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Department of BotanyUniversity of Kashmir

Syllabus for Undergraduate Course in BotanyUnder Choice Based Credit System

SEMESTER-I Core 01 Biodiversity[Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms]

SEMESTER-II Core 02 Plant Ecology and TaxonomySEMESTER-III Core 03 Plant Anatomy and EmbryologySEMESTER-IV Core 04 Physiology and Metabolism

SEMESTER-V DSE-01A Cell and Molecular Biologyor

DSE-01B Analytical Techniquesor

DSE-01C Plant Biochemistryor

DSC-01D Fundamentals of Horticulture

SEMESTER-VI DSE-02A Economic Botany and Biotechnologyor

DSE-02B Genetics and Plant Breedingor

DSE-02C Plant Pathologyor

DSC-02D Applied Horticulture

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES

SEMESTER-III SEC-03A Ethnobotany Students have to select

SEC-03B Medicinal Botany -I Any one paper

SEC-03C Mushroom CultivationSEC-03D Horticulture-I

SEMESTER-IV SEC-04A Medicinal Botany -II Students have to select

SEC-04B Biofertilizers Any one paper

SEC-04C Horticulture-II

SEMESTER-V SEC-05A Floriculture Students have to select

SEC-05B Seed Technology-I Any one paper

SEC-5C Fruit Preservation

SEC-5D Horticulture-III

SEMESTER-VI SEC-6A Seed Technology-II Students have to select

SEC-6B Weed Management Any one paper

SEC-6C Nursery and GardeningSEC-6D Horticulture-IV

SEMESTER COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS TEACHING

HOURS

SEM-I Core-01Biodiversity

[Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and

Gymnosperms]

6 credits[theory 4

Practical 2]

60 hoursor

90 lectures of 40 minutes

duration

SEM-II Core-02 Plant Ecology and Taxonomy 6 credits 60 hours

SEM-III

Core-03 Plant Anatomy and Embryology 6 credits 60 hours

SEC-01ASEC-01BSEC-01CSEC-01D

EthnobotanyMedicinal Botany -I

Mushroom CultivationHorticulture-I

Students have to select only one paper

4 credits 45 hours

SEM-IV

Core-04 Physiology and Metabolism 6 credits 60 hoursSEC-04ASEC-04BSEC-04C

Medicinal Botany -IIBiofertilizers

Horticulture-IIStudents have to select only

one paper

4 credits 45 hours

SEM-V

DSE-01ADSE-01BDSE-01C

DSE-041D

Cell and Molecular BiologyAnalytical Techniques

Plant BiochemistryFundamentals Horticulture


6 credits 60 hours


FloricultureSeed Technology-IFruit Preservation

Horticulture-IIIStudents have to select only

one paper

4 credits 45 hours

SEM-VIDSE-02ADSE-02BDSE-02CDSE-02D

Economic Botany and Biotechnology

Genetics and Plant BreedingPlant Pathology

Applied HorticultureStudents have to select only

one paper

6 credits 60 hours


Seed Technology-IIWeed Management

Nursery and GardeningHorticulture-IV

4 credits 45 hours


Legend: SEM-semester; DSE- Discipline Specific Elective Course; SEC- Skill Enhanced Courses

Semester III

Core Course Botany-Paper III

Plant Anatomy and Embryology

(Credits; Theory-4, Practicals-2)

THEORY

Lectures : 60

UNIT 1: PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS (12 Lectures)

1. Meristematic and permanent tissues:Simple and Complex tissue (Types and Functions); Organization of

root and shoot apical meristem- Histogen theory ; Tunica and corpus theory.

2. Plant organs: Structure of a typical dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf.

UNIT II: SECONDARY GROWTH AND ADAPTATIONS (16 Lectures)

1.Secondary growth : Cambium- types, structure and function ; Secondary growth in typical dicot root and

stem (Helianthus, Sunflower) ; General account of wood structure (Heart wood and Sap wood) .

2. Adaptations: General structure and function of cuticle, epidermis and stomata; General account of

adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.

UNIT III: FLOWER AND POLLINATION (16 Lectures)

1. Structural organization of flower: Development and structure of anther and pollen; Structure and types of

ovules; Types of embryo sacs; Structure of a typical embryo sac.

2. Pollination and fertilization: Types of pollination –Floral modifications favoring self and cross pollination;

Double fertilization ; Seed dispersal mechanism.

UNIT IV : EMBRYO AND ENDOSPERM (16 Lectures)

1. Embryo and Endosperm: Endosperm development, structure and functions; Structure and development

of dicot and monocot embryo (Capsella-bursa pestoris; maize).

2. Apomixis and Embryogeny: Definition, types and practical applications of apomixis and polyembryony.

PRACTICALS

1. Study of meristems through permanent slides/bio-visual aids.

2.Tissues(Parenchyma,Collenchymas and Sclerenchyma) through permanent slides and photographs.

3.Adaptive anatomy: Xerophytes(Nerium leaf); Hydrophyte(Hydrilla stem)

4. Structure of anther (young and mature), Tapetum -amoeboid and secretory (through permanent

slides/materials/ bio-visual aids).

5. Types of Ovules; anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous, amphitropous, campylotropous

(through permanent slides/materials/ bio-visual aids).

6. Female gametophyte; Polygonum (monosporic) type of embryo sac development (through

permanent slides and photographs).

7. Ultrastructure of mature egg apparatus cells through electron micrograph.

8. Pollination types and seed dispersal mechanisms( including appendages, aril, caruncle) through

photograph and specimens.

9. Root: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot:Helianthus ( preparation of temporary mount and permanent

slides) Secondary: Helianthus (Permanent slides only).

10. Stem: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot :Helianthus ( preparation of temporary mount and permanent

slides) Secondary Helianthus(Permanent slides only).

11.Leaf: Dicot and monocot leaf ( preparation of temporary mount and permanent slides).

12. Dissection of embryo/endosperm from developing seeds.

13. Calculation of percentage of germinated pollen in a given medium.

Suggested Readings

1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar , S.P. (2011). Embryology of angiosperms. Vikas Publication House

Pvt.Ltd.New Delhi. 5th Edition.

2. Singh, V., Pande, P. C. and Jain, D.K. 2010. Structure, Development and Reproduction in Angiosperms. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.

3. Maheshwari, P. 1950. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. McGrawHill, New York.

4. Pandey, A.K. 1997. Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.

5. Pandey, S.N. and Chadha. 1996. Embryology. Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi. 6. Cutler, D.F., Botha, T. and Stevenson, D.W. 2008. Plant anatomy: An applied approach.

Wiley-Blackwell Publishers. 7. Evert, R.F. and Esau, K. 2006. Esau’s Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons. 8. Pandey, B.P. (2001). Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi. 9. Mauseth,J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/ Cummings Publisher,USA

10. Pandey, B.P.(2010).Modern practical botany volume II.S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

11. Bendre,A. and Kumar, A.(2012).A text book of practical botany volume II. Rastogi publications

Meerut.

Semester-IV Core Course Botany –Paper IV

Plant Physiology and Metabolism (Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-2)

UNIT 1: PLANT-WATER RELATIONS AND TRANSPORT (Lectures-16)

1. Plant Water Relations: water potential and its components; Transpiration and its

significance; Factors affecting transpiration; Ascent of Sap, Pressure flow model; Phloem

loading and unloading.

2. Mineral nutrition: Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of essentiality of

elements; Role of essential elements; Transport of ions across cell membrane, active and

passive transport.

UNIT II: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION (Lectures-16)1. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl-a, Chl-b, xanthophylls, carotene); light

harvest complexes, Photosystem I and II, Electron transport and mechanism of ATP

synthesis; C3, C4 and CAM pathways of carbon fixation; Photorespiration.

2. Respiration: Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Electron Transport system and

Oxidative phosphorylation.

UNIT III: ENZYMES AND NITROGEN METABOLISM (Lectures-14)1. Enzymes: Structure, Classification and properties; Mechanism of enzyme action and enzyme

inhibition.

2. Nitrogen metabolism: concept of symbiotic and asymbiotic associations, Biological nitrogen

fixation; Nitrate and ammonia assimilation.

UNIT IV: PLANT GROWTH AND RESPONSE (Lectures-14)1. Plant growth regulators: Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins,

cytokinins, ABA and ethylene.

2. Plant response to light and temperature:Photoperiodism (SDPs, LDPs, Day neutral

plants); Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red and far red light responses on

photomorphogenesis; Vernalization.

PRACTICALS

1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.

2. To study the effect of two environmental factors (light and wind) on transpiration by

excised twig.

3. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency of a mesophyte and a

xerophyte.

4. Demonstration of Hill reaction.

5. Demonstration of catalase activity and study the effect of pH and enzyme

concentration.

6. Demonstrate the activity of Peroxidase and study the effect of pH and enzyme

concentration.

7. To study the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate concentration on Oxygen evolution in

photosynthesis.

8. Comparison of the rate of respiration in any two parts of a plant.

9. Separation of photosynthetic pigments by paper chromatography.

10. Separation of photosynthetic pigments by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).

Demonstration experiments (any four)1. Bolting.2. Effect of auxins on rooting.3. Suction due to transpiration.4. To determine the value of R.Q. of different respiratory substrates.5. Respiration in roots.

Suggested Readings1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., (2010). Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 5thEdition.2. Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley &Sons, U.S.A. 4th Edition.3. Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual.Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.4. Dennis,D.T., Turpin, D.H., Lefebvre,D.D. and Layzell (eds.). 1997: PlantMetabolism (2nd Edition), Longman, Essex, England.5. Galston, A.W. 1989: Life Processes in Plants, Scientific American Library,Springer-Verlag, New York, USA.6. Hopkins, W.G., 1995: Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,New York, USA.7. Mohr, H. and Schopfer, P. 1995: Plant Physiology. Springer-Verlag, BerlinGermany.8. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1992. Plant Physiology. 4th Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. California, USA. 9. Sharma, O.P and Dixit Shivani. 2008. Practical Botany –III . Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, India.

BOT-SEC-03 Ethnobotany (Credits 3+1=4)

Unit 1: Introduction and Scope Introduction, concepts and objectives, ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science. Ethnic groups or tribals of India (Santhals, Munda tribe, Khasi tribe, Gonds tribe and Gujjars

& Bakarwals) their location, life style, culture and economic status. Role of ethnobotany in domestication and conservation of native plant genetic resources.

Unit 2: Methodology of ethnobotanical studies Field trip to any local tribal community, collection of tribal information (plants used) & its

documentation. Collection of ethnobotanical specimens from different localities for Museums; concept of

archaeo ethnobotany & sacred grooves. Herbarium technique and role of herbarium in ethno botany; study the antibacterial activity of

any two plants (used by tribals to treat the bacterial diseases) by Agar well diffusion method.

Unit 3: Ethnobotany in modern medicine Role of ethnobotany in drug development. Significane of the following plants in ethno botanical practices (along with their habitat,

morphology and chemical constituents): Saussurea costus, Arnebia benthamii, Fritillaria roylei, Rheum webbianum,Ttribulus terrestris, Aconitum heterophyllum, Artemesia absinthium & Mentha arvensis.

Ethnobotany in modern medicine with special reference to Digitalis purpurea, Atropa belladonna, Rauvolfia serpentine & Withania somnifea.

Unit 4: Ethnobotany and legal aspects Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic groups. Sharing of wealth concept with few examples from India. Biopiracy, Intellectual property rights & traditional knowledge.

Suggested readings

1) S.K. Jain, Manual of ethnobotany, scientific publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.2) S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi,

1981.3) S.K. Jain, (ed.) Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of

Ethnobotanists, Lucknow, India, 1989.4) S.K. Jain, Contributions of Indian ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur,

1990.5) Colton C.M. Ethnobotany- Priciples and applications. John Wiley and sons-

Chichester, 1997.6) Rama R. N. and A.N. Henry, The ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra

Pradesh, India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, 1996.7) Rajiv K. Sinha, Ethnobotany- the renaissance of traditional Herbal Medicine- I

N A-Shree publishers, Jaipur, 1996.

BOT-SEC- 01 Medicinal Botany-I (Credits 3+1=4)

Unit 1: Introduction and Scope

Introduction to medicinal plants; status & scope of medicinal Botany. Indian contribution to medicinal botany; brief account of traditional medicinal systems –

Ayurvedha, Unani, & Homeopathy. Some common herbal practices used to cure – fever, worms, diarrhea, cough & cold, Arthritis

& rheumatism, stone in urinary tract, eczema or fungal infections.

Unit 2: Cultivation technologies Agro & Cultivation technology ( nursery raising, cultivation, inter-culture and fertilizers,

pests & diseases, harvesting & profits) for some economically important medicinal plants – Withania somnifera, Aloe vera, Rauvolfia serpentine, Podophyllum hexandrum, Arnebia benthamii & Lavendula.

Green House technology – principles, methodology & applications. Propagation of medicinal plants through cuttings, rhizomes, bulbs & seeds.

Unit 3: Medicinal plant constituents Plant secondary metabolites of medicinal importance – Alkaloids, glycosides, mucilages &

sterols (Brief account). Sources and uses of Morphine, Reserpine, Atropine, Codine & Ephedrine in modern

medicine. Chemicals constituents & Traditional uses of some medicinal plants of Kashmir Himalaya –

Aconitum heterophyllum, Artemisia absinthium, Fritillaria roylei, Thymus serpyllum & Crocus sativus.

Unit 4: Conservation of medicinal plants Concept of IUCN, Red List criteria, threat categories; concept of endemism, threatened and

endemic medicinal plants. Conservation, In-situ conservation strategies (National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves

& sacred grooves), Ex-situ conservation (Botanical Gardens, Ethno-medicinal herbal gardens & Seed banks).

Conservation through tissue culture and cryopreservation; Brief account of wild life protection Act 1972.

Suggested readings1. Trivedi P C. 2006. Medicinal plants: Ethnobotanical approach, Agrobios, India.2. Purohit and Vyas, 2008. Medicinal plant cultivation: A scientific approach, 2nd

ed. Agrobios, India

BOT-SEC-02Medicinal Botany-II (Credits 3+1=4)

Unit: 1 Herbal medicine: History and scope- definition of medical terms, role of

medicinal plants in Siddha systems of medicine;

Cultivation, harvesting, processing, storage, marketing and utilization of medicinal plants.

Medicinal plant banks, Micropropagation of important species (Withania somnifera, Neem and Tulsi).

Unit: 2 Phytochemistry- Active principles and methods of their testing Identification and utilization of the medicinal herbs; Catharan thusroseus

(cardiotonic), Withania somnifera (drug acting on nervous system), Dioscorea deltiodea (Anti-rheumatic) and Centella asiatica (memory booster).

Unit: 3 Pharmacognosy- systematic position and medicinal uses of following herbs in

curing various ailments; Tulsi, Ginger, Fenugreek, Indian Goose berry and Ashoka tree. Future of pharmacognosy.

Unit: 4 Analytical pharmacognosy: drug adulteration-types, methods of drug

evaluation, Biological testing of herbal drugs. Phytochemical screening tests for secondary metabolites (alkaloids,

flavonoides, steroids, triterpenoides, phenolic compounds).

Suggested readings1. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants, R.N. Chopra, S.L. Nayar, and I. C. Chopra,

1956. C.S.I.R., New Delhi.2. The indigenous drugs of India, Kanny, Lall, Dey and Raj Bahadur, 1984.3. Herbal plants and drugs. Agnes Arber, 1999. Mangal Deep Publications.4. Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources. V.V. Sivarajan and Balachandran

Indra 1994. Oxford IBH publishing Co.5. Ayurvedic and Aromatherapy. Miller, Light and Bryan, 1998. Banarsidass,

Delhi.6. Principles of Ayurveda, Anne Green, 2000. Thomsons, London.7. Pharmacognosy, Dr. C.K. Kokate et al., 1999. NiraliPrakashan.

Skill development Courses (Under graduate)Biofertilizers Credits 3+1Lectures 30

Unit 1Biofertolizers : General account of microbes used as biofertilizers, advantages of using biofertilizers; Quality control of biofertilizers.Rhizobium: Taxonomy, morphology, identification, isolation, cultivation and mass multiplication and application. Factors affecting efficiency of RhizobiumAzospirillum: Morphology, isolation, cultivation, mass multiplication and application

8 LecturesUnit IIAzotobacter: Morphology, isolation, cultivation, maintenance mass multiplication and application;Cyanobacteria (Blue green algae) and Azolla; occurrence, morphology, lifecycle, association, nitrogen fixation production and application; Blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation

8 LecturesUnit III Phosphate solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM): Microorganisms involved on phosphate solubilization; isolation, production, and inoculation of PSM Mycorrhizae: Types of mycorrhizae, occurrence and distribution, morphology, association, phosphorous nutrition, colonization, isolation, inoculums production of VAM; Influence of VAM on growth and yield of crop plants

8 LecturesUnit VIOrganic farming: Concept and scope; green manuring and organic fertilizers, recycling of biodegradable municipal, agricultural industrial wastes -biocompost making methods; Vemicompost, types and methods of Vermicomposting and advantages

6 LecturesLaboratory Exercises

1. Sterilization of glass wares, culture media, other substrates and materials, equipments2. Preparation of media for fungi and bacteria: Potato dextrose media, Richards medium,

Nutrient, broth, nutrient media3. Preparation of media for microbial biofertilizers: Yeast extract mannitol medium (YEMA),

Frankia broth, , Burk,s medium, Azospirillum media, 4. Isolation and study of root nodule bacteria (Rhizobium)5. Study of root stocks for VAM infestation6. Preparation of water squash amount of Azolla,7. Preparation of Vermicompost

Suggested readings

1. Dubey, R.C. (2005). A Textbook of Biotechnology. S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.2. Kumaresan, V. (2005). Biotechnology. Saras Publications, New Delhi.3. John Jothi Prakash, E. (2004). Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay Publications, New

Delhi.4. Sathe, T.V.( 2004). Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya Publications.5. Subha Rao, N.S.(2000). Soil Microbiology. Oxford & IBH publishers, New Delhi.6. Somani, L.L. (2004). Handbook of Biofertilizers. Agrotech Publishing Acedemy, Udaipur-

3130027. Sharma, A. K. (2005). A Hand Book of organic farming. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India, Rajasthan8. Vayas, S.C., Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. (1998). Biofertilizers and Organic Farming. Akta

Prakashan Nadiad.

Mushroom culture technologyCredits 3+1

Unit IIntroduction, history of mushroom cultivation; biology of mushrooms; Nutritional value: (Proteins, amino acids, mineral elements, carbohydrates, fibers, vitamins); Medicinal value of mushrooms; Poisonous mushrooms and mushroom poisoning; edible mushrooms and cultivation in India and world; Mycorrhizal mushrooms and their role in plant growth 6 LecturesUnit IICultivation Technology: Infrastructure, equipments and substrates in mushroom cultivation: Polythene bags, vessels, inoculation hook, inoculation loop, love cost stove, sieves, culture racks, mushroom unit or mushroom house, water sprayer, tray, boilers, driers, pure culture,Spawn: types of spawn, preparation of spawn, mushroom bed preparation and factors affecting mushroom bed preparation; Compost: materials used for compost preparation, compost technology in mushroom production 10 Lectures Unit IIICasing; raw material used for casing, preparation of casing material; important sanitation during various stages of mushroom cultivationCultivation of important mushrooms: General process for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Volvariella volvaceaePests and Pathogens of mushrooms and their management with reference to Agaricus bisporus, 8 lecturesUnit VIStorage and food preparation from mushrooms: Methods of storage of mushroom cultivation , Long term and short term storage of mushrooms

Foods/recipes from mushrooms; Mushroom research centers/farms: National level and regional level, Marketing of mushrooms in India and world. 6 lectures Laboratory Exercises

1. Morphology and identification of local mushroom Flora and preserved specimen of mushroom

2. Sterilization of glassware, equipments, and culture media used in mushroom cultivation3. Preparation of culture media: Potato Dextrose medium, Richards medium4. Preparation of spawn: Grain spawn, Straw spawn, Sawdust spawn5. Preparation of compost and known compost formulations6. Cultivation procedure for Agaricus bisporus and Pleorotus ostreatus7. Criss-cross bed and out-door method for cultivation of Volvariella volvaceae

Suggested Readings1. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A. S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayaranjan. R (1991)

Oyster Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

2. Swaminathan, M. (1990) Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Banglore Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Banglore-560018.

3. Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor, S. C., (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications, Delhi.4. Nita Bahl (1984-1988) Hand book of Mushrooms, II Edition, Vol. 1 & VOL. II.5. Biswas, S. Datta, M. and Ngachi, S. (2012). Mushroom , Amannual of cultivation. Ashk K.

Ghosh, PHI Learning, Pvt., New Delhi

Syllabus for skill enhancement course in Horticulture under CBCSCourse Code: SEC-Hort-1

Course Title: Propagation and Management of Horticultural Crops(Effective academic session 2018)Total Credits = 04

Unit-I 15 lectures Horticulture- meaning, definition and scope. Horticulture crops of J&K a brief overview. Methods of propagation of fruit crops, types of rootstock (seedling & clonal), types &

technique of grafting (scion grafting, bud grafting). Layering – concept, principles and applications, methods of layering; Types of cuttings -

factors influencing rooting of cuttings, use of growth regulators for root initiation. Cultivation practices in apple, cherry, walnut (land preparation, plantation, irrigation,

fertilizer application, disease management, pruning, harvesting and storage etc.)

Unit-II 15 lectures Planning, layout and management of orchards with special reference to apple crop.

Management of tree canopy and aeration, techniques of pruning and thinning in fruit crops, advantages and disadvantages,.

Principle and types of fruit grading, storage and packaging with special reference to apple, cherry, walnut, almond.

Principle of fruit processing, nutritional importance of various fruits (apple, cherry, pear, apricot, walnut).

Unit-III 15 lectures Major diseases, disease symptoms and control measures (apple, cherry, apricot, almond). Integrated pest/disease management – Cultural practices and biological control in

horticultural crops Pre-harvest and post harvest management of horticulture crops (care, storage, processing and

disease control). Water management in horticulture crops– Drip irrigation & sprinkle irrigation system –

concept, structure and importance.

Unit-IV 15 lectures Concept and principle of value addition in major fruit crops, suitability of various fruits for

processing (Jam, Jelly, Juice, squash, fruit candy, pickles etc.). Organic fruit – concept, development, applications and limitations. Concept and importance of intercropping in fruit orchards, weed and nutrient management in

orchards. Marketing of fruits, types of marketing, modern satellite mandies, unfair practices in fruit

marketing and their implications.

Syllabus for skill enhancement course in Horticulture under CBCSCourse Code: SEC-Hort-II

Course Title: Protected cultivation and Nursery management(Effective academic session 2018) Total Credits = 04

Unit-I Introduction, scope and importance of horticultural nurseries, role in horticulture

development. Types of plant propagation nurseries –fruit plant nursery, vegetable, ornamental, medicinal

and aromatic plant nursery, forest and hi-tech nursery. Establishment of Nursery – site selection, tools and implements. Physical and financial management of plant propagation nurseries. Agencies involved in Nursery development, Govt. schemes for development of nurseries.

Unit-II Poly-green house & Glass House: Concept, structure and crops grown in poly-green house &

glass house. Poly-tunnels and walk-in tunnels: concept structure and crops grown in poly tunnels and

walk-in tunnels, Net House - concept structure and crops grown in net houses, Phytotron (brief idea). Techniques of propagation through specialized organs – tubers, bulbs, corms, runners,

rhizomes, offshoots etc. in protected structures.

Unit-III Cultivation of offseason vegetables under protected cultivation conditions, off season storage

techniques of important vegetables. Essential nutritional quality of important vegetables of Kashmir. Types and application of manures and fertilizers in plant propagation nurseries. Integrated nutrient management in nurseries, growth media and media preparation. Water management in protected cultivation – Drip irrigation & sprinkle irrigation system –


Unit-IV Physiological disorders of crops under protected cultivation. Plant protection and pest disease management in nursery. Integrated pest management in

nursery. Types of weeds and weed management in nursery. Concept and applications of organic farming in vegetable crops. Packaging and transport of nursery plants, customer care services and facilities.

Suggested Readings1. Adams, C.R. and M. P. Early. 2004. Principles of horticulture. Butterworth – Heinemam,

Oxford University Press.2. Bansil. P.C. 2008. Horticulture in India. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.3. Kumar, N.1997. Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publication, Nagercoil.4. Chadha, K.L. 2001, Handbook of Horticulture, ICAR, New Delhi.5. Chandra, R. and M. Mishra. 2003. Micropropagation of horticultural crops. International

Book Distributing Co., Lucknow.6. Chattopadhyaya, P.K.2001. A text book on Pomology (Fundamentals of fruit growing)

Kalyani Publication, New Delhi.7. Christopher, E.P. 2001. Introductory Horticulture, Biotech Books, New Delhi.8. Edmond, J.B. T.L.Senn, F.S. Andrews and P.G.Halfacre, 1975. Fundamentals of

Horticulture, Tata MC. Graw Hill Publishing Co.New Delhi.9. George Acquaah, 2002, Horticulture-principles and practices. Prentice-Half of India pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.10. VijaikumarUmRao. 2008. Horticulture terms – Definitions and Terminology. IBD publishers,

Dehradun.11. Genin, A. 1994. Application of Botany in Horticulture. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.12. Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester, F.T. Davies and R.L. Greneve. 2006 Plant Propagation.

Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi. 13. Bose T.K.S.K. Mitra, M.K. Sadhu, B. Mitra., 2001 Propagation of tropical and subtropical

horticultural crops, Naya Prakash 206, Bidhan Sarani, Calcutta, Six. India. 14. Prasad, S. and U. Kumar, 2005. Principle of Horticulture. 3rd edition, Agrobios, India. 15. Manibhushan K. Rao. 1991. Text Book of horticulture. Macmillan India Ltd., 2/10, Ansari

Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002

16. Nanda, K.K and V.K. Kochhar., 1995. Vegatative propagation of plants. Kalyani publishers, New Delhi. 7. Sadhu. M.K. 1989. Plant Propagation. Wiley Eastern Ltd., 4835 / 24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002.



5th SemesterSEMESTER-V DSE-01A Cell and Molecular Biology

orDSE-01B Analytical Techniques

orDSE-01C Plant Biochemistry

orDSC-01D Fundamentals of Horticulture


SEMESTER-V SEC-05A Floriculture Students have to select

SEC-05B Seed Technology-I Any one paper

SEC-5C Fruit PreservationSEC-5D Horticulture-III

DSE-01A Cell and Molecular BiologyDiscipline Specific Elective (DSE-01)

(Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-2)

THEORY Lectures: 60 of one-hourduration / 90 lectures of 45 minutes

Unit 1: Cell as a unit of Life, Cell wall and Plasma membranes(16 Hours)

The cell theory; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; properties of cell; eukaryotic cell components. Biomembranes; structure and function, fluid mosaic concept, fluidity of biomembranes;membrane proteins and their functions; carbohydrates in

the plasma membrane; Faces of the membranes. Cell wall-structure and functions.

Unit 2: Cell Organelles (20 hours) Non-membranous organelles:Structure and functions of ribosomes, centrioles and basal bodiesSingle membrane bound organelles:endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies and lysosomes, peroxisomes and glyoxisomes.Double membrane bound organelles:Mitochondria; structure and functions, semi-autonomous nature; endosymbiont hypothesis; mitochondrial DNA. Chloroplast; structure and functions; semiautonomous nature, chloroplast DNA. Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope- structure of interphase nucleus; chromatin material, euchromatin and heterochromatin, nucleolus.

Unit 3: Cell Cycle & Genetic Material (12hours) Overview of Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. DNA- Watson and Crick’s model, Griffith’s and Avery’s transformation experiments.Hershey-Chase bacteriophage experiment, DNA- structure, types, replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes).

Unit 4: Gene Expression & Gene Regulation(12 hours) Types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types; Transcription and translation in prokaryotes, genetic code. Gene regulation in Prokaryotes:Lac operon and Tryptophan operon

Practical 1. To study prokaryotic cells (bacteria), viruses, eukaryotic cells with the

help of light and electron micrographs. 2. Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles 3. To study the structure of plant cell through temporary mounts. 4. Study of mitosis and meiosis (temporary mounts and permanent slides). 5. Study the effect of temperature, organic solvent on semi permeable membrane. 6. Study of plasmolysis and deplasmolysisin onion peelings. 7. Study the structure of nuclear pore complex by photograph.8. Study of special chromosomes (polytene &lampbrush) either by slides or photographs. 9. Preparation of the karyotype and ideogram from given photograph of somatic metaphase chromosome.

Suggested Readings

1. Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.

3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.

4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009. The World of the Cell. 7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

5. Bruce Alberts, James Watson, Dennis Bray, J. Lewis. Molecular Biology of Cell. Garland Science publishers.

6. Bruce Alberts & Lewis. Essential Cell Biology. Garland Science.7. Watson J.D. Molecular Biology of the Gene. 7th Edition. Melno Park

Calif, Benjamin/Cummings8. Lodishet al. Molecular Cell Biology. W.H.Freeman and Co.9. David E. Sadava. Cell Biology: Organelle Structure and

Function.Jones and Bartlett Pub.10. David Freifelder. Molecular Biology.

DSE-01B Discipline Specific Elective BotanyAnalytical Techniques in Plant Sciences(Credits: 06)------ 60 Lectures

Unit 1: Microscopy 10 Lectures Principle and types of microscopy

Light Microscopy: Structure of a bright field compound microscope

Introduction, Principle, working and application of fluorescence microscope.

Scanning And transmission electron microscope: Principle and working; Sample preparation for Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)

Unit 2: Centrifugation, Spectrophotometery and Histological Techniques. 18 lectures Centrifugation and types of centrifugation

Ultra- centrifugation: Differential and Density Gradient centrifugation, Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and CsCl2 Gradient centrifugation.

Spectrophotometery: Principle working and applications in biological research; Atomic absoption spectrophotometery: Principle and applications

Histological Techniques: Sample Preparations:- Fixation, Processing, dehydration, clearing, and Embedding, Sectioning, Staining: Preparation of different types of stains.

Unit 3: Chromatography and Electrophoresis 18 lectures Principle and types of chromatography

Paper Chromatography: Solvent and mobile phase

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): Applications, mobile and stationary phase.

Column chromatography: Stationary phase, mobile phase, types of columns

Gas Liquid Chromatography: Principle and applications, Preparation of sample, column types and detectors.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); Principle and applications, Basic instrumentatation.

Electrophoresis: Principle and Basic instrumentation, Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE); Polyacrlamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE); Sodium dodycl sulphate (SDS- PAGE)

Unit 4: Biostatistics 14 lecturesStatistics: Introduction and application in biological research, Data sampling,Sampling techniques, Representation of data: Tabular and Graphical, Arithmetic mean, mode and median,Standard deviation and standard error, Chi square test

Practicals1. Study of Blotting Techniques: Southern , Northern and western Blotting, DNA fingerprinting,

DNA sequencing, PCR through photographs.

2. To separate photosynthetic pigments by Paper chromatography

3. To separate sugar by thin layer chromatography

4. To separate chloroplast pigments by column chromatography.

5. Demonstration of Gel electrophoresis apparatus

6. Study of different microscopic techniques using photographs/micrographs (Freeze fracture, freeze etching, negative staining, positive staining, fluorescence and FISH).

7. Preparation of different types of stains.

8. Preparation of permanent slides (double staining)

9. Study of various instruments( SEM, Flourescence microscope, AAS, Centrifuges, Electrophoresis apparatus) through photographs.

10. Two visits to laboratories having facility of instruments like Scanning electron microscope, Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer, Flourescence microscope, Ultracentrifuges etc.

DSE-01C Plant Biochemistry

Discipline Specific Elective (DSE-03)(Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-2)

(Total duration 60hours)Unit-IMicrobiomolecules (14 hours)

Metabolism and its types; types and significance of chemical bonds; structure and properties of water. pH and buffers. Brief account of isomerism and polymerization in biomolecules.Nomenclature, classification and biological significance of monosaccharides; biologically important disaccharides.Amino acids: structure, biologically important properties and significance of amino acids.Fatty acids: types, biologically important properties and significance of fatty acids, alcohols, sterols and steroids.Nucleosides and nucleotides- structure, biologically important properties and significance of nucleosides, nucleotides and dinucleotides.

Unit-II MacrobiomoleculesStructure, types, properties and biological significance of- polysaccharides; conjugate carbohydrates; proteins; conjugate proteins; fats, oils and waxes; RNA and DNA.

Unit-IIIEnzymes- nature, properties, classification, mechanism of action and regulation. Phytohormones – types, structure, properties, physiological roles and applications. Coenzymes- types and biological roles.

Unit-IVCarbohydrate metabolism- CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways, photorespiratory pathway. Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, TCA cyclePhotosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; photoprotective mechanisms;

Nitrogen metabolism - Biological nitrogen fixation, nitrite and nitrate reduction, nitrogen assimilation, Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.

Plant hormones – Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action.

Practical:1. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, reducing sugars, non-

reducing sugars, lipids and proteins.

2. Study of plant cell structure with the help of epidermal peel mount of Onion.

3. Demonstration of the phenomenon of protoplasmic streaming in Hydrilla leaf.

4. Study the phenomenon of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis. 5. Study the effect of organic solvent and temperature on

membrane permeability.6. Chemical separation of photosynthetic pigments. 7. To study the effect of light intensity on the rate of

photosynthesis. 8. Effect of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis. 9. To study the activity of lipases in germinating oilseeds and

demonstrate mobilization of lipids during germination. 10. Demonstration of fluorescence by isolated chlorophyll

pigments. 11. Demonstration of absorption spectrum of photosynthetic

pigments.

Suggested Readings

1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons. U.S.A. 4th edition.

2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.

3. Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. John Wiley & Sons. New York.

4. Campbell, MK (2012) Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning

5. Campbell, PN and Smith AD (2011) Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by Churchill Livingstone

6. Tymoczko JL, Berg JM and Stryer L (2012) Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed., W.H.Freeman

7. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL and Stryer L (2011) Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman and Company

8. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H. Freeman and Company.

9. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 6th edition.

10. Hardin, J., Becker, G., Skliensmith, L.J. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell, Pearson Education Inc. U.S.A. 8th edition.

11. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009) The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5thW.H.Freeman

12. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL and Stryer L (2011) Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman and Company

13. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H. Freeman and Company.



16. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009) The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.

16. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009) The World of the Cell. 7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco

DSE-01D Fundamentals of Horticulture (Credits: 4)

Unit:I 15 lectures Scope and importance of horticulture with special reference of J & K, classification of

horticulture crops, important temperature fruit crops grown in Kashmir. Area, production and productivity of rosaceous fruits in J & K with special reference to

Apple, Peach, Almond and Apricot. Orchard layout and its types, square, rectangle, quincunx, hexagons, fencing of orchard. Planting techniques, traditional and high density planting, precautions during plantation of

fruit crops.

Unit: II 15 lectures Propagation of fruit crops- concept of scion and rootstock, stock-scion relationship and its

significance, Rootstock types- seedling and clonal rootstocks, merits and demerits. Techniques of generating clonal rootstocks (cutting, layering, stooling), Grafting techniques –

scion and bud grafting, merits and demerits. Soil fertility and factors affecting fertility in horticultural crops, essential micro and macro

elements and their deficiency symptoms in fruit crops. Role of microbes in maintaining soil fertility in horticultural crops

Unit: III 15 lectures Pollination mechanisms in major fruit crops, concept of self-incompatibility. Concept and role of pollinators, importance of bee keeping in enhancing crop production. Fruit characteristics with special reference to Apple, Almond, Cherry, Pear, Walnut,

Important fruit quality traits in apple and cherry affecting marketability. Fruit fall – early, mid and late fruit fall vis-à-vis rosaceous fruits, causes and concerns.

Unit: IV 15lectures Major diseases, disease symptoms and management practices in apple, cherry, pear and

apricot. Integrated pest/disease management (IPM) – biological and cultural practices. Factors affecting fruit set and fruit production (light and temperature), role of chilling in

flowering and fruit set, chilling units for various fruits crops. Role of plant growth regulators in fruit production and ripening, impact of synthetic

substances in fruit ripening

Practicals (Credits = 2) Study of the morphological symptoms of mineral deficiency in horticultural crops. Collection of soil sample from an orchard and its nutrient evaluations. Estimation of soil moisture content, soil pH and Soil fertility. Practical demonstration on drip and sprinkle irrigation. Field visit to study various methods of asexual propagation of a fruit plant. Study of characteristics of fruit with special reference to apple, pear, walnut, cherry. Identification of different varieties of apple based on fruit quality traits. Field study of bearing habit of fruit crops Filed visit on understanding of pruning and thinning in fruit crops Study of grafting techniques – scion grafting and bud grafting – practical demonstration on

Apple/ Cherry plant. Practical demonstration of disease symptoms of apple scab, alternaria, powdery mildew and

red mite, causative agent and control measures.



Book Distributing Co., Lucknow.

22. Chattopadhyaya, P.K.2001. A text book on Pomology (Fundamentals of fruit growing) Kalyani Publication, New Delhi.

23. Christopher, E.P. 2001. Introductory Horticulture, Biotech Books, New Delhi.24. Edmond, J.B. T.L.Senn, F.S. Andrews and P.G.Halfacre, 1975. Fundamentals of




Ltd., New Delhi.28. Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester, F.T. Davies and R.L. Greneve. 2006 Plant Propagation.

Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi. 29. Bose T.K.S.K. Mitra, M.K. Sadhu, B. Mitra., 2001 Propagation of tropical and subtropical

horticultural crops, Naya Prakash 206, Bidhan Sarani, Calcutta, Six. India. 30. Prasad, S. and U. Kumar, 2005. Principle of Horticulture. 3rd edition, Agrobios, India. 31. Manibhushan K. Rao. 1991. Text Book of horticulture. Macmillan India Ltd., 2/10, Ansari

Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 32. Nanda, K.K and V.K. Kochhar., 1995. Vegatative propagation of plants. Kalyani publishers,

New Delhi. 7. Sadhu. M.K. 1989. Plant Propagation. Wiley Eastern Ltd., 4835 / 24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002.

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSESSEC-05A Floriculture

(Credits -4)Lectures 60

Unit-1: Landscape and Garden Designing (18 Hours)

Principals and elements of garden landscaping. Types of gardens. Importance and scope of floriculture and landscape designing. Famous gardens of world and India.

Turf grasses-types, species, varieties, hybrids; selection of grasses for different locations; grouping according to climatic requirement and adaptation.Lawns; establishment and maintenance, special types of gardens: roof gardening, terrace gardening, and vertical gardening. Urban landscaping, Landscaping for specific situations, institutions, industries, residents, hospitals, roadsides, traffic islands, dam-sites, IT parks, corporate. Garden plant components, arboreium, shrubbery, fernery, palmatum, arches and pergolas, edges and hedges, climbers and creepers, cacti and succulents, herbs, annuals, flower borders and beds, ground covers, carpet beds Unit-3: Floricultural Techniques and Nutrient Management (18 hours)Horticultural techniques for ornamentals: Nursery raising from seeds. Seed and soil treatment; sowing techniques; planting techniques. Methods of propagation of ornamental plants in outdoor and green house. Transplant techniques. Pruning, punching and disbudding. Hardening of green house nurseries.

Breeding methods suitable for sexually and asexually propagated flower crops and ornamental. Plants-introduction; selection; domestication, polyploid and mutation breeding for varietal development. Role of heterosis; production of hybrids; male sterility. Water and nutrient management. Organic and inorganic manures. Mulching; role of plant growth regulators. Weed management; diseases and pest management in ornamental plants.Introduction to Bonsai; principles of bonsai; styles of bonsai; techniques in bonsai; containers, media, plants, cultivation and maintenance of bonsai.Unit-5: Commercial Floriculture (14 Hours)Commercial floriculture; eco-tourism; theme parks; indoor gardening; therapeutic gardening. Commercial production of seeds and nurseries of ornamental plants. Seed quality, packing, storage, certification and testing. Asexual propagation through rooting of soft and hard wood cutting under mist by growth regulators. Rooting of cuttings in hotbeds. Layering, Budding and grafting, selection of elite mother plants.Scope of cut flowers in global trade. Global Scenario of cut flower production, varietal wealth and diversity, area under cut flowers and production problems in India- Patent rights; nursery management; media for nursery; special nursery practices. Cultivation of important cut flower crops (Carnations, Roses, Chrysanthemum, Peony, Gladiolus, Tulips, Dahlia, Lilies, and Orchids).

Unit-6: Floriculture Marketing (10 hours)Harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling and grading, packing and storage. Cut flower standards and grades, harvest indices. Packaging and transportation of cut flowers. Marketing and Expert potential. Methods of prolonging vase life. Prospects of value addition, National and global scenario.Quarantine methods: Import/export Permits. Role of Plant Quarantine in India. Pesticide Legislation in India (Brief idea) Domestic Quarantine Regulations. Plant Quarantine Facilities/stations in India

Two Field visits /on the sport training mandatory as project assignmentBooks recommended

1. Prasad, S., and Kumar, U., 1998. Commercial Floriculture. 2. Bose, T.K., Yadav,L.P., Pal, P., Das, P., and Parthasarathy.V.A. , Commercial flowers, 2002:

Vol. 1 & Vol.23. Arora, J.S., 1998. Introductory ornamental Horticulture 4. Swaroop, U., 1997, Ornamental Horticulture5. S.K. Bhattacharjee, and L.C. De.2005. Post-harvest technology of Flowers and Ornamental

Plants6. Agarwal V.K. and Sinclair J.B., Principles of Seed Pathology, Vol. II, CRC Press, 168 (1987)

SEC-05B Seed Technology – I(Credits – 04) (60 hr.)

Unit 1: Seed Development & morphology Seed development (sporogenesis, fertilization, embryogenesis & seed formation) in a

typical dicot and monocot crop. Endosperm types and functions, cotyledons. Seed coat structure, permeability, seed dormancy and factors causing dormancy of seeds. Seed dispersal strategies, types of seeds; economic importance of seeds.

Unit 2: Seed production and Processing

Seed as basic input in agriculture; importance of genetic purity in seed production; seed production in self and cross pollinated crops; methods of hybrid seed development; custom seed production in India.

Seed processing: Introduction and importance; Equipments used for seed cleaning, drying, grading, destoning & gravity separating.

Seed treatments (physical and chemical), benefits and precautions. Seed storage – introduction, steps, factors affecting storage; insect, rodent and bird

control of storage houses.

Unit 3: Seed germination and Vigour Seed germination – introduction & types; germination requirements in agriculture and

horticulture crop seeds. Factors affecting seed germination, role of promoters and inhibitors. Seed vigour – concept, factors affecting seed vigour, physiological and genetic basis of

seed vigour. Methods of measuring seed vigour; seed & seedling vigour in relation to crop

establishment and yield.

Unit 4: Seed testing and seed certification National seed testing rules and organizations; seed sampling, heterogeneity test, sample

receipt and registration. Moisture test, tetrazolium test – principles, procedure and evaluation; methods to break

seed dormancy. Seed certification – concept, purpose and phases of seed certification, certification

agency, certified seed level, certification tag and validity period of certification. Seeds Act, rules & law enforcement; seed control order & seed policy; role of “Quality

Control” for import and export of seeds.

Suggested readings:1. Bhojwani SS & Bhatnagar SP. 1999. The embryology of Angiosperm. Vikas publications.2. Copeland LO & McDonald MB.2001. Principles of seed science and Technology. 4th Ed.

Chapman & Hall.3. Agarwal RL. 1997. Seed Technology. 2nd Ed. Oxford & IBH.4. Kelly AF. 1998. Seed Production of Agricultural Crops. Longman.5. McDonald MB Jr & Copeland Lo. 1997. Seed Production: Principles and Practices.

Chapman & Hall.6. Barton LV. 1985. Seed Preservation & Longevity. International Books and Periodicals

Supply Service. New Delhi.7. Justice OL & Bass LN. 1978. Principles and Practices of seed storage. Castle House Publ.

Ltd.8. Nema NP. 1986. Principles of Seed Certification and Testing. Allied Publications.9. Tunwar NS & Singh SN. 1988. Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards. CSCB,

Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi.

SEC-05C Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables( 4 Credits)

Theory Lectures: 60 Hrs.

UNIT 1.Need and Scope for Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables:Concept and significanceFruit and vegetable spoilage: Causes and consequencesNutritional importance of fruits and vegetablesPrinciples and methods of fruits and vegetable preservation.Selection of fruits and vegetables for preservationQuality evaluation of fruit and vegetable products . (14 Lectures)

Unit IIPreparation of preserved products I.Drying and dehydration of fruits and vegetables.Dried Fruits and vegetables. Frozen fruits and vegetables.Preparation of fruit candy, chutney, sauces and ketchups.Preparation of jam, jellies,Marmalades(Apple,plum, peach).Preparation of preserves. FSSAI specifications of various fruit and vegetable products.

(16 lectures)Unit IIIPreparation of preserved products II.Tomato products-Juice, paste, puree, ketchup,cocktail.Pickles and causes of spoilage of pickles.Preparation of mixed vegetable pickle.Preparation of tomato juice, sauce/ ketchup. Preparation and preservation of apple juice (14 lectures)UNIT IVProcessing and Preservation: Freezing-Types of freezing.Packing and storage of dehydrated products.Canning and bottling of fruits and vegetables.Containers for packing. Spoilage of canned foods.Certified colours. banned colours.Requirements for a small scale fruit and vegetable based processing plant.Equipment and Products for small scale manufacture. Medium and large sized multi-commodity processing. (16 lectures)References1. Home scale preservation of fruits and vegetables-CFTRI Lab Manual.2. The technology of Food preservation by Desrosier.3. Food science by N.N.Potter.4. Fruits vegetable products by Girdhari Lal, Siddhapa & Tandon.

5. Preservation of fruits & vegetables:Girdhari lal,G.S.S.Siddapa and G.L..Tandon IARI New Delhi.6. Fruit and vegetable preservation by Srivastava.7. Post- harvest Technology of Fruits & Vegetables-L.R.Verma & V.K.Joshi.8. Post- harvest management & processing of fruits and vegetables-Satish Kumar Sharma New India Publishing agency-New Delhi.9. Food preservation principles and practices:Arti Sankhla,Renu Mogra and Kusum Babel.Agrotech Publishing Academy Udaipur- India.

SEC-05D Horticulture-III(Propagation and Management of Horticultural Crops)

Total Credits = 04

Unit-I 15 lectures Horticulture- meaning, definition and scope. Horticulture crops of J&K a brief overview. Methods of propagation of fruit crops, types of rootstock (seedling & clonal), types &

technique of grafting (scion grafting, bud grafting). Layering – concept, principles and applications, methods of layering; Types of cuttings -

factors influencing rooting of cuttings, use of growth regulators for root initiation. Cultivation practices in apple, cherry, walnut (land preparation, plantation, irrigation,

fertilizer application, disease management, pruning, harvesting and storage etc.)

Unit-II 15 lectures Planning, layout and management of orchards with special reference to apple crop. Management of tree canopy and aeration, techniques of pruning and thinning in fruit crops,

advantages and disadvantages,. Principle and types of fruit grading, storage and packaging with special reference to apple,

cherry, walnut, almond. Principle of fruit processing, nutritional importance of various fruits (apple, cherry, pear,

apricot, walnut).

Unit-III 15 lectures Major diseases, disease symptoms and control measures (apple, cherry, apricot, almond). Integrated pest/disease management – Cultural practices and biological control in

horticultural crops Pre-harvest and post harvest management of horticulture crops (care, storage, processing and

disease control). Water management in horticulture crops– Drip irrigation & sprinkle irrigation system –


Unit-IV 15 lectures Concept and principle of value addition in major fruit crops, suitability of various fruits for

processing (Jam, Jelly, Juice, squash, fruit candy, pickles etc.). Organic fruit – concept, development, applications and limitations. Concept and importance of intercropping in fruit orchards, weed and nutrient management in

orchards.

Marketing of fruits, types of marketing, modern satellite mandies, unfair practices in fruit marketing and their implications.








Ltd., New Delhi.



6th Semester

SEMESTER-VI DSE-02A Economic Botany and Biotechnologyor

DSE-02B Genetics and Plant Breedingor

DSE-02C Plant Pathologyor

DSC-02D Applied Horticulture


SEMESTER-VI SEC-6A Seed Technology-II Students have to select

SEC-6B Weed Management Any one paper

SEC-6C Nursery and GardeningSEC-6D Horticulture-IV

DSE-02A Economic Botany and Biotechnology(Credits: Theory – 04; Practical – 02)

Theory 60 – hours Unit – 1: Origin of cultivated plants

Concept of centers of origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s work; crop domestication and loss of genetic diversity; importance of germplasm diversity.

Cereals: Origin, morphology and uses of Wheat, Rice and Maize. Brief account of millets and pseudocereals.

Unit – 2: Legumes, Spices and Sugars Legumes: Introduction, importance to man and ecosystem with special reference to

Gram, Soyabean and Kidney Bean.

Spices and condiments: Introduction; systematic position, morphological features and uses of Crocus sativus; Curcuma domestica; Syzgium aromaticum; Piper nigrum; Elettaria cardamomum & Bunium persicum.

General account of Starch and Sugars with special reference to Potato & Sugar cane.

Unit – 3: Beverages, Oils, fibres & Medicinal plants Beverages: Introduction; processing and uses of Tea. General account of Oils and Fats; extraction methods of essential oils; Systematic

position and uses of Brassica, Coconut, Lavender. Fibres: Classification of fibres (Based on origin); morphology, extraction & uses of

Cotton. Medicinal & Narcotic Plants: Systematic position, chemical constituents and uses of

Saussurea costus, Arnebia benthamii & Papaver somniferum.

Unit – 4: Biotechnology & Biotechnological techniques: Introduction & importance of Biotechnology; brief account of plant tissue culture,

concept of somaclonal variation; germplasm storage (cryopreservation). Concept of restriction enzymes.

Cloning Vectors for recombinant DNA: Plasmids (Ti & Ri plasmids of Agrobacterium), Transposons (Ac & Ds of Maize).

Biotechnological techniques: Gene transfer techniques in plants, transgenic plants with special reference to Bt- Cotton & Golden rice; Blotting techniques (Northern, Southern and Western), DNA finger printing; Molecular DNA Markers (RAPD, RFLP& SNPs).

Principle and applications of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); Hybridoma & monoclonal antibodies;

Practicals1. Study of economically important plants:

Maize, Rice & Potato – (Habit sketch, starch grains and micro-chemical tests)2. Study the distribution of oil bodies in some oil yielding seeds – Almond, Walnut, Ground

nut, Sarson.3. Study the surface fibres (Cotton) and Bast fibres (Hemp).4. Study the different types of spices & condiments – Saffron, Piper, Curcuma, Clove,

Cardamom, Black Caraway.5. Preparation of basic standard culture media from dry powdered media.6. Study through photographs the 4-step and 3-step micro-propagation of plant material.7. Study through photographs the process of DNA finger priting.8. Study through photographs the procedures of AFLP, RFLP and SNPs.

Suggested readings:1. Bhojwani, S. S. & Razdan, M. K. (1996). Plant tissue culture: Theory and Practice.

Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.2. Chrispeels, M. J. & Sadava (2003). Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones and Bartlett

Publishers.3. Glick, B. R., Pasternak, J. J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles & applications

of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.4. Kochhar, S. L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India Ltd.,

New Delhi. 4th edition.5. Panday, B. P. (1999) Economic Botany. S. Chand and Company Ltd.

6. Sambamurthy A.V.S.S. & Sambamurthy(2000). Economic Botany of Crop Plants. Asiatech Publishers Inc.

7. Simmonds N. W. (1984). Evolution of crop plants (edited by Norman Willison Simmonds). Longman Inc., New York.

Wickens, G. E. (2001). Economic Botany- Principles & Practices. Kulwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands.

DSE-02B Genetics and Plant BreedingDiscipline Specific Elective (DSE-07)(Credits: Theory-4, Practical-2)

THEORY Lectures: 60

Unit 1: Heredity (16hours)Mendelian principles of inheritance; modified Mendelian ratios: 2:1- lethal Genes; 1:2:1- Co- dominance, incomplete dominance; 9:7; 9:4:3; 13:3; 12:3:1 and 15:1.Multiple allelism and pleiotropy with examples.Quantitative inheritance: concept, monogenic vs polygenic inheritance.

Unit 2: Genes and Chromosomes (20 hours)Chromosomal theory of inheritance, Chromosomal mechanisms of sex-determination and sex-linked Inheritance.Linkage: concept; complete & incomplete linkage, Bridges experiment. Crossing over: concept and significance.Numerical changesin chromosomes– euploidy, aneuploidyStructural changes - deletions, duplications, inversions &translocations.

Unit 3: Plant Breeding: (12hours) Concept and conservation of germplasm. Origin and domestication of crop plants with reference to rice and wheat, plant genetic resources.Plant introduction, acclimatization.Selection methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated plants.

Unit 4: Methods of crop improvement(12 hours)Polyploidy and distant hybridization - their role in crop improvement.of inbreeding depression and heterosis; applications. Inbreeding depression and heterosis - genetic basis

Hybridizationtechniques and utility in propagated plants; advantages & limitations. Concept of point mutations, their role in crop improvement.

Practical

1. Mendel’s laws through seed ratios. Laboratory exercises in probability and chi-square.

2. Problems based on Mendelian ratios and non-Mendelian ratios through probability reframe and Ch—square test. – 3:1 and 9:3:3:1.

3. Chromosome mapping using point test cross data.4. Pedigree analysis for dominant and recessive autosomal and sex

linked traits. 5. Incomplete dominance and gene interaction through seed ratios

(9:7, 9:6:1, 13:3, 15:1, 12:3:1, 9:3:4). 6. Photographs/Permanent Slides showing Translocation Ring,

Laggards and Inversion Bridge. 7. Hybridization techniques - Emasculation, Bagging (For

demonstration only).

Suggested Readings:1. Gardner EJ, Simmons MJ, Snustad DP (2008). Principles of Genetics.

8th Ed. WileyIndia. 2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics, John

Wiley & Sons Inc., India. 5th edition. 3. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer, C, Palladino, M (2011). Concepts of

Genetics, 10th Ed., Benjamin Cummings 4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010).

Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.

5. Pierce BA (2011) Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Ed., Macmillan Higher Education Learning

6. Singh, B.D. (2005). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. 7th edition.

7. Chaudhari, H.K. (1984). Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford – IBH. 2nd edition.

8. Acquaah, G. (2007). Principles of Plant Genetics & Breeding. Blackwell Publishing.



DSE-02C Plant PathologyCredits (Theory 4 + Practicals 2)

Theory lectures: 60 hours.

Unit I

Introduction to Plant Pathology: Scope and importance of plant pathology, terms used in plant pathology. Plant Pathogen (General characters): Fungi, Bacteria, Nematodes, Virus, MLO’S and RLO’S. Plant disease: Concept and classification of plant disease, Symptoms and identification of plant disease, Koch’s postulates.Parasitism and disease development: Parasitism and pathogenicity, pathogenesis, Disease cycle, Inoculum, inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion and colonization, Dissemination of pathogen, by soil, water and dispersal of various categories of pathogens. (20 Lectures)

Unit II

Disease development: Factors affecting disease development, role of enzyme and toxin in disease development.Disease Epidemics: Elements of disease epidemics, role of host and pathogenic factors on disease epidemics.Plant Disease Diagnostics: Methods of plant disease diagnostics. (10 Lectures)Unit III

Plant Disease ManagementRegularity methods: Quarantine and inspections. Physical methods: Soil sterilization, Hot water treatment, Hot air treatment, Radiation, Refrigeration. Cultural methods: Sanitation, Ploughing, Crop rotation, mix cropping, inter cropping and Organic amendments.Chemical methods: types of chemicals used for plant disease control. Biological control: Fungal and bacterial antagonists as bio-agents. (15 Lectures)Unit IV

Specific Plant DiseasesSymptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and control of: Late blight of Potato, Downy mildew of Onion, Powdery mildew of Cucurbits, Paddy blast, Root knot of tomato and brinjal, Alternaria leaf blight of apple, Brown rot of apple and peach, bacterial blight of rice and Potato mosaic virus disease. (15 Lectures)

Practicals/Project Work (2 Credits)1. Methods of Sterilization.2. Preparation of culture media: PDA and Richards medium.3. Preparation of different stains used in Plant Pathology.4. Techniques of inoculation.5. Culturing of some Fungi such as Rhizopus, Penicillium, Alternaria.6. Isolation of plant pathogens from infected tissue by tissue segment method.

7.Symptoms and studies of some local diseased plant materials through temporary/permanent mounts: Apple scab, Powdery mildew of Cucurbits, Alternaria leaf blight of apple and Downey mildew of Onion.Note: Practicals/Project Work is optional and students can opt either of the two.

Books recommended1) Plant pathology by E. J. Butler and S.G. Jones: Mac Millan & Co Ltd.2) Plant pathology by G.N. Agrios: Elsevier.3) Plant pathology by R.S. Singh. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd New Delhi.4) Plant Diseases by R.S. Singh.Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd New Delhi.5) Plant pathology by B.P. Pandey (S.Chand).

DSE-02D Applied Horticulture (Credits: 6)

Unit – I 15 lectures Bearing habit of fruits trees – Central ladder system, open center system, advanced systems,

alternate bearing and its implications. Concept, principles and methods of pruning and thinning in fruit crops –advantages and

disadvantages, management of tree canopy and aeration. Spacing in orchard management (row to row and plant to plant), advantages and limitations. Concept of high-density plantation – applications and limitations.

Unit–II 15 lectures Introduction, definition and scope of post harvest technology in J&K State Pre-harvest and post harvest losses in fruit crops-causes and implications, methods of

preventing post harvest losses. Different systems of storage and marketing of horticultural crops. Organic fruit production, its Prospects and limitations

Unit – III 15 lectures Types of fertilizers and their applications in horticultural crops, concept of bio-fertilizers and

their utility. Types of organic manures and their applications in horticultural crops, vermi-composting and

green manuring. Importance of irrigation at critical stages of fruit crops, effect of water stress in horticulture

fruit production. Irrigation practices of fruit orchards, concept of drip irrigation, sprinkle irrigation – prospects

and limitations. Harvesting and management of water for irrigation.

Unit – IV 15 lectures Nursery techniques and production of healthy plantation materials in temperate fruit crops

(special reference to Apple, Peach, Almond and Apricot) Rejuvenation of old and senile orchards, factors influencing fruitfulness. Introduction of new exotic varieties and their impact on indigenous varieties and economy. Principles and applications of fruit processing; handling, processing and value addition in

fruit crops (apple, cherry, peach, plum).

Laboratory Exercise: DSE-09 (Credits=2) Study of various planning and layout of an orchard.

Training and pruning and thinning of orchard trees, canopy management. Field visit to local orchards for practical demonstration on various diseases and disease

symptoms in horticultural crops. Filed visit to local fruit mandies for training on grading and packing of apple and its

marketing. Seed identification of common vegetables and flowers. Seed viability test by common and TZ method. Identification and sample collection of common diseases and pests of fruits/vegetables Estimation of soil moisture content, soil pH and Soil fertility. Preparation of fertilizer mixtures and methods of application. Determination of soil fertility and soil moisture content through standard techniques. Practical demonstration on drip and sprinkle irrigation. Identification of various physiological and pathological disorders in nursery plants. Site visit of nearby plant propagation nurseries. Field visit to local green house / Net House facility Practical demonstration of preparation of biofertilizers/vermicompost.

Suggested Readings

33. Adams, C.R. and M. P. Early. 2004. Principles of horticulture. Butterworth – Heinemam, Oxford University Press.

34. Bansil. P.C. 2008. Horticulture in India. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.35. Kumar, N.1997. Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publication, Nagercoil.36. Chadha, K.L. 2001, Handbook of Horticulture, ICAR, New Delhi.37. Chandra, R. and M. Mishra. 2003. Micropropagation of horticultural crops. International






Ltd., New Delhi.


SEC-6A Seed Technology – II

(Credits – 04) (60hr.)Unit 1: Seed Pathology

Introduction and importance of seed pathology. Brief account of seed borne fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes (any two examples of

each group); mechanism of seed infection and transmission of seed pathogens. Influence of environmental factors on seed borne diseases. Methods of seed crop management.

Unit 2: Seed Entomology Introduction to seed entomology; economic importance and losses caused by insects. Study of insect, their nature of damage and management of following crops:

Paddy – Grasshopper Maize – Army worm Pea – Pea pod borerCabbage – CaterpillarTomato – Leaf minor

Methods of insect pest control (cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical). Seed protectants and their impact on seed viability.

Unit 3: Seed Farm Management Scope, basic principles in seed farm management. Concept of various production practices, field practices as tillage, green house, irrigation,

sowing, plant protection, harvesting and threshing; maintenance of soil fertility, weeds and their control.

Crop rotation, mixed cropping, multiple cropping and dry land farming. Farm planning; farm surveys, data collection and analysis.

Unit 4: Seed Marketing Basic concepts of marketing; supply and demand. Seed transportation, storage & packing. Organizations for seed marketing, seed markets in India structure and working. Seed market surveys; seed industry in relation to global market; concept of WTO (World

Trade Organization). Seed Quarantine: introduction, objectives and importance.

Suggested Readings:1. Agarwal VK & Sinclair JB. 1997. Principles of Seed Pathology. Boca Raton.2. Neergaard P. 1988. Seed Pathology. Mac Millan.3. Kohls RL & Uhl JN. 1980. Marketing of Agricultural products. Mac Millan.4. Karuna V. 2007. Seed Health Testing. Kalyani.5. Kundu KK & Suhag KS. 2006. Teaching Manual on Seed Marketing and Management.

Department of agricultural Economics CCS HAU Hisar.

6. Anonymous 1992. Legislation on Seeds. NSC Ltd. Department of agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of agriculture, New Delhi.

7. Nema NP. 1986. Principles of Seed Certification and Testing. Allied Publications.

SEC-6B Weed Management (Credits – 04) (60 hr.)

Unit 1: Weed biology

Introduction, characteristics, classification, harmful aspects; weed-crop association. Crop – weed competition, weeds & climate, factors that control the degree of competition. Weed reproduction and dispersal, seed dormancy (causes & classes), consequences of weed

seed dormancy. Invasive weed species – introduction, identity of invasive species, why do invasions occur,

consequences of plant invasions; concept of allelopathy. Identification of perennial weeds of crop fields, road sides, waste lands and irrigation

channels; preparation of weed herbarium.

Unit 2: Principles and practices of weed management Introduction to weed prevention, control, eradication and management. Weed control principles & management practices in vegetable crops, orchards, grain crops,

pulses & oil seeds and ornamental crops. Concept of integrated weed management; weed control under specific situations –

intercropping system, dry lands and non cropping areas. Noxious farm weed, parasitic weeds and their management. Role of molecular biology in weed management.

Unit 3: Methods of weed control Mechanical methods (Hand-Pulling, Hand-Hoeing, Tillage, Mowing and Flooding, salt water,

draining & chaining) of weed control. Cultural methods of weed control – crop competition, planting date and population,

companion cropping, crop rotation & fertility manipulation. Chemical control through herbicides; introduction to herbicides, types of herbicide

formulation (liquid & dry formulations, surfactants and adjuvants); herbicide – pesticide and fertilizer interactions. Residue management of herbicides.

Impact of herbicides on crop plants, soil biota, mammals and environment. Weed resistance to herbicides.

Unit 4: Biological weed control Introduction, advantages & disadvantages of biological weed control Biological weed control agents or bioherbicides – classical or inoculative biological control

insects, inundative or augmentative fungi and broad- spectrum control viz., fish, aquatic mammals & vertebrates.

Test the viability of weed seeds (any five) by germination methods. Evaluate the effect of different herbicides on the seed germination of some common weeds

of your area.

Field tour and visit to experimental field and problem areas.

Suggested readings:1. Fundamentals of weed science 3rd Ed.by Robert L. Zimdahl Academic Press.2. Principles and practices of weed management by SS Rana & MC Rana20163. Weed management – principles and practices by OP Gupta, Agrobios Pub. (India).4. Handbook of sustainable weed management by H. Pal Singh; D. Rani Batish & Ravinder

K. Kohli, CRC Press5. Recent Advances in Weed Management by BS Chauhan & Gulshan Mahajan. Springer,

New York.6. Weed Management by V.N. Saraswat, V.M.Bhan & N.T. Yaduraju (ICAR).7. All about Weed control by S. Subramaniam, A. M. Ali & R. Jaykumar.

**************

SEC-6C Skill Enhancement CourseNursery and Gardening

(Credits -4)Lectures 60

Unit 1: Nursery: definition, objectives and scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery, planning and seasonal activities -Nursery raising and their transplantation Seed bed preparation and method of plant propagation. Handling and Maintenance of gardening equipments.Types of soils – composition, Reaction, Soil Amendment, Pot Mixture, manures and fertilizer, organic and inorganic, Bio-fertilizer, method and time of fertilizer use.

(15 hours)Unit 2: Seed: Structure and types - Seed dormancy; causes and methods of breaking dormancy - Seed storage and processing: Seed banks, factors affecting seed viability, Seed production technology sowing, after care etc. harvesting, Seed testing and certification. Disease and pest management, effective and safe pest control methods,, potential hazards of some pest control techniques.

(15 hours) Unit 3:Vegetative propagation: air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, treatment of cutting, rooting medium and planting of cuttings - Hardening of plants - green house - mist chamber, Cultivation of annual seeding, budding, cutting and layering techniques of propagation and their method. (15 hours)

Unit 4: Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings - Transplanting of seedlings - Study of cultivation and nursery raising of different vegetable crops (cabbage, brinjal, lady’s finger, onion, garlic, tomatoes, and carrots), fruit crops (apple, pear, peach, plum, quince, apricot, cheery, walnut), and flowers (Carnations, Roses, Chrysanthemum, Peony, Gladiolus, Dahlia, Lilies, Storage, packing and marketing procedures Propagation of different types of herbs and shrubs for Hedge purpose.

(15 hours) Suggested Readings 1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. 2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras. 3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil. 4. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill Book Co., New Delhi. 5. Agrawal, P.K. 1993, Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation,

National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi. 6. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, USA.

SEC-6D Horticulture-IVProtected cultivation and Nursery management

Total Credits = 06

Unit – I 15 lectures Bearing habit of fruits trees – Central ladder system, open center system, advanced systems,

alternate bearing and its implications. Concept, principles and methods of pruning and thinning in fruit crops –advantages and

disadvantages, management of tree canopy and aeration. Spacing in orchard management (row to row and plant to plant), advantages and limitations. Concept of high-density plantation – applications and limitations.

Unit–II 15 lectures Introduction, definition and scope of post harvest technology in J&K State Pre-harvest and post harvest losses in fruit crops-causes and implications, methods of

preventing post harvest losses. Different systems of storage and marketing of horticultural crops. Organic fruit production, its Prospects and limitations

Unit – III 15 lectures Types of fertilizers and their applications in horticultural crops, concept of bio-fertilizers and

their utility. Types of organic manures and their applications in horticultural crops, vermi-composting and

green manuring. Importance of irrigation at critical stages of fruit crops, effect of water stress in horticulture

fruit production. Irrigation practices of fruit orchards, concept of drip irrigation, sprinkle irrigation – prospects

and limitations. Harvesting and management of water for irrigation.

Unit – IV 15 lectures Nursery techniques and production of healthy plantation materials in temperate fruit crops

(special reference to Apple, Peach, Almond and Apricot) Rejuvenation of old and senile orchards, factors influencing fruitfulness. Introduction of new exotic varieties and their impact on indigenous varieties and economy. Principles and applications of fruit processing; handling, processing and value addition in

fruit crops (apple, cherry, peach, plum).

Practicals Study of various planning and layout of an orchard.

Training and pruning and thinning of orchard trees, canopy management. Field visit to local orchards for practical demonstration on various diseases and disease

symptoms in horticultural crops. Filed visit to local fruit mandies for training on grading and packing of apple and its

marketing. Seed identification of common vegetables and flowers. Seed viability test by common and TZ method. Identification and sample collection of common diseases and pests of fruits/vegetables Estimation of soil moisture content, soil pH and Soil fertility. Preparation of fertilizer mixtures and methods of application. Determination of soil fertility and soil moisture content through standard techniques. Practical demonstration on drip and sprinkle irrigation. Identification of various physiological and pathological disorders in nursery plants. Site visit of nearby plant propagation nurseries. Field visit to local green house / Net House facility Practical demonstration of preparation of biofertilizers/vermicompost.








Ltd., New Delhi.

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