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Year 2009

Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high-level dressagehorses trotting on a treadmill

Bystroumlm A Rhodin M von Peinen K Weishaupt M A Roepstorff L

Bystroumlm A Rhodin M von Peinen K Weishaupt M A Roepstorff L (2009) Basic kinematics of the saddle andrider in high-level dressage horses trotting on a treadmill Equine Veterinary Journal 41(3)280-284Postprint available athttpwwwzorauzhch

Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurichhttpwwwzorauzhch

Originally published atEquine Veterinary Journal 2009 41(3)280-284

Bystroumlm A Rhodin M von Peinen K Weishaupt M A Roepstorff L (2009) Basic kinematics of the saddle andrider in high-level dressage horses trotting on a treadmill Equine Veterinary Journal 41(3)280-284Postprint available athttpwwwzorauzhch

Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurichhttpwwwzorauzhch

Originally published atEquine Veterinary Journal 2009 41(3)280-284


Abstract

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY A comprehensive kinematic description of rider and saddlemovements is not yet present in the scientific literature OBJECTIVE To describe saddle and ridermovements in a group of high-level dressage horses and riders METHOD Seven high-level dressagehorses and riders were subjected to kinematic measurements while performing collected trot on atreadmill For analysis a rigid body model for the saddle and core rider segments projection angles ofthe riders extremities and the neck and trunk of the horse and distances between markers selected toindicate rider position were used RESULTS For a majority of the variables measured it was possible todescribe a common pattern for the group Rotations around the transverse axis (pitch) were generallybiphasic for each diagonal During the first half of stance the saddle rotated anti-clockwise and theriders pelvis clockwise viewed from the right and the riders lumbar back extended During the later partof stance and the suspension phase reverse pitch rotations were observed Rotations of the saddle andcore rider segments around the longitudinal (roll) and vertical axes (yaw) changed direction only aroundtime of contact of each diagonal CONCLUSION The saddles and riders of high-level dressage horsesfollow a common movement pattern at collected trot The movements of the saddle and rider are clearlyrelated to the movements of the horse and saddle movements also seem to be influenced by the riderPOTENTIAL RELEVANCE Knowledge about rider and saddle movements can further ourunderstanding of and hence possibilities to prevent orthopaedic injuries related to the exposure of thehorse to a rider and saddle

Summary

Reasons for performing study A comprehensive kinematicdescription of rider and saddle movements is not yet presentin the scientific literature

Objective To describe saddle and rider movements in a groupof high-level dressage horses and riders

Method Seven high-level dressage horses and riders weresubjected to kinematic measurements while performingcollected trot on a treadmill For analysis a rigid body modelfor the saddle and core rider segments projection angles ofthe riderrsquos extremities and the neck and trunk of the horseand distances between markers selected to indicate riderposition were used

Results For a majority of the variables measured it was possibleto describe a common pattern for the group Rotations aroundthe transverse axis (pitch) were generally biphasic for eachdiagonal During the first half of stance the saddle rotated anti-clockwise and the riderrsquos pelvis clockwise viewed from theright and the riderrsquos lumbar back extended During the laterpart of stance and the suspension phase reverse pitch rotationswere observed Rotations of the saddle and core rider segmentsaround the longitudinal (roll) and vertical axes (yaw) changeddirection only around time of contact of each diagonal

Conclusion The saddles and riders of high-level dressagehorses follow a common movement pattern at collected trotThe movements of the saddle and rider are clearly related tothe movements of the horse and saddle movements also seemto be influenced by the rider

Potential relevance Knowledge about rider and saddlemovements can further our understanding of and hencepossibilities to prevent orthopaedic injuries related to theexposure of the horse to a rider and saddle

Introduction

A comprehensive description of saddle and rider movements hasnot yet been published Previous studies on rider kinematics arelimited in time resolution (Schils et al 1993 Lovett et al 2004) orthe number of variables described (Peham et al 2001 Lagarde et al 2005) Three studies compare novice and expert riders (Schilset al 1993 Peham et al 2001 Lagarde et al 2005) Experts were

280 EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNALEquine vet J (2009) 41 (3) 280-284

doi 102746042516409X394454

Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high-leveldressage horses trotting on a treadmillA BYSTROumlM M RHODINdagger K VON PEINENDagger M A WEISHAUPTDagger and L ROEPSTORFF

Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry and daggerDepartment of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences S-750 07 Uppsala Sweden and DaggerEquine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland

Keywords horse collected trot equestrian dressage kinematics rider saddle

found to have a more upright upper body position during sitting trot(Schils et al 1993 Lagarde et al 2005) less variable movements(Peham et al 2001 Lagarde et al 2005) and moved more in phasewith the horse (Lagarde et al 2005) Saddle movements have beendescribed only without rider (Galloux et al 1994)

The aim of the present study was to describe the movements ofthe saddle and high-level dressage rider and the relationshipsbetween horse and rider movements at collected trot as abackground for understanding equine orthopaedic injuries relatedto the exposure to a saddle and rider

Material and methods

Experimental set-up

The study was part of a larger experiment described in previouspublications (Goacutemez Aacutelvarez et al 2006 Weishaupt et al 2006)and only relevant parts will be described below The experimentalprotocol was approved by the Animal Health and WelfareCommission of the canton of Zurich

Horses and riders

Seven dressage horses competing at Grand Prix (n = 6) orintermediate (n = 1) level were used Horses were of Warmbloodbreed height 170 plusmn 007 m and equipped with their own fittedsaddle and a bridle with a normal snaffle bit The horses were riddenby their usual riders 3 males and 4 females weight 78 plusmn 17 kg

Kinematic measurements

Horses and riders were measured on a high-speed treadmill(Mustang 2200)1 with an integrated force measuring system(Weishaupt et al 2002) at square stance and at collected (sitting)trot Numerous spherical reflective markers were placed on horserider and saddle marker locations are described below Markerpositions were registered by 12 infrared cameras (ProReflex)2Recordings took place for 15 s with a frame rate of 140240 HzThe laboratory coordinate system was oriented such that the X-axis was horizontal and positive in the horsersquos direction ofmotion the Y-axis horizontal and positive to the left and the Z-axisvertical and positive upwards

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed[Paper received for publication 050608 Accepted 031108]

EVJ 08-237 BystromLayout 1 11022009 1432 Page 2

A Bystroumlm et al 281

Fig 1 Stride curves at collected trot for rotation angles in degrees of the saddle riderrsquos pelvis and riderrsquos upper body around the longitudinal (roll)transverse (pitch) and vertical (yaw) axes and for the distances in mm between the riderrsquos neck and L3 of the horse in the sagittal plane and between theriderrsquos seat and L3 of the horse in the sagittal and vertical planes presented as group mean (continuous line) plusmn sd (interrupted lines) with the stridenormalised to 0ndash100 starting at first contact of the left hind hoof Bars at the bottom indicate the stance phases of the left and right forelimbs (blackbars) and the left and right hindlimbs (grey bars) from top to bottom

Saddle roll Saddle pitch Saddle yaw

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282 Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses

Data processing

The reconstruction of the 3D position of each marker was based ona direct linear transformation algorithm (Q-Track)2 The raw x- y-and z-coordinates were exported into Matlab3 for furtherprocessing

Saddle and rider core body segments were subjected to rigidbody analysis by use of a previously published algorithm(Soumlderkvist and Wedin 1993) The rotations of each segmentaround the X- Y- and Z-axes were thereby described as 3 anglesroll pitch and yaw respectively The marker locations used todefine the rigid body segments were as follows saddle left andright pommel buttons and the caudomedial ends of the panelsriderrsquos pelvis sacrum and the left and right major trochanters offemur riderrsquos upper body sacrum shoulder joints and C7 spinousprocess and riderrsquos head C7 spinous process and left rightcranial and caudal lower parts of the helmet

For the riderrsquos upper arms and legs and the neck and trunk of thehorse segment projection angles in the YZ and XZ planes weredetermined to represent roll and pitch respectively Rider angleswere calculated after re-rotating marker data to stance position usingthe rotation matrix of the upper body (arms) or pelvis (legs) Markerlocations were the following upper arm shoulder and elbow jointsthigh trochanter and knee joint shank knee joint and the riderrsquosboot over the lateral malleolus horsersquos neck the cranial part of thewing of the atlas and T6 spinous process and horsersquos trunk T6 andL5 spinous processes In addition the 3D angle between the riderrsquosshoulder joint elbow joint and hand was determined

To define rider position the following distances werecalculated 1) riderrsquos hand to the rostral end of the ipsilateral facialcrest of the horse 2) X-distance from riderrsquos C7 to the L3 spinousprocess of the horse 3 4) X- and Z- distances from riderrsquos seat (a mean of the left and right trochanters) to the L3 spinous processof the horse 5 6) X- and Y-distances from riderrsquos trochanter to thetoe of the boot and 7) Z-distance between the toe and heel of theriderrsquos boot In addition the vertical movement of the L5 spinousprocesses of the horse was determined

Angular changes were assigned positive values for clockwiserotation viewed in the direction of the respective axis In the resultssection positive pitch rotation will be termed cranial and positiveroll and yaw rotations are termed away from the supportinghindlimb during left hindlimb stance For rider segments other thanthe pelvis rotations will be described in relation to the next moreproximal segment

Data for each variable were split into strides using temporalinformation from the treadmill force measuring systemnormalised to 101 points (0ndash100) and then averaged overavailable strides for each horserider Before group mean wasdetermined the individual mean curves were offset adjusted tofacilitate comparison between riders

Time of transition (ToT) defined as min or max value time ofoccurrence in percent of stride time was compared between thevertical height of L5 and each other variable using a pairednonparametric test (Wilcoxon) For rider extremity variables theresulting differences were tested for significant difference betweenstride cycle halves as was amplitude at ToT Significance levelwas set at Plt005 Due to large within- andor between-ridervariation the following variables were excluded in this analysisroll of the saddle roll and yaw of the upper body and head roll ofthe upper arms elbow joint angles distance from the riderrsquos handsto the facial crest of the horse and shank rotations

Results

The speed of the treadmill belt was 299 plusmn 005 ms which iswithin one sd of previously published speeds for collected trot(320 plusmn 028 Clayton 1994)

The stride mean residuals ie deformation of the rigid bodieswere mean plusmn sd 33 plusmn 17 mm for the saddle 25 plusmn 14 mm for theriderrsquos pelvis 59 plusmn 17 mm for the upper body and 60 plusmn 36 mm forthe head

Selected group mean curves are displayed in Figure 1 Rangesof motion (ROM) for selected variables are listed in Table 1

Movements from the beginning of stance to midstance

From first contact to approximately midstance of each diagonal thesaddle rotated caudally in pitch and away from the supportinghindlimb in yaw while roll was individual The riderrsquos pelvis rotatedcranially in pitch and away from the supporting hindlimb in roll andyaw The upper body rotated caudally in relation to the pelvis andthe head rotated caudally in relation to the upper body Yaw of theupper body and head showed roughly inverted curve shapecompared to the pelvis of the same rider but were more irregularRoll rotations of the same segments were individual and for someriders markedly asymmetric between diagonals The riderrsquos seatmoved downwards and first cranially then caudally (large phaseshift see Table 2b) in relation to L3 of the horse The riderrsquos neckmoved cranially in relation to L3 The shoulder joints flexed andabducted and the elbow joints flexed The distance from the riderrsquoshands to the facial crest of the horse decreased slightly for mostriders The riderrsquos hip joints flexed and abducted and the kneesflexed and adducted The riderrsquos toes moved cranially and laterallyin relation to the riderrsquos hips The heels were lowered in relation tothe toe At the same time the horsersquos neck rotated slightly craniallythe trunk rotated caudally and L5 vertical height decreased

At midstance all variables were in transition except roll andyaw of the saddle and yaw of the riderrsquos pelvis L5 reached aminimum position at 240 plusmn 14 of the stride after hindlimb

TABLE 1 Ranges of motion (ROM) plusmn sd in degrees for rotations of thesaddle and the riderʼs pelvis and upper body around the transverse(pitch) longitudinal (roll) and vertical (yaw) axes and pitch rotation of thehorseʼs trunk and ROM plusmn sd in mm for vertical and sagittal distancesbetween the riderʼs seat and L3 of the horse sagittal distance between theriderʼs neck and L3 of the horse and vertical movement of L5 of the horsein high-level dressage horses ridden at collected trot on a treadmill

ROM (degmm)

Saddle Pitch 56 plusmn 06Roll 73 plusmn 52Yaw 57 plusmn 10

Rider pelvis Pitch 139 plusmn 22Roll 51 plusmn 11Yaw 79 plusmn 21

Rider upper body Pitch 107 plusmn 34Roll 49 plusmn 18Yaw 55 plusmn 11

Rider head Pitch 157 plusmn 45Roll 59 plusmn 11Yaw 57 plusmn 24

Rider neck-horse L3 Sagittal distance 45 plusmn 6Rider seat-horse L3 Vertical distance 45 plusmn 13

Sagittal distance 50 plusmn 24Horse trunk Pitch 40 plusmn 07L5 vertical position 106 plusmn 8



ground contact Variables with a significantly different ToT arelisted in Table 2a The riderrsquos shoulder joint was significantly moreflexed the hip joint significantly more abducted and the heelsignificantly more lowered in relation to the toe at midstance of theipsilateral forelimb compared to at midstance of contralateralforelimb

Movements from midstance to beginning of the following stance

From midstance to the beginning of the next diagonal pitchrotations and distances showed reverse changes compared to theprevious period In roll and yaw the saddle continued as in theprevious period but the riderrsquos pelvis rotated more slowly and inroll the direction of rotation became individual The horse showedopposite movements as well The neck rotated slightly caudallythe trunk rotated cranially and L5 vertical height increased

At the beginning of the next diagonal stance all variables wereagain in transition L5 reached its highest position at -07 plusmn 16of the stride before hindlimb ground contact Variables with asignificantly different ToT are listed in Table 2b The riderrsquos hipjoint was significantly more extended and adducted the kneesignificantly less abducted and the toe significantly more mediallyplaced at the beginning of the ipsilateral forelimb stance(following push-off of the ipsilateral hindlimb) compared to at thebeginning of the contralateral forelimb stance

Discussion

The saddle can be expected to follow the movements of the horsersquosmid-thoracic back approximately Vertebral rotations of thethoracolumbar back at trot have been described (Faber et al 2001)The pitch and yaw rotations of the saddles in our study resemblethe corresponding rotations of T10 closely Curve shape temporalrelations and ROM (Fig 1 Tables 1 2) were similar Roll washowever more individual in our study This could be due tointerindividual variations in stance position (Faber et al 1999) insaddle position in relation to the shoulders affecting forelimbinfluence andor in the movements of the back The variability ofthe axial rotation of T10 at trot was 4ndash5 times greater between thanwithin horses (Faber et al 2001) Further the rider can be assumedto have some influence on the movements of the saddle Gallouxet al (1994) measured saddle rotations without rider and found

lower roll and yaw ROMs while pitch ROM was slightly higherwith greater intraindividual variability compared to our findings(Table 1) These differences can however also be due to differenttrotting speed and measurement techniques

The movements of the rider at trot can largely be explainedfrom the vertical and horizontal de- and acceleration of the horsersquostrunk that take place during each diagonal stance During thedeceleration phase the rider is pressed against the saddle andstirrups the riderrsquos lumbar back hollows the leg joints flex and thehead and feet move forwards During the propulsive phase therider is pushed out of the saddle the lumbar back straightens thelegs extend and the head and feet move backwards probably aneffect of the horsersquos push-off transmitted to the rider through thesaddle However as an expert riderrsquos movements were found to bemore consistent and less phase-shifted in relation to the horsecompared to a novicersquos (Terada 2000 Peham et al 2001 Lagardeet al 2005) the rider himself must also have some influence Themovements of the horse clearly seem to dictate the basic pattern ofthe riderrsquos movements but the exact phase and perhaps amplitudemay be ultimately determined by the riderrsquos active responses

For a majority of the saddle and rider variables measured in thecurrent study it was possible to describe a common pattern for thegroup While roll and yaw showed some more variation pitch wasparticularly uniform (Fig 1) Care must however be taken beforeassuming these patterns are common to riders in general Ourexperiment was carried out on a treadmill and horses move slightlydifferently on treadmill compared to over ground perhaps mostimportant the vertical displacement of the withers decreases(Buchner et al 1994) But as minor kinematic differences were alsoobserved between horses in our study and the riders still followedcommon movement patterns it seems unlikely that treadmill-induced differences would change the riderrsquos basic pattern Riderskill level and discipline must however be considered for theapplicability of our findings Further in the current study skinmarkers were used as well as clothing boot and helmet markers forthe rider Some displacement may therefore have occurred betweenthe markers and the underlying skeleton during motion It is

TABLE 2b Group mean values plusmn sd for the difference in of stride timebetween the time of transition ie min or max value time of occurrencein the vertical height of L5 of the horse and in rotation around thetransverse axis (pitch) of the riderʼs upper body flexion-extension of theriderʼs hip joints pitch rotation of the horseʼs trunk pitch rotation of theriderʼs head and pelvis vertical distance between the riderʼs toe andheel flexion-extension of the riderʼs shoulder joints sagittal distancebetween the riderʼs neck and L3 of the horse abduction-adduction of theriderʼs hip joints sagittal and vertical distances between the riderʼs seatand L3 of the horse and sagittal distance between the riderʼs toe and hiprespectively at the beginning of the diagonal stance at collected trot Alllisted differences were found to be significant (Plt005) in a pairednonparametric test (Wilcoxon)

stride

Rider upper body Pitch +46 plusmn 40Rider hip joints Flexion-extension +52 plusmn 24Horse trunk Pitch +56 plusmn 17Rider head Pitch +61 plusmn 32Rider pelvis Pitch +70 plusmn 21Rider toe-heel Vertical distance +72 plusmn 33Rider shoulder joints Flexion-extension +78 plusmn 53Rider neck-horse L3 Sagittal distance +81 plusmn 32Rider hip joints Abduction-adduction +81 plusmn 38Rider seat-horse L3 Vertical distance +91 plusmn 22Rider toe-hip Sagittal distance +102 plusmn 46Rider seat-horse L3 Sagittal distance +160 plusmn 61

TABLE 2a Group mean values plusmn sd for the difference in of stride timebetween the time of transition ie min or max value time of occurrencein the vertical height of L5 of the horse and in flexion-extension of theriderʼs hip joints abduction-adduction of riderʼs hip joint ipsilateral tothe hindlimb in support phase rotation around the transverse axis(pitch) of the riderʼs head and pelvis sagittal distance between theriderʼs neck and L3 of the horse vertical distance between the riderʼs toeand heel sagittal distance between the riderʼs toe and hip and sagittaldistance between the riderʼs seat and L3 of the horse respectively atmidstance at collected trot All listed differences were found to besignificant (Plt005) in a paired nonparametric test (Wilcoxon)

stride

Rider hip joints Flexion-extension +37 plusmn 17Rider ipsilateral hip joint Abduction-adduction +43 plusmn 28Rider head Pitch +51 plusmn 25Rider pelvis Pitch +53 plusmn 12Rider neck-horse L3 Sagittal distance +58 plusmn 38Rider toe-heel Vertical distance +65 plusmn 42Rider toe-hip Sagittal distance +74 plusmn 30Rider seat-horse L3 Sagittal distance +121 plusmn 29


however not probable that the displacements were large enough tohave affected the general motion patterns described

All saddle and core rider segment rotations can be expected tobe symmetric in the ideal case This claim was not fully met byseveral of the participating horses and riders despite their higheducational level Yaw and particularly roll showed the mostobvious asymmetries A slightly oblique stance position can be apartial (Ramakrishnan and Kadaba 1991 Faber et al 1999) butprobably not full explanation Asymmetric rider movementscould cause asymmetric loading of the horse It has been shownthat the rider can significantly influence the asymmetry of thehorse at trot (Licka et al 2004) Further study is warranted on theinterplay between horse and rider asymmetries including possibleclinical significance

In conclusion at collected trot the saddles and riders of high-level dressage horses generally follow common movementpatterns Saddle movements result mainly from the movements ofthe horsersquos back but are probably also influenced by the riderRider movements relate clearly to the movements of the horse Ourresults help us understand the horse-saddle-rider interaction whichin turn is necessary for understanding orthopaedic injuries that canbe related to the exposure of the horse to a saddle and rider as wellas for recommending relevant preventive measures in trainingrider education and saddle fitting

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from Stiftelsen SvenskHaumlstforskning Sveland Insurance Company and Ulla HaringkansonThe authors wish to thank Soumlren Johansson Nina Waldern andThomas Wiestner for excellent technical assistance and the ridersfor their participation

Manufacturersrsquo addresses

1Kagra AG Fahrwangen Switzerland2Qualisys Gothenburg Sweden3The MathWorks Inc Natick Massachusetts USA

References

Buchner HH Savelberg HH Schamhardt HC Merkens HW and Barneveld A(1994) Kinematics of treadmill versus overground locomotion in horses Vet Q16 Suppl 2 87-90

Clayton HM (1994) Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected workingmedium and extended trot in horses Equine vet J 26 230-234

Faber MJ Schamhardt HC and van Weeren PR (1999) Determination of 3Dspinal kinematics without defining a local vertebral coordinate system JBiomech 32 1355-1358

Faber M Johnston C Schamhardt H van Weeren R Roepstorff L andBarneveld A (2001) Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral columnof horses trotting on a treadmill Am J vet Res 62 757-764

Galloux P Richard N Dronka T Leard M Perrot A Jouffroy JL and CholetA (1994) Analysis of equine gait using three-dimensional accelerometers fixedon the saddle Equine vet J Suppl 17 44-47

Goacutemez Aacutelvarez CB Rhodin M Bobbert MF Meyer H Weishaupt MAJohnston C and van Weeren PR (2006) The effect of head and neck position onthe thoracolumbar kinematics in the unridden horse Equine vet J Suppl 36445-451

Lagarde J Kelso JA Peham C and Licka T (2005) Coordination dynamics of thehorse-rider system J Mot Behav 37 418-424

Licka T Kapaun M and Peham C (2004) Influence of rider on lameness in trottinghorses Equine vet J 36 734-736

Lovett T Hodson-Tole E and Nankervis K (2004) A preliminary investigation ofrider position during walk trot and canter Equine comp exercise Physiol 2 71-76

Peham C Licka T Kapaun M and Scheidl M (2001) A new method to quantifyharmony of the horse-rider system in dressage Sports Eng 4 95-101

Ramakrishnan HK and Kadaba MP (1991) On the estimation of joint kinematicsduring gait J Biomech 24 969-977

Schils SJ Greer NL Stoner LJ and Kobluk CN (1993) Kinematic analysis ofthe equestrian - walk posting trot and sitting trot Hum mov Sci 12 693-712

Soumlderkvist I and Wedin PA (1993) Determining the movements of the skeletonusing well-configured markers J Biomech 26 1473-1477

Terada K (2000) Comparison of head movements and EMG activity of musclesbetween advanced and novice horseback riders at different gaits J equine Sci 1183-90

Weishaupt MA Hogg HP Wiestner T Denoth J Stussi E and Auer JA (2002)Instrumented treadmill for measuring vertical ground reaction forces in horsesAm J vet Res 63 520-527

Weishaupt MA Wiestner T von Peinen K Waldern N Roepstorff L vanWeeren R Meyer H and Johnston C (2006) Effect of head and neck positionon vertical ground reaction forces and interlimb coordination in the dressagehorse ridden at walk and trot on a treadmill Equine vet J Suppl 36 387-392

Author contributions The initiation conception planning andexecution of this study were by MR KvP MAW and LR Thestatistics were by AB MR and LR and the paper was written byAB and LR

Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses 284



Abstract

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY A comprehensive kinematic description of rider and saddlemovements is not yet present in the scientific literature OBJECTIVE To describe saddle and ridermovements in a group of high-level dressage horses and riders METHOD Seven high-level dressagehorses and riders were subjected to kinematic measurements while performing collected trot on atreadmill For analysis a rigid body model for the saddle and core rider segments projection angles ofthe riders extremities and the neck and trunk of the horse and distances between markers selected toindicate rider position were used RESULTS For a majority of the variables measured it was possible todescribe a common pattern for the group Rotations around the transverse axis (pitch) were generallybiphasic for each diagonal During the first half of stance the saddle rotated anti-clockwise and theriders pelvis clockwise viewed from the right and the riders lumbar back extended During the later partof stance and the suspension phase reverse pitch rotations were observed Rotations of the saddle andcore rider segments around the longitudinal (roll) and vertical axes (yaw) changed direction only aroundtime of contact of each diagonal CONCLUSION The saddles and riders of high-level dressage horsesfollow a common movement pattern at collected trot The movements of the saddle and rider are clearlyrelated to the movements of the horse and saddle movements also seem to be influenced by the riderPOTENTIAL RELEVANCE Knowledge about rider and saddle movements can further ourunderstanding of and hence possibilities to prevent orthopaedic injuries related to the exposure of thehorse to a rider and saddle

Summary







Introduction



doi 102746042516409X394454







Experimental set-up


Horses and riders





EVJ 08-237 BystromLayout 1 11022009 1432




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Discussion






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Acknowledgements




References




















Summary







Introduction



doi 102746042516409X394454







Experimental set-up


Horses and riders









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-5

Ang

le (

deg)

0 50 100 stride


4

2

0

-2

Ang

le (

deg)

0 50 100 stride

10

5

0

-5

Ang

le (

deg)

0 50 100 stride

4

2

0

-2

Ang

le (

deg)

0 50 100 stride


40

20

0

-20

Dis

tanc

e (m

m)

0 50 100 stride

40

20

0

-20

-40

Dis

tanc

e (m

m)

0 50 100 stride

40

20

0

-20

Dis

tanc

e (m

m)

0 50 100 stride



Data processing








Results








ROM (degmm)













Discussion






stride



stride






Acknowledgements




References





















Data processing








Results








ROM (degmm)













Discussion






stride



stride






Acknowledgements




References

























Discussion






stride



stride






Acknowledgements




References























Acknowledgements




References




















University of Zurich - Semantic Scholar€¦ · University of Zurich ... During the first half of...

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