University Physics - cnx.orgUniversity Physics By: OpenStax University Physics Online: < >...

University Physics

By:OpenStax University Physics

University Physics

By:OpenStax University Physics

Online:< http://cnx.org/content/col11994/1.1/ >

OpenStax-CNX

This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by OpenStax University Physics. It is licensed

under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Collection structure revised: April 20, 2016

PDF generated: April 20, 2016

For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 36.

Table of Contents

1 Unit 1 Mechanics

1.1 Chapter 1 Units and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Chapter 2 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Chapter 3 Motion Along a Straight Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 Chapter 5 Newton's Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 Chapter 6 Applications of Newton's Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 Chapter 7 Work and Kinetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 Chapter 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 Chapter 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.10 Chapter 10 Fixed-Axis Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.11 Chapter 11 Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.12 Chapter 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.13 Chapter 13 Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.14 Chapter 14 Fluid Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Unit 2 Waves and Acoustics

2.1 Chapter 15 Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 Chapter 16 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 Chapter 17 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Unit 3 Thermodynamics

3.1 Chapter 18 Temperature and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 Chapter 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3 Chapter 20 The First Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.4 Chapter 21 The Second Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Unit 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.1 Chapter 22 Electric Charges and Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2 Chapter 23 Gauss's Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 Chapter 24 Electric Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.4 Chapter 25 Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.5 Chapter 26 Current and Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.6 Chapter 27 Direct-Current Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.7 Chapter 28 Magnetic Forces and Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.8 Chapter 29 Sources of Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.9 Chapter 30 Electromagnetic Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.10 Chapter 31 Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.11 Chapter 32 Alternating-Current Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.12 Chapter 33 Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5 Unit 5 Optics

5.1 Chapter 34 The Nature of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.2 Chapter 35 Geometric Optics and Image Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3 Chapter 36 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.4 Chapter 37 Di�raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 Unit 6 Modern Physics

6.1 Chapter 38 Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.2 Chapter 39 Photons and Matter Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.3 Chapter 40 Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

iv

6.4 Chapter 41 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.5 Chapter 42 Condensed Matter Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.6 Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.7 Chapter 44 Particle Physics and Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.8 Chapter 45 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.9 Chapter 46 Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.10 Chapter 47 Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.11 Chapter 48 Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.12 Chapter 50 Appendix F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226.13 Chapter 51 Appendix G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7 SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Fundamental Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2910 Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3111 Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3312 Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col11994/1.1>


1

2 CHAPTER 1. UNIT 1 MECHANICS

Chapter 1

Unit 1 Mechanics

1.1 Chapter 1 Units and Measurement

1.1.1 Introduction1

1.1.2 The Scope and Scale of Physics2

1.1.3 Unit Conversion3

1.1.4 Dimensional Analysis4

1.1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations5

1.1.6 Signi�cant Figures6

1.1.7 Solving Problems in Physics7

1.2 Chapter 2 Vectors

1.2.1 Introduction8

1.2.2 Scalars and Vectors9

1.2.3 Coordinate Systems and Components of a Vector10

1.2.4 Algebra of Vectors11

1.2.5 Products of Vectors12

1.3 Chapter 3 Motion Along a Straight Line

1.3.1 Introduction13

1.3.2 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity14

1.3.3 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed15

1.3.4 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration16

1.3.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration17

1.3.6 Free Fall18

1.3.7 Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration19

1.4 Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions


1.4.2 Displacement and Velocity Vectors21

1.4.3 Acceleration Vector22

1.4.4 Projectile Motion23

1.4.5 Uniform Circular Motion24

1.4.6 Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions25

1.5 Chapter 5 Newton's Laws of Motion


1.5.2 Forces27

1.5.3 Newton's First Law28

1.5.4 Newton's Second Law29

1.5.5 Mass and Weight30

1.5.6 Newton's Third Law31

1.5.7 Common Forces32

1.5.8 Free-Body Diagrams33

1.6 Chapter 6 Applications of Newton's Laws


1.6.2 Applying Newton's Laws35

1.6.3 Friction36

1.6.4 Centripetal Force37

1.6.5 Drag Force and Terminal Speed38

1.7 Chapter 7 Work and Kinetic Energy


1.7.2 Work40

1.7.3 Kinetic Energy41

1.7.4 Work-Energy Theorem42

1.7.5 Power43

1.8 Chapter 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy


1.8.2 Potential Energy of a System45

1.8.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces46

1.8.4 Conservation of Energy47

1.8.5 Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability48

1.8.6 Sources of Energy49

1.9 Chapter 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions


1.9.2 Linear Momentum51

1.9.3 Impulse and Collisions52

1.9.4 Conservation of Linear Momentum53

1.9.5 Types of Collisions54

1.9.6 Collisions in Multiple Dimensions55

1.9.7 Center of Mass56

1.9.8 Rocket Propulsion57

1.10 Chapter 10 Fixed-Axis Rotation


1.10.2 Rotational Variables59

1.10.3 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration60

1.10.4 Relating Angular and Translational Quantities61

1.10.5 Moment of Inertia and Rotational Kinetic Energy62

1.10.6 Calculating Moments of Inertia63

1.10.7 Torque64

1.10.8 Newton's Second Law for Rotation65

1.10.9 Work and Power for Rotational Motion66

1.11 Chapter 11 Angular Momentum


1.11.2 Rolling Motion68

1.11.3 Angular Momentum69

1.11.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum70

1.11.5 Precession of a Gyroscope71

1.12 Chapter 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity


1.12.2 Conditions for Static Equilibrium73

1.12.3 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Modulus74

1.12.4 Elasticity and Plasticity75

1.13 Chapter 13 Gravitation


1.13.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation77

1.13.3 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface78

1.13.4 Gravitational Potential Energy and Total Energy79

1.13.5 Satellite Orbits and Energy80

1.13.6 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion81

1.13.7 Einstein's Theory of Gravity82

1.14 Chapter 14 Fluid Mechanics


1.14.2 Fluids, Density, and Pressure84

1.14.3 Measuring Pressure85

1.14.4 Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics86

1.14.5 Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy87

1.14.6 Fluid Dynamics88

1.14.7 Bernoulli's Equation89

1.14.8 Viscosity and Turbulence90

1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58268/1.1/>.2This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58269/1.1/>.3This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58271/1.1/>.4This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58272/1.1/>.5This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58273/1.1/>.6This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58274/1.1/>.7This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58275/1.1/>.8This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58276/1.1/>.9This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58277/1.1/>.

10This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58278/1.1/>.11This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58279/1.1/>.12This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58280/1.1/>.13This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58281/1.1/>.


3

14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58282/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58283/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58284/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58285/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58286/1.1/>.19This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58287/1.1/>.20This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58288/1.1/>.21This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58289/1.1/>.22This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58290/1.1/>.23This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58291/1.1/>.24This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58292/1.1/>.25This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58293/1.1/>.26This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58294/1.1/>.27This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58295/1.1/>.28This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58296/1.1/>.29This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58297/1.1/>.30This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58298/1.1/>.31This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58299/1.1/>.32This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58300/1.1/>.33This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58301/1.1/>.34This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58302/1.1/>.35This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58303/1.1/>.36This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58304/1.1/>.37This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58305/1.1/>.38This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58306/1.1/>.39This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58307/1.1/>.40This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58719/1.1/>.41This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58308/1.1/>.42This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58309/1.1/>.43This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58310/1.1/>.44This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58311/1.1/>.45This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58312/1.1/>.46This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58313/1.1/>.47This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58314/1.1/>.48This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58315/1.1/>.49This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58661/1.1/>.50This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58317/1.1/>.51This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58318/1.1/>.52This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58319/1.1/>.53This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58320/1.1/>.54This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58321/1.1/>.55This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58322/1.1/>.56This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58323/1.1/>.57This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58324/1.1/>.58This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58325/1.1/>.59This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58326/1.1/>.60This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58327/1.1/>.61This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58328/1.1/>.62This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58329/1.1/>.63This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58330/1.1/>.64This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58331/1.1/>.65This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58332/1.1/>.66This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58333/1.1/>.67This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58334/1.1/>.68This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58335/1.1/>.69This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58336/1.1/>.70This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58337/1.1/>.71This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58338/1.1/>.72This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58339/1.1/>.73This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58340/1.1/>.74This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58342/1.1/>.


4 CHAPTER 1. UNIT 1 MECHANICS

75This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58343/1.1/>.76This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58344/1.1/>.77This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58345/1.1/>.78This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58346/1.1/>.79This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58347/1.1/>.80This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58348/1.1/>.81This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58350/1.1/>.82This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58352/1.1/>.83This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58624/1.1/>.84This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58353/1.1/>.85This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58354/1.1/>.86This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58355/1.1/>.87This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58356/1.1/>.88This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58357/1.1/>.89This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58358/1.1/>.90This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58359/1.1/>.



5

6 CHAPTER 2. UNIT 2 WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

Chapter 2

Unit 2 Waves and Acoustics

2.1 Chapter 15 Oscillations

2.1.1 Introduction1

2.1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion2

2.1.3 Energy in simple Harmonic Motion3

2.1.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion4

2.1.5 Pendulums5

2.1.6 Damped Oscillations6

2.1.7 Forced Oscillations7

2.2 Chapter 16 Waves

2.2.1 Introduction8

2.2.2 Traveling Waves9

2.2.3 Mathematics of Traveling Waves10

2.2.4 Wave Speed on a Stretched String11

2.2.5 Energy and Power of a Wave12

2.2.6 Interference of Waves13

2.2.7 Standing Waves and Resonance14

2.3 Chapter 17 Sound


2.3.2 Sound Waves16

2.3.3 Speed of Sound17

2.3.4 Sound Intensity18

2.3.5 Normal Modes of a Standing Sound Wave19

2.3.6 Sources of Musical Sound20

2.3.7 Beats21

2.3.8 The Doppler E�ect22

2.3.9 Shock Waves23




7

14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58373/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58374/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58375/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58376/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58377/1.1/>.19This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58378/1.1/>.20This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58379/1.1/>.21This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58380/1.1/>.22This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58381/1.1/>.23This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58382/1.1/>.


8 CHAPTER 2. UNIT 2 WAVES AND ACOUSTICS



9

10 CHAPTER 3. UNIT 3 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 3

Unit 3 Thermodynamics

3.1 Chapter 18 Temperature and Heat

3.1.1 Introduction1

3.1.2 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium2

3.1.3 Thermometers and Temperature Scales3

3.1.4 Thermal Expansion4

3.1.5 Heat Transfer, Speci�c Heat, and Calorimetry5

3.1.6 Phase Changes6

3.1.7 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer7

3.2 Chapter 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

3.2.1 Introduction8

3.2.2 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas9

3.2.3 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed10

3.2.4 Equipartition of Energy11

3.2.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds12

3.3 Chapter 20 The First Law of Thermodynamics


3.3.2 Thermodynamic Systems14

3.3.3 Work, Heat, and Internal Energy15

3.3.4 First Law of Thermodynamics16

3.3.5 Thermodynamic Processes17

3.3.6 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas18

3.3.7 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas19

3.4 Chapter 21 The Second Law of Thermodynamics


3.4.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes21

3.4.3 Heat Engines22

3.4.4 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps23

3.4.5 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics24

3.4.6 The Carnot Cycle25

3.4.7 Entropy26

3.4.8 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale27

3.4.9 Entropy and Availability of Energy28




11

14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58395/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58396/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58397/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58399/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58400/1.1/>.19This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58401/1.1/>.20This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58402/1.1/>.21This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58403/1.1/>.22This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58404/1.1/>.23This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58653/1.1/>.24This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58405/1.1/>.25This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58406/1.1/>.26This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58407/1.1/>.27This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58408/1.1/>.28This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58409/1.1/>.


12 CHAPTER 3. UNIT 3 THERMODYNAMICS



13

14 CHAPTER 4. UNIT 4 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Chapter 4

Unit 4 Electricity and Magnetism

4.1 Chapter 22 Electric Charges and Fields

4.1.1 Introduction1

4.1.2 Electric Charge2

4.1.3 Conductors, Insulators, and Charging by Induction3

4.1.4 Coulomb's Law4

4.1.5 Electric Field5

4.1.6 Calculating Electric Fields of Charge Distributions6

4.1.7 Electric Field Lines7

4.1.8 Electric Dipoles8

4.2 Chapter 23 Gauss's Law

4.2.1 Introduction9

4.2.2 Electric Flux10

4.2.3 Explaining Gauss's Law11

4.2.4 Applying Gauss's Law12

4.2.5 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium13

4.3 Chapter 24 Electric Potential


4.3.2 Electric Potential Energy15

4.3.3 Electric Potential and Potential Di�erence16

4.3.4 Calculations of Electric Potential17

4.3.5 Determining Field from Potential18

4.3.6 Equipotential Surfaces19

4.3.7 Applications of Electrostatics20

4.4 Chapter 25 Capacitance


4.4.2 Capacitance and Capacitors22

4.4.3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel23

4.4.4 Energy Stored in Capacitors24

4.4.5 Capacitors with a Dielectric25

4.4.6 Molecular Model of Dielectrics26

4.5 Chapter 26 Current and Resistance


4.5.2 Electric Current28

4.5.3 Model of Conduction in Metals29

4.5.4 Resistivity and Resistance30

4.5.5 Ohm's Law31

4.5.6 Electrical Energy and Power32

4.5.7 Superconductors33

4.6 Chapter 27 Direct-Current Circuits


4.6.2 Electromotive Force35

4.6.3 Resistors in Series and Parallel36

4.6.4 Kirchho�'s Rules37

4.6.5 Electrical Measuring Instruments38

4.6.6 RC Circuits39

4.6.7 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety40

4.7 Chapter 28 Magnetic Forces and Fields


4.7.2 Magnetism and Its Historical Discoveries42

4.7.3 Magnetic Fields and Lines43

4.7.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field44

4.7.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor45

4.7.6 Force and Torque on a Current Loop46

4.7.7 The Hall Efect47

4.7.8 Applications of Magnetic Forces and Fields48

4.8 Chapter 29 Sources of Magnetic Fields


4.8.2 The Biot-Savart Law50

4.8.3 Magnetic Field in a Straight Wire51

4.8.4 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Currents52

4.8.5 Magnetic Field of a Current Loop53

4.8.6 Ampere's Law54

4.8.7 Solenoids and Toroids55

4.8.8 Magnetism in Matter56

4.9 Chapter 30 Electromagnetic Induction


4.9.2 Faraday's Law58

4.9.3 Lenz's Law59

4.9.4 Motional emf60

4.9.5 Induced Electric Fields61

4.9.6 Eddy Currents62

4.9.7 Generators and Motors63

4.9.8 Applications of Electromagnetic Induction64

4.10 Chapter 31 Inductance


4.10.2 Mutual Inductance66

4.10.3 Self-Inductance and Inductors67

4.10.4 Energy in a Magnetic Field68

4.10.5 RL Circuits69

4.10.6 Oscillations in an LC Circuit70

4.10.7 RLC Series Cirucits71

4.11 Chapter 32 Alternating-Current Circuits


4.11.2 Sources of Alternating Current73

4.11.3 Simple AC Circuits74

4.11.4 RLC Series Circuits with Alternating Current75

4.11.5 Power in an AC Circuit76

4.11.6 Resonance in an AC Circuit77

4.11.7 Transformers78

4.12 Chapter 33 Electromagnetic Waves


4.12.2 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves80

4.12.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves81

4.12.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves82

4.12.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure83

4.12.6 The Electromagnetic Spectrum84




15

14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58427/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58429/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58430/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58431/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58433/1.1/>.19This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58723/1.1/>.20This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58778/1.1/>.21This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58447/1.1/>.22This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58448/1.1/>.23This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58449/1.1/>.24This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58450/1.1/>.25This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58451/1.1/>.26This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58452/1.1/>.27This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58728/1.1/>.28This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58729/1.1/>.29This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58730/1.1/>.30This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58731/1.1/>.31This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58732/1.1/>.32This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58734/1.1/>.33This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58735/1.1/>.34This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58736/1.1/>.35This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58453/1.1/>.36This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58454/1.1/>.37This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58455/1.1/>.38This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58456/1.1/>.39This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58457/1.1/>.40This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58458/1.1/>.41This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58737/1.1/>.42This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58738/1.1/>.43This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58739/1.1/>.44This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58740/1.1/>.45This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58742/1.1/>.46This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58743/1.1/>.47This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58744/1.1/>.48This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58745/1.1/>.49This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58459/1.1/>.50This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58460/1.1/>.51This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58461/1.1/>.52This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58462/1.1/>.53This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58464/1.1/>.54This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58465/1.1/>.55This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58466/1.1/>.56This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58467/1.1/>.57This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58468/1.1/>.58This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58472/1.1/>.59This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58476/1.1/>.60This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58477/1.1/>.61This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58479/1.1/>.62This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58480/1.1/>.63This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58481/1.1/>.64This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58482/1.1/>.65This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58746/1.1/>.66This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58747/1.1/>.67This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58748/1.1/>.68This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58751/1.1/>.69This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58752/1.1/>.70This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58754/1.1/>.71This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58756/1.1/>.72This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58483/1.1/>.73This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58484/1.1/>.74This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58485/1.1/>.


16 CHAPTER 4. UNIT 4 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

75This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58658/1.1/>.76This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58490/1.1/>.77This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58492/1.1/>.78This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58494/1.1/>.79This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58495/1.1/>.80This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58496/1.1/>.81This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58498/1.1/>.82This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58500/1.1/>.83This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58501/1.1/>.84This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58503/1.1/>.



17

18 CHAPTER 5. UNIT 5 OPTICS

Chapter 5

Unit 5 Optics

5.1 Chapter 34 The Nature of Light

5.1.1 Introduction1

5.1.2 The Propagation of Light2

5.1.3 Re�ection3

5.1.4 Refraction4

5.1.5 Total Internal Re�ection5

5.1.6 Huygens's Principle6

5.1.7 Dispersion7

5.1.8 Polarization8

5.2 Chapter 35 Geometric Optics and Image Formation

5.2.1 Introduction9

5.2.2 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors10

5.2.3 Spherical Mirrors11

5.2.4 Images Formed by Refraction12

5.2.5 The Eye13

5.2.6 The Camera14

5.2.7 The Simple Magni�er15

5.2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes16

5.3 Chapter 36 Interference


5.3.2 Young's Double-Slit Interference Experiment18

5.3.3 Mathematics of Double Slit Interference19

5.3.4 Intensity in Multi-Slit Interference and Di�raction Gratings20

5.3.5 Interference in Thin Films21

5.3.6 The Michelson Interferometer22

5.4 Chapter 37 Di�raction


5.4.2 Single-Slit Di�raction24

5.4.3 Intensity in Single-Slit Di�raction25

5.4.4 Double-Slit Di�raction26

5.4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution27

5.4.6 X-Ray Di�raction28

5.4.7 Holography29




19

14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58532/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58533/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58534/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58536/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58537/1.1/>.19This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58538/1.1/>.20This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58539/1.1/>.21This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58540/1.1/>.22This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58541/1.1/>.23This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58542/1.1/>.24This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58543/1.1/>.25This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58544/1.1/>.26This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58623/1.1/>.27This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58548/1.1/>.28This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58664/1.1/>.29This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58552/1.1/>.


20 CHAPTER 5. UNIT 5 OPTICS



21

22 CHAPTER 6. UNIT 6 MODERN PHYSICS

Chapter 6

Unit 6 Modern Physics

6.1 Chapter 38 Relativity

6.1.1 Introduction1

6.1.2 Invariance of Physical Laws2

6.1.3 Relativity of Simultaneity3

6.1.4 Time Dilation4

6.1.5 Length Contraction5

6.1.6 The Lorentz Transformation6

6.1.7 Relativistic Velocity Transformation7

6.1.8 Doppler E�ect for Light8

6.1.9 Relativistic Momentum9

6.1.10 Relativistic Energy10

6.2 Chapter 39 Photons and Matter Waves


6.2.2 Blackbody Radiation12

6.2.3 Photoelectric E�ect13

6.2.4 The Compton E�ect14

6.2.5 Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom15

6.2.6 De Broglie's Matter Waves16

6.2.7 Wave-Particle Duality17

6.3 Chapter 40 Quantum Mechanics


6.3.2 Wave Functions19

6.3.3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle20

6.3.4 The Schr�dinger Equation21

6.3.5 The Quantum Particle in a Box22

6.3.6 The Quantum Oscillator23

6.3.7 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers24

6.4 Chapter 41 Atomic Structure


6.4.2 The Hydrogen Atom26

6.4.3 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron27

6.4.4 Electron Spin28

6.4.5 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table29

6.4.6 Atomic Spectra and X-rays30

6.5 Chapter 42 Condensed Matter Physics


6.5.2 Types of Molecular Bonds32

6.5.3 Molecular Spectra33

6.5.4 Bonding in Solids34

6.5.5 Free-Electron Model of Metals35

6.5.6 Band Theory of Solids36

6.5.7 Semiconductors and Doping37

6.5.8 Semiconductor Devices38

6.5.9 Superconductivity39

6.6 Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics


6.6.2 Properties of Nuclei41

6.6.3 Nuclear Binding Energy42

6.6.4 Radioactive Decay43

6.6.5 Nuclear Reactions44

6.6.6 Fission45

6.6.7 Fusion46

6.6.8 Medical Applications and Biological E�ects of Nuclear Radiation47

6.7 Chapter 44 Particle Physics and Cosmology


6.7.2 Introduction to Particle Physics49

6.7.3 Particle Conservation Laws50

6.7.4 Quarks51

6.7.5 Particle Accelerators and Detectors52

6.7.6 The Standard Model53

6.7.7 The Big Bang54

6.7.8 Evolution of the Early Universe55

6.8 Chapter 45 Appendix A

6.9 Chapter 46 Appendix B

6.10 Chapter 47 Appendix C

6.11 Chapter 48 Appendix D

6.12 Chapter 50 Appendix F

6.13 Chapter 51 Appendix G




23

14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58763/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58764/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58765/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58766/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58573/1.1/>.19This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58576/1.1/>.20This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58578/1.1/>.21This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58579/1.1/>.22This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58580/1.1/>.23This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58581/1.1/>.24This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58582/1.1/>.25This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58583/1.1/>.26This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58584/1.1/>.27This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58585/1.1/>.28This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58586/1.1/>.29This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58587/1.1/>.30This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58590/1.1/>.31This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58591/1.1/>.32This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58592/1.1/>.33This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58593/1.1/>.34This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58594/1.1/>.35This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58596/1.1/>.36This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58599/1.1/>.37This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58600/1.1/>.38This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58601/1.1/>.39This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58602/1.1/>.40This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58606/1.1/>.41This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58607/1.1/>.42This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58608/1.1/>.43This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58609/1.1/>.44This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58610/1.1/>.45This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58611/1.1/>.46This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58613/1.1/>.47This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58614/1.1/>.48This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58767/1.1/>.49This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58768/1.1/>.50This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58770/1.1/>.51This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58771/1.1/>.52This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58772/1.1/>.53This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58774/1.1/>.54This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58775/1.1/>.55This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58776/1.1/>.


24 CHAPTER 6. UNIT 6 MODERN PHYSICS


Chapter 7

SI Units1

1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58777/1.1/>.


25

26 CHAPTER 7. SI UNITS


Chapter 8

Fundamental Constants1



27

28 CHAPTER 8. FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS


Chapter 9

Astronomy1



29

30 CHAPTER 9. ASTRONOMY


Chapter 10

Conversions1



31

32 CHAPTER 10. CONVERSIONS


Chapter 11

Chemistry1



33

34 CHAPTER 11. CHEMISTRY


Chapter 12

Greek Alphabet1



35

36 ATTRIBUTIONS

Attributions

Collection: University PhysicsEdited by: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/col11994/1.1/License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58268/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Scope and Scale of Physics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58269/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Unit Conversion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58271/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Dimensional Analysis"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58272/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Estimates and Fermi Calculations"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58273/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Signi�cant Figures"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58274/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 37

Module: "Solving Problems in Physics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58275/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Scalars and Vectors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58277/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Coordinate Systems and Components of a Vector"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58278/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Algebra of Vectors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58279/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Products of Vectors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58280/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58282/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


38 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Instantaneous Velocity and Speed"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58283/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Average and Instantaneous Acceleration"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58284/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Motion with Constant Acceleration"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58285/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Free Fall"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58286/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58287/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Displacement and Velocity Vectors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58289/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Acceleration Vector"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58290/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 39

Module: "Projectile Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58291/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Uniform Circular Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58292/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58293/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Forces"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58295/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Newton's First Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58296/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Newton's Second Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58297/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Mass and Weight"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58298/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


40 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Newton's Third Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58299/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Common Forces"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58300/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Free-Body Diagrams"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58301/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Applying Newton's Laws"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58303/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Friction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58304/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Centripetal Force"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58305/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Drag Force and Terminal Speed"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58306/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 41


Module: "Work"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58719/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Kinetic Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58308/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Work-Energy Theorem"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58309/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Power"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58310/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Potential Energy of a System"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58312/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Conservative and Nonconservative Forces"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58313/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


42 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Conservation of Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58314/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58315/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Sources of Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58661/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Linear Momentum"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58318/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Impulse and Collisions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58319/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Conservation of Linear Momentum"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58320/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Types of Collisions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58321/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 43

Module: "Collisions in Multiple Dimensions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58322/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Center of Mass"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58323/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Rocket Propulsion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58324/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Rotational Variables"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58326/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58327/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Relating Angular and Translational Quantities"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58328/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Moment of Inertia and Rotational Kinetic Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58329/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


44 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Calculating Moments of Inertia"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58330/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Torque"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58331/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Newton's Second Law for Rotation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58332/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Work and Power for Rotational Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58333/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Rolling Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58335/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Angular Momentum"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58336/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Conservation of Angular Momentum"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58337/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 45

Module: "Precession of a Gyroscope"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58338/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Conditions for Static Equilibrium"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58340/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Stress, Strain, and Elastic Modulus"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58342/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Elasticity and Plasticity"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58343/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58345/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Gravitation Near Earth's Surface"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58346/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


46 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Gravitational Potential Energy and Total Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58347/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Satellite Orbits and Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58348/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58350/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Einstein's Theory of Gravity"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58352/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Fluids, Density, and Pressure"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58353/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Measuring Pressure"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58354/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58355/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 47

Module: "Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58356/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Fluid Dynamics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58357/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Bernoulli's Equation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58358/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Viscosity and Turbulence"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58359/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Simple Harmonic Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58361/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Energy in simple Harmonic Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58362/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58363/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


48 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Pendulums"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58364/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Damped Oscillations"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58365/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Forced Oscillations"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58366/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Traveling Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58368/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Mathematics of Traveling Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58369/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Wave Speed on a Stretched String"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58370/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Energy and Power of a Wave"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58371/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 49

Module: "Interference of Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58372/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Standing Waves and Resonance"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58373/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Sound Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58375/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Speed of Sound"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58376/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Sound Intensity"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58377/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Normal Modes of a Standing Sound Wave"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58378/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Sources of Musical Sound"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58379/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


50 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Beats"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58380/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Doppler E�ect"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58381/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Shock Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58382/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58384/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Thermometers and Temperature Scales"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58385/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Thermal Expansion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58386/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Heat Transfer, Speci�c Heat, and Calorimetry"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58387/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 51

Module: "Phase Changes"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58388/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Mechanisms of Heat Transfer"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58389/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58391/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58392/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Equipartition of Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58393/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Distribution of Molecular Speeds"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58394/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



52 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Thermodynamic Systems"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58395/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Work, Heat, and Internal Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58396/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "First Law of Thermodynamics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58397/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Thermodynamic Processes"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58399/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58400/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58401/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Reversible and Irreversible Processes"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58403/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 53

Module: "Heat Engines"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58404/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Refrigerators and Heat Pumps"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58653/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58405/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Carnot Cycle"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58406/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Entropy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58407/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Entropy on a Microscopic Scale"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58408/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Entropy and Availability of Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58409/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



54 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Electric Charge"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58412/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Conductors, Insulators, and Charging by Induction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58413/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Coulomb's Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58415/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electric Field"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58722/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Calculating Electric Fields of Charge Distributions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58416/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electric Field Lines"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58417/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electric Dipoles"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58418/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



ATTRIBUTIONS 55

Module: "Electric Flux"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58423/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Explaining Gauss's Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58424/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Applying Gauss's Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58425/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58426/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Electric Potential Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58429/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electric Potential and Potential Di�erence"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58430/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Calculations of Electric Potential"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58431/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


56 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Determining Field from Potential"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58433/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Equipotential Surfaces"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58723/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Applications of Electrostatics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58778/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Capacitance and Capacitors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58448/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Capacitors in Series and Parallel"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58449/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Energy Stored in Capacitors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58450/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Capacitors with a Dielectric"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58451/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 57

Module: "Molecular Model of Dielectrics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58452/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Electric Current"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58729/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Model of Conduction in Metals"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58730/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Resistivity and Resistance"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58731/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Ohm's Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58732/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electrical Energy and Power"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58734/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Superconductors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58735/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


58 ATTRIBUTIONS


Module: "Electromotive Force"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58453/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Resistors in Series and Parallel"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58454/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Kirchho�'s Rules"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58455/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electrical Measuring Instruments"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58456/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "RC Circuits"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58457/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Household Wiring and Electrical Safety"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58458/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



ATTRIBUTIONS 59

Module: "Magnetism and Its Historical Discoveries"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58738/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Magnetic Fields and Lines"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58739/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58740/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58742/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Force and Torque on a Current Loop"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58743/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Hall Efect"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58744/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Applications of Magnetic Forces and Fields"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58745/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



60 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "The Biot-Savart Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58460/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Magnetic Field in a Straight Wire"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58461/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Currents"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58462/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Magnetic Field of a Current Loop"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58464/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Ampere's Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58465/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Solenoids and Toroids"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58466/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Magnetism in Matter"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58467/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



ATTRIBUTIONS 61

Module: "Faraday's Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58472/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Lenz's Law"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58476/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Motional emf"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58477/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Induced Electric Fields"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58479/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Eddy Currents"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58480/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Generators and Motors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58481/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Applications of Electromagnetic Induction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58482/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



62 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Mutual Inductance"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58747/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Self-Inductance and Inductors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58748/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Energy in a Magnetic Field"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58751/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "RL Circuits"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58752/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Oscillations in an LC Circuit"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58754/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "RLC Series Cirucits"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58756/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Sources of Alternating Current"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58484/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 63

Module: "Simple AC Circuits"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58485/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "RLC Series Circuits with Alternating Current"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58658/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Power in an AC Circuit"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58490/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Resonance in an AC Circuit"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58492/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Transformers"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58494/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58496/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Plane Electromagnetic Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58498/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


64 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58500/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Momentum and Radiation Pressure"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58501/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Electromagnetic Spectrum"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58503/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "The Propagation of Light"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58505/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Re�ection"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58509/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Refraction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58510/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Total Internal Re�ection"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58511/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 65

Module: "Huygens's Principle"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58512/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Dispersion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58523/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Polarization"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58525/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Images Formed by Plane Mirrors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58527/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Spherical Mirrors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58528/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Images Formed by Refraction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58529/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Eye"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58531/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


66 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "The Camera"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58532/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Simple Magni�er"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58533/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Microscopes and Telescopes"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58534/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Young's Double-Slit Interference Experiment"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58537/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Mathematics of Double Slit Interference"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58538/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Intensity in Multi-Slit Interference and Di�raction Gratings"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58539/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Interference in Thin Films"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58540/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 67

Module: "The Michelson Interferometer"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58541/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Single-Slit Di�raction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58543/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Intensity in Single-Slit Di�raction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58544/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Double-Slit Di�raction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58623/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Circular Apertures and Resolution"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58548/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "X-Ray Di�raction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58664/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Holography"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58552/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


68 ATTRIBUTIONS


Module: "Invariance of Physical Laws"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58556/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Relativity of Simultaneity"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58656/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Time Dilation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58563/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Length Contraction"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58565/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Lorentz Transformation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58568/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Relativistic Velocity Transformation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58569/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Doppler E�ect for Light"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58570/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 69

Module: "Relativistic Momentum"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58571/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Relativistic Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58572/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Blackbody Radiation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58761/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Photoelectric E�ect"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58762/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Compton E�ect"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58763/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58764/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "De Broglie's Matter Waves"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58765/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


70 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Wave-Particle Duality"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58766/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Wave Functions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58576/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58578/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Schr�dinger Equation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58579/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Quantum Particle in a Box"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58580/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Quantum Oscillator"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58581/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58582/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 71


Module: "The Hydrogen Atom"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58584/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58585/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electron Spin"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58586/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58587/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Atomic Spectra and X-rays"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58590/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Module: "Types of Molecular Bonds"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58592/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


72 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Molecular Spectra"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58593/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Bonding in Solids"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58594/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Free-Electron Model of Metals"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58596/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Band Theory of Solids"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58599/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Semiconductors and Doping"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58600/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Semiconductor Devices"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58601/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Superconductivity"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58602/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



ATTRIBUTIONS 73

Module: "Properties of Nuclei"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58607/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Nuclear Binding Energy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58608/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Radioactive Decay"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58609/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Nuclear Reactions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58610/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Fission"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58611/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Fusion"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58613/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Medical Applications and Biological E�ects of Nuclear Radiation"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58614/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/



74 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Introduction to Particle Physics"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58768/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Particle Conservation Laws"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58770/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Quarks"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58771/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Particle Accelerators and Detectors"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58772/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Standard Model"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58774/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Big Bang"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58775/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Evolution of the Early Universe"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58776/1.1/Page: 22Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "SI Units"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58777/1.1/Page: 25Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 75

Module: "Fundamental Constants"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58615/1.1/Page: 27Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Astronomy"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58616/1.1/Page: 29Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Conversions"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58617/1.1/Page: 31Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Chemistry"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58619/1.1/Page: 33Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Greek Alphabet"By: OpenStax University PhysicsURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58620/1.1/Page: 35Copyright: OpenStax University PhysicsLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


About OpenStax-CNX

Rhaptos is a web-based collaborative publishing system for educational material.

University Physics - cnx.orgUniversity Physics By: OpenStax University Physics Online: < >...

Documents

Transcript of University Physics - cnx.orgUniversity Physics By: OpenStax University Physics Online: < >...