UNlf S REYIEW

PULLING IT ALL TOGETHER Select two historical turning points you learned about in this unit. Then explain why they were important.

Select one of the Essential Questions explored in this unit by checking the box that identifies it. Then answer that question below.

0 What were the main characteristics of the Byzantine Empire?

D How was Western Europe affected by the collapse of Rome?

0 How did the system of feudalism restore order to Western Europe?

0 How did religious beliefs shape life-styles in this period?

0 What are the major beliefs of Islam?

0 What were the political, economic, and social effects of the spread of Islamic culture?

0 What were the major civilizations of Africa in this period?

0 What were the major civilizations of Asia in the post-classical era?

0 What were the effects of the Mongol invasions?

0 What were the achievements of the Ottomans, Mugals, and Ming Chinese?

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155

Name _______________________ Date ________ _

BARBARIAN INVASIONS

LOSS OF LEARNING

FALL OF ROME

MAINTAINED IMPERIALISM

UNIT 3 CONCEPT MAP

CHARLEMAGNE Crowned Holy Roman Emperor

BATILE OF TOURS

RISE OF FRANKS

THE POST-CLASSICAL

ERA

BUILT FORBIDDEN CITY

POLITICAL SYSTEM

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Rich and Powerful

CAPTURED CONSTANTINOPLE

1453

Kingdom of Ghana

Controlled Much of the Middle

East and Eastern Europe

KINGDOMS OF AFRICA

WEST AFRICAN KINGDOMS

Kingdom of Mali

Mansa Musa

King Relies on Lords

Lord Protected Serf for

his Labor

Three-Field System

Prayer

Charity

Fasting

Middle East North Africa

Spain

GOLD-SALT TRADE

Kingdom of Songhai

Timbuktu

MUSLIMS ESTABLISHED SULTANATES

MUGHAL EMPIRE Shah Jahan Built

Taj Mahal

Skilled Craftmen

MUSLIMS INVADED INDIA

FROM NORTHWEST

Akbar the Great

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156

In this unit, you will learn about the dawn of the modem era. You will learn how the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation encour­aged new ways of thinking that challenged medieval tradition and the power of the Catholic Church.

Then you will examine how a new spirit of inquiry encouraged some European nations to explore overseas. This desire for explora­tion led to an encounter between the "Old World" and the Ameri­cas. Finally, you will see how the expansion of wealth led to the rise of powerful monarchies in Europe.

CONNECTING HEMISPHERES (1450-1750)

The queen's bedroom at Versailles, the opulent palace built by Louis XIV as a showcase for monarchy.

Chapter 11. Renaissance and Reformation. In this chapter, you will Learn about the causes, characteristics and impact of the Renaissance in Western Europe. You will also Look at how the Protestant Reformation forever shattered the unity of the Catholic Church and plunged Europe into a century of war.

Chapter 12. The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies. In this chapter, you will Look at the civilizations that flourished in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 - the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. Then you will Learn about European exploration, the Columbian Exchange, and the colonization of the Americas.

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< Chapter 13. The Old Regime: Absolutism and Enlightenment. In this chapter, you will Learn about the Commercial Revolution, the rise of absolutist rulers in Europe, the English Civil War, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment.

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Name ____________________ Date _______ _

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

• History l(D) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of ... the Renaissance and Reformation.

• History 4(G) Explain how the Crusades, the Black Death, the Hundred Years' War, and the Great Schism contributed to the end of medieval Europe.

• History 5 The student understands the causes, characteristics, and impact of the European Renaissance and the Reformation from 1450 to 1750. • History S(A) Explain the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious

impact of the European Renaissance. • History 5(8) Explain the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious impact of

the Reformation. • Culture 23 (8) Identify examples of religious influence on various events referenced in the

major eras of world history. • Culture 24(8) Describe the major influences of women such as Elizabeth I ... during major eras

of world history. •Culture 25(C) Explain the relationship among Christianity, individualism, and growing

secularism and how the relationship influenced subsequent political developments. • Culture 26(A) Identify significant examples of art and architecture that demonstrate an artistic

ideal or visual principle from selected cultures. • Science, Technology, and Society 27 (C) Explain the impact of the printing press on the

Renaissance and the Reformation in Europe. • Science, Technology, and Society 27 (E) Identify the contributions of significant scientists such

as Copernicus and Galileo ....

In this chapter, you will learn about important changes that led to the end of medieval Europe and the dawn of the modem age. The Renaissance and Reformation were major developments that helped to shape the world we know today.

SOCIAL 91UDIES TERMINOLOGY IN fHIS CHAPfER

• Huttdred Years' War • Hutttattists • Nittety-five fheses • Jlack Ueath • Niccolo Machiavelli • Johtt Calvitt • ~reat Schisttt • Copertticus • Couttter-Refortttatiott • Rettaissattce • Johatttt ~utettberg • Couttcil of frettt • Leottardo da Vittci • lttdulgettces • Elizabeth I • Michelattgelo • Martitt Luther • lttquisitiott

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UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 11: The Renaissance and Reformation 159

0- What events contributed to the end of the Middle Ages?

0- What was the Renaissance and why did it happen?

0- Would a Protestant Reformation have occurred without Martin Luther?

- IMPORTANT IDEAS -A. The Crusades, Black Death, Hundred Years' War, and Great Schism each

contributed to the end of medieval Europe.

B. The Renaissance occurred in Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Renaissance marked a "rebirth" of European culture.

C. Renaissance humanists had a spirit of inquiry. They looked to the classical civi­lizations of Greece and Rome for inspiration. Painting and sculpture became more realistic, and literature and architecture borrowed from classical styles. The Renaissance included writers like Petrarch, artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, and scientists like Copernicus and Galileo.

D. Johann Gutenberg's invention of movable type made it easier to reproduce pamphlets and books, leading to the spread of new ideas.

E. The Great Schism, widespread corruption in the Church, and Renaissance sec­ularism weakened the power and authority of the Catholic Church.

F. Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation when he posted 95 Theses criticizing the Church's sale of indulgences in 1517. Luther challenged the authority of the Pope. The Reformation forever shattered the unity of the Catholic Church.

G. Protestants believed in salvation by faith alone and encouraged lay people to read the Bible to interpret it for themselves. John Calvin argued in favor of predestination - that God decided who would go to Heaven after death.

H. The Reformation led to more than a century of armed conflict between Catholics and Protestants.

J. The Renaissance and Reformation strengthened the authority and power of secular rulers.

1HE WANIN& OF 1HE MIDDLE A&E9 Starting in the 12th century, life in Europe began to change. The Crusades brought new goods from the East to Europe, stimulating a rebirth of trade. They also weakened the Byz­antine Empire, contributing to its later collapse.

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160 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY

New trade led to the growth of towns, the develop­ment of a middle class, and the greater use of money. Instead of performing services for their feudal lord, many people began using money to pay the lord instead. Other events that contributed to the end of the medi­eval world were the Great Famine, the Black Death, the Hundred Years' War and the Great Schism.

THE GREAT FAMINE (1313-1322)

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Unusually heavy rains led to flooding. Eventually, crops spoiled and livestock drowned in waterlogged fields. The result was the Great Famine. Farm animals needed for work were slaughtered for food, and seed grain was eaten. This shortage of grain increased grain prices by more than six times. Millions of people died from the famine. Many questioned the Church why this catastrophe was happening.

THE BLACK DEATH (1347-1351) The Black Death (bubonic plaque) occurred only 25 years after the Great Famine. Rats with fleas carrying the disease entered Europe from Asia on trading ships. Between 1347 and 1351 , 25 million people, about one-third of Europe's population, died in this epidemic. People were buried in mass graves without receiving any blessing from the Church. Some blamed Jewish people for poisoning the wells; others claimed the plague was God's punishment for sinful liv­ing. The Black Death created a labor shortage in Europe. Large numbers of peasants escaped from serfdom when landowners and towns, needing laborers, offered them freedom in exchange for work.

• By1347

D By l 348

El By 1349

D By1353

Trade routes

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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTIN& AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN In 1348, Marchione di Coppo Stefani recorded his observations of the spread of the Black Death in his native Florence. Read his reactions to the Black Death:

"In the year of the Lord 1348 there was a great pestilence in the city of Florence. It was of such a fury that in houses in which it took hold healthy servants who took care of the ill died. Almost none of the ill survived past the fourth day. Neither physicians nor medicines were effective. There seemed to be no cure. There was such a fear that no one seemed to know what to do. When it took hold in a house it often happened that no one remained who had not died. And it was not just that men and women died, but even animals died. At every church, they dug deep trenches, down • to the waterline, depending on how Large the parish was. And those who were responsible for the dead carried them on their backs in the night and threw them into the ditch, or else they paid a high price to those who would do it for them."

How would you have reacted if you had been living in Florence in 1348?

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THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR {1337-1453) The Hundred Years' War between England and France .---:-==r-...,..---:----...,.--~~

broke out when the French king died without an heir, and the King of England claimed the French throne. This long period of warfare slowly strengthened royal power in both countries. Instead of relying on a feudal army based on the service of his nobles, each king developed a standing army of foot soldiers. New weapons emerged, such as the English long bow. Later gunpowder and cannons were introduced from China. Knights became less important in battle. Both Eng­land and France also developed greater national feel­ing, and loyalty to their kings. Joan of Arc, a young French maiden, rallied French troops around the heir to the throne. She turned the tide when she successfully drove the English out of the city of Orleans and crowned the new French king at Rheims Cathedral. Later, Joan was captured and burned at the stake by the English as a witch. But within 20 years after her death, the war was over.

THE GREAT SCHISM (1378-1417) The Pope often clashed with Europe's secular (non-religious) rulers. Kings sought the right to appoint bishops, who controlled vast areas of land; they also wanted to try priests in royal courts, and to tax Church lands. The Pope resisted these demands.

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162 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY

In 1305, a Frenchman was elected Pope. He moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon in France, where it fell under the French King's influence. In 1378, an Italian was elected Pope, who decided to move the Papacy back to Rome. French cardinals claimed the election was unlawful and elected a French Pope to keep the Papacy in Avignon. This schism (split) greatly weakened the Church's authority. A Church Coun­cil made matters worse by electing a third Pope in 1409. Finally, a new Church Council deposed all three Popes, and elected a single Pope in 1417, but the Church's prestige was greatly weakened.

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1111 Regions loyal to Pope in Avignon

D Regions Loyal to Pope in Rome

1111 Neutral region

Complete the graphic organizer below describing the role played by each in bringing about an end to the Middle Ages.

The Crusades The Black Death

END OF THE MIDDLE AGED ·~ c:

The Great Schism The Hundred Years' War

Name _____________________ Date ________ _

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 11: The Renaissance and Reformation 163

THE RENAISSANCE A new interest in learning about the clas­sical civilizations of Greece and Rome developed in the city-states of Italy in the 1400s. This led to a period of great intellectual and artistic creativity, known as the Renaissance, meaning "rebirth." The Renaissance is often considered as one of the great turning points in the his­tory of Western civilization.

The Renaissance began in Italy in part because of its strategic location on the Mediterranean Sea. As trade between Asia and Europe increased, the cities of Italy emerged as centers of banking, commerce, and handicrafts. Genoa, Pisa, and Venice became important centers of Mediterranean trade. As home to the Popes, Rome collected revenues from throughout 0

Europe. The city-states of Milan, Florence, and Siena grew wealthy from banking,

ITALIAN CITY-STATES DURING THE RENAISSANCE

HOLY ROMAN

EMPIRE

d c<J

CORSICA " Genoa)

DSARDINIA

TYRRHENIAN ' SEA

Miles 200

farming, and making goods. Italian city-states also flourished because no single ruler, as in France, had united the peninsula and crushed their independence.

During the Renaissance, wealthy Italian merchants and nobles acted as patrons support­ing artists, writers and scholars. Secularism increased as people began to show greater interest in this world than in the life hereaf­ter. People used observation and experience to explain the world, rather than simply relying on tra­ditional Church teachings.

In Italy, scholars were still surrounded by the remains of ancient civilizations. They were impressed by the achievements of pre-Christian artists and think­

MAJOR TRADE ROUTES OF EUROPE, 1400s

II Areas of High Urban Population Density

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

~

ers. Like the ancient Greeks, Renaissance thinkers believed in the power of human reason to explain the world. They looked on man as the focus of all things. Humanists placed great emphasis on the dignity, worth, and uniqueness of each person.

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164 MASTERING THE TE KS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

THE IMPACT OF THE RENAISSANCE Renaissance artists, architects, scholars, and writers and scientists created a legacy of achievement that still influences us today.

THE ARTISTIC IMPACT: Painting and Sculpture Before the Renaissance, art in Italy was greatly influenced by Byzantine styles. Religious paintings were highly decorative, often with gold and jewels, but appeared fiat and unlife­like. Figures often floated in space without shadows. The size of a figure was based on its importance, not where it was placed in the picture.

In the 1300s, the painter Giotto (1267-1337) had already astonished Italians by painting in an entirely new style, using scenes with figures in lifelike space. Giotto's figures stood firmly on the ground, became smaller as they receded in space, were given depth by realistic shading, and showed emotions and gestures.

During the Renaissance, each generation of Ital­ian artists made improvements to make their paint­ings more realistic. Their challenge was to show three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. Masaccio (1401-1428) and other artists

The announcement of the Angel to Saint Anne by Giotto.

developed the rules of perspective, using guidelines to calculate how things recede in the distance until they reached a vanishing point. These artists also introduced shadows and other realistic effects.

Italian painting reached its peak during the "High Renaissance" with the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) was a sculptor and inventor as well as the painter of such works as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci discovered how to use shadowing and blurred lines, espe­cially on the eyes and mouth, to make his subjects appear incredibly lifelike. Leonardo also had one of the best scientific minds of his time. To understand human anatomy, he dissected human corpses. His notebooks include designs for a parachute and machine gun.

Michelangelo ( 14 7 5-1564) was a Florentine artist. His major sculptures, such as David, Moses, and the Pieta, were startlingly realistic, just like the paintings of the time. Each sculpture was carved from a single slab of marble. His giant fresco painting of Bible scenes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome is considered one of the greatest works of art of all time. A fresco is a painting made on fresh plaster. Michelangelo's sculptures and paintings equally glorified the human form.

Pieta by Michelangelo .

Mona Lisa

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THE ARTISTIC IMPACT: Architecture Renaissance architects studied the ruins of build­ings from ancient Rome to develop a new Renais­sance style. They abandoned the pointed arches and ornamentation of the Middle Ages. They used the columns and circular arches of ancient architecture for a simpler classical style. In early Renaissance Florence, citizens built a large cathe­dral but did not know how to complete its giant roof. They held a competition among architects. Filippo Brunelleschi, who had studied Roman buildings, was chosen as the winner. He developed Florence Cathedral- view of the dome.

a dome that created an immense interior space. At the time, the cathedral in Florence was the largest church in the world. These accomplish­ments in art demonstrated the Renaissance fascination with this world rather than the next, as well as the technical achievements possible from the application of reason .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ACTIN~ AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Select one artwork from Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, or the Middle Ages. Then choose one artwork by a Renaissance artist and answer the questions below:

1. What is the subject of each artwork? ----- ----

2. What techniques does each artist use? ----------------

3. How are these two artworks similar or different? _____ ______ _

4. What do these artworks tell us about the culture of the time? _______ _

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THE INTELLECTUAL IMPACT: Scholarship and Literature Renaissance humanists studied classical Roman and Greek literature, poetry and philoso­phy. The Italian scholar Petrarch, the "Father of Humanism," collected and studied ancient texts. New methods of criticizing texts led some, like Erasmus, to question the Church. Other Renaissance authors wrote on secular (non-religious) subjects.

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166 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

Renaissance writers described the dignity of man, celebrated the pleasures of the senses, and instructed nobles in how to behave at a prince's court. Many writers, like Boccaccio, wrote in the vernacular (local) language instead of Latin. As the Renaissance spread, writ­ers such as Rabelais in France, William Shakespeare in England, and Cervantes in Spain completed works in their own native languages.

THE POLITICAL IMPACT Niccolo Machiavelli was a courtier and politician in Florence, the most powerful Renais­sance city-state. His book, The Prince, was a guidebook in how to secure and maintain political power. Machiavelli argued that the most successful rulers were not those who acted according to laws or conscience, but those who were willing to do whatever was necessary to hold power: "the end justifies the means."

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTIN~ AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Read the following document from The Prince. Then answer the question that follows.

WHE111.ER IT IS BETTER FOR 111.E PRINCE TO BE LOVED OR FEARED ''From this arises the question: whether it is better to be loved more d1an feared, or

feared more than loved. The answer is that one would like to be both, but as it is · 1cult for fear and love to go together, it is better to be feared. One can say about en: they are ungrateful, liars, and deceivers, anxious to avoid danger, and greedy. As

ong as you are useful to them, they are yours. They would shed their blood for you, k their lives, their children, so long as the danger is remote. But when you are in

er, they tum against you. Any prince who has come to depend on promises and es no other precautions, ensures his own ruin . .. Men wony less about doing an

µzy co one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feared."

Do you agree with Machiavelli's advice in this passage?

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The wealth of the Italian city-states, the weakening of the Church, and the reasoning of writ­

ers like Machiavelli contributed to the Renaissance concept of "reason of state." Rulers justified taking whatever measures they needed to strengthen their state in order to survive. They collected taxes and raised armies, often by hiring professional soldiers. They also exchanged ambassadors, creating modem diplomacy. Rulers in larger states like France soon copied these practices.

THE ECONOMIC IMPACT Renaissance ideas and products quickly spread all over Europe. People strove to improve their material conditions, while the wealthy accumulated more luxury goods. This encour­aged an increase in trade, a greater variety of products (especially clothes, foods, wines, and furnishings), and the growth of cities.

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THE INTELLECTUAL IMPACT: Science and Technology The Renaissance spirit of inquiry also led to important discoveries in science. The Church taught that the Earth was the center of the universe. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1453), a Polish scientist, took careful measurements that led him to conclude that the Earth orbited the sun. His work was banned by the Church, since it opposed Church doctrine.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a famous Ital­ian scientist. His studies of motion laid the founda­tion for modem physics. Galileo's observations with one of the first telescopes strengthened his belief in Copernicus ' theory. Charges were brought against Galileo by the Catholic Church. He was told he could no longer publicly state that the Earth moved around the sun. In 1632, he was ordered to appear before the Inquisition in Rome. At his trial, he was found guilty and was confined to his home .

Galileo Gali lei and his telescope.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Form small groups with your classmates. Have each group make an oral presentation to the class about one Renaissance artist, writer, or scientist.

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GUTENBERG'S REVOLUTION IN PRINTING For thousands of years, Europeans had copied all of their scrolls and books by hand. Most of these works were found in monasteries and Church libraries. Block printing was invented in China and introduced to Europe in the 1300s. The printer cut out every word on the face of a wooden block, leaving the letters raised. The block was inked, then paper was laid on it and pressed down. With block printing, the printer could make copies of a book, but the blocks took a long time to cut, and each block could print only one page.

Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press with movable type in Germany around 1450. Gutenberg created individual letters of metal, which were held together in a frame. The type for each page could then be broken down and reused. It was much easier to reset type than to carve an entirely new wooden block. The invention of movable type, along with the use of a special press and oil-based inks, allowed the mass production of printed books for the first Gutenberg a11d his pri11ting press.

time. This encouraged the spread of new ideas. More people also began to learn to read.

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APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

What impact did Gutenberg have on the Renaissance? Explain your answer.

~ ..... LEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS.

Complete the graphic organizer below by describing the impact of the Renaissance.

Artistic Impact Intellectual/ Religious Impact

~

THE RENAISSANCE ~ ~~ ......._.,,,

Political Impact Economic Impact

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1HE PR01ES1AN1 REFORMA110N I The spirit of inquiry of the Renaissance, as well as knowledge of the widespread corruption of the Church, led to new challenges to the Pope's authority. Many had entered the clergy to gain power and wealth rather than because of faith. They sometimes held more church positions than they could properly fulfill, or had secret spouses or children. The Papacy experienced a growing loss of spiritual influence, as the Pope and members of the Church hierarchy acted more like secular princes than spiritual leaders. People like Erasmus in Holland and Sir Thomas Moore in England sought reform within the Catholic Church, but Church leaders were slow to respond.

LUTHER AND HIS IDEAS In the early sixteenth century, the Catholic Church had fallen into the practice of selling indulgences - pardons from punishment for committing a sin, allowing the sinner to enter Heaven. This practice brought in a great deal of revenue for the Church. The Pope was using money from the sale of indulgences to construct St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk. In 1517, Luther posted Ninety-Five Theses (statements) on a church door in Germany. His theses challenged the Pope's right to sell indulgences.

LUTHER'S NINETY-FIVE THESES

Martin Luther

6. The Pope cannot forgive any guilt, except by declaring and showing that it has been forgiven by God. If his right to grant forgiveness in these cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain unforgiven.

27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of purgatory [a place between Heaven and Hell, where the soul awaits judgment] immediately after the money clinks in the bottom of the chest.

28. It is certainly possible that when the money clinks in the bottom of the chest, avarice and greed increase ....

32. Those who believe that they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers.

Luther believed that neither priests nor the Pope had special powers to provide salva­tion to individuals. Like St. Augustine, he valued faith in God. Luther concluded that only through faith in God could a person be saved and go to Heaven. He also believed that each individual must read and understand the Bible for himself or herself to achieve this faith.

Because of his writings, the Pope excommunicated Luther - expelling him from the Church. In defiance, he publicly burned the Pope's decrees. Luther was next summoned to appear before Charles V (the Holy Roman Emperor) and representatives of the Ger­man states at the city of Worms. When Luther refused to recant at this Diet (assembly) of Worms, Charles V banned him as an outlaw.

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Luther was able to obtain protection from several German princes, who helped him to succeed. He appealed to their feelings of German patriotism against sending money to a Pope in Italy. Luther responded to the Pope's condemnation by establishing the Lutheran Church. He felt believers did not need special priests: each person could read the Bible on his or her own. For this reason, Luther translated the New Testament into German and wrote a number of pamphlets to persuade others. The reformers became known as Protestants. Many German princes adopted Protestantism. They also used this as an opportunity to seize Church lands and close monasteries. When German peasants rebelled in 1524-1525, Luther sided with the princes. He had attacked the Pope, but he supported secular authority.

LATER REFORMERS Gutenburg's invention of movable type helped Luther and his followers spread their ideas throughout Europe. Other reform­ers followed Luther 's lead. John Calvin (1509-1564) started a new Protestant Church in Geneva. Calvin reasoned that since God was all-knowing, it was predestined (already decided by God) who would be saved and who would be damned. While faith was the key to salvation, it was God who gave faith to some and denied it to others. Only the "Elect" would be saved. Calvinists encouraged hard work and a strict moral code. They saw worldly success as a sign of God's favor.

EFFECTS OF THE REFORMATION I John Calvin

End of Religious Unity. The reli­gious unity of Western Europe, which had lasted for a thousand years, was shattered forever. Europe's religious differences led to a century of warfare between Protestants and Catholics.

Growth of Royal Power. Without a powerful central church, the power of European kings began to grow. In England, King Henry VIII broke with the Pope and became the head of the Church of England in 1534.

Persecution. Rulers tried to ensure that their subjects were all of one faith . This often led to the persecution of religious minorities.

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Do you think the position of the Catholic Church in Western Europe would have remained unchallenged if the Pope had not decided to sell indulgences? Explain your answer.

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UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 11: The Renaissance and Reformation 171

THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION As Protestantism swept across many parts of Europe, the Catholic Church reacted by mak­ing limited reforms and curbing earlier abuses. This movement is known as the Catholic Counter-Reformation. At the Council of Trent, the Church redefined Catholic beliefs and ended the sale of indulgences. The Church also banned Protestant books and estab­lished the Inquisition, a court whose purpose was to punish heretics - those who denied Church teachings.

THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION I The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was held to redefine Catholic beliefs and to stop the spread of Protestantism. The Council ended the sale of indulgences.

The Inquisition was used by Church officials to end heresy by force. Trials were held to examine, often by torture, those who denied or opposed Church teachings.

The Jesuits, begun by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, were dedicated to defending and spreading the Catholic faith.

THE POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE REFORMATION Under the leadership of the EUROPE AFTER THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION, 1550-1600 Pope and with the support of the Holy Roman Emperor, Catho­lics checked the further spread of Protestantism and even won some areas back to Catholi­cism. In general, France, Italy, Spain and Southern Germany remained Catholic. Northern Germany, Holland, and Scandi- 0 catholics

navia became Protestant. D Protestants

At first, England remained Catholic. However, when the Pope refused Henry Vill's demand for a divorce from his Spanish wife, Henry broke with the Catholic Church and turned to Protestant­ism. Henry closed English mon­asteries, seized all Church lands, and declared himself the head of the English Church in the Act of Supremacy (1534).

Wars between Catholics and Protestants began in the 1520s and lasted for more than a century. During the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), as many as one-third of the German population was killed.

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172 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

The Reformation tended to strengthen the power of secular rulers. In Protestant coun­tries, people no longer had allegiance to the Pope: the secular ruler became the highest authority. In Catholic countries, the Church gave more power to secular rulers to help fight Protestantism. Queen Elizabeth I of England was a good example of a strong secular ruler. Although a woman, she won the loyalty and affection of her subjects. Elizabeth maintained a moderate form of Protestantism and defended England from attacks by Catholic Spain.

THE ARTISTIC AND ECONOMIC IMPACT The Reformation even affected art, as different styles emerged in Catholic and Protestant coun­tries. Catholic art glorified Jesus, Mary and the Saints. Many Protestants felt it was wrong to depict God. They specialized in landscapes or "still life" scenes. By creating art about secular subjects, Reformation artists could glorify God by portraying the natural beauty of God's cre­ation. The weakening of Papal authority may also have stimulated economic growth in North­ern Europe, where the Church no longer collected taxes. Religious wars resulted in widespread destruction, but also stimulated economies by creating a need for new goods.

('",_ .. LEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERSllr. ~ ~ (/)

Complete the graphic organizer by describing the causes and effects of the Reformation.

Causes of the Reformation

THE REFORMATION

Effects of the Reformation

Name _____________________ Date _______ _

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 11: The Renaissance and Reformation 173

------------------------------ ------------------------------· The End of Medieval Europe

Several factors and events contributed to the end of medieval Europe: * Crusades. These exposed Europeans to East­

ern ideas and goods and stimulated trade; increased trade Led to the growth of towns. * Great Famine. A decade of extended rains Led to serious food shortages in Europe. * Black Death. Killed one-third of Europe's population; shortage of Labor Led to the decline of serfdom. * Great Schism. Occurred when there were Popes in Avignon and Rome; Led people to question the authority of the Church.

Renaissance The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of classical culture in Italy from about 1350 to the 1500s. * Secularism. Thinkers used observation to

explain world, rather than church teachings. * Humanism. Renaissance thinkers celebrated human achievements and focused on indi­vidual worth. * Artistic. New realistic painting and sculp­ture: Giotto, Masaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo. * Political. Rise of powerful states; Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince. * Economic. Further increases in trade.

I I I I I I I

~

·------------------------------+------------------------------~ The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther objected to the Church's sale of indulgences. In his Ninety-Five Theses (1517), Luther challenged the Pope's authority. Luther broke from the Church.

Effects of the Protestant Reformation:

* Ended religious unity in Europe. * Others, Like John Calvin, started Protestant churches of their own. Henry VIII of Eng­land broke with the Catholic Church. * Led to a century of religious wars between Catholics and Protestants. * Speeded economic growth in North Europe.

Catholic Counter Reformation The Catholic Church fought back against the rise of Protestantism. * Council of Trent. Ended the sale of indul­

gences, introduced Church reforms, began a Church ban of certain books. * Inquisition. Tried and executed persons who were suspected of committing heresy - (non-CathoUc beUefs). * Jesuits. New Catholic order. * Religious Wars. Catholic rulers cooperated with the Pope in fighting Protestantism. Europe became divided between Catholic countries and Protestant countries (mainly in Northwestern Europe).

r --;

I L-- -~-~·~-~~-- --~ -

Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.

"Unless I am convinced by proofs from Scriptures [the Bible] or by plain and clear rea­sons and arguments, I can and will not retract, for it is neither safe nor wise to do any­thing against conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen."

1 What is the most likely source of this quotation? A Machiavelli's recommendations to rulers in The Prince. (Hist t(D) )

B Da Vinci's description of his new painting style in works like the Mona Lisa. C Luther's failure to submit to the Pope's demands at the Diet of Worms. D Arguments of Galileo at his trial for accepting the views of Copernicus.

Name Date ________ _

174 MASTERING THE TE KS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

f XAMINE: This question asks you to identify a speaker who is defend­ing his beliefs. The speaker refuses to change those beliefs unless someone can show logical reasons or Bible passages showing that the speaker is wrong. RECALL: Look at each choice and see what you recall. Then see if any of these ftts the quotation. Leonardo introduced a new style of painting, but did not have to retract his views. Machia­velli gave advice to rulers but it was not based on Church teachings. Gali leo was tried by the Inquisition for supporting Copernicus' view that the Earth orbits the sun. However, Galileo did retract his views. Luther was called to the Diet of Worms but refused to retract his criticisms of the Church, feeling strongly that he could not violate his conscience without facing damnation. APPLY: The best answer is Choice C. "Here I stand. I can do no other" is Luther's statement at the Diet of Worms. Shortly after this statement, Luther went into hiding to save his life.

Now try answering some additional questions on your own.

Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

-··- Trade routes o Cities known for

major outbreak IND/AN OCEAN

N

2 The information in the map suggests that the Black Death spread to Europe as a result of contact with - ( Geog 16(C))

F merchants from West Africa H traders coming from Asia G explorers from the Americas J barbarians from Scandinavia

3 In the 1500s, Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses, Henry VIII's "Act of Supremacy," and John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to -A a decline in the power of the Catholic Church ( Hist s(B) )

B an increased sense of nationalism in Tudor England C the growing power of the feudal nobility in Europe D a major conflict with Eastern Orthodox Christians

Name _______ ______________ Date _______ _

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 11: The Renaissance and Reformation 175

4 Which change to Christian church practices was suggested by Martin Luther? F increasing the sale of indulgences (---H- i-st_s_(B-)--.)

G installing statues of saints in churches H saying the mass in Latin so the faithful would hear it J printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could understand it

Use the pictures and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France. St. Maria Degli Angeli Cathedral, Florence, Italy.

5 The building on the left was built during the Middle Ages, while the one on the right was constructed during the Renaissance. In what ways did Renaissance architecture differ from the architecture of the Middle Ages? A Renaissance architecture had stained glass windows. ( Cult 26(A) )

B Medieval architecture used columns and circular arches. C Medieval architecture often featured a dome-like roof. D Renaissance architecture borrowed more from classical styles.

6 What was an important effect of the Hundred Years' War? F England established permanent control over much of France. ( Hist 4(G) )

G The Black Death spread from France to England. H England and France failed to benefit from Renaissance culture. J A greater reliance on new weapons reduced the importance of knights.

7 In 1517, Martin Luther was dissatisfied with the Catholic Church because he -A thought the Church lacked structure B disagreed with the sale of indulgences C blamed the Church for not curing people who had the plague D believed that kings should have more power to appoint clergy

8 One major characteristic of the Renaissance was that the -F manor became the main center of economic activity G Catholic Church lost all its influence in Europe H class ical cultures of Greece and Rome were studied and imitated J major language of the common people was Latin

(.--H-ist_ l_(-D)--..)

( Hist 5(A) )

Name Date _______ _

176 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"Tedious were it to recount how citizen avoided citizen, how among neighbors was scarce found any that showed fellow-feeling for another, how relatives kept apart and never met, or rarely; enough that this sore affliction entered so deeply into the minds of men and women, that in the horror of it brother was abandoned by brother, nephew by uncle, brother by sister, and often husband by wife; what is more, and scarcely to be believed, fathers and mothers were found to abandon their own children, untended, unvisited, to their fate, as if they had been strangers." - Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron

9 In this passage, Boccaccio was most likely describing the -A power of special courts during the Inquisition B effects of the barbarian invasions after the fall of Rome C treatment of native peoples in Latin American nations D breakdown of social order during the bubonic plague

( Hist 4(G) )

• Sale of indulgences authorized by Pope Leo X to raise money to build St. Peter's Basilica in Rome (1515)

• Ninety-five Theses posted (1517) • Hearing held at Worms, Germany (1521)

10 These events are most closely associated with­F the Crusades and the control of the Holy Land G Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation H Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance

( Hist t(D) )

J Copernicus and his theory that the Earth rotated around the sun

11 The major goal of the Counter-Reformation was to -A reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church ( Hist s(B) )

B reduce the authority of absolute monarchs C encourage new ideas in science and philosophy D reach a compromise with European Protestants

Use the timeline and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

Mongols and merchants carried

disease along trade routes west

of China.

1340s

The plague reached the Black Sea

ports of Caffa and Tana.

1346

Italian merchants

fled plague­infected Black

Sea ports.

1347 12 Which conclusion can be reached from the events on this timeline?

F The plague primarily affected China. G The interaction of people through trade spread the plague. H Port cities were relatively untouched by the plague. J The plague started in Western Europe.

The plague became an

epidemic in most of

Western Europe.

1348

( Hist 4(G) )

Name ____________________ Date _______ _

UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 11: The Renaissance and Reformation 177

13 Which statement expresses a belief shared by most Renaissance humanist philosophers? A People should study secular subjects as well as sacred matters. (cult 2~(t:) ) B Governments should establish overseas empires. C People should withdraw from the world to worship God. D Scholars should follow Church teachings without question.

Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

"Kings and princes coin money only out of metals, but the Pope coins money out of every­thing - indulgences, ceremonies, dispensations, pardons; all fish come to his net."

- Martin Luther, 1519

14 The ideas presented in this passage by Luther contributed directly to the-F Mandate of Heaven H Renaissance (~H-ist-_--.-1(-D)-)

G Protestant Reformation J Code of Hammurabi

15 Which innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation? A establishment of a movable-type printing press (srs 27(C)J B introduction of porcelain C use of a magnetic compass D construction of a triangular sail

16 Which individual's work had the greatest impact on the spread of Martin Luther's ideas? F Galileo Galilei H William Shakespeare ( STS 27.(~) _) G Niccolo Machiavelli J Johann Gutenberg

17 One way in which the writers of the Renaissance were influenced by the writers of ancient Greece was that Renaissance writers -A emphasized the power of human reason C Hist 1.(P) ) B showed little interest in secular affairs C produced few new scientific ideas D promoted the religious doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church

18 A major reason that the Renaissance began in Italy was that -F few European scholars had migrated to this area ( HiSt 1(0) ) G Italian merchants benefited from trade with the Americas H Italian farmers produced great agricultural surpluses on vast plains J Italian city-states had grown wealthy from trade between Europe and Asia

19 Which statement best describes a contribution of the works of Nicolas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei? A They renewed interest in Greek and Roman drama. ( Srs. 21(E)") B They strengthened acceptance of traditional Church beliefs. C They explained the laws of gravity on heavenly bodies. D They demonstrated Earth was not the center of the universe.