UNIVERSITY OF MACEDONIAconta.uom.gr/.../ergasies/2002/Kouskouras_multicasting.pdf · - Introduction...
Transcript of UNIVERSITY OF MACEDONIAconta.uom.gr/.../ergasies/2002/Kouskouras_multicasting.pdf · - Introduction...
UNIVERSITY OF MACEDONIA
MASTER IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Konstantinos G. Kouskouras
Thessaloniki, 11-02-2002
-02-2002
multicasting
multicast tree
multicastingIP Multicasting
IGMP
IP Multicasting -(intra-domain
- inter-domain
IP Multicasting ATM
multicasting.
Abstract
Multicasting provides an efficient way of disseminating data to a group of receivers. Instead of sending a separate copy of the data to each individual receiver, the sender just sends a single copy to all the receivers. A multicast tree is set up in the network with the receivers as leaf nodes. Data flows through the multicast tree, traversing each tree edge exactly once. This paper presents the basic technologies and protocols currently available for the support of multicasting. First the basic concepts of IP Multicasting are presenting, including the group concept and the IGMP, a protocol which hosts use to join or leave a group. Next, the various algorithms used to set up the multicast delivery trees are briefly presented, along with the most important IP Multicasting routing protocols on an intra-domain level. A reference to the inter-domain multicast routing protocols follows, for groups having members in different domains. Also, protocols ensuring reliable transport of multicast packets are examined. Then, the support of IP Multicasting over an ATM network is discussed. Finally, there is a brief reference to some future trends in multicasting and relevant protocols.
- Introduction ____________________________________________________________ 3
IP multicasting ________________________________ ________________________________ ____ 5
Internet Group Management Protocol – IGMP) 6
multicast – Multicast routing algorithms _________________________ 7
Flooding ________________________________ ________________________________ _______ 7
Reverse Path Forwarding Broadcasting (RPF-RPB) _______________________________ 7
Truncated Reverse Path Broadcasting (TRPB) _______________________________________ 8
Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)__________________________________________________ 8
Core Based Trees (CBT)__________________________________________________________ 9
IP multicasting – IP multicasting routing protocols ______________ 11
Dense-mode – Dense Mode protocols ___________________________________ 11 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)________________________________ 11 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)________________________________________ 13 Protocol Independent Multicast – Dense Mode (PIM-DM) _____________________________ 14
Sparse-Mode – Sparse-Mode protocols _________________________________ 15 Core Based Tree (CBT) ________________________________________________________ 15 Protocol Independent Multicast – Sparse Mode ______________________________________ 16
Tunneling ________________________________________________________________ _____ 17
Inter-domain Multicast Routing ________________________________ _____________________ 18
MBGP/MSDP ________________________________________________________________ _ 19
MASC/BGMP ________________________________________________________________ _ 22
multicasting – Reliable multicast transport protocols _______ 25
Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol – RMTP _____________________________________ 26
Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol (R MP) ______________________________________ 27
Pretty Good (or Pragmatic General) Multicast (PGM)________________________________ 27
Reliable Multicast Framework Protocol (RMFP) ____________________________________ 28
Real-time Transport Protocol & Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTP & RTCP)____ 28
IP multicasting ATM – IP multicasting over ATM networks ______________________ 30
MARS-based ATM multicasting ________________________________ __________________ 30
multicast – New trends in multicast routing___________________ 34
Explicitly Requested Single Source (EXPRESS) Multicast_____________________________ 34
Simple Multicast _______________________________________________________________ 34
- Conclusions _______________________________________________________ 36
- – Bibliography-References _____________________________________ 37
- Introduction
Multicasting datagram connectionlesshosts
group
unicasting broadcasting
multicasting
multicast-enabled routers
multicasting
multicasting resource discovery
OSPF multicastingdatacasting
audio-cast, video-cast
multicastingmulticasting
Ethernet MACmulticasting multicast
IP MACmulticast filtering
(switchesmulticast
multicasting multicast
multicast- -
multicasting
IP multicasting
IP multicasting -Stephen Deering IP multicasting
IP datagram group hostsIP multicast datagram
(best-effort unicast datagrams
multicasting network layertransport layer
multicast
• • •
•
•
Multicast Group
(Internet Group Management Protocol – IGMP)
IP(v v Dbit
multicastLAN
joinmulticast multicast enabled router
IGMP IGMPv1) rfc
(internet standard).
IGMP network layerIGMP encapsulated IP datagram
IGMPmulticast
multicast
queryqueries
multicast
IGMPv
queriermulticast
IGMPvper-
source filtering).
multicast – Multicast routing algorithms
multicastunicast
IP multicastmulticast -
spanning tree multicast
Flooding
multicast
(scalingcongestion multicast
multicast Reverse Path Forwarding Broadcasting (RPF-RPB)
RPF -
multicast
Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)
(unicast
multicast
Truncated Reverse Path Broadcasting (TRPB)
RPB TRPB multicast
-
IGMP
(spanning tree -- -
Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)
TRPB multicast traffic
TRPB multicast-
upstream) -
prune-
prune
flooding multicast
RPM
Core Based Trees (CBT)
- source-trees
dense)
sparse
unicast
unicast
core based trees. multicast -
shared tree core
source trees
(join request unicasting
o acknowledgment
join multicast datagrams unicasting
CBTscaling
unicast
-
-bottleneck
Source 1
Source 2
Receiver 1
B
E
A D F
C
Receiver 2
Receiver 1
B
E
A D (Shared Root)
F
C
Receiver 2
Source 2
Source 1
IP multicasting – IP multicasting routing protocols
IP multicast trafficnetwork unicast
multicast IP datagrams
IP multicast
IP multicasting
bandwidthdense-mode
flooding) -
- -
sparse)
floodingsparse-mode
-(shared-trees
IP multicast Dense-mode – Dense Mode protocols Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
DVMRP IP multicasting. MBONE (Multicast backbone
multicasting
DVMRP rfc
Internet Draft DVMRPunicast Routing Information Protocol (RIP
RIP unicastnext-hop
DVMRPprevious-hop
DVMRP
TRPB multicast datagram
unicast
unicast
RPMgraft)
pruneprune
DVMRP flooding
DVMRPvMBONE DVMRPv
DVMRP
Source
local subnet
MR 3
MR 8
MR 7
MR 6
MR 5 MR 4 MR 2
MR 1
Group Member
Group Member
Group Member Group
Member
: 1 2 3 4
multicast router 1
DVMRP v3). -
prune pruneprune
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)
MOSPF OSPFmulticast IP datagrams OSPF unicast IP datagrams
link state routing
internetwork
(link state advertisement – LSA LSA(area utonomous System – AS
OSPF
Dijkstra
MOSPF OSPFLSAs [12].
IGMP
floodingLSA
LSA- - - Group Membership-LSA OSPF LSA.
multicast datagram
data-drivenmulticast MOSPF
Dijkstracaching
Sourcelocal subnet
MR 8
MR 5MR 4MR 2
MR 1
GroupMember
GroupMember
GroupMemberGroup
Member
mutlicastMOSPF Area Border Routers
LSA LSA Summary Membership LSA LSA - backbone area
backbonemulticast
MOSPFOSPF unicast
flooding multicastDVMRP Dijkstra
MR 5
MR 8
MR 2
MR 4
MR 1
MR 9
MR 6
MR 3
Source 1 2 3
MR 7
– IGMP
–
–
–
Protocol Independent Multicast – Dense Mode (PIM-DM)
Protocol Independent Multicast, Inter-Domain Multicast Routing Internet
Engineering Task Force. multicast Internet
unicast
PIM-DM PIM-SM (Sparce Mode
PIM-DM DVMRP
RPM PIM-DMflood
multicast
pruneDVMRP
unicastPIM-DM
unicastPIM-DM
pruningflooding
Sparse-Mode – Sparse-Mode protocols Core Based Tree (CBT)
CBTshared tree CBT
IP multicast multicast
corejoin
acknowledgmentjoin
acknowledgement. multicastunicast
M R
M RC oreM R
M R
M RM R
M RM R
M R
M R
M R
M R
M R
Join 1
Join 2
Protocol Independent Multicast – Sparse Mode
CBT PIM-SM receiver-initiated
PIM-SMmulticast Rendezvous Point (RP
core CBT PIM-SM
RP
RPdesignated router
join
prunelatency
inter-domain multicastPIM-SM IP multicast
(scaling).
MR
MR
RPt MR MR MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
2 1
1 2 3
Rendezvous Point join RPt Multicast Router
B join
Tunneling
multicasting
tunneling multicast encapsulated) IP datagram
Internet
multicastmulticasting.
Inter-domain Multicast Routing
tunneling multicastmulticasting
Internet
AS domain ASinterior gateway protocol
AS exterior) gatewayAS.
- inter-domain multicast [13]. • Scaling
multicast Internet
• third-party independency).
domainsdomain domain
domain. To multicastunicast
• stability).
overhead
• - intra-domain) multicastdomain multicast
domaindomains
inter-domain multicast routing
PIM-SM intra-domain Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol (MBGP
AS Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDPAS
Multiple Address Set-Claim SC Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP). MBGP/MSDP
rder Gateway Protocol (BGP gatewayunicast Internet
- path-vectordistance- BGP
AS attributesBGP BGP peers
BGP session BGP TCP BGP peers
BGP sessionroutes
(update
multicastmulticast
unicast o multicast gateway
configuration
BGP
Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol BGP MBGPBGP-
IP. multicast
MBGP unicast multicast session
mutlicast
updatemulticast
MBGP
unicast multicast
MBGPRP
RP domainmulticast Multicast
Source Discovery Protocol (MSDPPIM-SM RP
- inter-domain RP
MSDP TCP oRP MSDP peers
register RP PIM-SM RP Source Active – SA
MSDP peers IP RP) multicast
peers MBGP
update RPPIM-SM join
RP
PIM-SM.
AS1 AS2
RP 1 RP 2
Receiver 1 Receiver 2
IGMP Join IGMP Join
Join (*, G)
Source
TCP controlconnection for
MSDP
multicast
AS1 AS2
RP 1 RP 2
Receiver 1 Receiver 2Source
TCP controlconnection for
MSDP
Data
Register (S, G)
(S, G) SAmessage
multicast
AS1 AS2
RP 1 RP 2
Receiver 1 Receiver 2Source
TCP controlconnection for
MSDP
Data
Register (S, G)
Join (S, G)
Join (S, G)
Join (S, G)
RP join inter-domain
To MSDP
multicasting
join latencyRP SA
joinbursty
MSDP peer cachingSA
(scaling flood SA
MASC/BGMP
-multicasting Border Gateway Multicast Protocol
Multicast Address Set Claim multicastMBGP multicast
BGMPMASC MASC
multicast internet
multicast IP
(administratively scoped
AS1 AS2
RP 1 RP 2
Receiver 1 Receiver 2Source
TCP controlconnection for
MSDP
DataDataData
DataData
Data
RP
AS.
Multicast Address Allocation Architecture (MALLOC ASC
domains Address Allocation Protocol (AAPMulticast Address Dynamic
Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAPMulticast Address Allocation Server
AS).
MASC MALLOC MASC -
MASC
listen and claim with collision detection- multicast
TCP MASCexchange
TCP MASCexchange
TCP MASC exchange
Multicast AAP
MASC router
MAAS server
MADCAPMADCAP MADCAP
MAAS client
MAAS server MAAS server
MAAS client MAAS client
MASC router MASC router
Allocation domain
MAASMAAS multicast
MAASAAP MBGP
MBGP group routes).
BGMPgroup routes -
multicastBGMP
-
MBGPBGMP
ASC multicastPIM-SM DVMRP
BGMP
BGMP.
multicasting – Reliable multicast transport protocols
multicast datagrams network multicast datagrams unicast
transport
unicasting TCP generic)
TCP multicasting,
TCPD
datagrams
acknowledgement
multicastn
multicasting
• •
•
•
•
multicast
RQ (Automatic Repeat request)
ACK
ACK
CK implosion)
NACK
FEC (Forward Error Correction)
parity
ARQ
(Hybrid) FEC
layered FECARQ transparency
FEC
FEC
multicasting
Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol – RMTP
RMTP
multicast
proximity– Time To Live (TTL datagram
globallocal
RMTPDesignated Receiver - DR
global multicast DRDR
global multicast unicasting DR
DR DRlocal multicast unicasting
ACK ACK implosion.
RMTPsequence number
DR unicasting DR
(cache
RMTP
caching TTL
Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol (R MP)
RAMP NACKunicast
TBONENACK
RAMP
NACK
NACK. Pretty Good (or Pragmatic General) Multicast (PGM)
PGM– Source Path Messages (SPM) –
SPM unpstream
unicast NACK
SPMmulticast
TTL NACK (NCFNCAK
CF
NACKNACK
Reliable Multicast Framework Protocol (RMFP)
RMFP
multicast
Application Level Framing (ALF
Real-time Transport Protocol & Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTP & RTCP)
TCP multicast
TCPRTP/RTCP
network layerunicasting multicasting IP multicast,
To RTP multicasting
transportend-to-end
- interactive) audio video unicast multicast
(shared whiteboard RTPRTP RTP
RTPtime
stamping RTCPRTP
RTP UDP/IPchecksum multiplexing
header RTP
session) RTP RTCPRTCP RTPRTCPRTP
feedback
RTCP
interarrival jitter RTCP RTP.
IP multicasting ATM – IP multicasting over ATM networks
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force IP ATM
IP multicasting
ATM IP traffic) [23].
multicastingATM ATM
connection oriented IP multicasting IP multicasting ATM
ATM User Network Interface (UNIUNI
multipoint) [24]. MARS-based ATM multicasting
multicasting IP ATM. Multicast
Multicast Address Resolution Server – MARSmesh of point-to-
multipoint Virtual Circuitsmulticast
Multicast Server (MCS) [25].
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM connection oriented VC
unicast VCpoint to point
VC (point to multipoint
ATM multicastIP multicast
ATMMARSMARS IP multicast
MARScluster ATM
MARSIP IP
Logical IP Sublet – LISmulticast MARS
MARSVC Mesh MCS.
VC Mesh cluster
MARS MARSIP
LISRS ATM
point-to-multipoint VC
MARSVC VC
multicast enabled clustermulticastpoint-to-multipoint VC
MCS, o MCS proxyMCS
MCS point-to-point VC RS
MCS RS point-to-multipoint VC MCS cluster
cluster MCSMARS MCS
MARS multicast ATM
Point-to-multipoint VC
Point-to-multipoint VC
Point-to-point VC
MARS
MARS point-to-multipoint VC
MARS MCS multicast MCS
MCS point-to-point VC point-to-multipoint VC
MCS MARS point-to-multipoint VC
multicast MCSMARS
point-to-multipoint VC
VC MeshMCS
VC
UNI multicastingMCS IP multicasting ATM
IP multicastingMCS
MCS
Host 1 MARS
Host 2 MCS
Point-to-multipoint VC MARS
MCS
Point-to-point VC
MARS
Point-to-multipoint VC
Point-to-multipoint VC
VC
MCS
multicast – New trends in multicast routing
multicasting
multicasting- multicast
Explicitly Requested Single Source (EXPRESS) Multicast
Express -IP Multicasting
multicast channel datagramsS,E S
SS,E
S E S,E S’,E
multicastACK, NACK
Express
Internet TV
Simple Multicast
Simple Multicast Express.
multicast C,M), C- M multicast Simple Multicast
bytes(RP multicast D
Simple MulticastRP multicast
- multicasting
multicast
- Conclusions
multicasting
multicasting
Internet
multicastingInternet IP
multicasting
multicasting
- – Bibliography-References
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3. Cisco IP Multicast Training Material, ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/ipmulticsat/training/index.html
, , multicasting,
( ) Cisco . 4. Vincent Roca, Luis Costa, Rolland Vida, Anca Dracinschi and Serge Fdida, A
Survey of Multicast Technologies, http://www-rp.lip6.fr/publications/files/sf
5. Vicki Johnson and Marjory Johnson, How IP Multicast Works, http://www.ipmulticast.com/community/whitepapers/.
IP Multicast Initiative forumIP multicast.
6. Stephen E. Deering, RFC 1112, Host Extensions for IP Multicasting, August 1989. Request For Comments RFCsmulticasting
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF http://www.ietf.org/
7. Marcus Concalves & Kitty Niles, IP Multicasting Concepts and Applications, McGraw Hill, 1999
8. Tony Ballardie, Paul Francis, Jon Crowcroft, Core Based Trees (CBT), An Architecture for Scalable Inter-domain Multicast Routing, ACM SIGCOMM ‘93
9. Vicki Johnson and Marjory Johnson, Introduction to IP Multicasting, http://www.ipmulticast.com/community/whitepapers/,
. 10. D. Waitzman, C. Partridge, S. Deering, RFC 1075, Distance Vector Multicast
Routing Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/ 11. T. Pusateri, draft-ietf-idmr-dvmrp-v3-10, Distance Vector Multicast Routing
Protocol (Version 3), http://www.ietf.org/ 12. John Moy, Multicast Routing Extensions for OSPF, Communications of the ACM,
August 1994 13. Satish Kumar, Pavlin Radoslavov, Dave Thaler, Cengiz Alaetinoglu, The
MASC/BGMP Architecture for Inter-domain, Multicast Routing 14. An overview of Inter-domain Multicast Routing,
white papers multicasting site Microsoft, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/docs/intrdomain.doc
15. Internet Protocol (IP) Multicast Technology Overview (September 2000), whitepaper ftp site Cisco,
ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/ipmulticsat/whitepapers/technology_overview/index.html 16. Thomas A. Maufer, Deploying IP Multicast in the Enterprise, Prentice Hall, 1998 17. Katia Obraczka, Mutlicast Transport Protocols: A Survey and Taxonomy, IEEE
Communications Magazine, January 1998
18. Michael Fuchs, Christophe Diot, Thierry Turletti and Markus Hofmann, A Framework for Reliable Multicast in the Internet
19. Sanjoy Paul, Krishan K. Sabnani, John C. Lin and Supratik Bhattacharyya, Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (RMTP)
20. Alex Koifman, Stephen Zabele, RAMP: A Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol 21. Reliable IP Multicast – PGM Overview, white paper
site IP Multicast Initiative, http://www.ipmulticast.com/community/whitepapers/
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ForumsIP Multicast Initiative white paper
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