University of São Paulo - USP

Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Science - IAG

Laboratory of Climate and Biosphere - LCB

Development of a set of surface data for modeling the earth system

Carlos Eduardo Fagiolo - Meteorologist

Carbon Tracker and Water availability: controls of Land Use and Climate Changes

Prof. Humberto Ribeiro da RochaCoordinator

A Consortium of

Objectives

The proposal seeks to estimate and interpret greenhouse gases (GHG) and surface hydrological exchanges at large and regional scale in Brazil, both due to climate variation and land use changes (LUC), using consistent field measurements and modelling of the land-atmosphere system.

We aim to answer:

- if the Amazon basin operates as a sink or source of GHG, which intrinsically adds much uncertainty in the assessment of long term predictions of regional climate;

- on what extension the LUC reduces the water availability, and how it might combine future global climate changes;

- where and how the medium term policies of adaptation to climate change could be tackled in critical areas

General goals

a) developing spatio-temporal distributions of carbon fluxes, estimating mean net carbon flux for Amazon basin (sink or source), using a computational & field data assimilation system – the Carbon tracker, that includes LUC and the aerosol effects;

b) emphasizing the strong link between GHG with the hydrological cycle, and calculating changes in water status and ecosystem productivity in the Amazon basin, for a range of climate scenarios;

c) estimating surface water and carbon fluxes across several ecosystems in Amazonia, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, using observation in flux tower sites;

d) assessing the hidrological effects of land use changes, for a range of climate change scenarios, in meso-scale watersheds in the biomes of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest.

Figure 1. Pictures of flux towers over Tropical forest (Manaus, JiParaná and Santarem) – photos LBA Office, Cerrado Floodplain (Ilha do Bananal) – photo Humberto Rocha

Figure 2. Pictures of flux towers in the state of Sao Paulo over: Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Sugar Cane, Eucalyptus – photos Humberto Rocha & Helber Freitas.

Bruno et al., Hydrological Processes (2006)

Fraction of Water Withdrawl

Figure 3. Measured 10 m soil moisture profile (in m3m-3) beneath tropical forest at km 83 tower site, Santarem, for both the wettest and driest soil moisture measured at each depth.

(source: Bruno et al. 2006)

Refletometer (FDR)

Specific goals:

(i) Use of GIS tools for support environmental modeling;

(ii) Implementation of the algorithm MAPPER (Sellers et al. 1994) for estimating biophysical parameters of vegetation obtained from sensors on satellites;(iii) Construction of calibration routines of the models using nonlinear optimization techniques;

Tasks:

(1) Survey, acquisition and processing topographic data (Digital Elevation Model), maps of vegetation, soil, drainage network, satellite data/images and meteorological data available for spatial domain of watersheds of interest;(2) Data storage, cut towards the areas of drainage basins, transformation between coordinate systems and projections for a standard system, re-sampling and interpolation of data into a unified spatial resolution;(3) Data assimilation of spectral vegetation indices and the derivation of biophysical parameters using the algorithm MAPPER to force the model DBHM;(4) Construction of optimization routines (in Fortran) for model calibration SiB2 for the experimental sites;

Data for the Distributed Biosphere Hydrological Model (DBHM)

(Tang, 2006)-GIS data time-invariant# Data derived from Terrain Digital Elevation Model

1.dem.hdr2.wsdem.asc3.frac.asc4.gridarea.asc5.slope.asc6.dir.asc7.acc.asc8.dis.asc9.slpsib.asc10.sib2.asc11.soil.asc12.basin3.asc

cabeçalho contendo extent, nlin, ncol, cellsize, Nodatavaluedigital elevation model (dem) no formato de ascii arcinfomapa de fração de área dentro baciamapa da área da grade no formato de ascii arcinfodeclividadedir. fluxoárea acumuladadistância ao exutórioarquivo de declividade alternativo para uso do SiB2 (opcional)

mapa de uso do solo SiB2 no formato de ascii arcinfomapa da área de solo da FAO no formato de ascii arcinfo# Discretização da bacia em sub-bacias – subbacias

- GIS data time-variant# Vegetation indices# Hydrometeorological data (point data of climate and flow)

Example of data processed by GIS tools (ArcGis):Land Use Map on the State of Sao Paulo

The R Project for Statistical Computing - http://www.r-project.org/

R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, MacOS and Windows.

Two examples of data processed by programming R language:Modis product MCD15A2 – LAI;FPAR – 1km – 8 days – FPAR (maximum, mean, minimum, difference/anomalies)

And combining Google Earth, …

… ArcGis …

...and the R, on the same Modis product,– LAI on Cerrado (Pé de Gigante – PDG, 07/2002 – 09/2010)

Some References

Avissar R., R. Silva Dias P. L., Dias M., Nobre C. A., The Large-Scale Biosphereatmosphere Experiment in Amazonia LBA): Insights and future research needs, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 107, D20, 8086, 2002 Baker,I.T.,L.Prihodko,A.S.Denning,M.Goulden,S.Miller,H. R. da Rocha (2008). Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: Reconciling models and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G00B01, doi:10.1029/2007JG000644. Borma, L. S., H. R. da Rocha, O. M. Cabral, C. von Randow, E. Collicchio, D. Kurzatkowski, P. Brugger, H. C. Freitas, R. Tannus, L. Oliveira, C. Renno, and P. Artaxo (2008),Atmospheric and Hydrological Controls of the Evapotranspiration over a Floodplain Forest in the Bananal Island Region, Amazonia,J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2007JG000641, in press GOULDEN, M. ; MILLER, S. ; da Rocha, H. R. ; MENTON, M. ; FREITAS, H. C. . Physiological controls on tropical Forest CO2 exchange. Ecological applications, EUA, v. 14, n. 4, p. S42-S54, 2004 Miller, S.D., M.L. Goulden, M.C. Menton, H.R. da Rocha, H.C. Freitas, A.M.S Figueira, C.A.D. Sousa. 2004. Biometric and micrometeorological measurements of tropical forest carbon balance. Ecological Applications, V14, N4: S114-126. Miller, S. ; GOULDEN, M. ; da Rocha, H. R. . The effect of canopy gaps on subcanopy ventilation and scalar fluxes in a tropical forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 142, p. 25-34, 2007 Oliveira, P. H. F., P. Artaxo, C. Pires, S. De Lucca, A. Procopio, B. Holben, J. Schafer, L. F. Cardoso, S. C. Wofsy, and H. R. Rocha (2007), The effects of biomass burning aerosols and clouds on the CO2 flux in Amazonia, Tellus, 59B, 338-349, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00270.x. Rocha, H. R. da, P.J. Sellers, J.G. Collatz, I.R. Wright, J. Grace, 1996b. Calibration and use of the SiB2 model to estimate water vapour and carbon exchanges in the Abracos' forest sites. in Amazon Deforestation and Climate, eds. J.C.H. Gash, C.A. Nobre, J.M. Roberts and R. Victória. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, p. 459-472. Rocha, H. R. ; NOBRE, C. A. ; BONATTI, J. P. ; WRIGHT, I. R. ; SELLERS, P. J. . A vegetation-atmosphere interaction study for amazonian deforestation using field data and a single column model. . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, (no prelo), v. 122, p. 567-598, 1996. Rocha, H. Freitas, R. Rosolem, R.Juarez, R.N. Tannus, M.V. Ligo, O.M.R.Cabral & M.A.F.Silva Dias 2002. Measurements of CO2 exchange over a woodland savanna (Cerrado Sensu stricto) in southeast Brasil. Biota Neotropica, Vol 2(1). Rocha, H. R. ; FREITAS, H. C. ; PINTO, L. D. V. O. ; MENTON, M. ; GOULDEN, M. ; MILLER, S. ; FIGUEIRA, . Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in eastern Amazonia. Ecological applications, EUA, v. 14, n. 4, p. S22-S32, 2004 Rocha, H. R., Antonio O. Manzi , Osvaldo Cabral , Scott Miller , Michael Goulden , Scott Saleska , Natalia Coupe, Steven Wofsy , Laura Borma et al (2008). Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil. Journal of Geophysical Research- Biogeosciences (accepted) Saleska, S.R., S. Miller, D. Matross, M. Goulden, S. Wofsy, H. Rocha, P. Camargo, P. Crill, B. Daube, H.Freitas, L. Hutyra, M. Keller, V. Kirchoff, M. Menton, J. Munger, E. Pyle, A. Rice, H. Silva. 2003. Carbon in Amazon forests: unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses. Science (in press). Sellers, P. J., S.O.Los, C.J.Tucker,C.O.Justice, D.A.Dazlich, C.J. Collatz, D.A., 1996b. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs, Part II: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data. J. Climate, 9, 706-737Tang, Q., Taikan, O., Shinjiro, K. A Distributed Biosphere Hydrological Model (DBHM) for large river basin. Annual Journal Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE, v.50, 1-6, 2006

That´s all ... folks

Thank you !!!

Those who nothear the music

thinkthe dancer is mad