05/03/2012

group 4:peter robinson, jamie strang,jonathan tan, clare washington

P32076 issues 1:

"how do we safeguard and deliver high levels of environmental quality of land in the context of increasing intensification of land use?"

"how do we safeguard and deliver high levels of environmental quality of land in the context of increasing intensification of land use?"

introduction

"how do we safeguard and deliver high levels of environmental quality of land in the context of increasing intensification of land use?"

As resources become increasingly scarce, we face a future where energy consumption needs to be minimised. The design of a compact city; a high density space that facilitates a more efficient lifestyle, is one of several possible solutions being investigated.

Intensification can be seen as the process of increasing the density of an area to create a space capable of sustaining a greater number of businesses and amenities. At a certain critical threshold density, it is theorised that a walkable neighbourhood could be sustained.

what is intensification?

the importance of environmental qualities

Increasing numbers results in a large demand being placed on amenities, and a reduction in open space per person. If the goal of intensification is to create sustainable environments, it is essential that they are desirable places to live.

To ensure that intensification has a positive impact, we have to determine what environmental qualities are required for a good city life. We can then assess the impact of an increase in density, and determine which environmental qualities should be safeguarded, even if it means a failure to achieve further intensification.

Our design process is split into three key approaches (Fig:0.01):

A mathematical exploration on the impact of intensification on the civic infrastructure and amenities underpinning a city.

An investigation into the qualities that make an environment pleasant to live in.

Applying the subsequent design models to a site.

the design process

physical requirements desired qualities

spacial standards

-existing policies and law

environmental qualities

-our ambitions based on case studies

spreadsheet of provision design concepts

generic model

site specific model

application of site data

contents

Figure 0.01: the design process

numeric design tool version 1

environmental qualities

case studies

numeric design tool version 2

design concepts

generic models

transferability

site model

conclusion

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references10.0

1 V1.

The design tool we aim to create is a generic model

for a city that can be applied for any site in any

country.

Our first steps in producing this tool were to define

what the component parts of a city are, and their

numeric relationships.

The first version of the design tool is a spreadsheet

that connects the building and spaces of our city

model through ratios.

live work play

residential commercial amenity space

Cities compromise a wide variety of different spaces and intricate interconnections.

At a very basic level, buildings and spaces can be categorised into one of three types (Fig:1.01):

Residential

Commercial

Amenity Space.

Residential buildings can be either housing or apartments. They take up a large amount of space and are subject to a large variety of standards.

Commercial space refers to any business property, such as retail, offices, hotels and any private ventures.

We have categorised amenity space as any public owned and accessible shared facilities. This includes large to pocket parks, public squares and leisure centres.

what makes a city? the design criteria

A generic model will have to have some means of subdividing the site between these three categories of space (Fig:1.02).

For the purposes of this model we have decided to make two assumptions:

That the site area will always be given.

That the desired density will always be specified.

From these two pieces of data it will always be possible to calculate the total population of the city, and to then work out the requirements for each area. residential commercial amenity space

The total population will be made up of a variety of people at different ages and in differing sizes of family unit. ifferent countries will have very different demographics and as a result require differing mixes of dwelling types and sizes. The model will have to be robust enough to accommodate such changes.

Commercial provision will be dependent on retail requirements, and employment statistics.

epending on the location of the site, local planning data and requirements will have to be used to determine the commercial provision.

Amenity provision in the United Kingdom is worked out by a series of standards based on providing adequate facilities per 1000 people.

The size of the facilities is determined by distribution and the catchment population.

Figure 1.01: what makes a city? Figure 1.02: the building blocks

leisuresports community retail office residential

stackableThe model will be dependant on taking the total site area and splitting it between the total areas required for residential, commercial and amenity space (Fig:1.03).

At such high densities fitting all of the required units within the city will rely heavily on building vertically.

This makes it very difficult to know how to divide up the land.

Our theory is that there are two sorts of space within the city, those that are stackable and those which are not (Fig:1.04).

By stackable we mean any function that can have residential built vertically above it.

Our model will work by adding up the total area of nonstackable units. This will then be used to calculate the remaining area which can be subdivided between the stackable units.

proposing a design model

residential commercial amenity space

stackable and non-stackable components

education open space places of worship health centres

non-stackable

Figure 1.03: ground subdivision Figure 1.04: stackable and nonstackable

calculating the non-stackable area

Health  Centres

All  dwellings  within  800m  of  a  health  centre,  shaping  neighbourhoods  pg  110can  be  within  a  podium

m2 HaType Catchment Provision Area  per  unitTotal  AreaLocal 10000 1 5000 5000 0.5Hospital 100000 0 10000 0 0

Total 0.5

Educational  Facilities Min  Value  Taken Residential  Layering  (0=yes  1=no) Buildable  areastud/  class 30 11.06 1 11.06

Type Percentage No  of  students Number  of  classesclasses  per  yearNursery 3.74 478.72 15.9573333 6Primary 5.238 670.464 22.3488 6Secondary 6.467 827.776 27.5925333 6College 2.455 314.24 10.4746667 6

17.9 2291.2 76.3733333

per  unit total  area Important  NoteType Catchment Provision min max min maxnursery 2000 6 0.01 0.6 0.06 3.6primary  (shared) 1000 13 0.3 0.6 3.9 7.8 Values  shown  for  each  level  of  education  assume  different  types  are  not  usedprimary  1  c 2000 6 0.5 1 3 6primary  2  c 4000 3 1 2 3 6 e.g  1  primary  2c  replaces  the  need  for  2  primary  1csec  (11-­‐16) 8000 2 4 8 8 16sec  (11-­‐18) 16000 1 6 12 6 12college 25000 1 varied varied varied varied

Total 11.06 25.6

education

The total requirements for educational provision were calculated using data from chapter 4.8 from Shaping Neighbourhoods (Barton, Grant and Guise, 2003). Catchment populations for different size schools and average school areas were used to work out the number of schools of each scale that could provide for the population of our site, and the area required for them.

public open space

Open space requirements for sport and play are determined based on quantities of land per 1000 inhabitants. This data was taken from chapter 4.8 of Shaping Neighbourhoods (Barton, Grant and Guise, 2003) and gave us total minimum and maximum space standards for an ideal UK development.

places of worship

Requirements for places of worship were determined using case studies to indicate average building sizes and catchment populations.

Requirements for health centres were determined using case studies to indicate average building sizes and catchment populations.

health centres

Ha  of  Land  per  1000  ppl Ha  of  Land  per  SiteMin Max Min Max

Pitches  Greens  and  Courts 1.6 1.8 20.48 23.04Playgrounds 0.2 0.3 2.56 3.84Informal  Play  Space 0.4 0.5 5.12 6.4

Total 28.16 33.28

m2 HaType Catchment Provision Area  per  unitTotal  Areasmall 10000 1 3000 3000 0.3large 100000 0 10000 0 0

Total 0.3

0  to  4 5  to  7 8  to  11 12  to  16 17  to  18 20  to  64 65  + 2001  UK  censusDensity 800 PPD 2.4 Demographic  (%) 5.96 3.74 5.238 6.467 2.455 60.25 15.89

Base  Block Block  LengthBlock  Width Area(m2) Area(Ha) Min  Road  (m) Max  Buildable  Area/block  (m2) Max  Buildable  Area/block  (Ha) Site  Area Number  of  Blocks100 100 10000 1 6 8836 0.8836 16 16

Number  of  Residents 12800

Our initial spreadsheet method uses the formula adjacent to calculate the available land for residential and commercial once all amenity and infrastructure have been allocated the required land.

The plan was to then evenly distribute the population in a balanced mix of residential types within the available land.

However we can see from the values above that it is impossible to meet United Kingdom provisions on open space and education within such a densely populated city. In these cases the amenity provision of the expected population exceeds the size of the whole site.

Our next stage in the design process was to investigate environmental qualities; with the intention of creating our own standards of amenity and infrastructure provision.

design tool V1.

total buildable land

total non-stackable area

available land for resi-dential and stackable

-

=

Total  Non-­‐Residential  Land  Use 43.82 Total  Non-­‐Stackable  Land 40.02

Total  Land 16 Total  Buildable  Land 14.1376

Total  Available  Residential  Land -­‐25.8824

education11.06

open space28.16

places of worship0.3

health centres0.5

total non-stackable40.02

+ + + =

Table 1.01: education provision

Table 1.02: public open space provision

Table 1.03: places of worship provision

Table 1.04: health centre provision

Table 1.05: calculation of available residential land

Table 1.06: tool overview

Design Intent / Environmental Quality What environmental qualities this involves

How are these measurable? Can we measure this on a case study and get useful data to take forward to the model? If so, how and what data?

A good balance of built form and nature

Trees and vegetation How many trees and vegetation and what types?

Yes Count the trees in our sample area: number of trees/hectare.

Air quality How much pollution is likely? No

Lively streets

Pavement width Measure pavement width Yes Measure pavement width: width of pavements

Mixed use blocks Look at the uses in blocks Yes Views from Google street view or photos: number of blocks that are mixed use

Mix of amenities Search for local amenities Yes Do a Google search for local amenities: number of different amenities

A vibrant, diverse range of public spaces

Different types i.e. green, public, private, squares etc.

What different types of public spaces are there?

Yes Look at the public spaces and determine which typology they are: types of public space

Large open spaces to break up the built environment

What sizes are the public spaces? Yes Measure the public spaces on Google Earth: amount of public space in hectares

Places to stop and socialise Are there many people in the spaces? No

Pedestrian and cycle friendly

Walkable Does the block size, mix of uses and level of amenities create a walkable

neighbourhood?

Yes Use data from block sizes, amenity level and use mix to determine this: yes/no answer.

Cyclable Is there provision for cycling? Cycle lanes and parking?

Yes Look at street view to determine cycle provision and what this includes:

cycle lanes yes/no, cycle parking yes/no Prioritising pedestrians and cyclists

over cars and buses Provision for cycling over cars/buses?

Size of pavements/cycle lanes. No

Block sizes How big are the blocks? Yes Measure blocks on Google Earth: block sizes in metres

Sustainable transport How many public transport points are there?

Yes Google search bus and train stops in the local area:

how many pick-up points in 1 hectare

A high quality of built form

Sustainable building Are the buildings built sustainably? No Maximising daylight for residential

properties How much overshadowing is there? No But a general idea of what it would be like can

be described What directions are the blocks facing? Yes Google Earth:

north, south, east, west etc.

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Site  Data

Total  Site  Area16 Hectares

Density800 ppH

Demographic  Data

0  to  4 5  to  7 8  to  11 12  to  16 17  to  18 20  to  64 65  + 2001  UK  census5.96 3.74 5.238 6.467 2.455 60.25 15.89 %  within  age  range

Design  Data Areas  of  Spaces  that  cannot  have  residential  stacked

Parks Health m2 Haarea  devoted  to  parkland  at  200ppH 2 Ha Type Catchment Provision Area  per  unitTotal  Areaarea  devoted  to  parkland  at  500ppH 2 Ha Local  Clinic 10000 1 5000 5000 0.5 stackablearea  devoted  to  parkland  at  800ppH 1 Ha Hospital 100000 0 10000 0 0 non-­‐stackable

Educational Places  of  Worship m2 HaType Catchment Provision Area  per  unitTotal  Area

Class  Size 30 children small 10000 1 3000 3000 0.3 stackablearea  devoted  to  schools  at  200ppH 7 Ha large 100000 0 10000 0 0 non-­‐stackablearea  devoted  to  schools  at  500ppH 3 Haarea  devoted  to  schools  at  800ppH 2 Ha

Roadsroad  width 6 mcycle  path  width 3 mpavement  width 4 meffective  street  width 20 m

Overview  of  Site

Total  Number  of  People 12800

Total  Site  Area 16 HaArea  for  Parks 1 HaArea  for  Schools 2 HaArea  for  Hospitals 0 HaArea  for  Cathedrals 0 HaTotal  Block  Area  for  Commercial/Resi 13 Ha

Available  Land  Use  per  block 0.64 Ha minus  roads  and  streetwaysTotal  Stackable  Residential  Land 8.32 minus  roads  and  streetways

Residential  Block  Size  Calculator

Using  average  block? yes yes  or  noif  not,  what  is  the  number  of  people  in  this  block?

average  number  of  people  per  block 985

number  of  people  in  this  block 985

total  number  of  rooms 253

type  of  room % number  of  rooms1b2p 20 512b4p 50 1273b5p 30 76

number  of  car  spaces

type  of  room spaces  per  room spaces  required1b2p 0 02b4p 0 03b5p 1 76

number  of  cycle  parking

type  of  room spaces  per  room spaces  required1b2p 1 512b4p 1 1273b5p 2 152

Commercial  Space

Ratio  of  Commercial  to  Residential

Commerical Residential40 60

Total  Residential  Area Total  Commercial  Area26.7225 Ha 17.815 Ha

Commericial  Space  Distribution

Using  average  block? yes yes  or  noif  not,  what  is  the  area  in  this  block? m2

total  number  of  potential  commercial  mix  blocks 13average  area  of  commercial  per  block 13703.8462 m2

area  of  commerical  in  this  block 13703.8462 m2

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