UNIVERSITY OF MYSOREDOS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEMANASAGANGOTRI, MYSORE -6.

Honor’s degree in Environmental Science (Total 40 Credits)

16 CreditsCore papers:

Sl.No. Semester Title of the Paper L T P Total Credits

1 I Environmental Statistics & Computer Applications

2 1 1 4

2 I Environmental Chemistry 2 1 1 43 II Environmental Earth Science 2 1 1 44 II Environmental Microbiology 2 1 1 4

Electives (Any two) 4+4

1 I Water & Waste water Engineering

2 1 1 4

2 I Organic Farming 2 1 1 43 I Non-point sources of pollution &

Management 2 1 1 4

4 II Environmental Laws, Planning & Policy

3 l 0 4

5 II Environmental Biotechnology 2 1 1 46 II Occupational Health Hazards 3 1 0 4

Open Electives (Any one) 41 I Environment & Health 2 1 1 42 I Ecological Adaptation 2 1 1 43 I Environmental Economics 2 1 1 44 II Noise & Radiation Pollution 2 1 1 45 II Atmospheric Processes &

Pollution 2 1 1 4

6 II Sustainable Development & Environmental Planning

3 1 0 4

Each Semester:

Two Core papers - 4+4 = 8 Credits Two Elective Papers - 4+ 4 = 8 Credits One Open Elective Paper - 4 = 4 Credits

……………… Total 20 Credits

………………1

UNIVERSITY OF MYSOREDOS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEMANASAGANGOTRI, MYSORE -6.

Master’s degree in Environmental Science (Total 40 Credits)

16 CreditsCore papers:

Sl.No. Semester Title of the Paper L T P Total Credits

1 I Solid & Hazardous Waste Management

2 1 1 4

2 I Environmental Biology 2 1 1 43 II Instrumental Methods for

advanced analytical techniques2 1 1 4

4 II Climate change & Current issues 3 1 0 4 Electives(Any Two) 4+41 I Remote Sensing & GIS 2 1 1 42 I Environmental Education 3 1 0 43 I Energy and Environment 2 1 1 41 II Wild life Management 2 1 1 42 II Rural Development &

Environmental Planning3 1 0 4

3 II Nuclear and Biomedical Waste Management

2 1 1 4

Open Electives (Any one) 41 I Environmental Toxicology 2 1 1 42 I Environmental Auditing & EIA 3 1 0 43 I Developmental Projects & their

Socio-economic impacts3 1 0 4

4 II Conservation of Biodiversity 2 1 1 45 II Advanced techniques in

Environmental Management 2 1 1 4

6 II Environmental Disaster Management

2:1:1 4

Each Semester:

Two Core papers - 4+4 =8 Credits Two Elective Papers - 4+ 4=8 Credits One open Elective Paper 4 = 4 Credits

……………… Total 20 Credits

………………

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UNIVERSITY OF MYSOREDOS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

MANASAGANGOTRI, MYSORE-6

Choice Based Credit System of Syllabus

Honor’s and Master’s degree programme in Environmental Science

HONOR’S DEGREE PROGRAMME

I st Semester Core Papers:

1) Environmental Statistics and Computer Applications Unit 1 – Statistical techniques – some basic concepts, data types, sampling theory – population, sample (SRS, stratified sampling, systematic sampling) and error propagation. Classification and tabulation, frequency distribution, diagrammatic (bar diagrams) and graphical representation.

Unit 2 – Measures of central tendency – mean, median, mode measures of dispersion- standard deviation and variance. Correlation (Karl Pearson’s Rank correlation), Regression models, curve fitting. Probability and Distribution (Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution) – Properties. Testing of hypothesis – test for 1 and 2 sample, means and proportions, chi-square test for independence. One way analysis of variance of F – test

Unit 3 – Computing techniques – Introduction, structure, function capability and limitations of a computer. Types of computers – overview of hardwares and softwares. Database development using dBase, data processing methods. Overview of high level and low level languages, flow charting principles.

Unit 4 – Operating systems DOS, UNIX, LINUX, MS Office, Computer application’s in environmental science. References :

1. Programming with C. Byron S Gottfried Hill publishing Co, New Delhi (1996)

2. Statistical Methods, Guptha, S.P, Sulthan Chand and Sons Publications, New Delhi (1996)

3. Statistics for Advanced level, Miller.J, Cambridge University press, (1989)

4. Statistics Methods , Sector and Cochran Academic Press (1982)

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2) Environmental Chemistry

Unit 1 – Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, Stoichiometry Gibb’s energy, chemical potential. Chemical equilibrium, acid-base reactions, solubility product, solubility of gases in water, the carbonate system, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, radio-nuclides.

Unit 2 – Chemical composition of Air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation. Particles, ions and radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic particulate matter. Thermochemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. CFC’s, Oxygen and Ozone chemistry, chemistry of air pollutants, photochemical smog.

Unit 3 - i) Food additives including colors, flavors and taste giving compounds, antacids-adulteration in food. Cleaning agents- soaps, detergents & bleaching agents. ii) Toxic chemicals in the environment - Air, Water. Pesticides in water. Biochemical aspects of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Carbon Monoxide, Carcinogens in the air.

Unit 4 – Gaseous, liquid and solid fuels, gasoline and the additives, antiknock agents, lubricants and greases. Chemistry of oil based and water based paints, physico-chemical basis of redox processes. Electrochemical theory of corrosion.

References :1. Analytical Chemistry of Industrial poisons, Hazards and solvents by

Jacobs M.B. Inter Science. New York, (1969)2. Environmental Chemistry, Sharma B.K. & Kaur, Goel Publishing

House Meerut, (1995)3. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering, Sawyer C.N, Mc Marty

P.L. and Perkin G.F. Mc Graw Hill, (II ed) (1994)4. Environmental Chemistry, Tyagi O.D. and Mehra M Anmol

Publications, (1990)5. Environmental Chemistry, Manahan S.E, Lewis Publications,

Florida, U.S.A, (7th ed), (2000)6. Chemistry of the Environment, Bailey R.A. Academic Press, ,

(1970)7. Vogel’sText book of quantitative Inorganic analysis Bernetts.J,

Denney.R.C., Jeffery.J.H. and Mendham.J

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Elective Papers:

(1) Water & Waste Water Engineering :

UNIT – 1 Occurrence of ground water, Aquifers and their types. Darcy’s law and its application, Flow of groundwater. Overexploitation – causes and remedies. Ground water contamination. Rock – water interactions. Saline intrusion in coastal aquifers.

UNIT – 2 Water pollution: Introduction, Toxic substances, BOD, COD and dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, water Management, water quality and regulation.

UNIT – 3 Treatment methods: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary levels. Disinfection of treated sewage, Septic tank design and effluent disposal methods. Design of biological treatment units.

Reference –

1. Water and waste water Engineering, Vol.I and II, Fair, G.M.Geyer T.C. and Okun D.A. (1984) : John Wiley and Sons, Strauss, (1975) & (1984)2. Waste water treatment processes, Metcalf and Eddy Inc. Academic Press, New York. (1979)3. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water (5 th

Ed) (1980), American Public Health Association4. Physico – Chemical Processes for Water quality, Weber. W.J, Ann

Arbor,

(2) Organic Farming :

Unit – 1 Introduction, Components of organic farming. Environmental

Impacts of chemical farming, concept of green revolution, Failure of Green

Revolution, Good agricultural practice-Bio fertilizers, Green technology,

Natural or Zero farming.

Unit – 2 Sustainable Agriculture – Agroecosystem, Determinants that

influence the types of agriculture in each region of India, Comparison

between Green Revolution and Agroecological Technologies. Integrated

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agricultural management (IAM). Participatory Approach of Modern

agricultural Technology.

Unit – 3 Pest Management – Definition, distribution and damage caused.

Chemical Pesticides and their demerits. Basis of biological pest suppression.

Chemical v/s biological control. Pest control models. Organisms used in

Classical and Biological pest control – Pathogens, Nematodes, Birds, Fish.

References :

1. A text book of applied Zoology by P.V. Jabde2. A Hand book of organic farming by Arun K Sharma3. Pests and their control, Volume 16 By National Pest Control Association4. Handbook of biological control: principles and applications of biological. By T.S. Bellows, T.W.Fisher 5. Sustainable agriculture By John Mason.

(3) Non-point sources of Pollution & Management :

Unit - 1 Water and Air Pollution: Sources, types & effects of water pollutants on different water quality parameters of drinking water standards. Air Pollution: Definition, effect of air pollution, classification of air pollutants, sources of air pollutants, effect of various air pollutants - CH4, CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, Dust and Ozone. Dispersion of pollutants.

Unit – 2 Noise Pollution: Definition, effect of noise pollution, sources of noise pollution, measurement of sound and Noise standards.

Unit – 3 Land Pollution: Definition, Impact of land pollution, sources of land pollutants. Radioactive Pollution: Sources and impacts.

References :1. Air pollution by Perkin H.G (1974)2. Air monitoring survey design by NOH, K.T Smiller.T.L3. Fundamentals of Air pollution by Stern, A.C., Henry Wonlers,

G.R.Richard, Boudal.W. and William Lowry.P (1973) 4. Environmental pollution of Cadmium by Rohatgi 5. Land pollution, cases and control by Harrosson & Laxon. 6. Water pollution and management by C.F.Vershney.

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Open Electives :

1) Environment and Health :

Unit – 1 Environmental Health Problems : Health problems related to the environmental degradation, vulnerable groups in society. Environmental factors that can potentially affect health environment and health indicators, major environmental and health issues, Specific pollutants or issues, in indoor and outdoor environment Health problems, Human Bio monitoring.

Unit – 2 Environmental Risks and the Disease Burden : Environmental risks and the disease burden in different regions of countries and in India, Environmental factors the burden of disease in India. The health effects of air pollution. Health risks associated with agricultural and industrial pollution.

Unit – 3 Environmental Health Risk Assessment and intervention : Introduction, the Determination of risk, Risk assessment, Risk assessment methods, Risk monitoring, Risk communication, protecting the public, Risk assessment in public health, Environmental impact studies.

References :

1. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/health/index en.htm 2. htt://ec.europa.eu/environment/health/index en.htm 3. Biosafety and Bioethics by Sateesh M.K4. Essentials of Environmental Health By Robert H Friis5. Environmental health: ecological perspectives by Kathryn

Hilgenkamp6. Understanding Environmental Health: How We Live in the World

by Nancy Irwin Maxwell, 7. Environmental Epidemiology: Principles and Methods by Ray

M.Merrill,8. Environmental Studies by Major Tiwari, Kapil Kulbe, Archana

Tiwari, I.K.International.

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(2) Ecological Adaptations:

UNIT – 1 An introduction to the Principles of physiological function and adoption, at the organ-to-whole animal level. The General adaptation syndrome. The Biological Clock-biological rythms, circadian rythms. Ecological groups of plants, ecological adaptation of hydrophytes, ecological adaptation of mesophytes, ecological adaptation of xeropytes, ecological adaptation of halophytes.

UNIT – 2 Energy metabolism and body temperature changes; Thermo regulation and adaptation, aestivations and hibernation; Aquatic conditions-hydrocoles adaptation, anatomical, morphological and physiological adaptation of fishes; Amphibious conditions-secondary hydrocoles; Terrestrial conditions, adaptation in the mesocoles.

UNIT -3 Morphological anatomical and physiological adaptation of cursorial, fossorial, sensorial and cave types. Deep sea adaptation, osmoregulato y adaptation and aerial adaptation, nocturnal adaptation. Morphological and anatomical adaptation of camel.

References :

1. Fundamentals of Ecology 3rd Ed. W.B.Saunders & Co.Philadelphia 2. Systems Analysis & Simulation in Ecology Patten B.C. (Ed) 1971 Academic press London3. An Introduction to Cybemetics Chapman & Hall Ltd. Ashby W.R. 19564. Ecology & Environment seventh edition P.D.Sharma Rastogi publication Rajsons Printers, New Delhi (2004)5. Plants and the Eco-system Macmilian & Co.Laondon Billings W.D 19646. Population Ecology A Unified study of Animals & Plants Blackwell Oxford, Begon M and Mortimer. M 1981 7. Environmental Concerns and strategies Indian Environmental Society Khoshoo T.N. 19848. Ecology with special Reference to Animals and Man Prentice- Hall New Jersey, Kendeigh S.C. 1974

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(3) Environmental Economics

Unit – 1: Introduction, principles, Economics of environmental policy, resource management, Sustainable development and irreversibility in environmental policy.

Unit – 2 :Public & environmental goods, negative externality and market failure, Social efficiency and cost-benefit analysis, Valuation of environmental goods.

Unit – 3 : Nexus between development and environment; comparison between economic and ecological criteria: concept of externality: shared resources: global commons: carrying capacity. Introduction to ISO 14001 & Other Environmental Management Systems : Planning, Implementation and Operation, Checking and Corrective Action.

References :

1. Resource Economics, Conrad, J. M. Cambridge University Press (1999).2. Environmental Economics, Field, B. C. and Field, M. K. (2006). Mc Graw-Hill/Irwin.3. Environmental Economics in theory and practice, Hanley, N., Shogren, J. F., and White, B. Oxford university press, New York (1997).4. Environmental Economics, Kolstad, C. D. (2003). Oxford University press.

IInd Semester

Core Papers:

1. Environmental Earth Science

Unit 1 –Earth systems and its interaction -Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Earth’s Materials – Minerals and their definition. Distribution and abundance of elements in the major units of earth, Formation and classification of Rocks. Geochemical features and classification of rocks. Soil-characteristics, formation of soil and its conservation. Mineral resources and environment. Resources and reserves, depletion trends of natural resources. Geological features of India and Karnataka.

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Unit 2 – Land use Planning- Environmental aspects of terrain evaluation. Soil surveys for land use planning. Methods of site selection (Dam, Tunnel, reservoirs, highways) and evaluation of land in environmental planning. Introduction of geophysical methods-Electrical seismic and Magnetic.

Unit – 3 : Natural disasters – Earthquakes volcanos – cyclones, Tsunami - their impact on flora and fauna and human beings. Natural disaster mitigation measures.

References :

1. Earth Science and the Environment, Richard J.Ordway, D.Van Nostrand and Company, London.

2. Encounter with the Earth, L.F. Oxford press, San Francisco., Laporte,

3. Soil and water conservation Engineering, Schwab. S.O, Frevert.R.K, Edimster. T.W. and Barns, K.K., John Wiley and Sons, 1975.

4. Land Application of Wastes, Loehr, R.C.Jesel, W.J.Novak, N.D., Clarkson, W.S. and Friedeman G.S., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New. York., Vol-I and II, 1979

5. Environmental Geology, Valdia K.S., 19876. The nature of Oceanic life, Menard H.W., W.H.Freeman and

Company, San Francisco, The Ocean – A Scientific American Book, (1969).

7. Essentials of Geology, Reed Wicander & James S. Monroe, Wadsworth publishing company, (2002).

2. Environmental Microbiology : Unit – 1 Environmental Microbiology: Introduction, Concepts and

scope of environmental microbiology, microorganisms as components of

ecosystem, Classification and characteristics of Microorganisms,

microbial diversity, Microbial interactions. Role of microorganisms in

element cycles – different cycles.

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Unit – 2 Environmental Microbiology: Microbes in air, water, waste

water and soil; sampling techniques. Identification of air-borne allergens

and air-borne diseases. Microbiological aspects in the drinking water and

distribution. Indicator microorganisms – MPN and MF technique Bio-

fouling, bio-film and Bio-corrosion. Antibiotic resistant bacteria in

drinking water and their implications. Role of microorganisms in

Environmental pollutants and Management.

Unit – 3 Microbes in the degradation of wastes: Bioremediation-Its

role in Environmental management, advantages and disadvantages.

Control of pests and diseases by microorganisms, Treatment of solid and

liquid industrial wastes, Microbial degradation of pesticides, Xenobiotics

and heavy metals. Microbes in metal extraction, mineral leaching and

mining, copper extraction by leaching and microbes in petroleum product

formation.

References :

1. Environmental Microbiology Principles and Applications. Patrick K. Jjemba. 2. Environmental Microbiology By. P D Sharma 3. Environmental bioremediation technologies. Shree N. Singh , Rudra D. Tripathi 4. Introduction to Microbiology. A. S. Rao 5. Microbiological examination of water and wastewater, Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros. 6. Environmental Microbiology. Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba - Science. 7. Text book of Environmental, Microbiology, Mohapatra - Technology & Engineering.

8. Environmental Biotechnology – Basic concepts and Applications by Indu Shekhar Thakur.

9. Text book of Environmental Biotechnology by Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra.

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10. A text book of Environmental Microbiology by Pradipta K. Mohapatra.

Elective Papers : (1) Environmental Laws, Planning and Policy :

Unit 1 – Legal control of Environmental pollution in India with special reference to :

i. The Wildlife protection Act – 1972ii. The Water prevention and control of pollution Act, 1974,

amended 1988: CESS Act 1977, amended in 1991.iii. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, amended in1988.iv. The Air prevention and control of pollution Act, 1981,

amended in 1990.v. The Environment protection Act. 1986.vi. The Motor Vehicle Act, amended in 1988 vii. The National Environment Tribunal Bill 1992,

Stockholm conference- 1972, UNEP- 1982

Unit 2 – Legal control of environmental pollution at international level and UN agenda.

Unit 3 (i) – Planning: Importance of planning, local, regional, state and national planning. Site and location with reference to Environmental Pollution, Zoning-Physical planning.

(ii) Economics of pollution control, cost-benefit ratios. Reliability and Risk analysis.

Unit 4 – National policy, sectorial – integration, state level policy and implementation. Environmental protection in India – Organizational structure at state and central governmental levels.

References –

1. Defense preparedness in India – Jain N.K.,Joint assistance center, Adhyatma Sadhana Kendra Mehrauli, New Delhi

2. Environmental Law and Policy in India, Divan.S and Rosencranz. A, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition (2001)

3. Pollution control Legislation, Vol. I and II, Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board, Chennai (1999)

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(2) Environmental Biotechnology :

UNIT –1 Bioenergy – Energy Formation from Biomass and biogas, Energy plantations, Composition of biomass, Biofuels, Petroleum plants, hydrocarbon forms of higher plants, hydrolysis of Lignocelluloses material. Application of environmental biotechnology.

UNIT – 2 Biosensors-Response of Biosensors, Types of biosensors, Application of Biosensors. Advantages of micro biosensors. Biochips – Biosurfactants, Types and classification Microbial biosurfactants, Applications of biosurfactants in pollution control.

UNIT–3 Biotreatment of waste composting, fermentation Technology Vermitechnology -vermiculture, different types, Chemical Identification and vermicomposting. Role of biotic and abiotic factors in production of vermicompost digestion. GMO - Genetic Engineering.

References :

1. Ecology – M.P.Arora, Himalaya publishing house.2. An introduction to Animal Ecology – S.P.Singh, Rastogi publications,

Meerut, India3. Fundamentals of Ecology- Odum. E.P. (1971) III Ed Saunders.4. Ecology and Environment, Sharma P.D. Rastogi Publications, Meerut-

India.5. General Ecology- Kumar H.D., I Ed., Vikas Publishing house Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi, (1995)6. Basic concepts of Ecology. Kormandy E.J.Prentice Hall of India Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi, 19787. Ecology with reference to animals and Man Kendeigh, C.B. 1975

(3) Occupational Health Hazards :

Unit – 1 Definition, The goal of occupational health safety, Relationship to

occupational health psychology – identifying work – related psychosocial

factors that adversely affect the health of people who work. Reasons for

safety and health - Moral, Economic and Legal.

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Unit – 2 Common workplace hazard groups – Mechanical hazards – Impact

force – related injury by type of damage, stuck by objectives. Physical

Hazards; Chemical Hazards; Biological Hazards; Physiological issues; Work

– related stress, Violence, Bullying, Mobbing, Burnout, Exposure to

unhealthy elements. Musculoskeletal disorders:

Unit – 3 Hazards, risks, outcomes, Hazard assessment – Risk assessment,

Identify the hazards.Identify all affected by the hazard and how, Evaluate the

risk, Identify and prioritise probability appropriate control measures,

severity, quantitative occupational medicine, occupational (or industrial)

hygiene, public health.

References:

1. Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety. Benjamin O. Alli Handbook of Occupational Safety and Health, Louis J. Diberardinis, 2. Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster, Keith Smith, David N. Petley.3. Physical and Biological Hazards of the work place, Peter H. Wald, Gregg M. Stave Proctor and Hughes., 4. Chemical Hazards of the Workplace. Gloria J. Hathaway, Nick H. Proctor, James P. Hughes., 5. Implementation of occupational health legislation at work place, issues and concerns. G. K Kularni., 6. Disaster Management future challenges and Opportunities by Jagbir Sing, I.K. International

Open Elective Papers :

(1) Noise & Radiation Pollution:

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Unit 1 - Noise pollution: physical characteristics of sound waves: anatomy of sound, Theory of noise measurement – Sound pressure, loudness, sound intensity, source of noise, physiological, social and psychological effects of noise.

Unit 2 -Radioactivity: Laws of radioactivity, successive disintegration types of radioactive equilibrium. Natural radioactive series of elements. Units of radioactivity, Interaction of radiation with matter, ionization, types of exposure, units of exposure and dose. Detection and Measurement of Radiation: Different techniques of detection of radiation, scintillation, ionization, solid state nuclear track detectors, instrumentation. Dosimeters.

Unit 3 – Biological Effects of Radiation: Stochastic and Deterministic effects, Radiation Protection: System of Dose Limitation, types of exposure, protection methodology. Environmental Radiation: Background radiation, Radon in Environment: Production of radon and progeny. Dose from radon progeny, quantitative measurement of radon and progeny

References :

1. Pollution: The Noise we hear, J.M.Drent and Sons. Jones, C., Gadies J.S. and Engsterm. H.P. (1972)

2. Environmental Radioactivity, Mograw Hill. Eisenbud, M. (1963)3. Radioactive waste F. and I.N. Sons Collins, J.C. (1960)4. Management of Radioactive waste, D.Van.Nostrand Mawson, G.A.

(1965)5. Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial and Miltry

sources, Merril Eisenbud and Thomas Gessell Academic Press, London

6. Radiation and Man – Jain.H.C, National Book trust, New Delhi.

2) Atmospheric Processes and Pollution

Unit – 1 Air Pollution: Introduction, sources and classification of air Pollutants. Transport and diffusion of Pollutants. Plume behaviour, Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with O2, N2 and oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur & Carbon, sinks of Air Pollution.

Unit – 2 Turbulence and boundary layer. Structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere, lapse rate and stability, scale height,

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geopotential. Cloud formation and precipitation processes, air-sea interactions on different space and time scales.

Unit – 3 Insolation and heat budget, radiation balance, general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. Climatic and sea level changes on different time scales. Coupled ocean-atmosphere system, ENSO.

References:

1. Environmental Chemistry by Sharma B.K & Kaur, Goel publishing House, Meerut (1995) 2. Environmental Science by Santra S.C., New Central Book agency, Pvt. Ltd., Kolkota

(3) Sustainable development & Environmental Planning

Unit – 1 Sustainable Development – scope & definition, parameters of sustainability.

Unit – 2 Agriculture – sustainable agricultural rotation of crops, organic farming. Environmental degradation due to pesticides and chemical fertilizers- Sustainable Management.

Unit – 3: Environmental movements and role of NGO’s in sustainable development. Global policy for sustainable development – world summits.

Unit – 4: Urbanization and its impact on Environment. Rural and Urban planning for sustainable development.

References:

1. Eco-Efficiency: The Business link to Sustainable Development by Livio Desimone.

2. Planning Sustainability by Michael Kenny.

3. Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development by Asayehgn Desta

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Master’s degree programme

I st Semester

Core Papers:

1. Solid & Hazardous Waste Management

Unit 1 – Waste – Introduction, sources, characteristics, composition, classification, waste generated per capita- Global scenario.

Solid Waste – collection, Storage, segregation- transportation and Disposal methods-sanitary land fills and types, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration & pyrolysis.

Unit 2 – Hazardous waste-Introduction, characteristics and its effects on plants, animals and human beings, classification of hazardous wastes. Radio active wastes-Effects on plants, animals and man, control of radioactive pollution, handling of hazardous solid wastes.

Unit 3 – Waste management – Economics of collection and disposal, waste minimization-typical material recovery facility operation (TMRF), Reuse and recycling of paper, plastic, glass and rubber.

References:

1. Hazardous Wastes and Solid Wastes- Lie, D.H.F. and Liptak, B.G. (2000), Lewis publishers, New York.

2. Solid Waste management in Developing countries – Indian National Scientific documentation center- Bhide and Sundaresan, New Delhi. (2000)

3. Solid waste management- George Tehobanaglous- Milary Theiren and Samuel A vigil, Integrated, Mc Graw Hill Inc, (1993).

4. WHO Manual on solid waste management 5. CPHEEO Manual on solid waste management 6. Hazardous Waste Management, II Ed, La Grega, M.D., Buckingham,

P.L. and Evans J.C., Mc Graw Hill Inc., (2001)7. Bioremediation, Baker, K.M. and Herson, B.S, Mc. Grqw-Hill Inc.,

(1994)

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8. Bioremediation- Principles, Eweis, J.B.Ergas S.J.Change, D.P.Y and Schroeder, E.D. Mc Graw Hill Inc., (1998)

2. Environmental Biology

Unit 1 –Fundamentals of Ecology- Definition, principles, and scope of ecology, objectives and sub-divisions. Concept of levels of organization, Ecological niche. Ecological Dominance, Environmental factors- Climatic factors, influence of light on morphology and physiology of plants, characteristics of heleophytes and sciophytes, temperature – thermo periodicity, effect of low and high temperature on plants and animals. Atmospheric humidity-relative humidity in relation to metabolism of organism with suitable examples. Unit 2 –Population ecology. Characteristics, population density, natality, mortality, age distribution, population growth, causes for population explosion, population control. Ecological Data: Collection and analysis – quadrate method of sampling the vegetation, kinds of quadrats.

Unit 3 – Biological interactions- Interspecies and interspecies interactions, types of interspecific interaction- neutralism, positive interaction- negative interactions, both positive and negative interactions-Amensalism, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism and predation.

References :

1. General Ecology – Kumar H.D et. al, Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi (1995)

2. Fundamental Ecology, Odum E.P.III Ed, Saunders, (1971)3. Ecology – Culvinvux P, John Wiley and Sons, (1986)4. Ecology and Environment – P.D.Sharma, Rastogi Publications,

Meerut India 5. Ecology – Krebs J, II ed, Harper international6. The Ecology of Tropical lakes and Rivers Payne A.I. John Wiley

(1986) 7. Concepts of Ecology – Kormondy-Prentice Hall 8. Cell biology and evolution. P.S.Verma and Agarwal I ed. Chand and company, New Delhi (1974)

1. Cell Biology- by De-Roberties 10. Animal behavior M.P.Arora, Himalaya Publishing House.

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Elective Papers :

(1) Remote Sensing and GIS :

Unit – 1 Fundamentals of remote sensing: Background of Remote sensing, Electro-magnetic radiation, Interactions between matter and Electro-Magnetic radiation, Reflectance, Spectral reflectance and their characteristics Sensors: Types of sensors, Characteristics of optical detectors, Types of scanners, Atmospheric sensors, Microwave sensors.

Unit – 2 : Data used in Remote sensing: Image interpretation, Digital data, Characteristics of Geometric and Radiometric Image data, Calibration and validation, Ground data, Data recording, storage and distribution, Satellite data transmission and reception. Retrieval of Remote sensing data.

Unit – 3 : Application of Remote sensing: Land evaluation, Global vegetation mapping, Water quality monitoring, Monitoring of Atmospheric constituents, Geological interpretation, Geographical Information System (GIS), Use of Remote sensing data in GIS

References :

1. Remote Sensing a better view – Rudd.R.D. (1974)2. Remote sensing techniques for Environmental Analysis, Estes. J.E.

and Senger.L.W3. Remote sensing of Environment – Lintz.J and Simonnet.D.S (1976)4. Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental Planning – Murli

Krishna.I.V. (1995)5. Geographic Information system – Spatial Modeling and Policy

evaluation – Fischer.M.M and Nijkamp.P (1993)

(2) Environmental Education

Unit – 1 Environmental Education – An introduction: concept, importance, aims, objectives and scope of Environmental Education; principles of environmental education, economic & ethical issues, global imperatives & perspectives of environmental education.

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Unit – 2 Management of Environmental Education – Curriculum framework for environmental education at different levels; classroom teaching-learning strategies – methods and media. National Management framework for environmental education, constraints in implementing environmental education.

Unit – 3 Training personnel for environmental education, need, importance and scope of programmes in environmental education, training of education planners, teachers and administrators.

Unit -4 Role of NGO’s and Government – Present status of NGO’s and Government Organisation in India, An industry view of Environmental aspects of education, A case study of India.

References :

1. Kumar, Environmental Awareness, Jain Books & Periodicals New Delhi (2008)

2. Behera, Basic Environmental Education, super Book Service, Bangalore.

3. Nanda A.N., Environmental Education, (1996).4. Mohanka R, Environmental Education Vol. 1 & 2 Agrosciences

centre, New Delhi. 5. Environmental Education for Sustainable Development, by

Deshbandu et.al., India Environmental Society, New Delhi, 19956. Documents in the Environmental Education Series, a series of 22

volumes brought out be UNESCO on various aspects of Environmental Education.

7. Essential Learnings in Environmental Education, A Handbook of Environmental concepts, brought out by Centre for Environment Education, Ahmedabad, 1991.

(3) Energy and Environment:

Unit – 1 Energy: Definition, Energy flow in natural communities, Efficiency of energy transfer in ecosystem. Energy sources; Conventional and Non conventional Energy sources and their efficiency, production technologies.

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Unit – 2 Biological Energy : Specific energy crops, Power from Biomass, programmes use of waste: water based biomass, Methods for Generation of Energy from Wastes. Energy use Pattern in India: Research and development, Biogas – an energy from wastes, Biogas technology, Biogas plants, Use of Biogas.

Unit –3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Technologies: Sustainability, direct and indirect environmental impacts of energy acquisition, transport, production and use. Energy conservation: Source of Energy Conservation, methods of conservation.

References: 1. Renewable energy sources. M. A. Laughton - Business &

Economics

2. Sources of energy: a review of consumption, resources, production,

Trade.

3. Textbook of Environment & Ecology By Deeksha Dave, S S

Katewa

4. Alternative Energy systems in building design by Peter Gevorkian

5. Biological Energy Resources by Malcolm Slesserm Chris Lewis –

Technology & Engineering

6. Renewable Energy resources and their Environmental Impact by

S.A Abbasi, Naseema abbasi.

7. The Biogas hand book by David House.

8. Energy use and the Environment by F P W Winteringham.

9. Environmental development – challenges and opportunities by

Jagbir Singh, I.K. International

10. Energy, Ecology and Environment by S.V.S Rana, I.K. International

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publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

11. Environmental Studies by Manjor Tiwari, Kapil Khulbe, Archana

Tiwari. I.K. International

Open Elective Papers : (1) Environmental Toxicology :

UNIT – 1 Introduction: Scope of toxicology, acute and chronic toxicity. Selective toxicity, Dose response relationship-graded response time action curves, threshold limit value, LC50, LD50, Margin of safety and toxicity curves, bioassay test, test models.

UNIT – 2 Toxicity testing: Definition, purpose, criteria for selection of test organism, methodology, estimation of LC50, Limitation and importance of Bioassay, Acute Toxicity (single) : Sub acute Toxicity; Chronic Toxicity; Teratogenicity, carcinogencity and mutagenicity.

UNIT – 3 Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration, Biomagnifications, Biosensitivity, Bio monitoring programmes, parameters of biomonitoring. Blood cell components, functions, haemo toxicity, receptors response, Endocrine toxicity, immunotoxicity, nephrotoxicity.

References :

1. Environmental biology and Toxicology, by Sharma P.D. Rastogi and Lamporary., 1994.

2. Environmental pollution and Toxicology by Meera Asthan and Astana D.K., Alka printers, 1990.

3. Toxicology, by A Sood, Sarup and sons New Delhi, 19994. Text book of preventive and Social Medicine, by Park J.E. and

Park K., M/s Banosidas Bharat Publishers, Jabalpur, 1985.5. Environmental Epidemiology, by Anisa Basheer, Rawat

Publication Jaipur, New Delhi,1995.6. Toxicology, Biochemistry and Pathology of Mycotoxins, by Kenji

Uroguchi a Mikio, Yamazaki Kodanshoa Ltd., Tokyo 1978.

(2) Environmental Auditing & EIA :

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Unit – 1 Environmental Audit : Introduction, General approach Environmental Auditing, Programme Planning, Environmental Audit methods

Unit – 2 On-site Audit, Post – Audit activities, statutory environmental statements. Requirements of rule 14 for Environmental Audit under Environmental protection Act 1986.

Unit – 3 Origin and development of EIA, Framework of Environmental Impact assessment (EIA), Assessment and Prediction of impact on Air water, noise and biological environment.

Unit – 4 Methods of impact analysis, public participation in Environmental decision making, EIA in project planning and implementation section. Risk Assessment, mitigation measures, Environmental Ethics and Global imperatives.

References :

1. Environmental Impact Assessment, by Larry W. Canter, Mc Graw- Hill International Editions, civil Engineering series

2. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing countries. Biswas A.K. and Agarawal SBC. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Reed International

3. Environmental Impact Assessment-Theory and practice, by Wathern P Routledge, Unwin Hyman London

4. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment by Morris P and Theirvel R UCL press Ltd., London

5. UNEP, 1996, Environmental Impact Assessment: Issues, Trends and Practice, United National Environmental Programme Nairobi.

6. Environmental Impact Analysis by Jain et al.

(3) Developmental projects and their Socio-economic impacts:

Unit – 1 Priorities in developmental planning: Project planning, land use and agriculture, urbanization, population control planning, equity approaches, collective self reliance, corporate accountability, consumerism.

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Unit – 2 World environment- a holistic developmental perception, human ecology and rural development, urban –rural relation in India, agro-climatic planning and regional development in India, identification of natural and biological resources including gene pool.

Unit – 3 Industrial and urban environmental problems in India: Industrial development – impact on resources depletion and pollution (case studies), environmental problems of urbanization, environmental problems of slums, population, poverty and environment in India, international trade and economic reforms on the environment, industrial growth.

Unit – 4 Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment: Concept of SEA, application of SEA in the field, developing the SEA document, case studies of SEA in different countries.

References :

1. Environmental Economics for sustainable development – kumar2. Ecology and economics; an approach to sustainable development –

sengupta.3. Environment development and sustainability – Bhaskar Nath.

Environment & social impact assessment, Vlcamy F., Bronsetin D.A (1995) John Wiley and Sons, New York.

II nd Semester

Core Papers :

1. Instrumental methods for advanced analytical techniques

Unit 1 (a) - Optical methods: Various ranges of electromagnetic radiation, interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, UV-Visible spectroscopy: Theory, instrumentation and applications to environmental samples, optical fibers in spectroscopy. X-ray spectroscopy.

(b) - Electro analytical Methods: Potentiometry – origin or potential difference, potentiometric titrations. Electrodes – indicator electrodes, Ion selective electrodes including glass electrodes, advantages and limitations. Determination of pH, Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrogen, Ammonia

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and Carbon dioxide in water samples. Conductometry: Principles and application of conductometry.

Unit 2 – IR and NDIR spectroscopy: Molecular vibrations and vibration frequencies, special features of IR and NDIR instruments. Applications for the environmental samples. Continuous monitoring of CO using NDIR spectroscopy, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, principles, instrumentation and applications in environmental sample analysis. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy-Principle, instrumentation and applications of flame emission spectroscopy.

Unit 3 – Nephelometry and turbidometry: Principles and applications in the determination of turbidity of water. Sulphate in water, suspended particulates in air, Thermoanalytical methods: Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermo gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis of environmental samples. Radio analytical methods: Radiochemical techniques- Principles and applications of neutron activation analysis and isotope dilution analysis. Unit 4 – Polarography: Principles, instrumentation and applications of polarography in the environmental sample analysis. Separation methods: Principles, theory and applications of the following techniques. Solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, HPLC and Ion exchange chromatography.

Reference:

1. Basic concepts of Analytical Chemistry – S.M.Khopkar, 2nd edition New Age International Pub (1998)

2. Environmental Pollution analysis, S.M.Khopkar, Wiley Eastern Ltd. (1993)

3. Analytical Chemistry – G.D.Christian, 5 th edition, John Wiley and sons Inc., India (2001)

4. Principles of Instrumental analysis – D.A.Skoog, F.J.Holler and T.A.Nieman 5th edition Thomson Asia Pvt., Singapore, (1980)

5. Quantitative analysis, - A.I. Vogel, 6 th edition, Prentice Hall Inc., (1998)

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6. Introduction to Chemical Instrumentation – Bour.E.J. Wiley and sons 4th edition (1982)

7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis – Willard.H.H., Merrit.L.L. and Dean.J.A – Van Nostrand Reinhold, 5 th edition (1976)

8. Environmental Chemistry – Manahan.S.E.7 th edition Lewis Publications, Florida, USA

2. Climate Change and Current Issues :

Unit – 1 Global Environmental problems - Ozone depletion, causes and effects. Acid Rain – How acid rain is formed, Adverse effects of acid rain. Photochemical smog, Factors responsible for photochemical smog.

Unit – 2 Green house gases – green house effect and climate change Global warming facts – Effects of Global warming – control and remedial measures of green house effect, Latest facts about global warming – impact of climate change.

Unit – 3 Man and Ecodegradation of Natural Environment, Present status of wasteland in India. Problems and prospects of wasteland development. Wasteland reclamation through Social Forestry, Bioaesthetic planning for pollution abatement.

Unit–4 Environmental resources and priorities for sustainable development. Eutrophication and restoration of Indian Wetlands. Drug abuse and alcoholism as a threat to environment. Environmental ethics - stewardship ethics and lifeboat ethics of Garret Hardin.

Reference-

1. Environmental Education – Nanda. A.N. (1996)2. A text book of Environment – Agarwal.K.M. Sikdar.P.K. and

Deb.S.C, MacMiller India Ltd., Calcutta (2002)3. Living in the Environment – Principles, Connections and Solutions

– Tyler Miller Jr.G, Wadsworth Publishing Co. New York (1996)

Elective Papers :

(1) Wild life management :

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Unit – 1 Status of wildlife management in India, An account of endangered flora and fauna of India. Extinction of organisms, trends of extinction, endangered species, characteristics and extinction. Management of rangelands – Types of rangelands, characteristics of rangelands, wildlife corridors.

Unit -2 Prospects and perspectives of project Tiger in India, Status of Tiger population in world and India, Medicinal importance of tiger parts, conflicts between man and elephants, Economic potentialities of Tiger.

Unit – 3 Priorities in wildlife conservation – management of wetland birds – Wildlife Reserves-Sanctuaries and National parks of India, Wildlife crimes.

Reference :

1. Animal behavior M.P.Arora, Himalaya Publishing House.

(2) Rural Development and Environmental Planning : Unit – 1 : Eco System, Human Activities and its impact on Soil, Type of Soil, Soil Erosion, Soil Fertility, Soil Conservation.

Unit – 2 : Water resources – Need for judicious use of Water – ground water utilization, tank irrigation and minor irrigation. Agroforestry, community forestry for rural development.

Unit – 3 : Agriculture and Domestic Waste utilization and their recycling. Rural Energy System, Conventional – fire wood, cow dung. Non Conventional – Biogas, solar.

Unit – 4 : Need for Environmental awareness in rural area. Soil management, Water management, food management, hygiene and sanitation. Training to rural mass to get wealth from waste.

References :

1. Environmental Awarenes – Annette Bollger2. Waste Water, Management – Klein Gomes 3. Principles of Water Management in Agriculture Ravindra Kumar

3. Nuclear and Biomedical waste management.

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Unit – 1 Nuclear wastes – composition, Decay, scenario of nuclear wastes in the soil, nuclear fuel cycle, alternatives to nuclear electricity. Management techniques-simple and high level nuclear waste management – Geological disposal. National & International management plans.

Unit – 2 Introduction, quality of hospital waste, sources of biomedical waste, classification and sources, pathological wastes, sharp pharmaceutical wastes, Genetonic wastes, Chemical wastes, waste contaminated with heavy metals.

Unit – 3 Measures to reduce biomedical wastes, Treatment of hazardous biomedical wastes, Biomedical waste management in developed countries and in India – legal aspects.

References :

1. Radiation and Man – Jain H.C. National Book Trust, New Delhi2. Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial and Military

sources, Merril Eisenbud and Thomas Gessell Academic Press, London.

3. Hazardous wastes and solid wastes / Lie DHF and Liptak B.G (2000), Lewis Publishers, New York

4. Hazardous waste Management, II Ed, La Grega M.D., Buckingham P.L. and Evan J.C MC Graw Hill Int. (2001)

Open Elective Papers :

(1) Conservation of Biodiversity :

Unit – 1 Biodiversity – Genetic diversity, Species diversity and ecosystem diversity – values of Biodiversity – consumptive use value, optional values, productive use value, social value, Hot spots of Biodiversity, endemism.

Unit – 2 Causes for loss of biodiversity – IUCN categories, Red data book, Endangered species, vulnerable species. Restricted species. Man- Wildlife conflicts. Ecological consequences of reduction in biodiversity, Brief account of endangered flora and fauna of India. Release of GMO’s in to Environment, Risks and Biosafety.

Unit – 3 Biodiversity issues – Deforestation and its impact. Two paradigms of Biodiversity, socio-economic factors during biodiversity loss. Conservation – In situ and ex-situ conservation, Biosphere Reserve –

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objectives and Management, Biosphere Reserves in India, Convention on Biological diversity (CBD), Biological Diversity Act of India.

Reference-

1. Biodiversity – Strategies for Conservation – Dadhich.L.K. and A.P.Sharma, APH publishing corp. New Delhi, 2002

2. Global Biodiversity Conservation measures – Khan. T.I and Dhari. N Al-Ajmi, pointer publishers, Jaipur (1999)

3. An Advanced Text book on Biodiversity – Principles and Practice – Krishnamurthy. K.V, Oxford and IBH publishing, New Delhi (2003)

(2) Advanced techniques in Environmental management :

Unit – 1 Technologies to arrest global warming : Advanced techniques –new paradigm in business, green business – new marketing stave – CO2

reduction potential through, renewable energy, carbon sequestration. Cleaner Environmental friendly Technologies – necessity, application in fertilizer & chemical industries, agro based industries, distiller effluents.

Unit – 2 Water Treatment and Air Purification: Adsorption, dispersion, viscosity, Photocatalytic treatment of water, Nanofiltration membranes, Gas phase remediation of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Unit – 3 Nanotechnology and its role in environmental protection, Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, Pollution by Nano-particles, Waste remediation: Nanoporous material and their applications in water purification, Photo-catalytic fluid purification. Energy conversion, Nano-structures for adsorption of heavy metals.

References :

1. Introduction to Nanotechnology - Charles P Poole Jr, Frank J Owens 2. W.F. Kenney: Energy Conservation in the Process Industries,

Academic Press, 1984 3. Tetsuo Soga, Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion,

Elsevier 29

4. Robert K, Ian H, Mark G, Nanoscale Science and Technology, john Wiley & sons Ltd., 2005 5. Sharma B.K & Kan H, Environmental Chemistry, IED. Goel Publishing House (1995). 6. Steven L. Erickson, Brain J, King Fundamentals of Environmental Management John Wiley & Sons (1999) New York.

(3) Environmental Disaster Management :

Unit – 1 Environmental Disasters- Types of Hazards- Natural and Man made hazards- Nature of Hazards, Environmental security and Hazard zoning. Strategies of hazard mitigation. Concept of residence time and rates of natural cycles. Catastrophic- geological Hazards. Earthquake and seismic Hazards- effects of earthquake, stability of structures and risk evaluation, seismic topography. Prediction of earthquake, Volcanic Hazards- Nature of volcanic hazards, volcanic belt, prediction and mitigation of volcanic Hazards.

Unit 2 – Landslides and Mud flows- Types of mass movement, strength of materials and instability of slopes, controlling the landslides. Floods and flood management- causes of floods, management of floods. Floods control methods. Avalanches- Types of avalanches monitoring of avalanches.

Unit 3 – Man made Disasters and Hazards- Improper Irrigation, deforestation, Industrial hazards- safety in industry. Management of dangerous materials in Industry, Safety system in industry. Disaster and accident prevention. Safety versus production.

References :

1. Industrial Hazards and Safety, Kind. R.W. and Magic J, Handbook, Butterworth (1982)

2. Introduction of Safety Science, Khulman A, TUV Rheinland, (1986)

3. Explosion Hazards & Evaluation, Barkey, W.E.Elsevier, Amsterdam (1983)

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4. Management of Disasters and How to prevent them, Wharband O.P. and Stallworthy, E.A. (1986)

5. Disaster Management – Shailendera, K Singh, Subash. C Kundu and Shobu Singh, Mittal Publications, New Delhi (1998)

6. Disaster Management – Induprakash, Rasthra Prahari Prakashan, Gaziabad (1994)

7. Disaster Prepardness in India – Narendrakumar Jain, Adhytma Sadhan Kendra Mehrauli, New Delhi.

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