UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI RESEARCH COMPENDIUM · UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI RESEARCH COMPENDIUM Research...

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI RESEARCH COMPENDIUM

Research Title Use of some plant extracts for the

management of cercospora leaf spot of

groundnut in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria.

Researchers Name(s):

Lead Researcher first

Alkali1, G. and Bdliya1, B. S.

Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of

Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email,

Physical)

[email protected]

Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published

Source of publication (Journal, Periodical

etc, vol. page Nos.)

Research Journal of science, Vol. 11(1&2) 57

– 68.Published by Faculty of Science,

University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

Year of Publication 2005

Source of funding Self

Abstract Field experiment was conducted at the

Teaching and Research Farm of the

Department Crop Protection, University of

Maiduguri during 2003 cropping season, to

evaluate the efficacy of some plant extracts for

the management of Cercospora leaf spot

diseases of groundnut. The plant extract were

obtained from neem (Azadirachta indica) seed

, garlic(Allium sativum) clove, onion (Allium

cepa) blub, ginger (Zingiber officinale)

rhizome and pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves.

Unsprayed plots and plots sprayed with

Ridomil 75WP served as checks. Three

spraying regime (R1, R2 &R3) were also used.

The experiment was laid out in a strip plot

design with three replication. Results obtained

show that spraying with the plant extract

significantly reduced Cercospora leaf spot

disease and increase yield parameters

compared to the control. Spray regimes also

had significant effect on Cercospora leaf spot

disease incidence and severity, seed yield, pod

yield, shelling percentage, 100 seed weight and

haulm yield, compared to the control.

Treatment with neem seed extract at three

spray regime recorded the lowest incidence and

severity, though not significantly different

from treatment with Ridomil (check) .

Compared to the control an increase of 30.47%

seed yield was recorded with neem seed extract

treatment. The results of the study showed that

treatment with neem seed extracts at three

spray regimes gave a better control of

Cercospora leaf spot disease of groundnut in

the Sudan savanna

Research impacts

Research Title Levels of variability in groundnut (Arachis

hypogaea L) to cercospora leaf disease-

implication for selection.



A.U. Izge1, Z. H. Mohammed2 & G.Alkali2 .

Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Production, University

of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria

2Department of Crop Protection, University of



Physical)

[email protected]




African Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol.

2 (4) 182- 186. Published by Academic

Journals, Available online at

http:/www.academicjournals.org/AJAR



Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an

important crop both in subsistence and

commercial agriculture in arid and semi-arid

regions of the World. Leaf spot diseases caused

by fungus have been a major destructive

disease of groundnut and could cause a yield

loss of up to 50% or more. A two- year

experiment was conducted during the cropping

seasons of 2002 and 2003 at the Faculty of

Agriculture Research Farm, University of

Maiduguri, Nigeria. The objective of the study

was t determine the reaction of different

groundnut varieties to cercospora leaf spot

disease to create basis for selection for

cercospora leaf spot disease tolerance. The

experiment consisted of twenty four groundnut

varieties, laid out in a randomized complete

block design (RCBD) with three replications.

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated

highly significant difference among the

groundnut varieties in all studied. The results

indicated that ICGV-SM-93531, ICGV-IS-

96802, ICGV-IS-96827 and ICGV-IS- 96808

had the lowest cercospora leaf spot incidence.

The variety ICGV-IS-96808 that produced the

highest kernel yield also had the the lowest

days to 50% flowering and incidentally is

among varieties that recorded the lowest leaf

spot incidence. The study found tremendous

level of variability existing among the

groundnut varieties that is essential in crop

improvement. This study recommends that

development or selection of tolerant varieties

to leaf spot should be based on their level of

incidence. This will be the only effective

measure in decreasing production costs and

protect the environment from pollution.

Potential therefore exist for selection among

the groundnut varieties evaluated for

cercospora leaf spot disease tolerance. There is

however, a need to undertake further studies in

order to determine the type and the number of

genes controlling cercospora leaf spot disease

tolerance in groundnut for enhanced breeding

strategies.

Keywards: Groundnut, leaf spot, tolerance,

selection, breeding strategy.

Research impacts

Research Title Cost- benefit of using some plant extracts in

controlling cercospora leaf spot of

groundnut in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria.



Bdliya1, B. S. and Alkali1, G.




Physical)

[email protected]




Archives of Phytopathology and Plant

Protection. Vol. 43,(1) 95 – 104. Published by

Taylor &Francis Group, Mortimer House, 37-41

Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK, available

online at http://www.informaworld.com/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701722129



Abstract Field trials were conducted to evaluate the

economics of controlling cercospora leaf spot

of groundnut using different plant extracts. The

experiments were laid out in a completely

randomized block design (CRDB) with three

replications at the Teaching and Research farm

of the Department of Crop Protection,

University of Maiduguri, Sudan savanna of

Nigeria during the 2002 and 2003 cropping

seasons. Five plant extracts, namely, neem

seed, garlic clove, onion bulb, ginger rhizome

and pawpaw leaf extracts and a fungicide

ridomil were applied as foliar sprays while the

controls were left untreated. The application of

the plant extracts led to about 3–10% reduction

in the disease incidence and 10–15% reduction

in disease severity and gave higher seed and

haulm yields than the control. Ridomil gave

about 16% reduction in disease incidence and

19% reduction in disease severity. The cost-

benefit analysis revealed positive returns

per hectare from use of the plant extracts for

controlling the disease in the study area.

Application of neem seed extract, for instance,

gave 43.82% seed yield increase over the

control which translated into a mean (two

http://www.informaworld.com/

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701722129

years) net profit of N198 730.56 Nigerian

Naira equivalent to $1987.31 per hectare. Even

the least effective of the plant extracts (ginger

rhizome) gave seed yield increase of 24.17%

over the control which translated into a mean

(two years) net profit of N167 247.00

equivalent to $1672.47 per hectare for the two

seasons. The control gave mean net profit of

N134,121.21 equivalent to $1341.21 per

hectare which is lower than those realized from

the plant extracts. The profit from the sell of

haulms which is an additional income to the

farmer amounted to N50 944.56, equivalent to

$509.45 per hectare following application of

neem seed extract. These returns are attractive

particularly to the farmers in the study area

who grow the high yielding, cercospora

susceptible Ex-Dakar groundnut variety.

Keywords: groundnut; cercospora leaf spot;

plant extracts; control; cost-benefit

analysis

Research impacts

Research Title Efficacy of some plant extracts in the

management of cercospora leaf spot of

groundnut in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria.



Bdliya1, B. S. and Alkali1, G..




Physical)

[email protected]




Archives of Phytopathology and Plant

Protection. Vol. 43, (5) 507 – 518. Published

by Taylor &Francis Group, Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK,

available online at

http://www.informaworld.com/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701875661


http://www.informaworld.com/

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0323540070187566


Abstract Field trails were conducted to evaluate the

efficacy of neem seed, garlic clove, onion bulb,

ginger rhizome and pawpaw leaf extracts

applied as foliar spray in controlling

cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan

savanna of Nigeria during the 2002 and 2003

cropping seasons. Ridomil was used as a

positive check while the control was left

untreated. Three spray regimes ( once, twice

and thrice) were evaluated A strip plot design

with three replications was used in setting up

the experiments Ex-Dakar, a cercospora leaf

spot susceptible Spanish Valencia groundnut

variety, was used as planting material . All the

plant extracts reduced the incidence and

severity of cercospora leaf spot in both seasons

compared to the untreated crops. However,

neem seed and garlic clove extracts

significantly reduced the incidence and

severity of the disease compared to the other

plant extracts. Ridomil was more effective in

controlling the disease than the plant extracts.

Three sprays with the plant extracts gave better

control of the disease than one or two sprays in

the season. The highest seed yield of 3115

kg/ha. And 3311 kg/ha. In 2002 and 2003,

respectively, were obtained with neem seed

extract treatment while the lowest seed yield of

2134 kg/ha. And 2334 kg/ha. In 2002 and

2003, respectively. Were recorded from the

untreated crops. Also the highest seed yield of

3124 kg/ha. And 3418 kg/ha in 2002 and 2003,

respectively were obtained following three

sprays compared to 2523 kg/ha. And 2641

kg/ha. For one spray in 2002 and 2003,

respectively and 2840 kg/ha. And 3085 kg/ha

for two sprays in 2002 and 2003, respectively.

The highest haulm yield of 4121 kg/ha and

4089 kg/ha. In 2002 and 2003 respectively

were also obtained following treatment with

neem seed extract. The lowest haulm yield of

2951 kg/ha. And 3045 kg/ha. In 2002 and

2003, respectively, were recorded from the

control. Three sprays gave higher haulm yield

(4265 kg/ha and 4279 kg/ha in 2002 and 2003,

respectively) than one and two sprays in the

season. Neem seed extract could therefore be

used to control cercospora leaf spot and to

improve groundnut production in the Sudan

savanna of Nigeria.

Keywords: groundut, cercospora leaf spot,

plant extracts, Sudan savanna, Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Field incidence of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus

(RYMV) genus Sobemovirus and insect

vector population dynamics on Rice (Oryza

sativa L.) in the Northern Guinea Savanna

of Nigeria.



Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B. D.

and Banwo2, O. O.



2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for

Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture,

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria


Physical)

[email protected]




Biological and Environmental Sciences

Journal for Tropics. Vol. 9 (1) 74- 78.

Published by Department of Biological

Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero

University, P.M.B.3011, Kano, Nigeria



Abstract The effect of some aspects of climatic factors

on vector population and Rice yellow mottle

virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus incidence

was studied in field experiments over a two

year period (2008-2009) at Sayen Gobirawa,

Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. The

experiment was laid out in a randomized

complete block design (RCBD) with three

replicates. The experimental materials

consisted of ten rice cultivars: FARO 11,

FARO 35, FARO 36, FARO 37, FARO 44,

FARO 46, FARO 52, FARO 57,

MOROBEREKAN (resistant check) and

BOUAKE 189 (susceptible check). Insect

vectors caught included Locris rubra

Fabricius, Chnootriba similis Thunberg,

Conocephalus sp., Oxya hyla Stal. and

Chaetocnema sp. in 2008 wet season in order

of abundance. The insect vectors recorded in

2009 wet season included L. rubra, O. hyla,

Chaetocnema sp., Trichispa sericea Guerin, C.

similis and Conocephalus sp. in order of

abundance. Significant positive correlations

were obtained between RYMV incidence and

Locris rubra and also Chaetocnema sp., age of

plant at infection and C. similis, Chaetocnema

sp., L. rubra and O. hyla .Similarly significant

correlation were observed between mean

sunshine hours and T. sericea. Significant

negative correlations were obtained between

mean temperature and relative humidity,

RYMV incidence and mean temperature, and

also with age of plant at infection. Among the

rice cultivars BOUAKE 189, FARO 36, FARO

44 and FARO 52 had the highest incidence of

RYMV disease compared to the rice cultivars

MOROBEREKAN, FARO 11, FARO 35,

FARO 37, FARO 46 and FARO 57. RYMV

incidence was higher in 2008 than in 2009 wet

season. RYMV incidence is closely associated

with vector population dynamics which in turn,

is influenced by climatic factors.

Keywords: Rice yellow mottle virus,

incidence, insect vectors, correlation and

climatic factors

Research impacts

Research Title Diversity of Serological Profiles of Rice

Yellow Mottle Virus Isolates in Northern

Nigeria.




and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]




Biological and Environmental Sciences

Journal for the Tropics. Vol. 9 (3) 168 -173.

Published by Department of Biological

Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero

University, P.M.B.3011, Kano, Nigeria



Abstract Serological diversity of 135 Rice yellow mottle

virus (RYMV) isolates were determined by

Triple antibody sandwich enzyme linked

immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) test using

four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised

against the Nigeria isolate of the virus. These

RYMV isolates were obtained from hotspots or

endemic areas in Northern Nigeria. Six

serological profiles or sero-groups (Sert) were

identified based on their reaction patterns with

a panel of MAbs (Sert A to F) in the study.

Serotypes (Sert) B, D & E isolates were

identified in Borno state, Sert A, B & C

isolates in Gombe state, Sert A & B isolates in

Kaduna state, Sert A, B & F isolates in Kano

state, Sert A & F isolates in Niger state, Sert A,

D & F isolates in Sokoto state and Sert A, D &

E isolates in Zamfara state. The high

serological profiles of RYMV in the northern

part of the country, suggest the possible

existence of different strains of the pathogen in

northern Nigeria. This information could be

useful in rice breeding programmes aimed at

the deployment of RYMV resistant cultivars to

different rice cropping systems and localities in

northern Nigeria.

Keyword: Serological profiles, Rice yellow

mottle virus, monoclonal antibodies, Northern

Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Effect of Weather Factors and Rice cultivars

on Incidence and Severity of Rice Yellow

Mottle Virus and Insect vector population in

north western Nigeria




and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]




Journal of Arid Agriculture Vol.21, 101-108.

Published by Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria



Abstract Field experiments were conducted at Bomo,

Zaria in the northern guinea savanna during the

2008 and 2009 wet seasons, to investigate the

relationship between some weather factors,

Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus

Sobemovirus incidence and vector populations.

The treatments consists of ten rice cultivars;



MOROBEREKAN (resistant check) and

BOUAKE 189 (susceptible check). The

experiments were laid out in a randomized

complete block design, replicated three times.

Results showed that rice cultivars BOUAKE

189, FARO 44, FARO 52, FARO 36 and

FARO 35 had relatively significant incidence

of RYMV, followed in descending order by

FARO 57, FARO 37, FARO 11, FARO 46 and

MOROBEREKAN. Significant positive

correlations were obtained for the following:

incidence of RYMV and number of

Chaetocnema spp., Locris rubra Fabricius.,

Cheilomenes spp., Zonocerus variegatus L.

caught per week, mean temperature and

rainfall. Similarly, a significant negative

correlation was obtained between the following

factors: Age of plant at infection and RYMV

incidence, Chaetocnema spp., Chnootriba

similis Thunberg, Trichispa sericea Guerin,

and L. rubra caught per week. Oxya spp. and

mean rainfall, and L. rubra and mean

temperature. Generally, periods of high

incidence of insect vectors coincided with

periods of high RYMV incidence and vice

versa. Further studies on the effect of weather

factors and plant host on the dynamics of

insect vectors and RYMV incidence are

necessary to provide more information on the

epidemiology of the virus in Nigeria

Keywords: RYMV, cultivars, weather factors

and vectors population

Research impacts

Research Title First Report of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus

Genus Sobemovirus in Borno State, Nigeria,




and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]


Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied

etc, vol. page Nos.) Biology. Vol. 15: 87-91. Published by

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty

of Science, University of Maiduguri,

P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria



Abstract Field survey was carried out on the shore and

along river Alau in Komduga local government

area, an important rice growing area in Borno

state, Nigeria. Serological studies of some rice

varieties and weed host of RYMV; Oryza

longistaminata, Panicum sp. and Cyperus

rotundus tested positive to RYMV when

subjected to Direct double antibody sandwich

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(DAS-

ELISA). Three serological profiles (Sep) were

identified (Sep A, Sep B and Sep C), when the

positive isolates were assessed by Triple

antibody sandwich enzyme linked

immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA).

Molecular characterization of the

representative of three serological profile

isolates revealed higher S1 strain of RYMV in

the study area, when tested using polymerase

chain reaction (PCR). This is the first report

that adds Borno to the list of RYMV endemic

states in Nigeria. This study confirms

speculations that RYMV is present in most

important rice growing areas in Africa. Thus,

periodic disease surveys are prerequisite for

understanding the present status, distribution

and population structure of RYMV isolates

across the important rice growing areas in the

country.

Keywords: Field survey, serological profiles,

RYMV and Borno state, Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Molecular Characterazation and

Distribution of Rice Yellow Mottle

Sobemovirus Isolates in Northern Nigeria.




and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]




Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied

Biology. Vol. 15: 93- 98. Published by

Department of Biological Sciences, University

of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria



Abstract Field surveys were carried out in rice fields

during the wet and dry seasons of 2008 to 2010

for isolates of Rice yellow mottle virus

(RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. Hotspots and

epidemic areas within seven states (Borno,

Gombe, Kaduna, Kano, Niger, Sokoto and

Zamfara) were surveyed for the distribution of

RYMV. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was

used in characterizing 35 representatives

RYMV isolates, obtained from 147 serological

profiles of RYMV tested with four monoclonal

antibodies in TAS-ELISA. The results

obtained show that more than two RYMV

strains were apparent after using two pairs of

strain-specific and non-specific (random)

hexamer primers. The distribution of strains

S1, S2 and SX was 60 %, 11.43 % and 28.57

%, respectively in Northern Nigeria. The

frequency of occurrence of strain S1 was 40 %,

17 %, 14 % and 2.86 % in Sudan, Northern

Guinea and Southern Guinea Savannas,

respectively. While strain S2 was 2.86 % in

Northern and Southern Guinea Savanna.

Similarly, 8.57 % and 20 % isolates of strain

SX was recorded in Northern Guinea and

Sudan Savannas, respectively. Strain S2 was

reported for the first time in Nigeria in the

present study. Further studies on a greater

number of isolates, from northern Nigeria

especially where diversity is highest, and on a

larger portion of the isolates are needed to

confirm their significance. More information

on molecular characterization and strain

differentiation of RYMV in Northern Nigeria

will be useful in the identification of strains,

pathogenicity and breeding studies of RYMV

in the country.

Keywords: Molecular characterization,

RYMV distribution, hotspots in Northern

Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Analysis of Serological Variability and

Hierarchical Distribution of Rice Yellow

Mottle Sobemovirus Isolates in Northern

Nigeria.




and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]




International Letters of Natural Sciences, Vol.

37, 1 – 9. Published by SciPress Ltd.,

Switzerland. Available online @

www.scipress.com. (ID: 213.158.222.22-

17/04/15,22:36:46)



Abstract A panel of four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)

was used to study the immunological profile of

Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus

Sobemovirus. Serological profiles of 35

representative isolates of RYMV from Borno,

Gombe, Kaduna, Kano, Niger, Sokoto and

Zamfara states in Northern Nigeria. All the

RYMV isolates were classified into three

major serogroups (SG1, SG2 and SG3) and

further separated into six subgroups (Sg1a,

Sg1b, Sg2a, Sg2b, Sg3a and Sg3b). The results

demonstrate a significant serological variability

among RYMV isolates in Northern Nigeria.

The hierarchical analysis of the serological

profiles data revealed high viral load in Kano,

Kaduna and Gombe states, these show they are

suitable locations for strategic RYMV

diagnostic and field epidemiological studies.

Keywords: RYMV Serological profiles;

Hierarchical analysis; Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Cost – benefit of Differential Rice cultivars

to Rice Yellow Mottle Sobemovirus Isolate

in Northern Nigeria.



Alkali1, G., Umar, A. S. S2., Alegbejo3, M. D.,

Kashina3, B. D.and Banwo3, O. O.



2Department of Agricultural Economics,

University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069,

Maiduguri, Nigeria




Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected]

Physical)




Journal of Agricultural Economics,

Environment and Social Sciences, 1(2): 75 -80.

Published by Department of Agricultural

Economics, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria



Abstract Field trials were conducted to evaluate the

economics of managing Rice yellow mottle

Sobemovirus using differential rice cultivars.

The experiments were laid out in randomized

complete block design (RCBD) with three

replications, at farmer fields in Sayen

Gobirawa , Zaria, Kaduna state, Northern

Guinea savanna of Nigeria during the 2009 and

2010 rainy seasons. Ten rice cultivars, namely;

Faro 11, Faro 35, Faro 36, Faro 37, Faro 44,

Faro 46, Faro 52, Faro 57, Moroberekan

(resistant) and Bouake 189(susceptible) were

used. The results obtained from the trials

indicated that the mean paddy yield recorded in

2009 (2148.7 kg/ ha-1) was higher than that of

2010 (2032.7 kg/ha -1) when the severity index

of the virus was a bit higher. The mean severity

indices among the test cultivars varied from

35.86 to 70.55%, 33.33 to 85.18% and 34.0 to

77.87%, in 2009, 2010 and for the two years

combined analysis, respectively. The mean

value of output/hectare or gross revenue from

production of the test cultivars varied from

N175, 285 to N399, 057 per hectare. The

highest revenue was recorded under

Moroberekan cultivar (N399, 057), followed

by Faro 46 (N 296,340) while the lowest was

obtained from Faro 35 (N175, 285) compared

to other treatments for the two years combined

analysis. Cost benefit ratio of 1:3.9 was

obtained with Moroberekan indicating net

profit of 390%, compared to that of Faro 35

with cost benefit ratio of 1:1.2 indicating net

profit of 120%. Results of this study suggest

that using Moroberekan cultivar under RYMV

endemic field could provide not only higher

yield and better economic returns but also

resulted in less RYMV severity in the field.

Keywords: Economic returns, Rice cultivars,

RYMV, Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Assessment for growth and yield parameters

of some rice cultivars infected with rice

yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus

sobemovirus.




and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]




FUW Trends in Science & Technology

Journal, 1(2) 307 -312. Published by Federal

University Wukari, Nigeria



Abstract Screenhouse trials were conducted from 2008

to 2010 cropping seasons to assess growth and

yield parameters of ten (10) selected rice

cultivars, which include ; Faro 11, Faro 35,

Faro 36, Faro 37, Faro 44, Faro 46, Faro 52,

Faro 57, Moroberekan and Bouake 189,

infected with Rice yellow mottle virus

(RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. The experiment

was laid out in a strip plot design and

replicated three times, with ten rice cultivars in

the vertical factors (main plot) and four

inoculation regimes of RYMV at 4, 6, 8 and 10

Weeks after sowing (WAS) and un-inoculated

control was in the horizontal factors (sub-plot).

Significant interaction between the effects of

inoculation regimes and rice cultivars were

found between the growth and yield parameters

and severity index of the virus. Combined

analysis of the trials data showed that

percentage reduction in plant height and

number of tiller per plant, increase in days to

50% flowering, threshing percentage, paddy

yield loss and Severity index ranged from

1.74% (Moroberekan) to 48.19% (Bouake 189)

and 27.71% (Morobrekan) to 53.06 %

(Bouake 189), 1.78 (Faro 46) to 25.78 (Faro

57), 69.83 % (Bouake 189) to 91%

(Moroberekan), 6.59% (Moroberekan) to

79.11% (Bouake 189) and 17.04 %

(Moroberekan) to 77.61% (Bouake 189),

respectively. The test cultivars were most

critically affected by RYMV inoculation

within 4 to 8 WAS. In order to obtain paddy

yield comparable to that of virus free check for

the respective test cultivars, it was required to

keep the crop virus- free for up to 10 WAS

and beyond, the information can be useful in

integrated pest and production management for

rice in RYMV endemic areas.

Keywords: RYMV, paddy yield and

inoculation regimes

Research impacts

Research Title Effect of Sowing Date and Cultivars on

Cercospora leaf spot (Cercopora sesame

Zimm) of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in

the Sudan Savanna Region of Nigeria.



Muhammad1 Z.H. Jidda1, M. B. and Alkali1,

G.




Physical)

[email protected]




Dutse Journal of Agriculture and Food

Security (DUJAFS), 3 (1) 73 -82. Published by

Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University

Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria



Abstract Field trials were conducted at Maiduguri in the

northern Sudan savanna during the 2012 and

2013 rainy seasons to determine the effect of

three sowing dates (14th and 28th July and

11th August) and three sesame cultivars (Ex-

sudan, Kenana-4 and Gwoza landrace ) on

Cercospora leaf spot endemic field. The

experiment was laid out in a split plot design

with three replications, with sowing date as

main plot factor and cultivar as subplot factor.

Significant differences in disease incidence,

severity, seed yield and yield components were

observed among the cultivars. Results showed

that sesame cultivar Kenana-4 recorded lowest

disease incidence and severity, but on the other

hand sesame cultivar Ex- sudan recorded the

higher seed yield and yield components in both

2012 and 2013 rainy seasons and the combined

analysis, respectively. With the exception of

the number of seed per capsule, other yield

components and seed yield of sesame were

significantly higher in the third sowing than

both the first and second sowing dates. Disease

incidence and severity decreased significantly

when sowing of sesame was delayed from

14th, 28th July and to 11st August in each

year. Based on the results of the study, it is

suggested that for effective management of

Cercospora leaf spot of sesame and higher

productivity, among the cultivar tested, sesame

cultivar Ex- sudan should be planted in early

August.

Keywords: Sesame variety, sowing dates,

Cercospora leaf spot and Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Economic Analysis of the effect of Rice

yellow mottle Sobemovirus on some Rice

Cultivars in Kaduna State, Nigeria.



Alkali1, G., Sumlube2., I.M., Alegbejo3, M. D.,

Kashina3, B. D.and Banwo3, O. O.



2Department of Agricultural Economics,

University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069,

Maiduguri, Nigeria





Physical)

[email protected]




Dutse Journal of Agriculture and Food

Security (DUJAFS), 3(2): 90 - 98. Published by

Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University

Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria



Abstract Field trials were conducted to evaluate

economics of managing Rice yellow mottle

Sobemovirus(RYMV) using ten rice cultivars,

namely; FARO 11, FARO 35, FARO 36,

FARO 37, FARO 44,FARO 46, FARO 52,

FARO 57, MOROBEREKAN (resistant) and

BOUAKE 189 (susceptible). The experiments

were laid out in a randomized complete block

design (RCBD) with three replications, at

farmer fields in Bomo, Kaduna state, Nigeria.

The experiments were conducted

during2008/2009 and 2009/2010, dry seasons

and 2009 and 2010 rainy seasons. The results

obtained indicated that the mean severity

indices among the test cultivars varied from

34.32% to 71.25%and 39.49% to 81.48% for

the two years dry and rainy seasons combined

analysis, respectively .The mean paddy yield

range recorded during the rainy seasons

(1453.90 to 3299.00 kg-1) was higher than that

of dry seasons (1217.00 to 2301.70 kg-1).

Analysis of costs and returns revealed that the

gross margin for dry and rainy seasons were N

39,059.23 and N 134,778.56 per hectare,

respectively. MOROBEREKAN cultivar gave

highest gross margin in both dry and rainy

seasons N143, 538.10 and N264,193.30,

respectively while lowest gross margin was

recorded in FARO 11 (N 19,270.23) and

FARO 35 (N 61,328.90) during the dry and

rainy seasons compared to all other cultivars

for the two years combined analysis. Results of

this study suggested that using

MOROBEREKAN cultivar under either dry or

rainy season was more profitable in RYMV

endemic field in the study area, and could

provide not only higher yields and better

economic returns but also resulted in less

RYMV severity in the field.

Keywords: Costs and returns, Rice cultivars,

RYMV, Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Alternative Weed Hosts of Rice Yellow

Mottle Sobemovirus in Nigeria.



Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B.

D.and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]




Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied

Biology, 17:71 -78. Published by Department

of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,

Essien Udom Court,University of Maiduguri,

Nigeria



Abstract Field surveys were carried out between 2008

and 2010 in Borno, Gombe, Kaduna, Kano,

Niger, Sokoto and Zamfara states of northern

Nigeria, to determine the occurrence and

distribution of weed hosts of Rice yellow

mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus.

Serological analyses using enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that

there was consistent detection of RYMV

across the surveyed states in some weed species.

These were Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv.,

Brachiaria lata, (Schumach) C.E. Hubbard ex

Robyns., Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers., Cyperus

difformis L., C. rotundus L., Dactyloctenium

aegyptium L., Digitaria horizontalis Wild.,

Eleusine corocana, L., E. indica (L) Gaertner.,

Eragrostis ciliaris L., E. tenella L.,. Imperata

cylindrica L., Oryza barthii A. Chev., O.

longistaminata A. Chev. & Roehr., Panicum sp.

and Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. This is the first

report that adds Pennisetum pedicellatum to the list

of natural RYMV hosts. A more detailed survey of

irrigated rice farms and river banks in northern

Nigeria may reveal additional weed hosts of

RYMV. These weed hosts probably serve as source

of RYMV reservoir for infection to newly

transplanted rice in the field.

Key words: Field survey, serological analysis,

RYMV, weed hosts, northern Nigeria.

Research impacts

Research Title Rice Yellow Mottle Sobomovirus: a limiting

Factor in Rice Production in Africa.



Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B.

D.and Banwo2, O. O.







Physical)

[email protected]


Source of publication (Journal, Periodical FUW Trends in Science &Technology Journal.

etc, vol. page Nos.) 2(2) 655 -664. Published by Federal

University Wukari, Nigeria



Abstract Rice is the primary and secondary host of

many viruses, but the most important in Africa

is the rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus

Sobemovirus. It is endemic in the continent

and became important after the introduction of

new high yielding exotic varieties from Asia

that are susceptible to the virus. The pathogen

was first noticed in 1966 in Kenya but it has

since spread to other parts of Africa countries.

It is environmentally stable, highly infectious

and about six strains of the virus now exist.

Transmitted both mechanically and by insect

vectors belonging to the families

Chrysomelidae (Chaetocnema spp., Dactylispa

spp., Hispa unsambarica Weise, Sesselia

pusilla Gartucker, Trichispa sericea Guerin);

Tettigonidae (Conocephalus longipennis de

Haan, C. merumontamus Sjostedt) and

Coccinelidane (Chnootriba similis Thunberg)).

Yield losses caused by the virus range from 25

to 100%. Integrated pest management and

breeding for resistant varieties are the best

strategies so far suggested to reduce havoc

caused by this pathogen to rice. This paper

reviews the economic importance, distribution,

host range, symptom, transmission, varietal

reaction, yield loss assessment, epidemiology,

molecular characteristics, management

strategies and future research needs of the

virus.

Keywords RYMV, symptomatology,

epidemiology, molecular characterization and

host range

Research impacts

Research Title Preliminary Transmission Statusof two

Isolates of Rice yellow mottle Sobemovirus

by some Insects found in and around Rice

fields



Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., and Kashina2,

B. D.







Physical)

[email protected]




Journal of Arid Agriculture special issue, 59 -

63. Published by Faculty of Agriculture,




Abstract Transmission tests were conducted to determine the

status of some insect species collected in and around rice

fields in Kaduna state, Nigeria, in transmitting two

isolates of the Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) Sayen

Gobirawa (SA) and Bomo (SB). The treatment consisted

of three potted rice seedlings (susceptible Bouake 189

variety) and viruliferous insect vectors, replicated three

times using a completely randomized design (CRD).

Plants exposed to the insect vectors were kept in the

screenhouse for 3 - 4 weeks for symptoms observation.

Presence or absence of the virus on asymptomatic plants

was verified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

(ELISA) test. Ten insect species including: Oxya sp.,

Locris rubra Fabriculus,,Chnootriba similis Thunberg,

Chaetocnema sp., Cheilomenes sp., Zonocerus

variegatus L., Paratettix sp., Conocephalus sp., Nezara

viridula L. and Dactylispa sp. were found to transmit

RYMV, whereas four other species including Altica sp.,

Diopsis sp., Mylabris sp. and Clavigralla sp. did not.

Significant (P = 0.05) difference in the level of

transmission was observed between SA isolate

compared to the SB isolate by the same species of insect

vector used. The implications of L. rubra a spittle bug

and N. viridula a shield bug in RYMV transmission and

variability in transmission efficiency of RYMV isolate

by an insect in this study, suggest that the virus

dissemination goes beyond the boundaries of biting and

chewing insects in earlier studies.

Keywords: Transmission status, RYMV, variability,

insect vector and isolate

Research impacts

Research Title Fungi Associated with Post Harvest Spoilage

of some Fruits and Vegetables sold In

Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria



Alkali1, G., Abdulazeez 1, U., Ibrahim 1, A.,

Abdullahi 1, M. M. and Moses 1, M. E.




Physical)

[email protected]




Journal of Arid Agriculture special issue, 59 -

63. Published by Faculty of Agriculture,




Abstract A survey was conducted to determine the frequency of

occurrence and distribution of fungi associated with post

harvest spoilage of Carrot (Daucus carota L.), Cucumber

(Cucumis sativus L.), Garden eggs (Solanum melongena

L.) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) sold in Maiduguri

metropolis, Borno state, Nigeria. The survey covered

eight market places, namely; Budum, Bulumkuttu,

Gamboru, Monday, Tashan Baga, Tashan Bama, Tashan

Kano and Unimaid commercial centre. In each market

three retailer stands were randomly selected. Samples

were prepared and culture on potato dextrose agar

(PDA) plates and fungal flora were sub-cultured and

identified in the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department

of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri. There were

eighteen fungal species identified, namely; Alternaria

alternata, Aspergillus candidus, A. niger, A. ochroceus,

A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. ustus, A. versicolar,

Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium solani, F.

avenaceum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces

cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sclerotium

rolfsii, Sporobolomyces roseus, Thielavia terricola and

Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Highest and lowest numbers

of fungal isolates were recorded on Carrot and Garden

eggs, respectively. The frequency of occurrence showed

that A. niger (19.51%) were the most predominant

fungal isolate across the markets followed by S.

cerevisiae (11.38%) and least were S. pombe (0.81%)

and S. roseus (0.81%). The distribution of fungal species

showed that Monday market (31.71%) had the highest

number of fungi followed by Tashan Baga market

(16.26%) and the least number of isolates were recorded

at Budum (4.07%) and Tashan Kano (4.07%) markets.

A. niger and Z. bailii were present in all the market

places surveyed. This study has shown the need to

enlighten the farmers and the vendors on how to protect

and reduce contamination and spoilage of fruits and

vegetables in the Maiduguri Metropolis.

Keyword: Fungi, post-harvest spoilage, fruits and

vegetables

Research impacts

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