armed movements inDarfur begin attackinggovernmentinstallations. Theyclaim the SudaneseGovernment isneglecting the region.

Armed movementsattack SudaneseArmed Forces(SAF) at El FasherAirport. This is thefirst direct attackin a major town.

SAF begins a militarycampaign to stop thearmed movements inDarfur's westernregion. Hundredsof thousands ofp

UNOCHA: World Humanitarian Data and Trends 2015

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